Enterprise

systems
engineering

Enterprise systems
engineering (ESE) is the
discipline that applies systems
engineering to the design of an
enterprise.[1] As a discipline, it
includes a body of knowledge,
principles, and processes
tailored to the design of
enterprise systems. An
enterprise is a complex, socio-
technical system that
comprises interdependent
resources of people,
information, and technology
that must interact to fulfill a
common mission.[1]

It accomplishes all of the tasks

of "traditional" systems
engineering, further informed
by an expansive view of the
context POET (political,
operational, economic,
technological) in which the
system(s) under consideration
are being developed, acquired,
modified, maintained, or
disposed of.

Enterprise systems engineering

may be required when the
complexity being faced which
breaks down the assumptions
upon which textbook systems
engineering is based, such as
requirements being relatively
stable and well understood, a
system configuration that can
be controlled, and a small,
easily discernible set of
stakeholders.

Enterprise must produce

different kind of analysis on the
people, technology,
components of the company in
order to see the whole picture
of the enterprise. As nowadays,
enterprise becomes more
complex with more problems
and people to deal with, it is
important to integrated the
system in order to reach a
higher standard or level for the
business.[2]
Elements
There are four important
elements in order for enterprise
system engineering to work. It
includes development through
adaption, strategic technical
planning, enterprise
governance and ESE processes
(with different stages).[3]

Development through
adaptation

Development through
adaptation is a way to
compromise with the problems
and obstacles in complex
systems. As time goes by, the
environment will change and it
needs adaptation in order to
develop continuously. To
develop through adaption,
something experiences
different stages. For example,
the mobile phone has gone
through quite a few adaptations
in its evolutionary development
from the past. When it first
released, the size of a mobile
phone was enormous, but as
they passed through
generations of development
phone became smaller. The
development of mobile data
from 1G to 4G made using
phones faster and more
convenient.[4] To sum up, this
refers to the process of
creating diverse and innovative
ideas and choices for the
enterprise and selecting the
one that will be most
successful for the next
generation.

Strategic technical
planning

Strategic technical planning

(STP) gives the enterprise the
picture of their aim and
objectives in the future and
also an assessment on the
process of organization. It
brings a balance of
assimilation and modernization
to the enterprise. It has
different components for
STP.[5][6]

Mission statement
Needs assessment
 Technology descriptions and
goal statement
Hardware and software
requirement
Budget plan
Human Resources

Enterprise
governance

It is defined as 'The set of

responsibilities and practices
exercised by the board and
executive management with the
goal of providing strategic
direction, ensuring that
objectives are achieved,
ascertaining that risks are
managed appropriately and
verifying that the organisation’s
resources are used responsibly.'
according to (CIMA Official
Terminology, 2005).[7]
Enterprise governance includes
two aspects which are
corporate governance
(conformance) and business
governance (performance). It is
essential to understand the
company and to know what
must be done in order to
succeed. It allows us to make
the right decision on the choice
of CEO and executives for the
company, and also to identify
the risks of the company.[8]

Processes
There are four different steps in
the Enterprise system
engineering process. It includes
technology planning (TP),
capabilities-based engineering
analysis (CBEA), enterprise
architecture (EA) and enterprise
analysis and assessment
(EA&A).[9][2]
Technology planning

It is a step that searching and

looking for key technologies for
the enterprise. The aim of this
step is to determine and
associate all the innovative
ideas and choose the
technology that are useful for
the enterprise to develop in a
sustainable way.

Technology needs

We have to identify and look for

the trend of the technology to
decide what technology the
company needs. It is important
to understand what each of the
technology can be achieved
and will the characteristic of
the technology fits in the
company well. There are loads
of technology-based decision
need to be taken by the
company such as deciding
which computers to use, which
software is suitable and useful
for the company, how to build
up a system to back up all the
customer data or essential
statistics for the company with
high security.[10]

Capabilities-based
engineering analysis

It is an analysis method that

focus on the essential
elements that whole enterprise
needs. It is a scheme that
target the innovation and
evolution of the capabilities.[11]
There is a set of essential steps
for the analysis. The activities
are dependent and it is
conducted iteratively.
Purpose formulation

Assess Stakeholders Interest

– To understand what the
stakeholders want and like
Specify Outcome Spaces –
To find solutions for several
conditions and the goal for
the operations
Frame Capability Portfolios -
To collect all the
fundamental elements

Exploratory analysis

Assess Performance and

Cost – To identify the
 performance and cost in
different conditions and find
solutions to improve
Explore concepts – To
search for new concepts and
transform advanced
capabilities
Determine the need for more
variety – To examine the
risks and chances and
decide whether new ways are
needed

