Introduction To Chemical Engineering CH 5

Chapter 5 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow
Reading Question 5.1:
The assumptions inherent in Equation 5.3 are:
a) Mass is conserved (i.e., not created or destroyed)
b) The process is at steady state.
Situations where the above assumptions do not hold:
a) In a process which includes nuclear reactions which convert small amounts of mass to
energy
b) A transient (non-steady state) process where the accumulation term is significant

A material balance on a particular chemical species must contain generation and

consumption terms since that species can be created (generated) or destroyed (consumed). In
contrast, a total mass balance does not require consumption or generation terms since mass is
conserved (not created or destroyed). A total mole balance is not typically used since the
total number of moles is not conserved.
Equation (e) of Example 5.7 is an application of the following relationship found in the
Guidelines for Solving Material Balance Problems Involving Multiple Species:
In this case, butene is being consumed. The information in the problem statement that 84%
of the butene is converted to ethylene was used to provide the fractional conversion (X) of
0.84 for the butene. The mass flow rate and molecular weight of butene were also used in the
equation.
rconsumption, butene is the number of moles of butene per time that are converted to ethylene in the
process.
a. No, it is not correct to write a total mole balance for this process. The total number of
moles does not remain constant since four moles of reactants produce two moles of
products.
b. The maximum number of material balances equations is equal to the number of species
present. In this case, a maximum of three balances can be written.
c. No, your colleague is wrong. As mentioned in part (b), a maximum of three material
balances can be written. The four equations would not be independent. However, one
can use two species balances and a total balance (for a total of three balance equations).
One key use of material balances would be to determine the amount of reactants needed to
treat the waste stream. Material balances might also be used to determine the concentration
of waste in the stream(s) leaving the process.
Homework Problem 5.1:
The diagram for this problem is
Steam
V̇steam = ?
Feed water boiler ! steam = 3.7 kg/m3
V̇ feed = 28 m 3 min
Residual hot water
! feed = 1000 kg/m3
V̇resid = 6.5 m3 min
! resid = 960 kg/m3
From the principle that mass is conserved,
∑ m˙ = ∑ m˙
inlet outlet
streams streams
which, for our problem is m˙ feed = m˙ steam + m˙ resid
Since all the values are given as volumetric flow rates and densities, the most convenient
equivalent form of mass flow rate to use for all terms is
m˙ = ρ V˙
so ρ feedV˙feed = ρsteam V˙steam + ρ resid V˙resid
Solving for the flow rate of steam and inserting known values,
ρ feedV˙feed − ρ resid V˙resid
V˙steam =
ρ steam
(1000 kg m3 )(28m3 min) − (960kg m3 )(6.5 m3 min)
=
3.7 kg m3
= 5880 m3/min ≈ 5900 m3/min
Benzene
ṅBenzene = 1140 kgmol hr
Toluene solvent Solvent

ṅToluene = 213kgmol hr mixer ṁSolvent = 115,000 kg hr
Phenol
ṁPhenol = ?
Again, we begin with ∑ m˙ = ∑ m˙
inlet outlet
streams streams
or m˙ Benzene + m˙ Toluene + m˙ Phenol = m˙ Solvent

But since the flows of Benzene and Toluene are given as molar flow rates, we need to
express the mass flow rates of those species using the relationship
m˙ = n˙ (MW)
where we can determine the following Molecular Weights:
MWBenzene: 6(12.01)+6(1.01)=78.1 kg/kgmol
MWToluene: 7(12.01)+8(1.01)=92.1 kg/kgmol
So n˙Benzene (MWBenzene ) + n˙Toluene (MWToluene ) + m˙ Phenol = m˙ Solvent
Solving for the mass flow rate of Phenol

m˙ Phenol = m˙ Solvent − n˙Benzene (MWBenzene ) − n˙Toluene (MWToluene )
= 115,000 kg/hr - (1140 kgmol/hr)(78.1 kg/kgmol) - (213 kgmol/hr)(92.1 kg/kgmol)
= 6349 kg/hr ≈ 6350 kg/hr

sugar
ṅsugar = 1.75 lbmol hr
butter
ṁbutter = 60lbm hr
corn syrup
V̇corn syrup = 3.5gal hr mixer-boiler fudge
vanilla extract ṁ fudge = 830lbm hr
cocoa
ṁcocoa = 17lbm hr
milk
V̇milk = ?
Also Given:
lbm ⎛⎜ 1 ft3 ⎞⎟
ρcorn syrup = ρmilk = 62.4 = 8.34lbm gal
ft 3 ⎝ 7.48 gal ⎠
Once again, the important relationship is
∑ m˙ in = ∑ m˙ out
which, for this problem, is
m˙ sugar + m˙ butter + m˙ corn syrup + m˙ van.extract + m˙ cocoa + m˙ milk = m˙ fudge
Writing each term in more convenient terms because of the information given,
MW sugar n˙ sugar + m˙ butter + ρ corn syrupV˙corn syrup + m˙ van.extract + m˙ cocoa + ρ milkV˙milk = m˙ fudge
Also, we are given
m˙ van.extract = 30 msugar = 30
1 ˙ 1
MWsugar n˙ sugar
and we also can determine that

