Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
Available
Available Procedia
online
online 00 (2019) 000–000
atatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy Procedia
Energy Procedia 00
162(2017)
(2019)000–000
24–37
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Special Issue on Emerging and Renewable Energy: Generation and Automation
Special Issue on Emerging and Renewable Energy: Generation and Automation
Electric Vehicles Wireless Power Transfer State-of-The-Art
Electric Vehicles Wireless Power Transfer State-of-The-Art
Thea,15th International Symposium onb District Heating and Cooling
Adel El-Shahat *, Erhuvwu Ayisireaa, Yan Wu , Mosfequr Rahmancc, Dylan Nelmsaa
Adel El-Shahat *, Erhuvwu Ayisire , Yan Wu , Mosfequr Rahman , Dylan Nelms
a, b
F0F

Assessing the feasibility of using theUniversity,

heat demand-outdoor
F0F

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
a

Department
a
of Electrical
Department and Computer
of Mathematical
b
Engineering,
Science, GeorgiaGeorgia Southern
Southern University, Statesboro,
Statesboro, GA USA
GA 30458, 30458, USA
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand
DepartmentofofMechanical
Department c b
Mathematical Science, Georgia
Engineering, GeorgiaSouthern
SouthernUniversity,
University,Statesboro,
Statesboro,GA
GA30458,
30458,USA
USA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
c forecast
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract
Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
The constant research to eliminate Veoliawires in our&everyday
Recherche Innovation, lives
291has beenDreyfous
Avenue going onDaniel,
for years now.
78520 When
Limay, the telephone or the telegraph
France
c
The constant
was research
first invented, to eliminate
Département
wires Systèmes
were wires
needed to in our everyday
Énergétiques
transmit lives has- been
et Environnement
communication IMT going on for
Atlantique,
between years
4 rue
parties. Now, now.
Alfred When
Kastler,
wireless the telephone
44300
power isor
Nantes, France
transfer thebeneficial
very telegraph
was first invented,
for society. Wirelesswires weretransfer
power needed to is transmit
already communication
being implemented between parties.world
in today's Now, in wireless
some power
cases, transfer
but it isis not
verypart
beneficial
of the
for society. Wireless
"mainstream". Tesla had power transferofistransmitting
an ambition already being implemented
wireless electricityintotoday's
help theworld
cause in some
of not cases,wires
needing but ittoisbenot partthrough
spread of the
"mainstream".
the world. Thus, Tesla had an
in 1891, heambition
inventedofthe transmitting
Tesla-coil. wireless
The coil’s electricity to help the
setup consisted of acause of not
primary coilneeding
with a wires to beand
capacitor spread through
a secondary
Abstract
the world.
coil with a Thus, in 1891,
capacitor. Now,hethereinvented
is an the Tesla-coil.
essential need forTheexpanding
coil’s setup theconsisted
utilizationofofa wireless
primary coil with amethods
charging capacitor forand a secondary
electric vehicle
coil with a capacitor.
technology to overcome Now, thethere
wired is charging
an essential need for and
drawbacks expanding
the cost. theVarious
utilization of wireless
wireless powercharging methodsmethods
transfer (WPT) for electric vehicle
for electric
District heating
technology networks
to overcome the are
wiredcommonly
charging addressed
drawbacks inandthetheliterature as onewireless
cost. Various of the power
most effective
transfer solutions
(WPT) for decreasing
methods the
vehicles charging are conferred in brief with some scientific examples and approaches. Inductive wireless power transferfor electric
prototype
greenhouse
vehicles gas emissions
charging are conferredfrominthe building
brief with sector.
some These examples
scientific systems require
and high investments
approaches. Inductive which are power
wireless returned through
transfer the heat
prototype
is experimentally implemented with 3D design is presented as well. Finally, some future points are mentioned in brief.
issales. Due to the
experimentally changed climate
implemented with 3Dconditions and building
design is presented as well.renovation policies,
Finally, some heat
future demand
points in the future
are mentioned could decrease,
in brief.
prolonging the investment return period.
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
©The2019main
Copyright The Authors.
©scope
2019 Published
ofElsevier
this paper by
Ltd.isAllto Elsevier
assess Ltd
the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Special Issue on Emerging and Renewable
Selection and
forecast. and peer-review
Thepeer-review under responsibility
district of under
Alvalade, located inofofLisbon
the scientific
(Portugal),committee of the 6th
was used International Conference onconsisted
Emergingofand
Selection
Energy: Generation and Automation. responsibility the scientific committee of theasSpecial
a case study.
Issue The district
on Emerging andisRenewable 665
Renewable
buildings Energy:
that vary Generation
in both and Automation,
construction period ICEREGA
and typology.2018.Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Energy: Generation and Automation.
renovation
Keywords: scenarios
A brief review;were
Design;developed (shallow,
Electric vechile; intermediate,
Modeling; Wireless deep).
power. To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
comparedAwith
Keywords: brief results
review; from
Design;a dynamic heat demand
Electric vechile; Modeling; model, previously
Wireless power. developed and validated by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
1.(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Introduction
scenarios,
1. Introduction the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Transfer
decrease of wireless
in the number ofpower heating hashours
beenofan innovation
22-139h duringofthegreat interest
heating season since the invention
(depending of the modeofof
on the combination wireless
weather and
Transfer
power of wireless power has been an innovation ofwireless
great interest since the invention ofitsthe mode ofand wireless
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending large
transfer by Nikola Tesla [1]. Magnetic resonance transfer is preferred due to efficiency on the
power
charging
coupled transfer by Nikola
distance.
scenarios). ItThe Teslasuggested
is values
widely [1]. Magnetic
used in day
couldtobe resonance
day
usedand wirelessthe
to modern
modify transfer
functionis parameters
applications preferred
like chargingdue tocell
for the its efficiency andand
phonesconsidered,
scenarios large
electric
and
charging distance. It is widely used
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. in day to day and modern applications like charging cell phones and electric