Evolutionary planning

Assess Enterprise Impacts –

To investigate the effects on
 the enterprise in technical
and capability aspects
Examine Evolution Strategies
– To explore and construct
more strategies and
evolution route
Develop Capability Road map
– Road map is a plan for the
capability area which
includes analysis and
decision making which is a
tool for assessment and
development for the
enterprise

Enterprise
architecture

The prospective of Enterprise

Architecture

It is a model that illustrates the

vision, network and framework
of an organization. There are
four aspects according to
Microsoft's Michael Platt which
are the prospective of business,
application, information and
technology.[12] The diagram
beside shows that structure of
the Enterprise Architecture. The
benefits of this step are
improvement of the decision
making for enterprise,
increases the efficiency on the
IT aspects and also minimize
the loss of the organization.[13]

Business – The strategies

and process by the operation
of business
Application – Interaction and
communication along with
 the process used in the
company
Information – The logical
data and statistics that the
organization required to run
properly and actively
Technology – The software
and hardware and different
operation systems that used
in the company

All the elements are dependent

and rely on each other in order
to build the infrastructure.[14]

Enterprise analysis
and assessment

Enterprise analysis and

assessment aim to find out if
the enterprise is going to the
right direction and help to do
the correct decisions for the
organization. It is strong advise
to link with enterprise
opportunity and risk
assessment. There are also
qualities that are required for
this step such as aware of the
suitable and capable
technologies, to know and
understand about C2
(Command and Control) issues
and also the background
picture of Modeling and
simulation.[15]

There are various activities and

actions for this event.

1. Multi-scale analysis
2. Early and continuous war
fighter operational assessment
3. Lightweight, portable M&S-
based C2 capability
representations
4. Developmental software
versions available for
assessment
5. Minimal infrastructure
6. Flexible modeling and
simulation (M&S), operator-in-
the-loop (OITL), and hardware-
in-the-loop (HWIL) capabilities
7. In-line, continuous
performance monitoring and
selective forensics.

Traditional systems
engineering (TSE)
TSE refers to traditional
systems engineering, which is a
term to be defined as an
engineering sub-system.[16][17]

TSE

TSE is composed and

constructed by external
designer
It is a stable system which it
won't change automatically
Operation and development
are independent with each
other
Most of the components
exclude people which
therefore people do not play
 an important role in it
There are massive machines
which have expected
conduct

There are differences between

TSE and ESE. There are survey
results comparing both of
them.[18] The survey result
shown that TSE and ESE is
complementary and
interdependent with each other
which ESE has a higher rating
while TSE could also be a
hidden element for ESE. So the
combination of TSE and ESE
will be ideal for an enterprise in
this generation.

Applications
There are two types of ESE
application: Information
Enterprise Systems Engineering
and Social Enterprise Systems
Engineering.

Information
Enterprise Systems
Engineering (IESE)

It is a system that builds up to

meet the requirements and
expectations of different
stakeholders in the
organization. There must be an
input device to collect the
information and output device
to satisfy the information
needs.[19]

There are three different

aspects for the framework of
IESE

1. Functional View
2. Topology View
3. Physical View

Also, there are different rules

for the IESE model.[20]

Interchangeable point of view

Detailed views and well
displayed. Showing the
specific method, solution and
techniques
Consistent views
Supported viewpoints

Social Enterprise
System Engineering

This is a framework that

involves planning, analyzing,
mapping and drawing a
network of the process for
enterprises and stakeholders.
Moreover, it creates social
value for entrepreneurship and
explores and focuses on the
social and societal issues. It
forms a connection between
social enterprise and system
engineering. There is a Social
Enterprise Systems Engineering
V-model, in which two or more
social elements are established
based on the system
engineering framework—for
example, more social interface
analysis that reviews
stakeholders' requirements,
and more activities and
interactions between
stakeholders to exchange
opinions.[21]

Opportunity and risk

management
There are opportunities and
risks in ESE and they have to be
aggressive in seeking
opportunities and also finding
ways to avoid or minimize the
risks. Opportunity is a trigger
element that may lead to the
accomplishment of objectives.
Risk is a potential occurrence
and will affect the performance
of the entire system.[22] There
are several reasons for the
importance of risk
management.[23]

1. To identify the risks before

head which can prepare actions
to prevent or minimize the risks
2. Since risks can cost the
enterprise, determining the risk
events can reduce the amount
of loss
3. Help to know how to allocate
the human or technology
resources in order avoid the
most critical risks

There are few steps in

Enterprise risk and opportunity
Management Process

Prepare the risk and

opportunity plan – Select
team and representatives
Identify Risks – Complete
risks statements for each
risk
Identify Opportunities –
People that work at tactical
level and manager must
understand the opportunities
 in order to take a further
action
Evaluate the Enterprise Risks
and Opportunities – To
decide which is more critical
and vital
Develop the plan – Develop
after identification and
evaluation with different
strategies