MWsugar = 12(12.01) + 22(1.01) + 11(16.00) = 342.3
Solving the balance for the volumetric flow rate of milk,

m˙ fudge − MW sugar n˙ sugar − m˙ butter − ρ corn syrupV˙corn syrup − 301 MW sugar n˙ sugar − m˙ cocoa
Vmilk =
˙
ρ milk
lbm 31 ⎛ lb ⎞⎛ lbmol ⎞ lb ⎛ lb ⎞⎛ gal ⎞ lb
830 − 30 ⎜ 342.3 m ⎟⎜1.75 ⎟ − 60 m − ⎜ 8.34 m ⎟⎜ 3.5 ⎟ −17 m
hr ⎝ lbmol ⎠⎝ hr ⎠ hr ⎝ gal ⎠⎝ hr ⎠ hr
=
8.34 lbm gal
= 12.5 gal/hr

product 1
V̇prod 1 ! 157 m3 hr
feed 1 l prod 1 ! 721 kg/m3
ṁfeed 1 ! 260,000 kg hr distillation product 2
column V̇prod 2 ! 235 m3 hr
feed 2
V̇feed 2 ! 283 m3 hr
l feed 2 ! 935 kg/m3 product 3
ṁprod 3 ! 208,000 kg hr
The balance on total mass is
m˙ Feed1 + m˙ Feed 2 = m˙ Prod1 + m˙ Prod2 + m˙ Prod 3
In terms of given quantities

m˙ Feed1 + ρ Feed 2 V˙Feed 2 = ρ Prod1V˙Prod1 + ρ Prod 2 V˙Prod 2 + m˙ Prod 3
Solving for the density of product 2,

m˙ Feed1 + ρ Feed 2 V˙Feed 2 − ρ Prod1V˙Prod1 − m˙ Prod3
ρ Prod 2 =
V˙Prod 2
kg ⎛ kg ⎞⎛ m3 ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞⎛ m3 ⎞ kg
260,000 + ⎜935 3 ⎟⎜ 283 ⎟ − ⎜ 721 3 ⎟⎜157 ⎟ − 208,000
hr ⎝ m ⎠⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠⎝ hr ⎠ hr
=
m3
235
hr
= 866 kg/m3

3
Gas In: V˙gas ,in ! 340 ft /min 3
Gas Out: V˙gas ,out ! 270 ft /min
lgas,in ! .087lbm /ft 3 lgas,out ! .087lbm /ft 3
Absorber
Liquid In: ṁliq ,in ! ? Liquid Out: ṁliq ,out ! 77lbm /min
The total material balance is:
m˙ gas,in + m˙ liq,in = m˙ gas,out + m˙ liq,out
Because the information for the gas streams is given in terms of densities and volumetric flow
rates, the balance is more conveniently written:
ρ gas,inV˙gas,in + m˙ liq,in = ρ gas,outV˙gas,out + m˙ liq,out
Solving for the liquid mass flow rate in:
m˙ liq,in = ρ gas,outV˙gas,out + m˙ liq,out − ρ gas,inV˙gas,in
( )
= ρ gas V˙gas,out − V˙gas,in + m˙ liq,out
lbm ⎛ ft 3 ft 3 ⎞ lbm
= .087 ⎜ 270 − 340 ⎟ + 77
ft 3 ⎝ min min ⎠ min
lbm lb lb lb
= −6.1 + 77 m = 70.9 m ≈ 71 m
min min min min

Air into canyon
V̇ ai = ?
cpollutant,ai = 0 gmol/ft3 canyon Air out of canyon
V̇ao = ?
Exhaust gas cpollutant,ao = ?
V̇ ex = 15 ft3/min
cpollutant,ex = .06 gmol/ft3
It will be most convenient to write a mole balance on the pollutant, which is