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-912-478-2286; fax: +1-912-478-0537.
Cooling.
* Corresponding
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +1-912-478-2286; fax: +1-912-478-0537.
aahmed@georgiasouthern.edu
E-mail address: aahmed@georgiasouthern.edu
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1876-6102 Copyright
Selection and © 2019
peer-review Elsevier
under Ltd. All of
responsibility rights reserved. committee of the Special Issue on Emerging and Renewable Energy: Generation
the scientific
Selection
and and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Special Issue on Emerging and Renewable Energy: Generation
Automation.
and Automation.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 6th International Conference on Emerging and
Renewable Energy: Generation and Automation, ICEREGA 2018.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.04.004
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 25
2 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

vehicles wirelessly [2], biomedical implants [3] etc. In the 1990s, it was feasible to control a huge amount of currents
at moderately high frequencies of 20 kHz or more [4]. Its application is found today in, for example, unmanned
carriages running in semiconductor generation plants where dust is prohibited. The power transfer efficiency has been
increased to around 90%, and the WPT system of this sort is presently the standard. Nonetheless, the distance of
transmission has not been enhanced much, however it relies upon the size of the coil. In 2007, an innovation emerges
from research conducted by MIT’s group of researchers in which a bulb of 60W was lit at 2m [5]. Considering the
transmitting distance, this result negated the then current information on WPT innovation which increased its
popularity [6]. The overall wireless transmission circuit is comprised of two circuits: a primary and a secondary. The
primary circuit is where the power is produced and the secondary circuit receives the power that is produced by the
primary. The secondary circuit also contains the load you wish to send power.

There are three essential requirements for an effective and suitable electric vehicle charging structure has to meet:
a large air gap, high power and high efficiency [7]. Electromagnetic wave serves as a means of propagating energy in
RF & Microwave system [8] and even though transfer of power can be carried out over air gaps within some km, this
is accompanied with some drawbacks such as line of sight transmission, low power (less than 1 kW) transmission,
great loss in air, low efficiency and an extensive effect on its environment [9]. Inductive power transfer (IPT) [10] also
referred to as non-resonant inductive method [11] or electromagnetic induction or inductive coupling method has low
charging distance (about few centimeters) [12] because of its loose coupling between the receiving and transmitting
coils respectively [13]). Magnetic coupling resonant technique was proposed by the MIT research team [14] also
referred to resonant inductive power transfer [15] in 2007 which has been demonstrated alluring for EV and PHEV
charging application due to its mid-range charging distance efficiency (100-300mm), low loss in its surrounding, low
interference and its omnidirectional characteristics [16]. Different techniques have been developed for charging
electric vehicle battery including: Magnetic induction, Microwave, Capacitive coupling, Magnetic resonance coupling,
and Magnetic Induction Coupling.

