2018 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA)

Indonesian Question Generation

Based on Bloom’s Taxonomy Using Text Analysis
Selvia Ferdiana Kusuma
Information Technology
Politeknik Kediri
Kediri, Indonesia
selvia@poltek-kediri.ac.id
Chastine Fatichah
Information Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
chastine@if.its.ac.id
Rinanza Zulmy Alhamri l Daniel Oranova Siahaan
Information Technology Informatics Department
Politeknik Kediri Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Kediri, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
rinanza@poltek-kediri.ac.id daniel@if.its.ac.id
i
Mohammad Farid Naufal
Department of Informatics Engineering
University of Surabaya
Surabaya, Indonesia
faridnaufal@staff.ubaya.ac.id

Abstract— Automation of question generation from a text
has been one of the focus of research in recent years. In the
education field, question generation can be used to assist in the
generation of questions to be used as evaluations of learning
outcomes. The process of generating questions with different
difficulty levels manually is not easy. Firstly, someone must
understand the whole matter and then she or he is able to
make questions according to the material. Generation of
questions in large quantities and various learning materials
will certainly require lot of effort and time. Therefore, it is
necessary to automate the process of generating the question.
This research introduces question generation automation
methods based on Bloom's Taxonomy using text analysis. The
method proposed in this study yielded an accuracy of 81.35%.
The accuracy proves that the proposed method can be used to
generate questions automatically
Keywords— Question Generation, Text Analysis, Taxonomy
Bloom
I. INTRODUCTION
Question generation has been the focus of research for
this several years. Question generation is a technique for
generating questions that come from a sentence or text in the
form of natural language [1]. The use of question generators
will reduce the dependence of an expert in question
generation [2]. Question generation is usually used in 2
ways, to help create Question Answering System (QAS) and
to assist in making questions in the academic field [3]. In the
QAS field, question generation can be used to enrich the
rules while in the academic field the questions can be used
for evaluation of learning outcomes. The process of
evaluating learning outcomes can be done through
questioning with varying difficulty levels [4]. In 1950,
Benjamin Bloom has introduced a concept known as the
bloom’s taxonomy. The concept introduces a level of
assessment of the capabilities possessed by learners. On the
other hand, making questions with different difficulty levels
according to the bloom’s taxonomy is not easy. Everyone
has a different perspective regarding the classification of
each type of question. It is necessary to have a program
which is capable to generate questions as well as classifying
questions based on different difficulty levels in accordance
with the concept of a bloom’s taxonomy. The results of this
question generation will not be only beneficial to the teacher
but will be also beneficial to the learner. The existence of
this question generator program can help learners to assess
what has been studied independently with answer questions
that arise from the material that has been studied [5]. There
have been several previous studies that have examined the
question generation of using the Indonesian and English. The
study carried out among others is the generation of questions
categorizing definitions, methods and reasons using template
base [6], then there is study on generating questions on the
medical domain using predicate argument (PA) and the
introduction of Named Entity relation (NER) [7]. Study in
the medical field is then developed again using Semantic
Role Labelling (SRL) and (PA) [8]. Another method used in
study related to question generation in Indonesian is the use
of syntax analysis that consists of phrase identification
process using pattern matching method, gramatical function
determination using rule-based method for creating question
from compound sentence [9]. The recent study on question
generation in Indonesian is done using syntactical approach
to generate Open Domain Indonesian Question [10]. In
addition to Indonesian, question generation is also developed
in foreign languages, one of which is English [11][12]. They
generate a question in english from a paragraph with selected
features like first sentence, last sentence, words that often
appear, sentence length, number of nouns, adverbs, and
hyphens from paragraph[11], and another research used
combination of POS Tags, Named Entity Relation (NER),
and Super Sense Tags (SST) for generate question [12].
From the description, it is known that there has been no
research on education domains that do the generation of
questions as well as classify it according to certain difficulty
level. Therefore, the contribution of this research is to create
rules that can generate question generation automation based
on Bloom's Taxonomy using text analysis methods to
facilitate the process of generating questions that will be
used as material for evaluation of learning outcomes. This
paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we will describe
the literature study. In section 3 we will introduce the
implementation of our approach. In section 4 we will
evaluate the result. In section 5 we will describe the
conclusions of this method and future work.