n˙ pollutant,ex = n˙ pollutant, air − out + rconsumption,pollutant
which can be written more conveniently as
c pollutant, ex V˙ex = c pollutant,ao V˙ao + rconsumption, pollutant (1)
Furthermore, the given conversion information can be written
rconsumption, pollutant = .20 n˙ pollutant,ex
which can be more conveniently written
rconsumption, pollutant = .20 c pollutant, exV˙ex (2)
Combining Equations 1 and 2 gives
c pollutant, ex V˙ex = c pollutant,ao V˙ao + .20 c pollutant,ex V˙ex
or
.80 c pollutant,ex V˙ex = c pollutant, aoV˙ao (3)
Finally, a balance on total mass gives
m˙ ex + m˙ air in = m˙ air out
which is more conveniently written
ρ exV˙ex + ρ ai V˙ai = ρ ao V˙ao
but, since the densities are all equal, this becomes
V˙ex + V˙ai = V˙ao (4)
a. For an inlet wind flow rate ( V˙ai ) of 800 ft3/min,
Equation 4 gives V˙ao = 800 ft 3 min + 15 ft3 min = 815 ft 3 min

From Equation 3,
c pollutant, ao =
( 3
)(3
.80 c pollutant,ex V˙ex .80 .06 gmol ft 15 ft min
=
) gmol
= 8.83x10 −4 3
˙
Vao 3
815 ft min ft
b. For an outlet pollutant concentration (cpollutant,ao) equal to .0025 gmol/ft3,
Equation 3 gives
Homework Problem 5.6 (continued):
V˙ao =
.80 c pollutant,ex V˙ex
=
( )(
.80 .06 gmol ft 3 15 ft 3 min ) = 288 ft 3
c pollutant, ao .0025gmol ft 3 min
From Equation 4,
V˙ai = V˙ao − V˙ex = 288 ft 3 min −15 ft 3 min = 273 ft3 min
So any incoming wind flow rate less than 273 ft3/min will produce an outgoing pollutant
concentration greater than .0025 gmol/ft3.
Air in Air out

V̇ ai = ? V̇ao = ?
cO2,ai = .00934 gmol/L lungs cO2,ai = .00705 gmol/L
Blood in Blood out

V̇ bi = 5.0 L min V̇ bo = 5.0 L min
cO2,bi = .00670 gmol/L cO2,bo = .00893 gmol/L
Balance on oxygen: m˙ O2 ,ai + m˙ O2 ,bi = m˙ O2 ,ao + m˙ O2 ,bo
Or cO 2 ,ai V˙ai + c O2 ,bi V˙bi = cO 2 ,ao V˙ao + cO 2 ,bo V˙bo
In this case, the inlet air flow rate equals the outlet air flow rate, so we’ll assign one symbol:
V˙ai = V˙ao = V˙a
Similarly, the inlet blood flow rate equals the outlet blood flow rate, so:
V˙bi = V˙bo = V˙b
The oxygen balance now becomes

cO 2 ,ai V˙a + cO 2 ,bi V˙b = cO2 ,ao V˙a + cO 2 ,bo V˙b
Solving for the air flow rate,
cO ,bo − c O2 ,bi ˙
V˙a = 2 V
cO2 ,ai − cO2 ,ao b
gmol gmol
.00893 − .00670 ⎛ L ⎞
= L L ⎜ 5.0 ⎟
.00934
gmol
− .00705
gmol ⎝ min ⎠
L L
= 4.87 L/min
a. m˙ dye,in = x dye,out m˙ out
m˙ dye,in 20 g /min
m˙ out = = = 5128 g /min
x dye,out 0.0039
b. The mass flow rate of dye in the outlet blood is the same as the input rate, or 20 g/min.
Hence, the mass flow rate of the blood without the dye is 5128 – 20 = 5108 g/min
c. m˙ = ρV˙
m 5108 g / min
V = = = 4819 cm 3 / min
ρ 1.06 g / cm 3

Drinking water
filtration V̇dw = ?
Sea water cNaCl,dw = ?
facility
V̇ sw = 2300 L min
cNaCl,sw = 1.4 M Brine
V̇ br = 560 L min
cNaCl,br = 5.6 M
Balance on NaCl: m˙ NaCl,sw = m˙ NaCl,dw + m˙ NaCl,br
or c NaCl,sw V˙sw = c NaCl ,dw V˙dw + c NaCl ,br V˙br (1)
Balance on total mass: m˙ sw = m˙ dw + m˙ br

or ρ sw V˙sw = ρ dw V˙dw + ρ br V˙br
For equal densities V˙sw = V˙dw + V˙br (2)
Solving equation 2 for the drinking water flow rate

V˙dw = V˙sw − V˙br = 2300 L min − 560 L min = 1740 L min
Solving equation 1 for the NaCl concentration in the drinking water

c NaCl,sw V˙sw − c NaCl, br V˙br
c NaCl,dw =
V˙dw
⎛ gmol ⎞⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ gmol ⎞⎛ L ⎞
⎜1.4 ⎟⎜ 2300 ⎟ − ⎜ 5.6 ⎟⎜560 ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠⎝ min ⎠
=
L
1740
min
gmol
= .048 = .048M
L
Gas from tank

