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EnergyProcedia 117
Procedia 00(2017)
(2017)1015–1023
000–000
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1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017,

2-4 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus
1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017,
1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017,
Design Optimisation2-4 March
The 15th for an
2017,
International
2-4 March 2017,
VITEfficient
University,
Symposium
VIT Wireless
Chennai
on District
University, Chennai Power
Campus
Heating
Campus Transfer
and Cooling

Design Optimisation Systemfor for Efficient

Electric Vehicles
Assessing
Design Optimisation for an
the feasibility of using the
an Efficient Wireless Power
Power Transfer
heat demand-outdoor
Wireless Transfer
temperature function
Soham Chatterjee 1 System
System
, Archana for 2for Electric3 Vehicles
a, C.long-term
Iyer for district
Electric ,Vehicles
Bharatiraja heat, demand
Ishan Vaghasia 4
forecast
Valiveti Rajesh 5

1, 2, 3 ,4 ,5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Chennai, India
Soham a,b,c 1, Archana
Chatterjee 2 3 4 5c
1 A. Pina , Iyer 2, C. Bharatiraja 3, Ishan Vaghasia 4, Valiveti Rajesh
a a b c
Soham I. Andrić
Chatterjee *, , Archana P.
Iyer Ferrão
, C. , J. Fournier
Bharatiraja
__________________________________________________________________________ , .,
Ishan B. Lacarrière
Vaghasia , , O.
ValivetiLe Corre
Rajesh 5
1, 2, 3 ,4 ,5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Chennai, India
1, 2,a3IN+ Center for Innovation,
,4 ,5
Department of ElectricalTechnology and Policy
and Electronics ResearchFaculty
Engineering, - Instituto Superior Técnico,
of Engineering Av. Rovisco
and Technology, PaisUniversity,
SRM 1, 1049-001 Lisbon,India
Chennai, Portugal
__________________________________________________________________________
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
__________________________________________________________________________
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Wireless
AbstractPower Transfer (WPT) has been used to transfer small amounts of power over small distances to run smartphones, RFID tags,
Abstract
smart watches and even biomedical implants without any electrical contact. A popular application for this is the wireless charging of electric
and hybrid
Wireless Powerelectric vehicles.
Transfer However,
(WPT) designing
has been used tosystems
transfertosmall
send amounts
large amounts power
of power over
over large
small distancestowhile
distances maintaining appreciable
run smartphones, RFID tags,
Abstract
efficiency is hard to do. In this paper, an overview of a typical WPT system has been given. Simple design equations have been
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has been used to transfer small amounts of power over small distances to
smart watches and even biomedical implants without any electrical contact. A popular application for this is the wireless charging run smartphones, ofgiven
RFID to
tags,
electric
calculate
smarthybrid
and inductance,
watches and even
electric capacitance,
biomedical
vehicles. However,power, quality
implants
designing factor
without and coupling
any electrical
systems to send coefficient
contact.
large A popular
amounts to optimise
powerapplication coil
over large for design
this is for
distances the electric
wireless
while vehicle
chargingapplication.
maintaining of electric
appreciable
District
Further, heating
a comparison networks
hasInbeen are
made commonly theaddressed in thelarge
literature aspower
one of
the the most effective solutions forappreciable
decreasing the
and hybrid
efficiency iselectric
hard tovehicles.
do. this paper,between
However, designing
an overview popular
systems coil
to
of a typical shapes
sendWPT and the has
effects
amounts
system beenofgiven.
overchange
large
Simpleof coil
distancesparameters
design while like number
maintaining
equations have been of turns,
given to
greenhouse
pitch and
efficiency inner
is gas
and
hard emissions
outer
to do. radius
In from
this on
paper,theanbuilding
efficiency of the
overview sector.
coil
of a has These
been
typical systems
studied.
WPT systemrequire
has high
been investments
given. Simple which
design are returned
equations
calculate inductance, capacitance, power, quality factor and coupling coefficient to optimise coil design for electric vehicle application. have through
been given the
to heat
sales. Due
calculate
Further, to the capacitance,
inductance, changed climate
power, conditions
quality factorandand building
coupling renovation
coefficient topolicies,
optimise heatof
coil demand
design in thelike
for electric future
vehicle could decrease,
application.
© 2017 aThe
prolonging
comparison
Authors.
the
has been made
Published
investment returnbybetween theLtd.
Elsevier
period.
popular coil shapes and the effects of the change coil parameters number of turns,
Further, a
Keywords: comparison
Wireless
pitch and innerunder has
Power
and outer been made
Transfer, between
Electric
radius on efficiency the popular
Vehicles, coil
Design
of the coilcommittee shapes and the
Optimisation,
has been studied. effects
Coil of
Shapes,the change
Quality of coil
Factor, parameters
Coupling like number
Coefficients. of turns,
Peer-review responsibility of the scientific of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering,
The and
pitch main scope
inner and of thisradius
outer paperonisefficiency
to assessofthe
the feasibility
coil has been ofstudied.
using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
Computing and CONtrol.
1.Keywords:
INTRODUCTION
forecast. The district
Wireless Power ofTransfer,
Alvalade, located
Electric in Lisbon
Vehicles, Design (Portugal),
Optimisation,wasCoilused as Quality
Shapes, a caseFactor,
study.Coupling
The district is consisted of 665
Coefficients.
buildings Wireless
Keywords: that varyPower
in both construction
Transfer, period and
Electric Vehicles, Designtypology. ThreeCoil
Optimisation, weather
Shapes,scenarios (low,Coupling
Quality Factor, medium, high) and three district
Coefficients.
Inductive
1.renovation Wireless
scenariosPower
INTRODUCTION Transfer (shallow,
were developed is the useintermediate,
of time-varying deep).magnetic
To estimate fields to transfer
the error, power
obtained heat over
demandshort and were
values
1.compared
INTRODUCTION
medium with results
distances from a dynamic
to electric loads. Itheat
was demand model,
first used bypreviously
Nikolai Tesladeveloped
in theand 20 th century
validated
early by the authors.
and has since been
The resultsWireless
developed
Inductive showed that
prominently when
Power over only
the weather
Transfer past change
three
is the ofistime-varying
usedecades considered, themagnetic
in research margin offields
labs arounderror could
the be acceptable
world
to transfer [1].
power for some
It over
has been applications
shortused
and
Inductive
prominently
medium Wireless
(the errordistances
in annual Power
todemand
to transfer Transfer
was
power
electric lowerItisthan
the 20%
to consumer
loads. was use electronics
first of
fortime-varying
used allbyweather
Nikolai magnetic
likescenarios
smartphones, fields
Tesla inconsidered).
the to20
electric
early transfer
However, power
centuryafter
th toothbrushes
and over short
introducing
andsince
has and
renovation
in audio
been
th
medium
scenarios,distances
the error
systems ofprominently
developed to electric
value
Apple iPhones loads.
increased
over [2]. upIt was
to
WPTthree
the past first
59.5% used by
(depending
has decades
also been Nikolai
on the Tesla
weather in the
and
used experimentally
in research early 20
renovation
labs around the in world century
scenarios
biomedical and has since
combination
[1]. Itimplants been
considered).
has beenwhere
used
The value ofhave
developed slopebeen
coefficient increased on average withinin the range ofRFID
3.8% up toused
8%world
per decade, that correspondsforto the
prominentlyprominently
pacemakers to transfer over
powerthetousing
powered past three
WPT
consumer decades
technologies
electronics research
[3],
like [4].labs
smartphones,around
tags the
electric in [1]. It
prisons
toothbrushes andhasID
and been
cardsused
in audio
decrease
prominently in
identification the
to number
transfer
use WPT of heating
power
systems hours
to of
consumer 22-139h during
electronics the heating
like season
smartphones, (depending
electric on the combination
toothbrushes and of
in weather
been and
audio
systems of Apple iPhones [2].toWPTgatherhas information
also beenfrom usedtags and other remote
experimentally sensors [5].implants
in biomedical WPT haswhere
renovation scenarios considered). OnWPTthe other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending
systems
viewed
pacemakersasof a Apple
viable
have been iPhones
alternative
powered [2].
in consumer
using WPT has also
goods been
technologiesand used
in otherexperimentally
[3], [4]. applications
RFID tags in
like biomedical
wireless
used in for prisons implants
sensor nodes whereiton the
cardsasfor
and ID considered,
coupled
pacemakers scenarios).
have The
been values
powered suggested
using could
WPT be used
technologies to modify the function parameters the scenarios for and
reduces the need
identification use for
WPT wires, decreases
systems the
toestimations.
gather size required from
information for[3], [4].and
charging
tags RFID tags
apparatus
other used in
in consumer
remote prisons
sensors and
goods
[5]. WPTID
andcards
reduces
has been
improve the accuracy of heat demand
identification use WPT systems to gather information from tags and other remote sensors [5]. WPT has been
the risk as
viewed to users duealternative
a viable to electricalin shocks
consumerIn certain
goods applications
and in otherlike biomedicallike
applications andwireless
RFID, where
sensor size is aasbig
nodes it
viewed
concern,
reduces as
theaneed
the viable
use offoralternative
WPT has
wires, in consumer
helped
decreases engineers
the goods
size reduceand
the
required in other
size
for of the
chargingapplications
devices like
[6].
apparatus in wireless goods
consumer sensor andnodes as it
reduces
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
reduces
the theusers
risk to need for to
wires, decreases theInsize required for charging apparatus inandconsumer goods size
and reduces
Peer-review underdue electrical
responsibility shocks
of the Scientificcertain applications
Committee of The 15thlike biomedical
International RFID,
Symposium where
on District is aand
Heating big
the risk to users due to electrical shocks In certain applications like
_____ the use of WPT has helped engineers reduce the size of the devices [6].
concern, biomedical and RFID, where size is a big
Cooling.
concern, the use of WPT has helped engineers reduce the size of the devices [6].
Soham Chatterjee.
_____
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
_____
Tel.: +91-9176034273;
Soham Chatterjee.
Soham Chatterjee.
Tel.: +91-9176034273;
Tel.: +91-9176034273;
1876-6102
1876-6102 © 2017
© 2017 The Authors.
The Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier Ltd.by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
Peer-review
1876-6102 under
© 2017 responsibility
The Authors. Publishedof bythe scientific
Elsevier Ltd. committee of the 1st International Conference on
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
1876-6102
Power © 2017 The Authors.
Engineering, Computing and CONtrol. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102
and CONtrol. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.223
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on
Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author
Author name
name // Energy
Energy Procedia
Procedia 00
00 (2017)
(2017) 000–000
000–000
1016 Soham Chatterjee et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1015–1023
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
L Inductance Vo Output Voltage/Secondary Coil Voltage
N
L
L Number of Turns of Coil
Inductance
Inductance P
V
Voo Power
Output
Output Voltage/Secondary
Voltage/Secondary Coil Coil Voltage
Voltage
D
N
N in Inner
Number Coil of Diameter
Turns
Number of Turns of Coil of Coil Q
P
P Quality
Power
Power Factor
D
Din out Outer
Inner
Inner Coil
Coil Diameter
Diameter kQ
Q Coupling
Quality Factor
Quality Factor
Factor
in
w
D
Dout out Width
Outer of
Coil Conductor
Diameter
Outer Coil Diameter R
k
k o Outer
Coupling Radius
Coupling Factor of Coil
Factor
pw
w Pitch ofof
Width
Width ofCoil
Conductor
Conductor R
Roio Inner Radius
Outer
Outer Radius of
Radius of Coil
of Coil
Coil
pCp Capacitance
Pitch of Coil
Pitch of Coil S
R
Rii w Conductor
Inner Radius Diameter
of
Inner Radius of Coil Coil
fC
C Frequency
Capacitance
Capacitance ISow
S Output Current/Secondary
Conductor
Conductor Diameter
Diameter Coil Current
w
fM
f Mutual
Frequency
Frequency Inductance IIo
o Output Current/Secondary
Output Current/Secondary Coil Coil Current
Current
M
M Mutual
Mutual Inductance
Inductance
Recently, research has been going on in the use of WPT to transfer energy to static and dynamic Electric
Vehicles
Recently,[7],
Recently, [8]. Wireless
research
research has
has beenbeencharging
going
going on of electric
on in
in the vehicles
the use
use of
of WPT
WPTcan increase
to
to transfer theenergy
transfer ferry range
energy to of the
to static
static and
and vehicles
dynamic
dynamic andElectric
reduce
Electric
the
Vehiclessize of battery packs, thus reducing the cost of the whole system. In this
Vehicles [7], [8]. Wireless charging of electric vehicles can increase the ferry range of the vehicles and reduce
[7], [8]. Wireless charging of electric vehicles can increase the regard,
ferry range Wang
of theet. Al.,
vehicleshas produced
and reducea
verysize
the
the efficient
size of method
of battery
battery packs,
packs, forthus
wireless
thus reducing
reducing transfer
the of power
the cost
cost of the
of to stationary
the whole
whole system.vehicles
system. In this
In [9]. Research
this regard,
regard, Wang et.
Wang et.teams
Al., at universities
has
Al., has produced aa
produced
like
veryKAIST,
very efficientAuckland
efficient method
method for University
for wirelessand
wireless the California
transfer
transfer of powerPATH
of power to programvehicles
to stationary
stationary have made
vehicles [9]. aResearch
[9]. lot of headway
Research teams in
teams at the
at wireless
universities
universities
charging
like of dynamic vehicles [10], [11], [14]. They have transferred
like KAIST, Auckland University and the California PATH program have made a lot of headway in the wireless
KAIST, Auckland University and the California PATH program have power
made a at
lot various
of headway power in levels
the and
wireless
frequencies
charging at efficiencies as high as 85% over distances of up to
charging of dynamic vehicles [10], [11], [14]. They have transferred power at various power levels and
of dynamic vehicles [10], [11], [14]. They have 1m.
transferredIndia is
powerone atof the largest
various powerimporter
levels ofandoil
in the
frequencies world, which it
efficiencies cannot
as afford
high as to
85% remain
over so, given
distances the
of upeconomic
to 1m. and
frequencies at efficiencies as high as 85% over distances of up to 1m. India is one of the largest importer of oil
at India environmental
is one of the constraints.
largest importer Electric
of oil
scooters
in
in the are popular
the world,
world, which
which it itin cannot
the Indian
cannot markets,
afford
afford to
to remain
remainand so,
it isgiven
so, only athe
given matter
the of time
economic
economic and
andbefore electric cars
environmental
environmental swarm theElectric
constraints.
constraints. Indian
Electric
auto
scooters
scooters market
are too. Thein
are popular
popular inwireless
the
the Indian
Indiancharging
markets,
markets, of and
electric
and it is vehicles
it is only
only aa matter will make
matter of
of time
timethem more
before
before popular
electric
electric cars
cars asswarm
it givesthe
swarm thetheIndian
user
Indian
portability
auto and quick charging. The policy of electric vehicle progression
auto market too. The wireless charging of electric vehicles will make them more popular as it gives the user
market too. The wireless charging of electric vehicles will make has
them increased
more in
popular theas past
it few
gives years
the userin
India.
portability
portability and quick charging. The policy of electric vehicle progression has increased in the past few years in
and quick charging. The policy of electric vehicle progression has increased in the past few years in
India. Among all the WPT technologies, the use of resonant inductive WPT has been seen to be the most
India.
efficient to transfer
Among
Among allpower
all the
the WPTWPTat medium distances
technologies,
technologies, thetouse
the EV‟s.
use of The use of
of resonant
resonant a resonance
inductive
inductive WPTtopology
WPT has beenincreases
has been seen
seen to to the
be coupling
be the
the most
most
between
efficient the
to coils
transfer and
power reduces
at the
medium need to
distancestransfer
to power
EV‟s. The withusehigher
of a current.
resonance
efficient to transfer power at medium distances to EV‟s. The use of a resonance topology increases the coupling Additionally,
topology the
increases power
the transfer
coupling
method
betweenmust
between the be asand
the coils
coils efficient
and reduces
reduces as the
possible
the need to
need to reduce
to transferlosses
transfer powerand
power to deliver
with
with higher the required
higher current.
current. power to the
Additionally,
Additionally, the vehicle.
power
power transferIn this
transfer
paper, the
method
method must
mustprocedure
be
be as for design
as efficient
efficient as of resonant
as possible
possible to WPT losses
to reduce
reduce has been
losses andoutlined
and to
to deliver
deliverandthecomparisons
the required
required powerhaveto
power tobeen
the made between
the vehicle.
vehicle. In
In this
this
the
paper, various
the shapes
procedure of coils
for for
design WPT
of systems.
resonant WPTDifferent
has beenparameters
outlined
paper, the procedure for design of resonant WPT has been outlined and comparisons have been made betweenhave
and been changed
comparisons in
have each
been coil
made to find
between the
optimum
the size and shape
of of
coils the
for coil
WPT for a WPT
systems. system.
the various shapes of coils for WPT systems. Different parameters have been changed in each coil to find the
various shapes Different parameters have been changed in each coil to find the
2. Overview
optimum
optimum size
size andof Standard
and shape
shape of theWPT
of the coil
coil forSystem
for aa WPT
WPT system.
system.
2.
2. Overview
Overview of
of Standard
Standard WPT
WPT System
System