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 II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Related Work
M. Fachrurrozi and N. Yusliani [6] in their research
focuses only on the generation of questions of category
definition, method, and reason. The method used to generate
the question is to create a template question based on the
location of specific words found in a sentence. The data set
used comes from 30 documents which then generates 1871
questions. The percentage of success achieved in this study
is only 55.95%. The percentage is low because the
generated templates cannot cover the entire question that
will be raised.
The study by W. Suwarningsih, I. Supriana and A.
Purwarianti [7] uses the definition of rules derived from
keyword identification or the introduction of Named Entity
Relation (NER) sections based on PICO Frame (Problem,
Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) for generate questions
from a sentence that focuses on the medical field. In
subsequent research W. Suwarningsih, I. Supriana and A.
Purwarianti [8] used Semantic Role Labeling (SRL), and
Predicate Argument (PA) Templates derived from statistical
and rule calculations derived from predicate transformations
to generate questions. The accuracy of this study is 83%.
Despite getting a high accuracy value, this method can only
be applied to the medical domain because keywords and
template compositions are made only related to the medical
world.
The automation of question generation for Indonesian
text that contains compound sentences has been done by
Ginanjar & Purnamasari [9]. The study empasizes two
stages method to generate question automatically, which are
preprocess and main process. While preprocess is early
stage to get a named word and an entity type from each
words of the senteces. Then main process is a syntax
analysis that consists of phrase identification process using
pattern matching method, gramatical function determination
using rule-based method, and creating question process
using template based method. The study employes 30 input
text for dataset that taken from Textbook of Electronic
Kemendikbud RI. Because of the proposed method is not be
able to identify all of compound sentece types, it makes the
generated question sometimes not understandable. The
accuracy of the result is less than maximum, it reaches
71.06%.
Basuki & Kusuma [10] propose a method to generate
Open Domain Indonesian Question by using syntactical
approach. This research combines four stages, which are
identifying declarative sentence for 8 coarse-class and 19
fine-class sentence, classifying the features for coarse-class
sentence and the rules for fine-class sentence, identifying
the question patterns, and extracting the sentence’s
component as well as the rules of question generation.
According to the implementation and experiment, this
research shows that the accuracy of coarse-class reaches
83.26% by using the SMO classifier and the accuracy of
fine-class reaches 92%. The generated question are
categorized into three types, which are: TRUE,
UNDERSTANDABLE, and FALSE. The accuracy of
generated TRUE and UNDERSTANABLE reaches 88.66%.
From previous explanation of the related work this research
270
aims to make rules for generating question with different
difficulty levels based on Bloom’s Taxonomy
Another research about question generation also has
been done by Swali, Palan, & Shah [11] that generate a
question from a paragraph. This research use semantic and
syntactic approach to generate both simple question and
complex question. While complex question is generated
from given sentence with conjugation, then simple question
is generated from given sentence with no conjugation. The
study empasizes selection process to identify the features of
the paragraph. Each senteces in paragraph should be
selected even it can be a question or not. The selected
features from the paragraph covers first sentence, last
sentence, words that often appear, sentence length, number
of nouns, adverbs, and hyphens. Only sentence contained
pronouns that can not be generated yet in the study.
Blstak & Viera [12] conducted a study that produced a
more effective pattern than previous studies. The study uses
template-based method that comes from analysis of sentence
structure. This study has a minimum pattern but provides
better results for generating questions because it uses a
combination pattern such as POS Tags, Named Entity
Relation (NER), and Super Sense Tags (SST). By using
patterns combination the accuracy will get better result but it
makes the computation process more complex. More
complex computation process will be decrease efficiency of
the process.
B. Question Generation
Question generation is a technique for generating
questions that comes from a sentence or text in the form of
natural language [1]. In the academic domain, question
generation can be used to evaluate learning outcomes that
have been done independently. While in the Question
Answering System (QAS) domain, question generation can
be used to build QAS that focuses on the use of common
answers and questions [1]. The questions raised can be
factoid and non-factoid queries. The factoid query is a
question which answer is a short phrase, for example,
location, date, and person's name. The factoid question is
identical with question words such as who, where, and
when. While non-factoid questions are questions that are
used to understand a reason. Non-factoid questions are
identical to the question words why and how [13]. The
conceptual outline of question generation consists of three
categories: syntax-based, semantic-based, and template-
based. The question generation system uses the syntax by
parsing sentences using syntactic parsers, simplifying
complex sentences, identifying key phrases, and applying
syntactic transformation rules and word over ride queries.
Semantic-based question generation system combines