V̇ tank = T
cpoison,tank = cT Room Air out of window
cpoison = cR V̇window = W (unknown)
Air from conditioner cpoison,window = cR
V̇ air = A
cpoison,air = 0
The mass balance on the poison is
m˙ poison,T = m˙ poison,W
which could be written as
MWpoisonc poison,tank V˙ from tank = MWpoison c poison,window V˙window
where the molecular weight cancels out on both sides of the equation. The remainder of
the equation can be rewritten in terms of the given symbols as
cTT = cRW (1)
A balance on total mass gives
m˙ from tank + m˙ air conditioner = m˙ window
which can also be written
ρ from tank V˙ from tank + ρ air conditioner V˙air conditioner = ρ windowV˙window
But, the densities of all streams are equal, so they cancel out of the equation. Re-writing
the remainder of the equation in terms of given symbols,
W=T+A (2)
Combining equations 1 and 2
cTT = cR(T + A)
Rearranging,
T
c R = cT
T+ A
pure
. air out
dirty mair-out = ?
. air xair,air-out = 1.000
mda = 3,500 kg/hr
xair,da = .98
xacetone,da = .02 Acetone-rich liquid
.
ma-rich = ?
xacetone,a-rich = .99
water
. in xwater,a-rich = .01
mw-in = ?
xwater,w-in = 1.000 Water-rich
. liquid
mw-rich = 650 kg/hr
xacetone,w-rich = .04
xwater,w-rich = .96
In this case, we’ll treat “air” as a species (even though it contains several gases), so that
“dirty air” contains air as one of its components (acetone is the other component).
A mass balance on air gives

m˙ air,in = m˙ air,out
or, in more convenient form,
x air, da m˙ da = x air,air − out m˙ air− out
At this point, we can solve this equation to determine the flow rate of pure air out.
x m (.98) ( 3500 kg hr )
m air − out = air,da da = = 3430 kg hr
xair,air − out 1.0
A mass balance on acetone gives

m˙ acetone,in = m˙ acetone,a− rich + m˙ acetone,w − rich
or, in more convenient form,
x acetone,da m˙ da = x acetone,a− rich m
˙ a − rich + x acetone,w − rich m˙ w − rich
Again, solving for the flow rate of the acetone-rich stream

x m˙ − x acetone,w − rich m˙ w − rich
m˙ a − rich = acetone,da da
x acetone,a − rich
(.02) ( 3500 kg hr ) − (.04) ( 650 kg hr )

= = 44.4 kg hr
.99
Finally, a mass balance on water gives
m˙ water,in = m˙ water,a − rich + m˙ water,w −rich
which, in more convenient terms is
x water, w −in m˙ w − in = x water,a− rich m˙ a− rich + xwater,w − rich m˙ w − rich
and the flow rate of water can then be calculated

x water,a −rich m˙ a− rich + xwater,w − rich m˙ w − rich
m˙ w − in =
x water, w −in
(.01) ( 44.4 kg hr ) + (.96) ( 650 kg hr )

= = 624 kg hr
1.000

Exit Stream 1
ṁExit1 = 1,377 kg hr
x EB,Exit1 = 0.97
x p-x,Exit1 = 0.01
x m-x,Exit1 = 0.02
x o-x,Exit1 = 0.00
feed stream Exit Stream 2
ṁfeed = 10,000 kg hr ṁExit2 = 5,750 kg hr
x EB,feed = 0.15 ṁEB,Exit2 = ?
x p-x,feed = 0.20 ṁo-x,Exit2 = 297 kg hr
x m-x,feed = 0.35
x o-x,feed = 0.30
Exit Stream 3
x EB,Exit3 = 0
ṁp-x,Exit3 = ?
ṁo-x,Exit3 = ?
x m-x,Exit3 = ?
Species Balances
EB: m˙ EB, feed = m˙ EB,Exit1 + m˙ EB,Exit2 + m˙ EB,Exit3
Which, in more convenient form, is x EB, feed m˙ feed = x EB,Exit1m˙ Exit1 + m˙ EB,Exit2 (1)
o-x: m˙ o− x, feed = m˙ 0− x,Exit1 + m˙ o− x,Exit2 + m˙ o− x,Exit3
Which, in more convenient form, is

x o− x, feed m˙ feed = x 0− x,Exit1m˙ Exit1 + m˙ o− x,Exit2 + m˙ o− x,Exit3 (2)
p-x: m˙ p− x, feed = m˙ p− x,Exit1 + m˙ p− x,Exit2 + m˙ p− x,Exit3
Which, in more convenient form, is