Fig 1: Structure of a Typical WPT System

Fig
Fig 1:
1: Structure
Structure of of aa Typical
Typical WPTWPT System
System
Any wireless power transfer system can be broadly divided into two parts- the transmitter and the receiver.A
WPT
Any system needs
Any wireless
wireless power an
power input power
transfer
transfer system which
system can becan
can be be given
broadly
broadly power
divided
divided intofrom
into two either
two parts- AC
parts- the or
the DC sources.
transmitter
transmitter and In
and thecase
the of AC
receiver.A
receiver.A
sources,
WPT the
system input
needs power
an is
inputfirst rectified.
power which The rectifier
can be stage
given may
power also
from contain
WPT system needs an input power which can be given power from either AC or DC sources. In case of
either a
AC Power
or DCFactor correction
sources. In casemodule.
of AC
AC
The rectifier
sources,
sources, the stagepower
the input
input provides
power is controlled
is first
first rectified.
rectified. power
The to the rest
The rectifier
rectifier of the
stage
stage maysystem.
may also The next
also contain
contain stageFactor
aa Power
Power is a boost
Factor converter
correction
correction that
module.
module.
boosts
The the DC
The rectifier
rectifier voltage
stage
stage to acontrolled
provides
provides higher value
controlled power
poweras to
torequired
the rest by
the rest of
of the receiverThe
the system.
system. stage.
The nextFor
next boost
stage
stage is aa ratios
is boost less than that
boost converter
converter 1.5,
that
switching
boosts losses are less in Z source converters as compared to conventional converters
boosts the DC voltage to a higher value as required by the receiver stage. For boost ratios less than 1.5,
the DC voltage to a higher value as required by the receiver stage. For boost[12]. Hence
ratios the
less use
than of Z
1.5,
source
switchingnetwork
losses can
are also
less in be
Z employed.
source The
converters inverter
as stage
compared toconsists of
conventional a full-bridge
switching losses are less in Z source converters as compared to conventional converters [12]. Hence the use of Z
converters switching
[12]. Hence network
the use that
of Z
converts
source the DCcan
source network
network waveform
can also
also be be into a high The
employed.
employed. frequency
The invertersquare
inverter stage wave.
stage consists
consistsTheof
of frequency chosen
aa full-bridge
full-bridge is highnetwork
switching
switching to increase
network that
that
efficiency
converts
converts the andDC
the DCdecrease
waveform
waveformlosses in aathehigh
into
into transmitter
high frequency
frequency stage.This
square
square wave.stage converts
wave. The the High
The frequency
frequency Frequency
chosen
chosen is highSquare
is high to wave
to increase
increase
output of
efficiency the inverter stage to High Frequency Sine wave using passive components
efficiency and decrease losses in the transmitter stage.This stage converts the High Frequency Square wave
and decrease losses in the transmitter stage.This stage converts the High capacitors
Frequency and inductors.
Square wave
The
outputfrequency
output of
of the is matched
the inverter
inverter stage
stage to in High
to both Frequency
High the transmitter
Frequency Sine and receiver
Sine wave
wave using stage components
using passive
passive to increase capacitors
components the efficiency
capacitors and of power
and inductors.
inductors.
transferred.
The frequency
The The is
frequency incoming
is matchedACin
matched inpower
both from
both the pick-upand
the transmitter
the transmitter coil receiver
and is converted
receiver stage
stageintoto
toDC again tothe
increase
increase thecharge the battery.
efficiency
efficiency of power
of power
transferred.
transferred. The incoming AC power from the pick-up coil is converted into DC again to charge the
The incoming AC power from the pick-up coil is converted into DC again to charge the battery.
battery.
3. Design of a WPT System
3. Design
3. Design ofof aa WPT
WPT System
System
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3.1Inductance Soham Chatterjee et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1015–1023 1017
3.1 Inductance
3.1 Inductance
3.1 Inductance
3.1 Inductance