The magnetic induction coupling makes use of the principle of electromagnetic induction to wirelessly charge an
electric vehicle. Its arrangement is made up of two coils. Current is passed through the receiving coil which produces
a varying magnetic field, thus inducing a current in the transmitting coil which can be used to charge the electric
vehicle. In order to make the inductive coupling more efficient, the transmitting and the receiving coil must be near
each other and well aligned [17]. IPT systems are not disturbed by environmental conditions thereby very convenient
for all situations and need not be maintained [18]. The IPT need ferrites for flux guidance which makes it operate at
low frequencies hence the size is reduced due to core losses [19]. Furthermore, in the magnetic induction method,
power is delivered wirelessly through magnetic coupling from a fixed transmitter to the various moving secondary
receiver [20]. The transmitter and receiver coils have a large air gap which causes the magnetic coupling effect
between the coils to change. This results in a decrease in the stability of the system due to the varying charging cycles
of the electrical properties [21]. Based on the power specifications, it can only be one-phase or three-phase supply.
WPT system is normally composed of the battery, transmitting coil, receiving coil, electrical grid, microcontrollers,
sensors, matching circuit [22]. The topologies of the inductive power transfer are either distributed or lumped based
on the coil’s magnetic configuration. The magnetic field created from the primary coil can be controlled and strong
for wirelessly transferring power due to its constant frequency current. From the electrical grid, a low-frequency
alternating current is created in the transmitting coil. A transmitting coil and series of receiving coils are coupled via
magnetic fields. Advancement in power electronics technology has led to new applications for IPT system such as
wireless EV charging over large air gaps, power wirelessly generated used by professional devices. These are examples
of high power applications [23]. Lighting, medical implants, and mobile phones are examples of low power
applications [24]. Some of the advantages of IPT systems are [18], safe, its cost of maintenance is minimal, its
durability, its energy is conserved, its reliability, and it doesn’t have magnetic field radiation.
Disadvantages: Transmitter and receiver coils must be specifically aligned, and charging is only efficient on short
distances (less than the coil diameter).

Microwave power transfer (MPT): This is also referred to as radiative (far field) technique. This type of wireless
power transfer involves the use of radio waves to transmit power and the wavelength of the radio wave is lowered to
26 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37
Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

the one microwave produces [25]. The components of MPT include receiver and transmitter antenna, generator. It is
important to note that there is no magnetic coupling between the transmitter and receiver antennas [25]. In this type of
WPT system, transmitting and receiving antennas are magnetically separable therefore variation in the impedance of
the transmitting and receiving antennas are not considered whereas, in the magnetic inductive and magnetic resonance
coupling, variation in impedance is considered [26]. Microwave power transfer for the electric vehicle is a relatively
new concept that works efficiently than others. The transmitter of the microwave phased array generates a beam at
frequencies of about 2.44 GHz and 5.79 GHz by direct current supply and discharges to rectenna of the EV underneath
the vehicle. The beam, in turn, is converted back to direct current power by the rectenna and stored by means of
different electrical devices (super capacitor, battery) and mechanical devices (flywheel) [27]. The drawbacks of this
system include, the power transmitted in MPT is very high therefore detrimental to human health, very minimal
efficiency and its limitation to only straight line propagation.

Capacitive wireless power transfer: The capacitive coupling method for transferring power wirelessly is newly
applied in the EV battery charging. It composed of metallic sheets with an insulating coating at the secondary and
primary side [28]. An inverter with a high frequency triggers the coupling interface which in turn generates the electric
field between primary and secondary sides thereby allowing the flow of current bringing about power to be transferred
[28]. In which, a direct current voltage is transformed to an alternating current voltage with a high frequency which in
turn is delivered to 2 primary metallic sheets by the inverter with high frequency [29]. One of the major advantages of
the capacitive wireless power transfer is that the electric field passes through metal constraints with minimal power
loss generated which makes it good for EV charging [30]. An inductor is utilized in series with the coupling plates and
the coupling capacitor to accomplish sufficient power, [31]. There is no need for ferrites for flux guidance which
makes it suitable to work at high frequencies hence have higher efficiency and power transfer densities than inductive
coupling technique [32]. Advantages: The devices on the charging pad are positioned freely, flat metal plates, minimal
rise in the electrodes temperature and reduced power and frequency utilization because of the great potential difference
across metal plates. Disadvantage: Efficiency is very low, and coupling capacitance is small.