x p− x, feed m˙ feed = x p− x,Exit1m˙ Exit1 + m˙ p− x,Exit2 + m˙ p− x,Exit3 (3)
Total Mass Balance: m˙ feed = m˙ Exit1 + m˙ Exit2 + m˙ Exit3 (4)
Sum of components in Exit 3: m˙ Exit3 = m˙ p− x,Exit3 + m˙ m− x,Exit3 + m˙ o− x,Exit3 (5)
Additional Given Relationship: m˙ p− x,Exit2 = 95%x p− x, feed m˙ feed (6)
From Equation 1,
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞ kg
m˙ EB,Exit2 = x EB, feed m˙ feed − x EB,Exit1m˙ Exit1 = (0.15)⎜10,000 ⎟ − (0.97)⎜1,377 ⎟ = 164
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠ hr
From Equation 2, m˙ o− x,Exit3 = x o− x, feed m˙ feed − x 0− x,Exit1m˙ Exit1 − m˙ o− x,Exit2

⎛ kg ⎞ kg kg
= (0.30)⎜10,000 ⎟ − 0 − 297 = 2,703
⎝ hr ⎠ hr hr
⎛ kg ⎞ kg
From Equation 6, m˙ p− x,Exit2 = 95%x p− x, feed m˙ feed = .95(0.20)⎜10,000 ⎟ = 1,900
⎝ hr ⎠ hr
From Equation 3, m˙ p− x,Exit3 = x p− x, feed m˙ feed − x p− x,Exit1m˙ Exit1 − m˙ p− x,Exit2

⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞ kg kg
= (0.20)⎜10,000 ⎟ − (0.01)⎜1,377 ⎟ −1,900 = 86
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠ hr hr
From Equation 4,
kg kg kg kg
m˙ Exit3 = m˙ feed − m˙ Exit1 − m˙ Exit2 = 10,000 −1,377 − 5,750 = 2,873
hr hr hr hr
From Equation 5,
kg kg kg kg
m˙ m− x,Exit3 = m˙ Exit3 − m˙ p− x,Exit3 − m˙ o− x,Exit3 = 2,873 − 2,703 − 86 = 84
hr hr hr hr
m˙ m− x,Exit3 84kg /hr

So x m− x,Exit3 = = = 0.03
m˙ Exit3 2,873kg /hr
Methane input
ṅ meth,in = 30 gmol/s Flue gas
burner
Oxygen input ṅ flue = ?
ṅ O2,in = 75 gmol/s yCO2,flue = ?
CH4 + 2O2 A CO2 + 2H2O
Mole balance on methane: n˙meth,in = n˙ meth, flue + rconsumption,meth

However, we are told that all of the methane is burned. One way to use that information
is to recognize that the flow rate of methane in the flue gas is zero, so
n˙meth,in = rconsumption,meth (1)
Mole balance on carbon dioxide: rformation,CO2 = n˙ CO2 , flue (2)
Mole balance on oxygen: n˙O 2 ,in = n˙O2 , flue + rconsumption,O2 (3)
Mole balance on water: rformation,H 2 O = n˙ H 2 O, flue (4)
The stoichiometric relationships are

rformation,CO2 1 r formation,H 2 O 2 rconsumption,O2 2
= = =
rconsumption,meth 1 rconsumption,meth 1 rconsumption,meth 1
From Equation 1: rconsumption,meth = n˙meth,in = 30gmol s
From the stoichiometric relationships,

rformation,CO2 = rconsumption,meth = 30 gmol s
rformation,H 2 O = 2 rconsumption,meth = 60gmol s
rconsumption,O2 = 2 rconsumption,meth = 60gmol s
From Equation 2: n˙CO 2 , flue = rformation,CO2 = 30 gmol s
From Equation 3: n˙O 2 , flue = n˙O2 ,in − rconsumption,O2 = 75gmol s − 60gmol s = 15gmol s
From Equation 4: n˙ H 2 O, flue = rformation, H 2 O = 60 gmol s
The total molar flow rate of the flue gas is the sum of the flow rates of the constituent gases,
so
n˙ flue = n˙CO2 , flue + n˙O 2 , flue + n˙ H 2 O, flue = 30 + 15+ 60 = 105gmol s
Finally, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the flue gas is

n˙CO 2 , flue 30 gmol s
yCO 2 , flue = = = 0.286
n˙ flue 105gmol s
Species A input
ṅ A,in = 50 kgmol/hr Reactor outlet
reactor
Species B input ṅ A,out = 20 kgmol/hr
ṅ B,in = 5 kgmol/hr ṅ B,out = ?
2A A B
Mole balance on A: n˙ A,in = n˙ A, out + rconsumption, A (1)
Mole balance on B: n˙ B,in + rformation,B = n˙ B,out (2)
rformation, B 1
Stoichiometry: = (3)
rconsumption,A 2
From Equation 1: rconsumption, A = n˙ A,i n − n˙ A,out = 50 − 20 = 30kgmol hr
rconsumption, A 30 kgmol hr
From Equation 3: rformation,B = = = 15kgmol hr
2 2
From Equation 2: n˙B,out = n˙B,i n + rformation,B = 5 + 15 = 20kgmol hr