Fig 2: Cross-sectional view of Circular Coil

Fig 2: Cross-sectional view of Circular Coil
Fig 2: Cross-sectional view of Circular Coil
The self-inductance of coils can be Figcalculated
2: Cross-sectional
using the view of Circular
Wheeler Coil
approximations for flat spiral coils [13]. The
The self-inductance of coils can be Figcalculated
2: Cross-sectional
using the view of Circular
Wheeler Coil
approximations for flat spiral coils [13]. The
formula
The however is invalid
self-inductance of coilsincan
cases
be where the using
calculated coil has the few turns approximations
Wheeler and when the pitch is much
for flat spiralsmaller thanThe
coils [13]. the
formula however
The diameter.
self-inductance is invalid
of these in cases
coils boundary where
can be calculated the coil
using has
the few turns and when
Wheeler approximations the pitch
for is much
flat spiralsmaller thanThe
coils [13]. the
coil
formula however In both
is invalid in cases conditions,
where the coil the
has inductance
few turns is very
and whenlowtheand hence
pitch is not
much suitable
smaller for WPT
than the
The
coil self-inductance
diameter.
formula however In bothof coils
these
is invalid can be
boundary
in cases calculated
conditions,
where the coilusing the the
has Wheeler
inductance
few approximations
is very
turns andinwhen low and for flat
hence
the pitch spiral
not coils
suitable [13].
for The
WPT
applications.
coil diameter. Knowing
In both the value
these of inductance
boundary conditions, of athecoil is important
inductance is very the
lowdesign
and of ais resonant
hence
much smaller
not suitable
thanThe
topology.
for WPT
the
formula however
applications.
coil diameter. Knowingis invalid
Insingle
both inboundary
the value
these cases where
of inductance the coil
conditions, of athehas
coil few turns and
is important
inductance inwhen
is very the
low theand
designpitch
of ais resonant
hence much smaller than
topology.
not suitable for the
The
WPT
inductance
applications. of a layer helical coil is given by
coil diameter.
inductance
applications. ofKnowing
aInsingle
Knowing
the value
both layer
these ofcoil
boundary
helical
the value
inductance
is given of
conditions,
of inductance by aathe
of
coil
coil
is important
inductance
is important
in the
is very
in thelowdesign of a resonant
and hence
design
topology.
not suitable
of a resonant
The
for WPT
topology. The
inductance
applications. of a single layer helical coil is given by
inductance ofKnowing
a single layer the value
helicalofcoil
inductance
is 2given ofby a coil is
L = N2 (Dout – N (w + p))2 X 39.37important
2 in the design of a resonant topology. The
(1)
inductance of a single layer helical coil L = is (Dout by
N2given – N (w + p))2 X 39.37 6 (1)
L=N (16Dout)
(D – +N28N(w + (w
p))+2 p) X 10 39.37
6 (1)
(16Dout)
2 out + 28N (w
L = N2 (Dout – N (w + p))2 X 39.37 + p) 10 6 (1)
3.2 Capacitance L=N (16Dout) +
(Dout – +N28N28N
(w +(w(w + p)
p))+ p) X 10 10
39.37
6 (1)
3.2 Capacitance (16Dout)
3.2 Capacitance (16Dout) + 28N (w + p) 10 6
3.2
TheCapacitance
capacitance of a coil depends upon the number of turns and the pitch of the coil. The relative permittivity
3.2
TheCapacitance
capacitance of a coil depends upon the number of turns and the pitch of the coil. The relative permittivity
and
The the diameterofofathe
capacitance coilconductor
depends uponalso affects
the numberthe capacitance
of turns andof thepitch
coil.ofThe
thevalue of capacitance becomes
and
The the diameterofofathe
capacitance conductor
coilthe
depends also affects the capacitance ofthe
thepitch
coil.ofThe coil. The
thevalue
relative permittivity
of capacitance becomes
harder
and the todiameter
calculate of as
the numberupon
conductor also
the number
of affects
turns increases
the
of turns
due and
capacitance
the
to ofadjacent
the winding
coil. The
coil. The relative
capacitance.
value of
permittivity
However,
capacitance becomesthe
The the
harder
and capacitance
todiameter
calculateofofaascoilthe
the depends
numberupon
conductor the number
of affects
also turns increases
the of turns
due and
capacitance the pitch
to ofadjacent
the ofThe
thevalue
winding
coil. coil. The relative
capacitance.
of permittivity
However,
capacitance becomesthe
capacitance
harder of the coil is small and of the order of a few pF and its effect on the design of a resonant topology is
and
harderthe to
capacitance
to
calculate
diameter
of the of
calculate coilas
theisthe
as
number
conductor
small
the and of
number
of
also
of
turns
orderincreases
theaffects
turns of
increasesfew pF dueandtoits
thea capacitance
due to ofadjacent
effect
adjacent onwinding
the coil. Thedesign
the
winding
capacitance.
value of resonant
capacitance.
However,
of acapacitance becomes
topology
However,
the
is
the
less. In general,
capacitance the
of the capacitance of a coil can be calculated as
harder
less. In to
general,
capacitance thecoil
calculate
of the asis small
isthe
capacitance
coil small
and
of aof
number
and
theturns
of
ofcoil
thecan
order of a few pF
beincreases
order calculated
of a few pF asand
due its effect onwinding
andtoitsadjacent
the design
effect on the design
of a resonant
capacitance.
of a resonant
topologythe
However,
topology is
is
less. In general,
capacitance of thecoil
the capacitance
is small of aofcoil
and the can be of
order calculated
a few pF asand its effect on the design of a resonant topology is
less. In general, the capacitance of a coil can be calculated C as =1/(2πf)2L (2)
less. In general,
3.3Mutual the capacitance of a coil can be calculated C
Inductance as =1/(2πf)2L (2)
3.3Mutual Inductance C =1/(2πf)2L (2)
C =1/(2πf)2L (2)
3.3Mutual Inductance C =1/(2πf)2L (2)
3.3Mutual Inductance
When two coils are under mutual inductance, the coupling coefficient, k, determines the strength of coupling
3.3Mutual
When two Inductance
coils are under mutual inductance, the coupling coefficient, k, determines the strength of coupling
between
When two thecoils
coils.areTheundercoupling
mutualcoefficient
inductance,can therange
couplingfromcoefficient,
0 to 1, where 1 is perfectly
k, determines the coupled
strength and 0 is no
of coupling
between
When two thecoils
coils.are The
undercoupling
mutual coefficient
inductance, cantherange
couplingfromcoefficient,
0 to 1, where 1 is perfectly
k, determines the coupled
strength and 0 is no
of coupling
coupling.
between When
the k
coils. is between
The 0.5
coupling and 1, the
coefficient system
can is
range said to
from be tightly coupled.
0 to 1, where 1 is perfectly coupled and 0 is no
When
coupling.
between two thecoils
When kare
coils. under
isThe
between mutual
0.5 and
coupling inductance,
1, the system
coefficient cantherange
coupling
is saidfrom coefficient,
to be 0 tightly k, determines
coupled.
to 1, where the coupled
1 is perfectly strength and
of coupling
0 is no
coupling. When
between k is between 0.5 and 1, the system is said to be0 tightly coupled.
coupling.the Whencoils.
k isThe coupling
between coefficient
0.5 and can range
1, the system is saidfrom to 1, where
to be tightly coupled. 1 is perfectly coupled and 0 is no
coupling. When k is between 0.5 and 1, the system is said to be tightly coupled.