See also
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise engineering
Enterprise life cycle
 Industrial engineering
Systems engineering
Soft systems methodology
System of systems
System of systems
engineering (SoSE)
Risk management plan
Technology roadmap

References
1. R.E. Giachetti (2010). Design
of Enterprise Systems: Theory,
Architecture, and Methods, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 3
2. Joannou, Paul (2007).
"Enterprise, Systems, and
Software Engineering--The Need
for Integration". Computer. 40
(5): 103–5.
doi:10.1109/mc.2007.167 .
3. Enterprise Systems
Engineering: Advances in the
Theory and Practice. Boca
Raton ; London : CRC Press.
2011. p. 8.
ISBN 978-1420073294.
4. "1G, 2G, 3G, 4G: The
evolution of wireless
generations" . Phone Arena.
Retrieved 2015-11-01.
5. Strategic Technology Plan
6. "What is strategic planning?
- Definition from WhatIs.com" .
SearchCIO. Retrieved
2015-11-01.
7. Lees, Gillian (June 2007).
"Enterprise Governance" (PDF).
CIMA. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
8. "Enterprise Governance – A
CIMA discussion paper" (PDF).
CIMA. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
9. Crider, Kimberly A.; Derosa,
Joseph K. (2007). "Findings of
Case Studies in Enterprise
Systems Engineering". 2007 1st
Annual IEEE Systems
Conference. pp. 1–6.
doi:10.1109/SYSTEMS.2007.37
4650 . ISBN 1-4244-1040-1.
10. "(NetAction)" .
www.netaction.org. Retrieved
2015-11-02.
11. Webb, Mike. "Capabilities-
Based Engineering Analysis
(CBEA)" (PDF). The MITRE
Corporation. Retrieved
2015-11-02.
12. "What is enterprise
architecture (EA)? - Definition
from WhatIs.com" . SearchCIO.
Retrieved 2015-11-02.
13. "Enterprise Architecture |
Centric" . Centric Consulting.
Retrieved 2015-11-02.
14. "DTS Enterprise
Architecture" .
www.montgomerycountymd.go
v. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
15. Roberts, John (2006).
"Enterprise Analysis and
Assessment of Complex
Military Command and Control
Environments" (PDF). The
MITRE Corporation. Retrieved
2015-11-03.
16. Hybertson, Duane (2009).
Model-oriented systems
engineering science : a unifying
framework for traditional and
complex systems. Boca Raton ;
London : CRC Press. p. 2.
ISBN 9781420072518.
17. Rebovich, George
(November 2005). "Enterprise
Systems Engineering Theory
and Practice Volume 2:
Systems Thinking for the
Enterprise: New and Emerging
Perspectives" (PDF). The
MITRE Corporation. Retrieved
2015-11-03.
18. White, Brian. "On the
Pursuit of Enterprise Systems
Engineering Ideas" (PDF). The
MITRE Corporation. Retrieved
2015-11-03.
19. Snoeck, Monique
(2014-09-20). Enterprise
Information Systems
Engineering: The MERODE
Approach . Springer. p. 70.
ISBN 9783319101453.
20. Nikolaidou, M. and
Alexopoulou, N. (2007).
Enterprise Information System
Engineering: A Model-based
Approach based on the
Zachman Framework. 1st ed.
[pdf] Department of Informatics
& Telecommunications,
University of Athens, Athens,
Greece: arokopio University of
Athens, Athens, Greece, pp.1-10.
Available at:
https://www.computer.org
/csdl/proceedings/hicss
/2008/3075/00/30750399.pdf
[Accessed 3 Nov. 2015].
21. Mason, James (2015).
"Social Enterprise Systems
Engineering". Procedia
Computer Science. 44: 135–46.
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.06
7.
22. White, B. (2006). Enterprise
Opportunity and Risk. 1st ed.
[pdf] 202 Burlington Road
Bedford, MA: INCOSE, pp.3-6.
Available at:
https://www.mitre.org/sites
/default/files/pdf/05_1262.pdf
[Accessed 3 Nov. 2015].
23. Pinto, Cesar Ariel; Garvey,
Paul R. (2012-10-08). Advanced
Risk Analysis in Engineering
Enterprise Systems . CRC
Press. pp. 6–7.
ISBN 9781439826157.

Further reading
R.E. Giachetti, (2010), Design
of Enterprise Systems, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
[1]
Oscar A. Saenz, and Chin-
Sheng Chen (2004). "A
Framework for Enterprise
Systems Engineering"
 Robert S. Swarz, and Joseph
K. DeRosa (2006). A
Framework for Enterprise
Systems Engineering
Processes

External links
Department of Industrial and
Enterprise Systems
Engineering University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
MIT Engineering Systems
Division

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