Gas input stream Gas output stream

ṅ H2,in = 200 gmol/s
yH2,in =.95 reactor
yCH4,in =.05
Toluene input Liquid outlet stream
ṅ toluene,in = 40 gmol/s ṅ benzene,out = ?
ṅ =?
Toluene + H2 A Benzene + CH4 toluene,out
Mole balance on benzene: rformation,benzene = n˙benzene,out (1)
Mole balance on toluene: n˙toluene,in = n˙toluene, out + rconsumption,toluene (2)
rconsumption,toluene 1
r formation,benzene 1
Conversion: rconsumption,toluene = .75 n˙toluene,in (4)
From Equation 4: rconsumption,toluene = .75 n˙toluene,in = .75 (40 gmol s) = 30 gmol s
From Equation 2: n˙toluene,out = n˙toluene,in − rconsumption,toluene = 40 − 30 = 10 gmol s
From Equation 3: rformation,benzene = rconsumption,toluene = 30gmol s
From Equation 1: n˙benzene,out = rformation,benzene = 30gmol s
To determine the mass fraction of benzene, we need the mass flow rates of benzene and
toluene, which are
⎛ g ⎞
m˙ benzene,out = MW benzene n˙ benzene,out = ⎜ 78 ⎟(30 gmol s) = 2340 g s
⎝ gmol ⎠
⎛ g ⎞
m˙ toluene,out = MW toluene n˙ toluene,out = ⎜92 ⎟(10 gmol s) = 920 g s
⎝ gmol ⎠
So the mass fraction of benzene in the liquid outlet stream is
m˙ benzene 2340
x benzene = = = 0.72
m˙ benzene + m˙ toluene 2340 + 920
Homework Problem 5.16: The diagram for this problem is

Air in
ṅ ai = ? Gas output stream
yO2,ai = .21, yN2,ai = .79 fuel cell ṅ H2,go = ?
ṅ N2,go = ?
Hydrogen in ṅ O2,go = ?
ṅ H2,hi = 27 gmol/min 2H2 + O2 ! 2H2O ṅ H2O,go = ?
Mole balance on hydrogen: n˙ H 2 ,hi = n˙ H 2 ,go + rconsumption,H 2 (1)
Mole balance on oxygen: yO 2 ,ai n˙ ai = n˙O 2 ,go + rconsumption,O2 (2)
Mole balance on water: rformation,H 2 O = n˙ H 2 O, go (3)
Mole balance on nitrogen: y N2 ,ai n˙ai = n˙ N2 ,go (4)
Stoichiometry:
rconsumption,O 2 1
= (5)
rconsumption,H 2 2
rformation,H 2 O 2
= =1 (6)
rconsumption,H 2 2
Conversion: rconsumption,H 2 = 0.85 n˙ H 2 ,hi (7)

n˙ H ,hi
Given: n˙ O 2 ,ai = 150% 2
2
which can be more conveniently written
n˙ H ,hi
yO 2 ,ai n˙ ai = 1.5 2 (8)
2
From Equation 7: rconsumption,H 2 = 0.85 (27 gmol min ) = 23gmol min
rconsumption,H 2 23gmol min

From Equation 5: rconsumption,O 2 = = = 11.5 gmol min
2 2
From Equation 6: rformation,H 2O = rconsumption,H 2 = 23gmol min
n˙ H 2 ,hi 2 (27 gmol min) /2

From Equation 8: n˙ ai = 1.5 = 1.5 = 96.4 gmol min
yO 2 ,ai .21
From Equation 1: n˙ H 2 ,go = n˙ H 2 ,hi − rconsumption,H 2 = 27 gmol min − 23gmol min

= 4 gmol min
From Equation 2: n˙O 2 ,go = yO2 ,ai n˙ ai − rconsumption,O 2
= .21(96.4 gmol min) −11.5 gmol min = 8.7 gmol min
From Equation 3: n˙ H 2O,go = rformation,H 2O = 23gmol min
From Equation 4: n˙ N 2 ,go = y N 2 ,ai n˙ ai = .79(96.4 gmol min) = 76.2 gmol min
Gas in solid Gas out