Fig 3: Mutual Inductance of Coils

Fig 3: Mutual Inductance of Coils
Fig 3: Mutual Inductance of Coils
Fig
In general, the output voltage on the secondary 3: Mutual
side ofInductance
the WPT systemof Coils is given by
In general, the output voltage on the secondary side ofInductance
Fig 3: Mutual the WPT systemof Coils is given by
In general, the output voltage on the secondary side of the WPT system is given 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 =by𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼 (3)
In general, the
the mutual
output voltage on the 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 =by𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼 (3)
Therefore, inductance cansecondary
be found bysideusing
of the
theWPT system is given
formula, 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼 (3)
In general, the mutual
Therefore, output voltage
inductanceon the
cansecondary
be found bysideusing
of the
theWPT system is given
formula, by
= 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜=𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼 (3)
Therefore, the mutual inductance can be found by using the formula, 𝑀𝑀 (4)
Therefore, the mutual inductance can be found by using the formula, 𝑀𝑀 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜=𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼 (3)
(4)
The output current can be calculated by using the formula 𝑀𝑀 =𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼 (4)
Therefore,
The output the mutual
current caninductance canby
be calculated beusing
foundthebyformula
using the formula, 𝑀𝑀 =𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼 (4)
The output current can be calculated by using the formula 𝐼𝐼o = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿2 = 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼1/𝐿𝐿2 (5)
ThePower
output current can be calculated by using the formula 𝐼𝐼o = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿2𝑀𝑀= =𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼
𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼1/𝐿𝐿2 (5)
(4)
3.4
The output current can be calculated by using the formula 𝐼𝐼o = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿2 = 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼1/𝐿𝐿2 (5)
3.4 Power 𝐼𝐼o = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿2 = 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼1/𝐿𝐿2 (5)
3.4 Power 𝐼𝐼o = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿2 = 𝑀𝑀𝐼𝐼1/𝐿𝐿2 (5)
3.4
ThePower
power delivered to the receiver is the product of the formulas obtained above for the output voltage and
ThePower
3.4 power delivered to the receiver is the product of the formulas obtained above for the output voltage and
current.
The It isdelivered
power given by,to the receiver is the product of the formulas obtained above for the output voltage and
current.
The It isdelivered
power given by,to the receiver is the product of the formulas obtained
current. It is given by,to the receiver is the product of the formulasP = 𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼122 𝑀𝑀above
2
2/𝐿𝐿2
for the output voltage and (6)
The power
current. It isdelivered
given by, P obtained
= 𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼12 𝑀𝑀above
2/𝐿𝐿2
for the output voltage and (6)
As can be seen, the maximum power that can be delivered is dependent P = 𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼1 largely
𝑀𝑀 /𝐿𝐿 on the mutual inductance (6)
current.
As can Itbeisseen,
giventhe
by, maximum power that can be delivered is dependent P = 𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼1 2 largely
𝑀𝑀 2
/𝐿𝐿2 on the mutual inductance
(6)
between
As can theseen,
be two coils
the and the primary
maximum power side can
that current.
be The transmitted
delivered is power
dependent also
2 2 depends
2 largely on the upon theinductance
mutual operating
between
As can theseen,
be two coils
the and the primary
maximum power side can
that current.
be The transmitted
delivered is P = 𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼1
power𝑀𝑀largely
dependent /𝐿𝐿2 depends
also on the upon theinductance
mutual (6)
operating
frequency.
between theTherefore,
two coils for
andaa given coil design,
the primary power transmission
side can
current. The transmitted can bepowerincreased by increasing
also depends the operating
As can be
frequency.
between the seen,
two the maximum
Therefore,
coils for
and given
the power
primary that
coil design,
side be delivered
power
current. transmission
The is dependent
can be
transmitted power largely
increased
also by
depends the upon
onincreasing
upon
the
mutualtheinductance
the operating
frequency
frequency. or the coupling
Therefore, factor. The design,
effects power
of thesetransmission
and using acan larger current has by been studiedtheinoperating
the later
between
frequency
frequency.theor two coilsfor
andaafactor.
the coupling
Therefore, for
given
given
coil
the primary side current.
The design,
coil effects The
andtransmitted
of thesetransmission
power using acan be
power
larger
be
increased
also has
current
increased dependsincreasing
by been upon the
studied
increasing theinoperating
the later
operating
sections.
frequency or the coupling factor. The effects of these and using a larger current has been studied in the later
frequency.
sections. Therefore, for a given coil design, power transmission can be increased by
frequency or the coupling factor. The effects of these and using a larger current has been studied in the later increasing the operating
sections.
frequency or the coupling factor. The effects of these and using a larger current has been studied in the later
sections.
3.5 Frequency
sections.
3.5 Frequency
3.5 Frequency
3.5 Frequency
3.5 Frequency
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to the Although
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parallel
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and does
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ofincrease
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3.6
systemQuality
parallel and Electro-Technical
Factor
the amount
or in Electro-Technical of
series with the transfer Commission
power transferred, limit
coils. Although the frequency
guidelines set to
by 85theKHz [16],
Society [18].
of Automotive Engineers and
International
3.6
systemQualityand Factorthe amount of power Commission
transferred, theincreasing
limitguidelines frequency set by
the
to 85frequency
theKHz
does
[16],
Society
increase the efficiency of the
[18].
of Automotive Engineers and
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3.6
systemQualityand Factor Electro-Technical
the amount of power Commission
transferred, limitguidelines
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Society of Automotive Engineers and
International
3.6
The Quality
QualityFactor Electro-Technical
Factor, Q, is used Commission
to further optimize limit the thefrequency
coil design to 85andKHz [16], the
improve [18].resonance between the two
International
3.6
The Quality
Quality Electro-Technical
Factor
Factor, Q, is used Commission
to further limit the
optimize the frequency
coil design to 85and KHz [16], the
improve [18].resonance between the two
coils
The
3.6 at
Quality
Quality the desired
Factor,
Factor frequency.
Q, is used The
to quality
further factor
optimize is
the acoil ratio designthat characterises
and improve a resonators
the resonance energy between loss.the In twoaa
coilsQuality
3.6
The at compensation
Quality
parallel the Factor
desired
Factor, Q, frequency.
is used to
topology, The quality
a further
parallel factor the
optimize
connected is capacitor
acoil ratio designthat characterises
and
is used. improve
In this case, a resonators
the resonance
the quality energy
factorloss.
between the In
between two
coils
The at
Quality
3.6 Quality
parallel the desired
Factor
compensation frequency.
Factor, Q,topology, The
is used toa further quality
parallel factor
optimize
connected is a
thecapacitor ratio
coil design that
is characterises
and improve
used. In this a resonators
the resonance
case, the quality energy
between
factor loss.the twoa
between In
coils
the two
parallelat the
coils desired
will be Q,
compensation frequency.
astopology,
follows, The quality
a further
parallel factor
connected is a ratio that characterises a resonators energy loss. In
twoaa
The
coils
the
The
Quality
twoat coils
Quality
Factor,
the desired
will be Q,
Factor, as is used to
frequency.
follows,
is used The
to quality
further
optimize
factor the
optimize is capacitor
the acoil
coil ratio design
design
is used.
that and In this case,
improve
characterises
and improve
the the quality
resonance
a resonators
the resonance
factorloss.
between
energy
between
between
the In
the two
parallel
the compensation topology, a parallel connected capacitor
is𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 =𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿 is used. In this case, the quality factor between (7)a
Thetwo
coils
parallel
coils
at coils
Quality
at the
will be Q,
the desired
compensation
Factor,
desired
as follows,
frequency.
topology,
is used to
frequency.
The
The
quality
a further
parallel
quality
factor the
connected
optimize
factor is
acoil
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝
a
ratio
capacitor
ratio design
=𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿 that
that
characterises
is used.
and In this case,
improve
characterises
a resonators
the
a the quality
resonance
resonators
energy
between
energy
loss.
factorloss.between
the InIn
two
(7)
the two
Whereas
parallel coils
in thewill
compensation casebe as
of follows,
series
topology, compensation
a parallel topology,
connected the capacitor
=𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
capacitor
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 is is
used. connected
In this in
case, series.
the In
qualitythis case,
factor the
between Q(7)isa
the
coilstwo
Whereas
parallelat coils
the
in thewill
desired
compensation casebe as
of follows,
frequency.
series
topology, The quality
compensation
a parallel factor
topology,
connected is a
the ratio
capacitor capacitorthat
is characterises
is
used. connected
In this a
in
case, resonators
series.
the In
quality energy
this case,
factor loss.
the
between In
Q isa
as
thefollows
Whereas
two coils in the willcasebe asoftopology,
series compensation
follows, topology,𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 =𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
the=𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
capacitor is connected in series. In thisfactor
case, between
the Q(7)(7)is
parallel
as
thefollows compensation
two coils
Whereas in the willcasebe asof follows, a parallel connected
series compensation topology,𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 capacitor
the=𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿 is used. In this case, the quality
capacitor is connected in series. In this case, the Q(7) is
as follows
Whereas in the case
the two coils will be as follows, of series compensation topology, the capacitor is connected in series. In this case, the Q is
as follows
Whereas in the case of series compensation topology,𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄the =𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
𝑆𝑆 =𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅
capacitor is connected in series. In this case, the Q(7)
(8) is
as follows
Whereas in the case of series compensation topology,𝑄𝑄the 𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 =𝑅𝑅/𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅
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flux isleakage
difference
between
that flux flux
of even
the increases.
which ahas
coilsfew and
not The
the
been biggest
centimetres
horizontal
captured factors
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by the reducing
the two coils
secondary thecoil.
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can
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leakage
As between
the coupling
flux
coupling the two
increases
between and coils
with
the hence iscoils
increase
two the
decreases,
in height,
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aof
flux isleakage
difference
that flux flux
of evenincreases.
which adecreases
few
has not The
been biggest
centimetres captured factors
between by the reducing
the twoflux
secondary thecoil.
coils coupling
can reduce
As to between
thecoupling
coupling the two
coupling
between and coils
the hence
two iscoils
the
vertical
efficiency
in height,
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aof
the the between
overall
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leakage of
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system
even coils and
adecreases
few
increases. the horizontal
drastically.
centimetres
The biggest betweenmisalignment.
The
factors leakage
the
reducingtwoflux As
coils
theisthe
can leakage
related
reduce
coupling theflux increases
thecoupling
between coupling
the as as with
follows
and
two increase
hence
coils the
iscoils
vertical
Leakage
efficiency
decreases, distance
flux
the is
the between
that flux
overall the
which
system coils
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captured
drastically. misalignment.
by
The the
leakagesecondary As isthe
coil. leakage
As
related flux
coupling
to the increases
between with
the
follows increase
two
in
in
height,
efficiency
vertical
height,
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distance
athe theleakage
difference
overall
between
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leakage
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of
of
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even
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coils
a
few
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biggest
andcentimetres (1 − 𝑘𝑘)
thedrastically.
horizontal
centimetres
biggest
factors
between
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(1 − 𝑘𝑘) ∝The misalignment.
factors
reducing
the
Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒
leakage
the
reducing
Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒
twoflux
two
the
coils
As
coils
theis coupling
can
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can
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related
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reduce
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coupling
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and coils
with
and
two
hence
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increase
hence
coils is
(10)
the
the
vertical
efficiency
in height, distance
aof between
the overall the
evencoils
ofsystem andcentimetres
adecreases thedrastically.
horizontal
(1 − 𝑘𝑘) misalignment.
leakage
the twoflux
Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒 Asisthe leakage
related to the flux increases
thecoupling asandwithhence
follows increase
efficiency
vertical
Therefore,
in height, aofasdifference
distance thethe overall
between
difference couplingof system
the coilsfew
decreases
decreases,
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leakage
between
∝The
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misalignment.
increases.
the two
coils
flux Asisthe
Moreover,
coils
can
can
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related
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with
reduce athe
coupling
coupling
flux increases
decrease
coupling asand
in follows
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coupling,
(10)
increase the
the
efficiency ofasdifference
the overall system decreases (1 − 𝑘𝑘) ∝The
drastically. Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒
leakage flux is can
related to the coupling asandfollows (10)
Therefore,
in height,
current
efficiency a
shouldof thethe
be coupling
increased
overall of decreases,
even
to
system a few
deliver
decreases the
centimetres
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leakage
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𝑘𝑘) ∝
power Ψ
The increases.
to the
the
leakage
𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒 two Moreover,
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reduce
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Therefore,
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∝The increases.
Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒
to the
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Ψ𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑒
to alsosecondary
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the
 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Soham Chatterjee et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1015–1023 1019

Horizontal misalignment between the coils also reduces the coupling and increases the leakage flux. As it is
impossible for a driver to park the vehicle directly over the transmitter coil, the coupling between the coils will
further decrease. Guidelines set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP) a maximum of 27 𝜇𝜇𝑇𝑇 is the magnetic field exposure limit for humans.