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) with syntactic
transformation. At the content selection stage, the first
sentence is parsed with the Semantic Labeler Role to
identify potential targets. Targets are selected using simple
selection criteria. The disadvantage of syntax and semantic-
based methods is that they generate questions by
rearranging surface-form sentences. Template based query
generation offers the ability to ask questions with the exact
words from the source text. The template in question is the
text that has been set with the variable replaced with the
contents of the source text.
C. Bloom’s Taxonomy
The conceptual framework of the bloom’s taxonomy
was first introduced by Benjamin Bloom, Englehart, Furst,
Hill and Krathwohl in 1956. Bloom’s taxonomy is a
hierarchical structure used to identify a person's ability from
the lowest to the highest level [14]. This concept is divided
into three domains/ realm of intellectual ability, for example
cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The cognitive aspect
is closely related to knowledge and the development of
intellectual ability [15]. The cognitive aspect is divided into
6 levels: knowledge, understand, application, analysis,
synthesis and evaluation. In 1994, Lorin Anderson
Krathwohl and the psychologists of the flow of cognitivism
improved the taxonomy of bloom to fit the progress of the
times. The level arrangement in the new bloom taxonomy is
remember, understand, applay, analyze, evaluate, and create
[16].
III. RESEARCH METHODS
In this section we will describe our approach in detail.
There are 4 processes in this study namely dataset collection,
pattern identification, question generation and classification,
and than evaluation.
A. Dataset Collection
The dataset used is a collection of paragraphs of
Informatics Engineering courses. Dataset obtained from
textbooks and materials made by lecturers of Polytechnic
Kediri. The courses used as datasets are Database, Mikrotik,
Data Mining, Android Programming, Microcontroller
Programming, Algorithms and Data Structures, Object
Oriented Programming, Web Design, Web Programming.
The use of different courses is intended to check whether
question generation can be automatically done for various
courses in Informatics Engineering. This study will use 60
paragraph samples from 9 different course types. Each
paragraph has at least 3 sentences. Equalization of the
number of datasets is done to facilitate identification in the
final evaluation process.
B. Pattern Identification
The process of identifying sentence patterns is needed to
be able to determine the rule at the time of question
generation as well as the classification of difficulty levels for
each question. Fig. 1. shows the process of determining the
patterns in each sentence. Each entered paragraph will be
extracted into sentence units. Each sentence will be analyzed
by experts to see possible patterns that can be raised. If the
sentence is detected can be a question it will be continued to
the next step, but if it is not continued, then the sentence will
be ignored. The determination of the question or keyword
pattern is done by identifying the argument in each sentence,
through the identification of the argument it will be known
which part will be chosen as the candidate for question. This
identification process will divide the sentence into 3, those
are arg1, keyword, and arg2.
271
Start
Paragraph
from Paragraph Analysis of
learning extraction question pattern
materials
Detected?
T
End
Y
Pattern of Analysis of
question with question difficulty
difficulty level level
Pattern of
question with
difficulty level
Fig. 1. Determining Pattern Process
Arg1 represents a sentence that exists before the keyword
and arg2 represents the sentence after the keyword. The
example of identification result in the sentence " Konstruktor
harus bersifat public karena akan diakses oleh kelas lain"
shown in Fig. 2. After the identification of the questioning
pattern is completed then continue to identify the difficulty
level of the question. The identification of the difficulty level
of the question is based on the keywords and patterns in the
question. The process of making the rule to identify the level
of difficulty of the question begins with the process of
classification of questions that have been collected in
accordance with the level of difficulty that existed in
bloom’s taxonomy by experts. The next process is the
identification of keywords and patterns of each question that
have been grouped. Those are the keywords and patterns that
will be used as the basis for the classification of questions
during the test. After the identification process is completed
then the data will be stored on the database question pattern.
The process of determining this pattern is done by experts in
the field of education who have had experience of teaching at
least 10 years. There are 3 experts who will work together to
determine the question pattern and the difficulty level of the
resulting question. An example of the resulting pattern is
shown in Table 1.
The Id represents the Id rule that becomes the identifier
of the rule. Level represents the degree of difficulty that
exists in the rule, keyword 1 represents the keyword being
the identifier of the rule. Keyword 2 represents another word
if the keyword consists of 2 letters. The question keyword
are the words used to clarify the question. The location of the
question word represents the place where the question is put
"D" means to be in front and B means at the back of the
designated arg. While the target question is used to
determine which argument (arg) the question will be raised.
Konstruktor harus bersifat public (arg1)
(“Constructor should be public”)
karena (keyword)
(“because”)
akan diakses oleh kelas lain (arg2)
(“it will be accessed by the other class”)
Fig.2. Result of Sentence Identification
 Start