Magnetic resonance: Magnetic induction operates on the principle of a transmitting coil that generates the magnetic
field and a receiving coil inside the magnetic field which induces the current in the coils [48]. Generally, this leads to
a short range because of the measure of energy needed to deliver a magnetic field. Therefore, the non-resonant method
is incompetent for longer distances making it wastes more energy when transmitting over longer distances. The
resonance is used here to improve efficiency drastically by channeling the electromagnetic field to the receiving coil
resonating at a matching frequency [48]. Thereby increasing the charging distance as compared to other methods which
make it has the highest potential in the future. It is important to note that due to resonance characteristics, power is
only transferred to object operating at a matching frequency and has no effect on objects with nearly matching
frequency. When the electric vehicle is parked at a fixed place, electric power is transferred from the pad underneath
the ground to the one mounted on the chassis of the vehicle with any contact with each other [49]. To transfer power
well and productively, resonant compensation should be used to remove the great inductance leakage and the small
coupling [50]. The main compensation structures for magnetic resonant WPT method is PP, SS, PS-SP networks [51].

Nomenclature

ܽ radius of wire (0.2555 mm for 24 AWG)

C capacitance in parallel with coil
d diameter of coil in cm
f resonant frequency
IDC DC current
k coupling coefficient.
L inductance of coil
L1 inductance of transmitter coil
L2 inductance of receiver coil
Lround round coil inductance
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 27
4 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Lsquare inductance of the square coil

M mutual inductance
N number of turns
PDC DC power
Q quality factor
R resistance of coil
VDC DC voltage
VMAX maximum voltage
ℓ length of coil in cm.
�� permeability of free space (4π × 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1)
� side length of coil (meters)

2. Scientific Examples of Efficient Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

It is necessary to remove the drawback associated with wireless power transfer for it to be commercialized which
is distance and efficiency, therefore high temperature superconducting (HTS) resonance coil was proposed to improve
the efficiency [52]. The effects of reducing the vertical distance are studied and some of the very important parameter
(e.g. quality factor and third harmonic interference) that affect the efficiency of the system at reduced VD are analyzed
and a way to alleviate this effect is proposed [53]. Power stability over large misalignment [54], can be enhanced with
respect to magnetic coupler and compensation topology. A model was experimented and tested with a 500W laboratory
prototype and it was found that the efficiency is above 90%, the air gap is 15 cm, distance is 10cm and over an operating
input voltage of 120VAC [55]. Also, the achievement of the magnetic resonance WPT depends on the proper alignment
of the transmitter and receiver coil [56] to reduce losses thereby improving the efficiency of the power transferred. To
overcome misalignment challenge, a primary resonant coil of novel array type was designed. Supercapacitor based
dual-wheeled model electric vehicle can be used to improve the efficiency of a magnetic resonance WPT [57].
Efficiency can also be maximized in a WPT system by finding a reference voltage in the secondary side using a
simultaneous estimation of the secondary side’s mutual inductance and the voltage at the primary side [58]. In order
to achieve displacement of coil position, two coils of diameter greater than the spacing of the coil are employed [59].
Efficiency could be enhanced by using a longer transmitting coil and various receiving coils [60]. In [61], power is
transferred effectively with maximum efficiency of 96% at a 60cm distance via magnetic resonance between two coils
which were experimentally and numerically verified. Misalignment can be removed by using a network analyzer and
an automatic 3-axis platform for the control of the motion of the coil and results show that power transfer efficiency
is 90% at misalignment ratio of 0.5 and ratio of air gap ranges from 0-0.25 [62]. Another way in which misalignment
issue can be resolved in WPT is by using a ferrite core [63], which is efficient and more misalignment tolerant. A type
of compensation topology that allows a constant flow of current and output voltage in the transmitter is the LCL-S
topology irrespective of the misalignment in the EV if the vehicle is not well parked [64]. The high electromagnetic
field leakage between the transmitter coil and the receiver coil [65], takes place due to large air gaps in between. This
electromagnetic field leakage is detrimental to human life, therefore, it is important to lower the magnetic leakage
between the two coils.