3.11 Efficiency
The transmission efficiency of a WPT system is the ratio of the output power to the input power. It has been
shown that the efficiency of a WPT system can be given by

(11)

Therefore, k and Q must be increased as much as possible. Further, it has been shown that the maximum
transmission efficiency for both series and parallel transmission topologies is given by
( )
(12)
( √ ( ) )

The value of coupling between the two coils can be increased by increasing the mutual inductance between two
coils and designing more misalignment tolerant coils. The quality factor of the transmission coils is the
geometric average of the quality factor of the two coils. The Quality factor is given by

𝑄𝑄 (13)

Angular frequency can be increased by increasing the frequency. W is the stored energy of the coil and P is the
power loss in the inductor.

3.12 Material of the Coil

Materials that are generally used in WPT applications must have less DC resistance, low AC losses and be
capable of handling high fluctuating currents and voltages.For high frequency conductors, Litz wires are the
preferred materials. Litz wire are individually insulated and twisted together to make one single conductor. They
have been designed to reduce skin effects and proximity effects that are significant in high frequencies. The DC
resistance of Litz wires are insignificant making them the perfect material for making conductors. The low
electrical conductivity prevents eddy current loss too. Common ferrite materials used in cores up to a frequency
of 5 MHz is Manganese Zinc Ferrite. It has a low coercivity which means that losses due to hysteresis is less.
Magnetic shielding is required to protect the various power electronic components below the coils from
magnetic flux. Ferrite materials provide low reluctance to the magnetic field than the surrounding air. Thus, the
magnetic flux can be concentrated in them. However, some ferrite materials have more hysteresis and Eddy
current losses. These losses are converted to heat which may cause again harm sensitive components.

4. COMMON COIL STRUCTURES

Coils shapes have been most extensively researched for low power applications [17]. In these cases, the angle,
power and air gap of the devices can vary significantly. Coils for WPT can be classified into three types based
on the polarity of the flux distribution: Unipolar [19], polarised [20] and Double polarised [7]. The four most
popular coil structures that have been studied extensively for EV charging are the circular, square, rectangular
and double coils. Each coil structure has its own advantages and are suitable for different applications. Each
structure has been explained in detail and they have been compared to find the optimum shape for Electric
Vehicle charging.

4.1 CIRCULAR COIL

 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
1020 Author Soham
nameChatterjee
/ Energyet Procedia 00 (2017)
al. / Energy Procedia 000–000
117 (2017) 1015–1023