V̇in = 8.5 L min surface V̇out = 8.5 L min
TMG cCH4 = ?
AsH3 GaAs out TMG
H2 ṁGaAs = 7 mg min AsH3
H2
CH4
Mole balance on methane: rform,CH 4 = n˙ CH 4 ,out = cCH 4 ,outV˙out (1)

m˙
Mole balance on GaAs: rform,GaAs = n˙ GaAs,out = GaAs,out (2)
MWGaAs
Stoichiometry:
rform,CH 4 3
= (3)
rform,GaAs 1
Also, MWGaAs = 69.72 + 74.92 = 144.6 g/gmol
m˙ GaAs,out 7x10−3 g /min gmol

From Equation 2, rform,GaAs = = = 4.84 x10−5
MWGaAs 144.6g /gmol min
⎛ gmol ⎞ −4 gmol
From Equation 3, rform,CH 4 = 3rform,GaAs = 3⎜ 4.84 x10−5 ⎟ = 1.45x10
⎝ min ⎠ min
−4 gmol
rform,CH 4 1.45x10 min gmol
From Equation 1, cCH 4 ,out = = = 1.71x10−5
˙
Vout L L
8.5
min
Stream 1
ṅ 1 = 400 lbmol/hr
yN2,1 = .95
yH2,1 = .05 process Output stream
yN2,out = 0
Stream 2 ṅ H2,out = ?
V̇ 2 = 31,000 ft3/hr N2 + 3H2 A 2NH3
l2 = .08 lbm/ft3
Mole balance on nitrogen: n˙ N2 ,1 = rconsumption,N 2

Or, more conveniently, y N2 ,1n˙1 = rconsumption, N 2 (1)
Mole balance on hydrogen: n˙ H 2 ,1 + n˙ H 2 ,2 = n˙ H 2 ,out + rconsumption,H 2

ρ V˙
Or, more conveniently, y H 2 ,1n˙1 + 2 2 = n˙ H 2 ,out + rconsumption,H 2 (2)
MWH 2
rconsumption,H 2 3
rconsumption,N 2 1
From Equation 1: rconsumption,N 2 = y N 2 ,1n˙1 = .95(400lbmol hr) = 380lbmol hr
From Equation 3: rconsumption,H 2 = 3 rconsumption, N2 = 3(380lbmol hr ) = 1140lbmol hr
ρ 2 V˙2
From Equation 2: n˙ H 2 ,out = y H 2 ,1n˙1 + − rconsumption,H 2
MWH 2
(.08lb m ft3 )(31,000 ft3 hr)

= (.05)(400lbmol hr) + − 1140lbmol hr
2.02 lbm lbmol
= 20 + 1240 – 1140 = 120 lbmol/hr

Coconut Oil
MW = 659
l!= 878 g/L
.
V!= 140 L/hr
Methanol Reactor Output
MW = 32 MWbiodiesel = 221
l!= 792 g/L MWglycerol = 92
4.2 moles/mole C.O. lbiodiesel!= 880 g/L
NaOH
MW = 40
.
m!= 140 g/hr 100% conversion
Species Balances:
C.Oil: n˙ C.O.,in = rcons,C.O. + n˙ C .O.,out (1)
B.Diesel: rform,B .D. = n˙ B.D.,out (2)
Methanol: n˙ meth,in = rcons,meth + n˙ meth,out (3)
Glycerol: rform,glyc = n˙ glyc,out (4)
NaOH: n˙ NaOH ,in = n˙ NaOH ,out and m˙ NaOH ,in = m˙ NaOH ,out (5)
Stoichiometric Ratios:
rform,B .D. 3
= (6)
rcons,C .O. 1
rcons,meth 3
= (7)
rcons,C .O. 1
rform,glyc 1
= (8)
rcons,C .O. 1
Conversion: rcons,C.O. = 100% n˙ C.O.,in (9)
Given: n˙ meth,in = 4.2 n˙ C.O.,in (10)
V˙C .O.,in ρC .O. (140 L hr)(.878 g L)
From Eq. 9, rcons,C .O. = n˙ C .O.,in = = = 186.5 gmol hr
MWC .O. (659 g gmol)
From Eq. 10, n˙ meth,in = 4.2(186.5 gmol hr) = 783.3gmol hr
From Eq. 6, rform,B .D. = 3rcons,C.O. = 3(186.5 gmol hr) = 560 gmol hr
From Eq. 2, n˙ B.D.,out = rform,B.D. = 560 gmol hr
5.19 (continued)
From Eq. 7, rcons,meth = 3rcons,C .O. = 3(186.5 gmol hr) = 560 gmol hr
From Eq. 8, rform,glyc = rcons,C .O. = 186.5 gmol hr
From Eq. 1, n˙ C.O.,out = n˙ C .O.,in − rcons,C .O. = 560 gmol hr − 560 gmol hr = 0
From Eq. 3, n˙ meth,out = n˙ meth,in − rcons,meth = 783.3gmol hr − 560 gmol hr = 233.3gmol hr
From Eq. 4, n˙ glyc,out = rform,glyc = 186.5 gmol hr
From Eq. 5, m˙ NaOH ,out = m˙ NaOH ,in = 540 g hr
Total mass out = m˙ B.D.,out + m˙ glyc,out + m˙ C .O.,out + m˙ meth,out + m˙ NaOH ,out
⎛ gmol ⎞ ⎛ g ⎞ ⎛ gmol ⎞ ⎛ g ⎞ ⎛ gmol ⎞ ⎛ g ⎞ ⎛ g⎞