The new positioning approach helps to reduce positioning errors caused by misalignment of charging pads to less
than 2-3 cm. In order for an EV to charge faster, a modified cement and large bandgap switches operating at a high
frequency was proposed which delivered a power transfer efficiency of about 86% at a minimal charging time [66].
Another work outlines the recent advancements in wirelessly transferring power for electric vehicle and also highlights
its cost, size, efficiency etc. of the system [67]. A 130W power transmitter composed of a direct digital synthesizer, a
class-F switching power amplifier, an FSK module, AC to DC converter and an MCU is used to wirelessly charge
electric vehicle by employing magnetic resonance technique [68]. It shows a 50% average system efficiency [68]. This
paper [69] introduces the realization of increased performance of a large air-gap capacitive WPT by eliminating
capacitors of large voltages replacing it with parasitic capacitances between the vehicle’s chassis and coupling plates
and the road serving as the matching capacitor network. For the risk associated with exposure to the electromagnetic
28 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37
Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

field of the power pad of an electric vehicle to be decreased, a magnetic shielding technique was introduced using
conductive panels [70]. The conducted emission in charging electric vehicle wirelessly is considered using the SS and
LCC compensation topologies [71]. For misalignment issues to be reduced in the inductive wireless power transfer
system, a series of hybrid compensation topology was investigated theoretically and experimentally which was found
to reduce misalignment issues drastically [72]. Different modules of the battery are combined to transfer power
wirelessly to an onboard module that regulates the state of charge, discharge, and energy wirelessly [73]. An improved
full bridge for in motion wireless EV charging is presented [74]. This system is more reliable because it is less complex
and the switching devices required is less [74].

Various techniques can be used to get the coupling factor of an inductive coupling WPT method in a 2kW system
over 125mm air gap [75]. To keep up with the pace of battery capacities, it is essential to increase the rate at which
electric vehicle battery is charged wirelessly. One of the ways of increasing the battery performance is to ensure that
the coupling factor of the coil system is designed appropriately and the rate of displacement is large [76]. For the
average power transfer to be maintained during large misalignment of the electric vehicle, an SS topology is presented
by optimizing the primary compensation topology of the capacitance [77]. The reference [78] presents the design and
optimization of a solenoid magnetic coupler in electric vehicle wireless charging which enables an improved magnetic
coupling. For the transferred energy and cost of paving to be reduced during the movement of electric vehicles, it is
essential that maximum power is controlled constantly by tracking it in the secondary side [79]. There is a need for
advanced charging techniques due to the increase in electrification rate [80]. Another way to increase the power
transfer system of an electric vehicle is to use 2 extra coils in between the transmitter and the receiver coils which was
verified experimentally with a 6.6kW circuit [81]. For different challenges associated with WPT to be addressed, this
paper proposes employing an improved floor surface for shielding the transmitting coil area, high-frequency switches
with large bandgap switches and polygon iron core [82]. These components are seen to improve the system’s
efficiency. Paper [83] proposes and verifies experimentally a way to transfer power wirelessly including the ability to
transfer information associated with the state of the battery, vehicle ID code from the source to the vehicle. Decreasing
magnetic leakage between the transmitting and the receiving coil caused by large air gaps, various coil structures were
studied mathematically [84].

A prototype for wireless power transfer was designed using inductive power transfer method [85]. The series
compensation topology was found to be appropriate for the primary side while the parallel compensation topology
was found to be appropriate for the secondary side at a static switching frequency [86]. A 10kW wireless charger was
designed for the electric vehicle. It was found with simulations and experiments to be possible and an efficiency of
94% was realized [87]. A two-phase coil receiver is used to minimize the variation of the induced voltage. Simulations
and experimental results show that it is desirable for in motion wireless electric vehicle charging due to its reduced
cost, minimal induced voltage variations and increased usage of magnetic core configuration [88]. Various wireless
charging techniques challenges encountered and safety precautions have to be considered for efficient WPT [89]. For
reducing misalignment in wireless electric vehicle charging, a DD-DDQ series-series compensation topology and a
control mechanism for large misalignment are designed. Simulation results show the effectiveness of this design [90].
In paper [91] inductive wireless power transfer method with bridgeless rectifier and an algorithm for control
mechanism was presented. Overcoming challenges in IPT as a result of large air gaps, a magnetic power pad was
designed to help transfer power wirelessly to the electric vehicle. This ensures maximum power transfer efficiency
using a little ferrite [92]. Results indicate SS compensation to be suitable for systems having large mutual inductance
and the LCC to LCC and CC to CC compensation is suitable for a system with small mutual inductance [93]. Due to
the high power transferred between the coils, there is a need to consider meeting the requirements of the
electromagnetic safety [94], [95]. However, a comprehensive overview of the current and development directions has
been done [96], for “strongly coupled magnetic resonance” incomparable with other wireless power techniques.
Finally, a distinguished work for recent advances of capacitive wireless power transfer technique is implemented [97],
in comparison with the inductive power transfer technique.
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 29
6 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

3. Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) Prototype

Two circuits are built to implement a successful wireless power transfer prototyping. The transmitter circuit
contains a DC power source like a PV panel in real life. In order to have a magnetic flux in the coil, the current must
be converted to AC. To do this, an oscillator must be placed in the transmitter circuit. This causes the DC voltage to
fluctuate rapidly, thus simulating an AC voltage through the coil. The oscillator used for this circuit is a basic LC
oscillator with three components: a capacitor, inductor coil, and switch. For larger scale, an inverter could be used
instead of the oscillator. In order to have a good and stable wireless power transfer, the inductors need to have a good
quality factor. Before finding the quality factor, the resonant frequency must be determined as shown in equation (1).
�
�� (1)
��√��

Once the resonant frequency is calculated, the quality factor of the inductor coils can be determined to see if the
selected values of inductance, capacitance, and the resonant frequency are feasible for the circuit. A good quality factor
for a typical wireless power transfer system needs to be at least 100 or above [84-88]. To determine the quality factor
of the coils, the equation (2) is used.
�� ����
�� � (2)
� �

The DC voltage, the DC current, and the DC power are calculated from equation (3), (4), and (5) respectively.

��� � ��������� (3)

���
��� � (4)
�

��� � ��� ��� (5)

The transmitter and receiver coils are arguably the most important components of the wireless power transfer
circuit. The coils have to be constructed with the proper inductance that will create a magnetic flux big enough for the
secondary coil to receive. Another key factor in finding the mutual inductance is the coupling coefficient. The coupling
coefficient can be between 0 and 1 with 0 being no mutual inductance and 1 being the best mutual inductance. By
applying the equation (6), the mutual inductance between the two coils can be calculated [84-88].

� � ����� �� (6)

The wire type used for the coils are 24 AWG magnetic copper wire. The coils use the same type of wire and be the
same size. The reason for this is so that the maximum transfer efficiency could be obtained for each coil type. To find
the correct inductance for the round coil, the geometric measurements of the coil must first be determined. For this
part, the diameter of the coils was chosen to be 8.3 cm. Once the diameter was realized, the number of turns had to be
determined as 11 turns. Once these parameters are chosen, it is now possible to calculate the inductance. This can be
done by implementing equation (7) [84-88].

� � ��
������ � ����� (7)
�������

Now that the inductance is calculated, from a chosen capacitor value of 4.7nF, the resonant frequency can now be
calculated as follows:
�
�� (8)
�������������������
30 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37
Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

The wire length to create the coil is about 4 meters. Multiplying this by 0.0842 gives the total resistance of the coil
which is 0.3368 Ω. The quality factor can be calculated from equation (9), [84-88].

ଶగሺହଵ଻Ǥସଷ௞ு௭ሻሺଶ଴Ǥଵଷఓுሻ
ܳൌ (9)
଴Ǥଷଷ଺଼π

ܳ ൌ ͳͻͶǤ͵ͳ

Since the quality factor calculated is greater than or equal to 100, the coils designed to these parameters are
sufficient to use for a wireless power transfer system. Before the resonant frequency and quality factor can be
determined for the square coil, the dimensions have to be determined just as they were for the round coil. After the
dimensions are determined, the inductance will be able to be calculated. For this coil, it was determined that the length
and width would be 8.255 cm. By implementing equation (10), the inductance of a square coil can be calculated.

ଶఓబ ௪ ௪
‫ܮ‬௦௤௨௔௥௘ ൌ ܰ ଶ ቂŽ ቀ ቁ െ ͲǤ͹͹Ͷቃ (10)
గ ௔

This equation can be implemented to calculate the inductance of the square coil as follows:

ଶሺସగൈଵ଴షళ ሻሺ଼ଶǤହହ௠௠ሻ ଼ଶǤହହ௠௠

‫ܮ‬௦௤௨௔௥௘ ൌ ͳͳଶ ቂŽ ቀ ቁ െ ͲǤ͹͹Ͷቃ, ‫ܮ‬௦௤௨௔௥௘ ൌ ͶͲߤ‫ܪ‬
గ ଴Ǥଶହହହ௠௠

The resonant frequency using the same chosen value for the capacitor, 4.7nF is calculated.