Fig 4: Circular coils

Fig 4: Circular coils
Circular coils are of the non-polarised or unipolar Fig flux
4: Circular coils kind. The circular coil has the advantage of
distribution
Fig 4: Circular coils
Circulara coils
having uniformare of
fluxthedistribution.
non-polarised Theoruniform Fig
unipolar 4: Circular
flux
flux distribution coilsresults
distribution kind. from
The circular coil has the
the symmetrical advantage
geometry of
of the
Circular coils areflux
of the non-polarised or Fig flux
unipolar 4: Circular coils kind. The circular coil has the advantage of
distribution
having
coil. A a uniform
uniform
Circulara coils flux
are of distribution.
distribution
thedistribution.
non-polarised The
helps uniform
the couplingflux
Fig flux distribution
be uniform
4: Circular andresults
helps from
the the
power symmetrical
transferred geometry
be
coils kind. The circular coil has the advantage of similar ofinthe
all
having
Circular
coil. A
direction. uniform
coils
uniform
This are flux
of
flux
uniform the non-polarised
distribution
power Theor
helps
transfer or
the
unipolar
uniform
unipolar
coupling
reduces flux
the flux
be
stress
distribution
distribution
distribution
uniform
on the andresults
powerkind.
helps from
The
the the part
power
electronic symmetrical
circular coil
transferred
of the geometry
hassecondary
the
be advantage
similar ofinthe
side of
ofall
having
Circular
coil. a coils
uniform
A uniform flux
areflux
of thedistribution.
non-polarised
distribution Theor
helps uniform
the unipolar
couplingflux bedistribution
flux distribution
uniform andresults
kind.
helps from
The the symmetrical
circular
the power coil has the
transferred geometry
beadvantage
similar ofinthe
of
all
having
direction.
the a coils
system.
Circular uniform
This are flux
uniform
of thedistribution.
power
non-polarised Theor
transfer uniform
reduces
unipolar flux
the fluxdistribution
stress on the
distribution results
powerkind. from
electronic
The the part
symmetrical
circular of the
coil has geometry
secondary
the of the
side
advantage of
of
coil.
having A uniform
direction. a uniform
This flux
fluxdistribution
uniform distribution.
power helps
Thethe
transfer coupling
uniform
reduces flux
the bedistribution
stressuniform
on the and helps
results
power the power
from
electronicthe part transferred
symmetrical
of the be similar
geometry
secondary ofinthe
side ofall
coil.
the A uniform
system.
having a uniform flux
fluxdistribution
distribution. helps
Thethe coupling
uniform flux bedistribution
uniform and helpsfrom
results the power
the part transferredgeometry
symmetrical be similarofinthe all
direction.
coil.
the A This
uniform
system. uniform
flux power
distribution transfer
helps reduces
the the
coupling stress
be on
uniform the power
and helpselectronic
the power of the
transferredsecondary
be side
similar inofall
For
coil. circular
direction.
A uniformcoils,
This thedistribution
uniform
flux quality
powerfactortransfer
helpsis given
reduces
the by the stress
coupling be on the and
uniform power helpselectronic
the power parttransferred
of the secondary
be sideinofall
similar
the system.This uniform power transfer reduces the stress on the power electronic part of the secondary side of
direction.
For
the circular
system.
direction. coils,
This the quality
uniform powerfactortransferis given
reducesby the stress on the power electronic part of the secondary side of
the system.
For circular coils, the quality factor is given by 𝑄𝑄C=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅 (14)
the system.
For circular coils, the quality factor is given by
As
For shown
circularpreviously, increase
coils, the quality in the
factor valueby
is given C=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅 the power delivered. The quality factor can
of Q can𝑄𝑄increase (14)be
For shown
As circular
increased by coils, the quality
previously,
increasing increase
the factor
value in of is𝜔𝜔.given
the value byof
However, Q can
in casesC=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄increase
where the𝜔𝜔 power
is delivered.
constant, the The
value quality
of Q can factor
be (14)
can
increased be
For circular coils, the quality factor is given by =𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅 the power delivered. The quality factor can
𝑄𝑄increase (14)
As
by shownby
increased
increasing previously,
increasing
the increase
the
inductance value
of inthe
the𝜔𝜔.
of coilvalue
or of Q in
However,
decreasingcancases
𝑄𝑄CCthe
=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅
where
value of
𝜔𝜔 is constant,
resistance. the
When value of
using Q can be
conductors increased
of be
low
(14)
As shownby
increased previously,
increasing increase
theturns
value inofthe𝜔𝜔.value of Q in
However, cancases
𝑄𝑄increase
C=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅
where the𝜔𝜔 power
is delivered.
constant, the The of
value quality
Q can factor
be can
(14)
increased be
As
by shown previously,
increasing
resistance, the the
number increase
inductance
of of inthe
can the coil
be value
or of Qby
decreasing
increased can increase
the
reducing
𝑄𝑄 value
=𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿/𝑅𝑅thetheof power
pitch delivered.
resistance.
of the When
coils, The
using
without quality factor
conductors
significant can
of be
low
increase
(14)
increased
As
by by increasing
shown previously,
increasing the the value of
increaseofinthethecoil
inductance 𝜔𝜔. However,
value in cases
of Q can increase
orordecreasing
C where
thewhere
value 𝜔𝜔 is
theofpower constant, the
delivered. value
The of Q can
quality be increased
factor ofcanlowbe
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resistance, bytheincreasing
number ofthe value
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constant, When
the using
value of Qconductors
canfactor
be increased
in
by the resistance. The use of ofcan
ferrite be
spokes increased Qby
a ferrite reducing
centre thethe
can pitch of the
significantly coils,
increase without
the significant
coupling increase
between the
As shown previously, increase inthe 𝜔𝜔.value of can increase 𝜔𝜔 power delivered. The quality canlowbe
increasing
increased
resistance, bythe the inductance
increasing
number theturns
of value canofbe coil
𝜔𝜔. or decreasing
However,
increased byin cases thewhere
reducing value
the of isresistance.
𝜔𝜔
pitch constant,
of the When
the
coils, using
value
without of Qconductors of
can be increased
significant increase
by
in increasing
the
coils.
increased resistance.
The thespoke
ferrite
by inductance
The
increasing useacts
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ferrite
value the coil
ofspokes orordecreasing
reluctance
𝜔𝜔. a ferrite
However, path tocentre value
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magnetic of isresistance.
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𝜔𝜔 field which
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increase using
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increases
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of Qconductors
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increasedthe
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or by
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When without
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The thespokes
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ferrite
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The
number
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of
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be ordecreasing
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increased
reluctance by reducing
path to
the
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value
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magnetic
of resistance.
thesignificantly
pitch of the
field which
When
increase
coils, using
the
without
increases the
conductors
coupling between
significant
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increase
of the
in theand
coil
parts resistance.
from
resistance, theferrite
quality
damage
the The
number dueusetoof
factor.
of ferrite
The
flux
turns and
can spokes
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to reduceor need
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bereluctance aleakage
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bytoreducing
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shielded
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ofcoil
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towidely
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researched
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in the
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The useacts
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The a
ferritelow spokes
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need to
to to the
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shielded field
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using which
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materials the the inductance
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towidely
protect between
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coils.
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commonly
in The
from damage
used spoke
due
coil. acts
toofflux
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reduce
provide orthe path
aleakage
best the
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The
misalignment can circular field which
coil
tolerance. increases
isincrease
the
These most
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work researched
best when ofboth
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and
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fromtheferrite
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coils
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a low coils
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to shielded
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radius
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which materials
These
increased.
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coils protect
work
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best electronic
when
inductance ofboth
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partsand
coil
commonly fromthedamage
quality
used due
coil. to flux
factor.
Circular and
Thecoils to
circular reduce leakage
coils the
provide need bestto be flux. The circular
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misalignment using coil ismaterials
ferrite
tolerance. the most towidely researched
protectbest
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parts
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coil andfrom
coils aredamage
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factor. flux
size.
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circular reduce
transferred leakage
coils the
needincreases
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the outer
shielded using coilisisThese
radius
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the most
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materials work
towidely researched
protectbest
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and
electronic
commonly
parts
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coils used
damage
areused
of thecoil.
due
sameCircular
to flux
size. coils
and
Power provide
to reduce
transferred best
leakage
increasesmisalignment
flux. The tolerance.
circular
as the outer coil
radius isThese
the
isisThese coils
most
increased. work
widely researched both
and
4.2 RECTANGULAR
commonly
partscoils
from coil. COILS
Circular coils provide
reducethe best misalignment tolerance. coilswidely
work best when both
the
commonly aredamage
of the
used due
same
coil. to
Circular fluxPower
size. and to
coils transferred
provide leakage
the increases flux. as The
best misalignment circular
the outer coilis
radius
tolerance. the most
increased.
These coils work best researched
when bothand
4.2
the RECTANGULAR
coils
commonly are of
used the same
coil. COILSsize.
Circular Power
coils transferred
provide the increases
best as
misalignmentthe outer radius
tolerance. is increased.
These coils work best when both
the
4.2 coils are of
RECTANGULAR
Rectangular andthe same
square COILSsize. Power
shaped coils transferred
have almostincreases
the sameas the outerbut radius
theyis increased.
the coils
4.2 are of
RECTANGULAR the sameCOILSsize. Power transferred increases asstructure,
the outer radius isdiffer hugely in performance.They
increased.
4.2
form RECTANGULAR
Rectangular
a and square
polarised flux COILS
shaped coils
distribution. haveadvantage
Their almost theissame that structure,
the flux but is
path they differashugely
higher comparedin performance.They
to circular coils.
4.2 RECTANGULAR
Rectangular and square COILS
shaped coils haveadvantage
almost theissame structure, but is
they differashugely in performance.They
form
4.2 a polarised
RECTANGULAR
However, the coil flux distribution.
COILS
being two sided Their
has half the leakage that the
flux flux
in the path
bottom
Rectangular and square shaped coils have almost the same structure, but they differ hugely in performance.They higher
direction. compared
This typetoofcircular
coil has coils.
the
form
However,a polarised
Rectangular the and
coil flux
square distribution.
being shaped
two sided Their
coils have
has advantage
almost
half the theissame
leakage thatflux the flux
structure,
in the path
but is
they
bottom higher
differashugely
direction. compared
This intypetoofcircular
performance.They
coil hascoils.
the
highest
Rectangular
form leakage
a polarisedandfluxfluxand
square is hence
shaped
distribution. not
coils suitable
have
Their for the
almost
advantage efficient
that WPT
issame in EV.
structure,
the flux butHowever,
path they
is being
differas
higher hugelya polarised
compared type ofcoils.
in performance.They
to circular coil,
However,
form
Rectangular
highest theand
a polarised
leakage coil being
flux
square
flux and two
distribution.
shaped
is sided
hence coils
not has
Their
have half
suitable the
advantage
almost
for leakage
the thatflux
issame
efficient the in theEV.
flux
structure,
WPT in bottom
path
but is
they direction.
higher
However,differ as This
compared
hugely
being a intypetoofcircular
coil has
performance.They
polarised type of the
coils.
coil,
they have
form
However, the highest
a polarised coilflux coupling
distribution.
being two sided among hasall
Their thethe
other
advantage
half types
is
leakage ofthecoils.
thatflux theThis
flux
in path coupling
is higher
bottom reduces greatly
as compared
direction. This when
typetoof coilthe
circular has coils
coils.
the
highest
However,
form leakage
a polarised flux
the highest
coil flux and
being is
two hence
distribution.sided not suitable
has
Their half forleakage
the
advantage efficient
is thatfluxWPT
the in in EV.
theThis
flux However,
bottom
path being
direction.
is higher as a polarised
This typetoof type ofcoils.
coilthe
has coil,
the
theymisaligned.
are
However,
highest have the
the coil
leakage coupling
Rectangular
fluxbeing
and two
is coilsamong
sided
hence have
not has all
the the
half
suitable bestother
the
for types
tolerance
leakage
efficient of
in
flux
WPTcoils.
vertical
in in
theEV. coupling
displacement.
bottom Tocompared
reduces
direction.
However, being a greatly
make
This atype
polarised
circular
when
rectangular
of coil has
type of coils
coil of
the
coil,
they
highest
However,
are have the
leakage
misaligned. highest
flux
coil coupling
and
being
Rectangular is
two hence among
sided
coils not
havehas all
suitablethe
half
the other
for
the
best types
efficient
leakage
tolerance of
WPT
flux
in coils.
in in
the
vertical This
EV. coupling
However,
bottom reduces
being
direction.
displacement. To a
This
make greatly
polarised
atype when
of type
coil
rectangular the
of
has coils
coil,
coil the
of
the same
highest
they have area
the as
leakage that and
flux
highest ofcoupling
a iscircular
hence coil,
among the
all amount
not suitable oftypes
Litz wire
for efficient
the other WPT
of required
coils. EV. is
in This also more.
However,
coupling being a greatly
reduces polarised typethe
when of coils
coil,
are
they misaligned.
highest
the have
same the as
leakage
area Rectangular
highest
flux
that coupling
and
of a coils
iscircular
hence havesuitable
among
not
coil, the amount
all
the bestother
the tolerance
for types
efficient
of Litz in
of vertical
WPT
wirecoils. displacement.
in This
EV.
required coupling
However,
is also To make
reduces
being
more. a rectangular
a greatly
polarised when
typethecoil
of of
coils
coil,
theymisaligned.
are have the highest coupling
Rectangular coilsamong
have all the the
bestother types in
tolerance ofvertical
coils. This coupling reduces
displacement. To make greatly when thecoil
a rectangular coils
of
the same
are
they havearea
the as
misaligned. that ofcoupling
Rectangular
highest a circular
coils coil,
have the
among the amount
all bestother
the oftypes
toleranceLitz in wire required
ofvertical
coils. is also more.
displacement.
This coupling To make
reduces a rectangular
greatly when thecoil of
coils
are same
the misaligned.
area asRectangular
that of a circularcoils coil,
have the the amount
best tolerance
of Litz in vertical
wire requireddisplacement.
is also more. To make a rectangular coil of
the same
are area asRectangular
misaligned. that of a circularcoils coil,
have the the amount of Litz in
best tolerance wire required
vertical is also more.
displacement. To make a rectangular coil of
the same area as that of a circular coil, the amount of Litz wire required is also more.
the same area as that of a circular coil, the amount of Litz wire required is also more.