TABLE I. PATTERN LIST

Id Level Keyword Keyword Question Loca- Question Paragraph

Sentence
Pattern
from Paragraph Identification of
1 2 Keyword tion Target learning extraction sentence pattern
1 2 Adalah Jelaskan apa D Arg1 materials
(is,am, yang
are) dimaksud
(Explain T
what is Identified?

meant)
2 1 Adalah Disebut B Arg2

Difficulty level based on

Y

Bloom’s Taxonomy
(is,am, (called)
are) Generating
3 2 Yaitu Yaitu B Arg1 End questions based
on difficulty level
(that is) (that is)
4 1 Yaitu Disebut B Arg2
(that is) (called)
5 4 Berdasar Berdasarkan B Arg1 Question
kan (based on) based on
difficulty level
(based
on) Fig. 3. Scheme of Generation and Question Classification
6 1 Yakni Yakni B Arg1
(that is) (that is) Paragraph:
7 1 Bertuju- untuk Tujan dari B Arg2 Serif adalah huruf yang memiliki tanda dekoratif pada ujung dari
an (for) (the purposes setiap huruf. Jenis huruf ini umum digunakan pada bagian heading
(aim) of) dari dokumen. Sans-serif adalah huruf yang tidak memiliki serif.
8 4 Digunak untuk Kegunaan B Arg2 (“Serif is the letter that has decorative sign in the end of letter. These
an (for) dari type of letters are generally used for heading part of the documents.
(used) (usability of) San-serif is the letter that doesn’t have serif ”)
9 3 Terdiri dari Terdiri dari B Arg1
(consist) (from) (consist of) The process of extracting paragraphs into every sentence:
1. Serif adalah huruf yang memiliki tanda dekoratif pada ujung
dari setiap huruf. (“Serif is the letter that has decorative sign in
C. Generation Process and Question Classification the end of the letter”)
2. Jenis huruf Serif umum digunakan pada bagian heading dari
Question generation process is done based on pattern dokumen. (“These letters are generally used for heading part of
identification on every sentence to be questioned. The use of the document”)
pattern matching is chosen because it is considered easy to 3. Sans-serif adalah huruf yang tidak memiliki serif. (“San-serif is
implement, has high accuracy and does not require any the letter that doesn’t have serif”)
additional resources or tools. The question generation
scheme is shown in Fig. 3. The paragraphs entered by the Fig. 4. Paragraph Extraction Process
user will be broken down into per sentence. Each of these
TABLE II. RESULT OF PATTERN IDENTIFICATION
sentences will be identified. The process of checking the
question generation pattern is done through checking the Pattern Sentences Description
existing keywords in the sentence. Keywords found are then id
1 Serif Arg1
matched against a list of existing patterns. The process of
adalah Keyword
classifying questions is done through keyword identification huruf yang memiliki tanda dekoratif pada Arg2
and pattern identification of each question. Each question ujung dari setiap huruf.
that has been raised then identified the level of difficulty 2 Serif Arg1
based on the keywords and patterns that the question has. adalah Keyword
After the identification process is completed, then formed huruf yang memiliki tanda dekoratif pada Arg2
ujung dari setiap huruf.
questions that have been classified based on the level of
56 Serif adalah huruf yang Arg1
difficulty. Examples of the results of the implementation memiliki Keyword
process are shown in Fig. 4, Table 2 and Table 3. Because tanda dekoratif pada ujung dari setiap huruf. Arg2
the second sentence uses pronouns that refer to the previous 40 Jenis huruf Serif umum Arg1
subject then the sentence will be adjusted first so that next digunakan pada Keyword
questions are not ambiguous. Adjustment is to replace the bagian heading dari dokumen. Arg2
pronoun to be the subject referred. The second sentence From table 3, we know that not all the generated questions
changes to “Jenis huruf Serif umum digunakan pada bagian result a standard question. It is because the question is
heading dari dokumen”. generated according to the given sentence that used for
question generation . It means if the sentence from text is
not standard sentence, than neither is the generated question.
As long as the generated question is understandable it is not
a problem if the generated question is not standard of
writing [10].