= ⎜ 560 ⎟ ⎜ 221 ⎟ + ⎜ 186.5 ⎟ ⎜ 92 ⎟ + 0 + ⎜ 223.3 ⎟ ⎜ 32 ⎟ + ⎜ 540 ⎟
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ gmol ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ gmol ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ gmol ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠
= 123,760 + 17,158 + 7146 + 540 = 148,604 g/hr
123, 760 g hr
a. Biodiesel mass fraction = = 0.83
148, 604 g hr
m B.D.,out 123, 760 g hr

b. Volumetric flow of biodiesel = = = 141L hr
ρ B.D. 880 g L

Introduction To Chemical Engineering CH 5

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Introduction To Chemical Engineering CH 5

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Chapter 5 – Answer Key, Introduction to Chemical Engineering: Tools for Today and Tomorrow

Reading Question 5.1:

The assumptions inherent in Equation 5.3 are:

a) Mass is conserved (i.e., not created or destroyed)

b) The process is at steady state.

Situations where the above assumptions do not hold:

b) A transient (non-steady state) process where the accumulation term is significant

Reading Question 5.2:

A material balance on a particular chemical species must contain generation and

Reading Question 5.3:

Reading Question 5.4:

Reading Question 5.5:

Homework Problem 5.1:

The diagram for this problem is

which, for our problem is m˙ feed = m˙ steam + m˙ resid

Homework Problem 5.2:

The diagram for this problem is

Toluene solvent Solvent

or m˙ Benzene + m˙ Toluene + m˙ Phenol = m˙ Solvent

So n˙Benzene (MWBenzene ) + n˙Toluene (MWToluene ) + m˙ Phenol = m˙ Solvent

Solving for the mass flow rate of Phenol

Homework Problem 5.3:

and we also can determine that

Solving the balance for the volumetric flow rate of milk,

Homework Problem 5.4:

The diagram for this problem is

In terms of given quantities

Solving for the density of product 2,

Homework Problem 5.5:

The total material balance is:

m˙ gas,in + m˙ liq,in = m˙ gas,out + m˙ liq,out

ρ gas,inV˙gas,in + m˙ liq,in = ρ gas,outV˙gas,out + m˙ liq,out

Solving for the liquid mass flow rate in:

m˙ liq,in = ρ gas,outV˙gas,out + m˙ liq,out − ρ gas,inV˙gas,in

Homework Problem 5.6:

The diagram for this problem is

It will be most convenient to write a mole balance on the pollutant, which is

a. For an inlet wind flow rate ( V˙ai ) of 800 ft3/min,

Equation 4 gives V˙ao = 800 ft 3 min + 15 ft3 min = 815 ft 3 min

Homework Problem 5.6 (continued):

Homework Problem 5.7:

The diagram for this problem is

Air in Air out

Blood in Blood out

Balance on oxygen: m˙ O2 ,ai + m˙ O2 ,bi = m˙ O2 ,ao + m˙ O2 ,bo

Or cO 2 ,ai V˙ai + c O2 ,bi V˙bi = cO 2 ,ao V˙ao + cO 2 ,bo V˙bo

The oxygen balance now becomes

Solving for the air flow rate,

Homework Problem 5.8:

a. m˙ dye,in = x dye,out m˙ out

Homework Problem 5.9:

The diagram for this problem is

Balance on NaCl: m˙ NaCl,sw = m˙ NaCl,dw + m˙ NaCl,br

or c NaCl,sw V˙sw = c NaCl ,dw V˙dw + c NaCl ,br V˙br (1)

Balance on total mass: m˙ sw = m˙ dw + m˙ br

Solving equation 2 for the drinking water flow rate

Solving equation 1 for the NaCl concentration in the drinking water

Homework Problem 5.10:

The diagram for this problem is

Gas from tank

The mass balance on the poison is

cTT = cRW (1)