Fig 5: Rectangular Coils

Fig 5: Rectangular Coils
4.3 DOUBLE COILS Fig 5: Rectangular Coils
Fig 5: Rectangular Coils
4.3 DOUBLE COILS Fig 5: Rectangular Coils
4.3
TheyDOUBLE
are two COILS coils that are attachedFig
circular
5: Rectangular Coils
in parallel
Fig to eachCoils
5: Rectangular other and have reduced leakage flux and form a
4.3 DOUBLE COILS
4.3
TheyDOUBLE
are
polarised two COILS
circular
flux COILS coils that are attached in parallel
distribution in the middle. This structure has a highto each other and have
coupling reducedand
efficiency leakage fluxpower
a better and form
factora
4.3
TheyDOUBLE
are two circular coils that are attached in parallel to each other and have reduced leakage flux and form a
polarised
4.3
thanDOUBLE
They the flux
areother distribution
COILS
coils. However,
two circular in the
coils thatit aremiddle.
takes This
up more
attached structure
in space and
parallel has a high
torequires coupling
a lotand
each other more efficiency
haveLitz and a
wire toleakage
reduced better
make. The power
flux double factor
and formcoila
polarised
They
than the flux circular
areother
two distribution
coils. coilsinthat
However, the middle.
it are
takes This
attached instructure
parallel has a high
torequires
each coupling
other lotand efficiency
have reduced and a better
toleakage fluxpower factor
and formcoilaa
has better
They are two
polarised misalignment
flux circular tolerance
coils
distribution inthat
the are anduphas
more
attached
middle. Thisone
in space and
sided
parallel
structure flux
to
has each acoupling
a distribution
other
high andmore
haveLitz
similar wire
to theand
reduced
efficiency make.
leakage The
circularflux
a better double
coil andform
and
power have
factor
than
They the
polarised
areother
flux
two coils. However,
distribution
circular coils inthatit
the takes
middle.
are up more
This
attached in space and
structure
parallel has
to requires
a
eachhigh a lot more
coupling
other and Litz wire
efficiency
have reduced to
and make.
a The
better
leakage flux double
power
and coil
factor
form
has better
reduced
polarised
than misalignment
the leakage
flux
other For tolerance
flux.However,
distribution
coils. ainsimilar
the andupof
size
middle.
it takes has
This
moreone
double sided
coiland
structure
space flux
and
has a distribution
circular coil,
high acoupling
requires similar
the
lot more Litz to
double theand
coil
efficiency
wire circular
tocan coil
a achieve
better
make. The asand
powermuch
double asa
have
factor
coil
has
than better
the
polarised
reduced misalignment
other coils.
fluxcoupling
distribution tolerance
However,ain it takesand
the middle. uphas
more
Thisone sided
space and
structure flux distribution
requires
has circular a lot
a high coupling similar
more Litz to
wire
efficiencytheto circular
make. The
and a achievecoil and
double
better power have
coil
factor
has the leakage
1.5 times
than the
other
better flux.However,
coils.
misalignmentFor similar
of atolerance
circular size
it takesandupof
coil. double
more
has one coiland
space
sided and requires
flux a coil, the
lot more
distribution double
Litz to
similar coil
wirethetocan
make. The
circular asand
much
coildouble as
coil
have
reduced
has
than the
1.5 times leakage
better
other
the flux.
misalignment
coils.
coupling For
However,a similar
tolerance
it
of atolerance size
takesandupof
hasdouble
moreone coil
sided
space and
and fluxcircular
requires a coil,
distribution
lot the
more double
similar
Litz to coil
wirethetocan achieve
circular
make. Thecoilas much
and
double as
have
coil
has better
reduced
1876-6102 misalignment
leakage
© flux. The
2017 For acircular
similar coil.
Authors. and
size hasdouble
of
Published onebysided
coil fluxcircular
and
Elsevier distribution
Ltd. similar
coil, the doubleto coil
the can
circular coilasand
achieve muchhave
as
1.5
has times
reduced
betterthe coupling
leakage
misalignment of atolerance
flux. For acircular
similar coil.
size
and of
hasdouble coil
one sided and
fluxcircular coil, the
distribution double
similar to coil
the can achieve
circular coilasand
much as
have
reduced
1.5 timesleakage
1876-6102 the© flux. The
coupling
2017 For acircular
similar coil.
of aAuthors. size of double
Published bycoil and circular
Elsevier Ltd. coil, the double coil can achieve as much as
 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

5. Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

5. DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
The Soham Chatterjee et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017)has
1015–1023misalignment tolerance 1021
The circular
circular coil
coil occupies
occupies thethe least
least space
space and
and requires
requires thethe least
least material.
material. It It also
also has more
more misalignment tolerance
5.
andDISCUSSION
and less
less leakage
leakage flux.
flux. However,
However, eveneven when
when thethe coils
coils are
are aligned,
aligned, it it has
has the
the least
least coupling
coupling coefficient.
coefficient. OnOn the
the
5. DISCUSSION
other
other hand,
hand, the
the rectangular
rectangular coil
coil has
has better
better coupling
coupling coefficient
coefficient at
at great
great distances.
distances. The
The changes
changes in
in coupling
coupling are
are
The circular coil occupies the least space and requires the least material. It also has more misalignment tolerance
significantly
significantly lesser
lesser when
when the
the distance
distance between
between the
the coils
coils increase. However, almost half
half of the
the leakage flux is
and
The less leakage
circular coil flux.
occupiesHowever,
the leasteven
spacewhen
and the coils
requires areincrease.
the aligned,
least
However,
it
material. hasIt the
also
almost
least
has coupling
more
of coefficient.
leakage On
misalignment
fluxthe
tolerance
is
lost
lost in the
the bottom
inhand, bottom of
of the
the coil. This
coil.coil
This type
type of
of coil
coil also
also has
has wide
wide variation
variation in coupling
coupling when
in distances. when the
the coils
coilsinare misaligned
arecoupling
misaligned
other the
and less leakage rectangular
flux. However, has better
even when coupling coefficient
the coils are aligned, at great
itithas The changes
the least coupling coefficient. are
On The
the
horizontally
horizontally and
and requires
requires more material for its
its construction. Hence, it is not
not suitable for WPT applications.
significantly
other hand, lesser
the when more
rectangular thecoil material
distance
has forcoupling
between
better construction.
the coils
coefficient Hence,
increase. at great is distances.
However, suitable
almostThefor
halfWPT applications.
of the
changes leakage
in The
flux
coupling is
are
double
double coils
coils have
have the
the best
best misalignment
misalignment tolerance
tolerance and
and less
less leakage
leakage flux.
flux. However,
However, it
it occupies
occupies more
more space
space and
and
lost in the
significantly bottom
lesser of the coil.
when As This
the circulartype of
distance coils coil
between also has
thebeen wide
coilsseen variation
increase. in
However, coupling when
almost the coils are
half of the power misaligned
leakagetransfer
flux is
requires
requires more
more material. have to
to be
be itthe optimum for
forforwireless
horizontally
lost in the andmaterial.
bottom requires
of the As
more
coil. circular
material
This type coils
of have
forcoil
its alsobeen
construction.
has seenHence,
wide variation the
in optimum
is coupling
not suitable
when wireless
WPT
the power transfer
applications.
coils are The
misaligned
applications,
applications, we
we have
have discussed
discussed more
more in
in detail
detail about
about the
the effects
effects of
of the
the different
different parameters
parameters in
in the
the circular
circular coil,
coil, to
to
double coils and
horizontally haverequires
the bestmore
misalignment tolerance
materialcoil.
for and less leakage
its construction. Hence, itflux. However,
is not suitableitfor
occupies more space The
WPT applications. and
find
find the
the optimum
optimum design
design of
of the
the circular
circular coil.
requires
double coilsmore material.
have the bestAs circular coils
misalignment have been
tolerance and lessseenleakage
to be flux.the optimum
However,for wireless more
it occupies powerspace
transfer
and
applications, we have discussed more in detail about the effects of the different
requires more material. As circular coils have been seen to be the optimum for wireless power transfer parameters in the circular coil, to
find the optimum
applications, we design
have of the circular
discussed incoil.
moreCircular
detail about the effects of the different parameters in the circular coil, to
Parameter
Parameter Circular CoilCoil Rectangular
Rectangular Coil Coil Double
Double Coil
Coil
find the optimum design of the circular coil.
Polarity
Polarity Unipolar
Unipolar Polarised
Polarised Unipolar
Unipolar
Flux
Flux Distribution
Distribution Uniform
Uniform Non-Uniform
Non-Uniform Non-Uniform
Non-Uniform
Parameter Circular Coil Rectangular Coil Double Coil
Horizontal
Horizontal Tolerance
Tolerance More
More Less
Less More
More
Parameter
Polarity
Vertical Tolerance Circular
Unipolar
Less Coil Rectangular
Polarised
More Coil Double Coil
Unipolar
Less
Vertical Tolerance Less More Less
Flux Polarity
Distribution
Material Required Uniform
Least
Unipolar Non-Uniform
Moderate
Polarised Non-Uniform
Most
Unipolar
Material Required Least Moderate Most
Horizontal
Leakage Tolerance
Flux In More
Horizontal In Less More
Flux Distribution
Leakage Flux In Uniform
Horizontal In Bottom
Non-Uniform
Bottom Direction
Direction Reduced
Non-Uniform
Reduced
Vertical Tolerance
Horizontal Tolerance Less
Direction
More More
Less Less
More
Direction
Material Required Least
Table 1: Comparison
Less of Moderate Most
Vertical Tolerance
Leakage Flux Table 1: Comparison
In Horizontal of Characteristics
Characteristics
In Bottom
Moreof Different
Different Coils
ofDirection Coils ReducedLess
Material Required Least Moderate Most
Leakage Flux InDirection
Horizontal In Bottom Direction Reduced
Table 1: Comparison
Direction of Characteristics of Different Coils
6.EFFECTS Table 1: Comparison of Characteristics ofIN
Different Coils COIL
6.EFFECTS OF
OF PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS ONON POWER
POWER TRANSFERRED
TRANSFERRED IN CIRCULARCIRCULAR COIL
6.1 Outer
6.1 Outer Radius
Radius
6.EFFECTS OF PARAMETERS ON POWER TRANSFERRED IN CIRCULAR COIL
If the
the outer
6.EFFECTS
If outer radius
radius is increased
increased while
OF PARAMETERS
is whileON keeping
POWER
keeping the other
the other parameters constant,
TRANSFERRED
parameters constant, then the
IN CIRCULAR
then the coupling
coupling
COIL will will increase.
increase. The
The
6.1 Outer Radius
tolerance in the vertical direction will increase in this case. The effect of increasing outer diameter of the
tolerance in the vertical direction will increase in this case. The effect of increasing outer diameter of the
circular
6.1 Outercoil,
circular by increasing
Radius
coil,radius
by increasing the the number
number of of turns
turns while
while keeping
keeping the the other
other parameters
parameters constant
constant has
has been
been studied.
studied.
If the outer is increased while keeping the other parameters constant, then the coupling will increase. The
This
This will increase
will increase the inductance
the inductance and
and hence
hence the quality
the quality factor
factor of the coils will increase. The mutual inductance
tolerance
If the outer in the vertical direction will increase in this case. ofThethe effect
coils will increase. The
of increasing outermutual inductance
diameter of the
between
between theradius
the two coils
two
is increased
coils is
while
is aa function
function ofkeeping
of couplingthe
coupling
other
which
which
parameters
will
will increase.constant, then the coupling will increase. The
increase.
circular coil, by increasing the number of turns while keeping the other parameters
tolerance in the vertical direction will increase in this case. The effect of increasing outer diameter of the constant has been studied.
ThisInner
circular
6.2 willcoil,
increase
Radius the inductance
by increasing and hence
the number the quality
of turns factor ofthe
while keeping theother
coilsparameters
will increase. The mutual
constant has beeninductance
studied.
6.2 Inner Radius
between the two coils is a function of coupling which will increase.
This will increase the inductance and hence the quality factor of the coils will increase. The mutual inductance
To study
studythe
between
To thetwo
the effects ofis inner
coilsof
effects inner coil radius,
a function
coil radius, the outer
of coupling
the outer
which coil
coil radius
willradius was kept
increase.
was kept constant
constant and
and the
the inner
inner coil
coil radius
radius was
was
6.2 Inner
varied Radius
while keeping the radius of the coils and the thickness of the conductor constant. The inner coil radius
varied while keeping the radius of the coils and the thickness of the conductor constant. The inner coil radius
has Inner
6.2
has aa very
veryRadius
significant effect
significant effect on the the coupling
coupling between
between the two two coils.
coils. The
The coils
coils having
having lesser
lesser inner
inner radius
radius have
To study the effects of inner on coil radius, the outer coilthe radius was kept constant and the inner coil radiushave
was
better coupling.
better coupling. When When designing
designing aa coil,
coil, the
the inner
inner radius
radius must
must be be kept
kept as
as small
small as
as possible.
possible.
varied while keeping the radius of the coils and the thickness of the conductor
To study the effects of inner coil radius, the outer coil radius was kept constant and the inner coil radius wasconstant. The inner coil radius
has Pitch
varied
6.3 a very
whilesignificant
keeping the effect on the
radius of thecoupling between
coils and the two of
the thickness coils.
the The coils having
conductor lesser
constant. Theinner
innerradius have
coil radius
6.3 Pitch
better coupling. When designing a coil, the inner radius must be kept as small as
has a very significant effect on the coupling between the two coils. The coils having lesser inner radius have possible.
The pitch
better
The pitch of the
coupling.
of the When
coil can
coil can be varied
varieda by
designing
be by
coil,increasing the
the inner the
increasing space
radius
spacemustbetween two
be kepttwo
between adjacent
as adjacent turns while
while keeping
small as possible.
turns keeping the
the number
number
6.3 Pitch
of turns
turns same.
same. For For anan increased
increased pitch,
pitch, if if the
the inner
inner and
and outer
outer radius
radius remains
remains thethe same,
same, the
the number
number of of turns
turns will
will
of
decrease.
6.3 Pitch This will reduce the inductance of the coil and coupling will decrease. A smaller pitch will allow for a
decrease.
The pitch This of thewill
coilreduce
can bethe inductance
varied of the coil
by increasing and coupling
the space betweenwill twodecrease. A smaller
adjacent turns whilepitch will the
keeping allow for a
number
smaller flux
smaller flux lost
lost between
between the the windings
windings which which will
will increase
increase the the coil
coil inductance.
inductance. With
With higher
higher inductance,
inductance, thethe
of turns
The pitchsame.
of theForcoilancanincreased
be varied pitch, if the inner
by increasing theand outer
space radiustwo
between remains the turns
adjacent same,while
the number
keepingoftheturns will
number
mutual
mutual inductance will rise.
of turnsinductance
decrease. same. For will
This will reduce
an rise.the inductance
increased pitch, if the of the coiland
inner andouter
coupling
radius will decrease.
remains the A smaller
same, the pitch
numberwillofallow
turnsforwilla
smaller
decrease.
6.4 Number
Number flux
Thisoflost
willbetween
Turns reduce the the inductance
windings which will and
of the coil increase the will
coupling coil decrease.
inductance. With higher
A smaller inductance,
pitch will allow forthea
6.4 of Turns
mutual inductance will rise.
smaller flux lost between the windings which will increase the coil inductance. With higher inductance, the
With an
mutual
With aninductance
increase in
increase in the
willthe number of
rise.
number of turns,
turns, the
the magnetic
magnetic coupling
coupling increases
increases dramatically.
dramatically. However,
However, with
with an an
6.4 Number
increase in of turns,
the Turns the resistance also increases. To keep the outer radius constant while increasing the number
increase in the turns, the resistance also increases. To keep the outer radius constant while increasing the number
6.4 Number of Turns
1876-6102
With
1876-6102 ©
© 2017
an increase
2017in The Authors.
Authors.ofPublished
the number
The turns, the by
Published Elsevier
magnetic
by Ltd.
Elseviercoupling
Ltd. increases dramatically. However, with an
Peer-review
increase in theunder responsibility
turns, the resistance also of the scientific
increases. committee
To keep the outerofradius
the 1st International
constant Conference
while increasing on
the number
 Author
Author name
name // Energy
Energy Procedia
Procedia 00
00 (2017)
(2017) 000–000
000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
1022 Soham Chatterjee et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 1015–1023
of
of turns,
turns, the
the diameter
diameter of of thethe conductor
conductor shouldshould be be decreased.
decreased. However,However, with with aa decrease
decrease in in the
the conductor
conductor
of turns,
diameter, the
there diameter
is an of
increase thein conductor
the parasitic should be decreased.
capacitance in the coil.However,
This in withreduces
turn a decrease
the in thefactor
quality conductor
of
diameter,
of turns, there is an increase
the diameter of thein conductor
the parasiticshould
capacitance in the coil.
be decreased. This in turn
However, withreduces the quality
a decrease in thefactor of the
conductor the
diameter,
of turns,
coil. The there
the
effect isofan the
diameter increase
of
changethein conductor
the
in parasitic
the capacitance
should
number of be inhas
theacoil.
decreased.
turns This
However,
more in turn
withreduces
significant the
a decrease
effect on quality
the thefactor
in voltage of the
conductor
on
coil. The there
diameter, effectisof an the change
increase in parasitic
in the the number of turns inhas
capacitance theacoil.
more Thissignificant effect the
in turn reduces on quality
the voltagefactoron of the
coil. The there
diameter,
secondary effect
side isofan the change
increase in
in the the number
parasitic of turns
capacitance inhas
the acoil.
more Thissignificant
ineffect effect
turn reduces on
the thepronounced
qualityvoltage
factoron the
ofthan
secondary
coil. side as
The effect asof the ratio
thethe
ratio of
of the
change
primary
the in
primary to
to secondary
the number secondary
of turns
turns
turns changes.
haschanges.
a more This
This effect is
significant
much
iseffect
much on more
more thepronounced
voltage onthan the
secondary
coil.
effectsThe side
effectas the
of ratio
the of
change the primary
in the to
numbersecondary
of turnsturnshas changes.
a more This effect
significant is much
effect more
on the pronounced
voltage on than
the
effects due
secondary
to
to parasitic
dueside parasitic
as the ratio
capacitances
capacitances
of the primary
or
or changes
changes in
in the
the values
to secondary values of
of inductance
inductance
turns changes.
and coupling.
This and
effect coupling.
is much more pronounced than
effects dueside
secondary to parasitic
as the ratiocapacitances
of the primaryor changes in the values
to secondary of inductance
turns changes. This and
effect coupling.
is much more pronounced than
effects
6.5 due to parasitic
Conductor Diameter capacitances or changes in the values of inductance and coupling.
effects due to parasitic
6.5 Conductor Diameter capacitances or changes in the values of inductance and coupling.
6.5 Conductor Diameter
6.5
When Conductor
the Diameter
the conductor
6.5 Conductor
When Diameter
conductor diameter
diameter is is decreased
decreased keeping
keeping the the other
other values
values constant,
constant, therethere isis an
an increase
increase in in parasitic
parasitic
When the
capacitance conductor
in between diameter
the is decreased
adjacent turns. keeping
A the
decrease other
in values
conductor constant,
diameter there
alsois an increase
decreases in value
the parasiticof
capacitance
When in between
the conductor the adjacent
diameter is decreasedturns.keeping
A decreasethe otherin conductor diameter
values constant, alsois decreases
there an increasethe in value
parasiticof
capacitance
When in between
the conductor
inductance which the
diameter
reduces adjacent
is decreased
coupling. turns.keeping
A decreasethe otherin conductor diameter
values constant, alsois decreases
there an increasethe in value
parasiticof
inductance which
capacitance reducesthe
in between coupling.
adjacent turns. A decrease in conductor diameter also decreases the value of
inductance which
capacitance reducesthe
in between coupling.
adjacent turns. A decrease in conductor diameter also decreases the value of
inductance which reduces coupling.
7.
7. CONCLUSION
inductance
CONCLUSION which reduces coupling.
7. CONCLUSION
7.
In CONCLUSION
this
7. this paper,
paper, aa Wireless
In CONCLUSION Wireless PowerPower Transfer
Transfer System
System for for wireless
wireless charging
charging of of Electric
Electric Vehicles
Vehicles have have been
been studied.
studied.
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Simple equationsa Wireless
to designPower a Transfer
coil has System
been given.for The
wireless
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Electric Vehicleson the have
amount beenofstudied.
power
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wireless of these
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this paper,
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a Wireless Power
studied. a The
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transferred
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structures have
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changing can
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tolerance and has been coupling
tolerance
better also studied.
is the circularFurther
coefficients. work
coil. The must
effect
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on
changes done to design
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can be oncoils
made that
changing
to can
reduce have
theparasitic better
different misalignment
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anda
tolerancecoil
circular andhasbetter
been coupling
also studied. coefficients.
Further work Designmust changes
be donecan be made
to design coilsto that
reduce
can parasitic
have better capacitance
misalignment and
tolerance
circular
increase and
coil hasbetter
been coupling
also coefficients.
studied. Further Design
work must changes
be done canto be made
design coilsto reduce
that can parasitic
have bettercapacitance
misalignment and
increase coil
tolerance coil inductance to
andinductance to increase
better coupling increase coupling.
coupling.Design changes can be made to reduce parasitic capacitance and
coefficients.
increase coil
tolerance andinductance to increase
better coupling coupling.Design changes can be made to reduce parasitic capacitance and
coefficients.
increase
References coil inductance to increase coupling.
increase
References coil inductance to increase coupling.
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