272
 TABLE III. RESULT OF QUESTION GENERATION
Pattern Level Question
Id
1 2 Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud Serif!
(“Explain what is Serif?”)
2 1 Huruf yang memiliki tanda dekoratif pada ujung
dari setiap huruf disebut?
(“the letter that has decorative sign in the end of
letter is called?”)
56 2 Serif adalah huruf yang memiliki….
(“Serif is the letter that has?”)
40 3 Jenis huruf Serif umum digunakan pada….
(“These type of letters are generally used for?”)
D. Evaluation
Evaluation process is needed to see the success rate of a
developed method. The success rate of the developed method
can be seen from the achievement of the accuracy value
owned, the greater value of the accuracy the better method
developed. The process of calculating accuracy is shown in
equation 1.
Accuracy = Amount of Correct Data
Amount of All Data
The development of this method involves 3 experts.
Therefore, it is necessary to calculate Kappa to ensure that
there is no significant difference in judgment between the
experts in conducting the assessment [17].
Kappa calculation formula is shown in equation (2).
K= Pr (a) – Pr (e)
1 – Pr (e)
Which
Pr (a) = the percentage of consistent measurements among
experts
Pr (e) = percentage of the number of changes measurement
between experts
Kappa calculation results can be interpreted into 5
categories. If the calculation value Kappa <0.2 then
considered the result of the agreement among researchers is
poor, if the value between 0.2 - 0.4 means considered as
fair, if the value of 0.41 to 0.60 then considered as
moderate, if 0.61-0.80 is considered good and if 0.81-1.00 is
considered very good.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The experiments conducted in this study were using 60
paragraphs that came from 9 subjects of study program
Informatics Engineering. The entire paragraph is then used
as input in this study. The developed method will be
implemented into a web. This web creation process is done
to simplify the process of testing methods. The method
workflow is shown in Fig. 3. The method of testing begins
by entering an input paragraph then the program will
execute paragraphs into sentence units. The sentences are
then identified to know the existence of the pronoun and the
pattern of the sentence. If a pronoun is found in the sentence
then it is necessary to change the pronoun according to the
original subject. The subject usually resides before the
explanatory keyword like "adalah" or "merupakan".
TABLE IV. COMPARISON OF THE RESULT
Sentence:
Berikut ini contoh algoritma menghitung luas lingkaran.
“The following is an example of the algorithm calculates the area of
the circle”
Generation of questions based on the proposed Kusuma &
method: Alhamri
Buatlah algoritma untuk menghitung luas lingkaran!
“Make the algorithm to calculate the area of the
circle!”
Bagaimana algoritma menghitung luas lingkaran?
“How the algorithm to calculate the area of the
circle?”
Generation of questions based on Basuki & Kusuma Basuki &
method [10]. Kusuma
Bagaimana algoritma menghitung luas lingkaran?
“How the algorithm to calculate the area of the
circle”
Therefore, the identification of the original subject is done
through the identification of the word before the keyword.
When the process of checking the pronoun or pattern has
been completed it will be done question generation
according to the pattern found in the sentence. After
(1) generating questions, then these questions are classified
according to the level of difficulty in the bloom’s taxonomy.
From 60 paragraphs in this study, there are 214
sentences. Then from 214 sentences can generate 563
questions with different difficulty levels based on Bloom’s
Taxonomy difficulty levels. From 563 questions, 458
generated questions are calassified valid and the rest are
classified invalid. The generated question is valid if it is
(2) understandable and it can be answerd. The accuracy of the
question generation reaches 81.35%. If compared with the
latest research about question generation that have been
done by Basuki & Kusuma [10], both of these studies are
equally used a keyword to generate a question. The
difference is the research that have been done by Basuki &
Kusuma [10] just generates question according to 5W + 1H,
while this study generates question not only common
question but also an imparative sentence. It is important in
this study because to make an academic question that suits
with Bloom’s Taxonomy sometimes need imperative
sentence, not only a question. For example “Jelaskan
pengertian dari … !” (“Explain the meaning of … !”). Table
4 is the example of questions that can be generated by both
methods.
V. CONCLUSION
This study yielded an accuracy of 81.35%. It proves that
the proposed method can be used to generate questions with
different difficulty levels according to the levels in the
bloom’s taxonomy. This method can recognize the use of the
pronoun "ini" or "itu" so as to reduce the ambiguity when
generating questions. For future works, the researchers will
try to improve the effectiveness of existing templates so as to
cover sentences that are not structured in order to increase
the value of accuracy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors say thank you to Kemenristek Dikti for
supporting this research and all of participants who have
helped in the process of collecting datasets, classification and
validation in this research.
273
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