ଵ
݂ൌ , ݂ ൌ ͵͸͹ǤͲ͸͵݇‫ݖܪ‬
ଶగඥሺସ଴ఓுሻሺସǤ଻௡ிሻ

Now that the frequency has been determined, the quality factor is calculated. The same wire type and length is
being used for the square coil, so the resistance is going to remain the same. The calculation for finding the quality
factor of the square coil is shown:

ଶగሺଷ଺଻Ǥ଴଺ଷ௞ு௭ሻሺସ଴ఓுሻ
ܳൌ , ܳ ൌ ʹ͹͵Ǥͻͳ
଴Ǥଷଷ଺଼π

The quality factor for the square coils is greater than or equal to 100, so this makes them acceptable to use in a
wireless power transfer system. In order for the circuit to operate at proper resonance, the 4.7nF capacitor was placed
in parallel with the inductor coils. Samples of the experimental measurements characteristics are shown in figures 1,
and 2 for round and square coils respectively.

Fig. 1. Voltage transferred, current and efficiency versus the distance in cm with round coils
8 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 31

Fig. 2. Voltage transferred, current and efficiency versus the distance in cm with square coils.

For the round coil, the voltage and current transferred to the receiver circuit were measured to calculate the power
transferred. Obstructions were also placed in between the two coils in the form of a hand and board. This was done to
show that wireless power could be transferred even if an obstruction, such as a wall, is in the area of the magnetic
field. Once the measure of power transferred is calculated, the power efficiency can be found from equation (11).
௉೚ೠ೟
ߟൌ ൈ ͳͲͲ (11)
௉೔೙

4. 3D Modelling of a Transmitter and Receiver Coil

The 3D modeling of a transmitter and receiver coil is done using ANSYS Maxwell software. Both coils are made
up of copper for high electrical conductivity and placed 100mm apart. Between the transmitter and receiver coils is a
transparent rectangular plate placed to capture the magnetic field that exists between the two coils. Two lids are
connected to each of the transmitter and receiver coils respectively for current excitation. The lid is made up of copper
of 500mm length and 1mm thickness. A region of 1000mm3 is created composed of air where simulations will take
place. ANSYS Maxwell can only be solved with a boundary created in which the two coils are placed within the
boundary. Figure 6, shows the transmitter coil and the receiver coil in ANSYS Maxwell. The two coils are designed
of equal dimensions to give a very good coupling coefficient.

From figure 3, it is observed that the magnetic field between the two coils decreases as the distance between them
increases. In magnetic induction wireless power transfer, current passes through the transmitting, which produces a
varying magnetic field, thus inducing a current in the receiving coil, which helps to charge the electric vehicle. Its
power transfer efficiency depends on the closeness of the two coils. The designed ANSYS circuit is incorporated in a
physical circuit design to get different analyses. Using this coil design and parameters results efficiency of the
inductive coupling method with its peak at 60.327%.
32 Adel El-Shahat
Adel El-Shahat, et.al /etEnergy
al. / Energy Procedia
Procedia 162 000–000
00 (2019) (2019) 24–37 9

Fig. 3. The magnetic field between the transmitter and receiver coil

5. The Future In brief

The electric vehicles global wireless charging market is predicted to record a CAGR of 45% during the period from
2018 to 2023 [97]. However, there are important issues which they have to be addressed and to be researched such as
passenger vehicles, storage lifetime, uncertainty incorporation, the suitable size of for a wireless charging passenger
EV’s battery, the required city wireless charging infrastructure, investigating energy and environmental impacts, the
impact of charging lanes over the traffic, and using this technology in other applications [98]. Some other research
points have to be targeted such as removing battery range concern, improving battery efficiency, autonomous charging
park investigation, EV solar roofs, fast wireless chargers standardization for various EV models, exploration of ultra
AC, DC fast charging competences, dynamic charging, wireless rad charging, and the adoption of 11-22 kW charging
capacity or more [99], [100]. So, the future for wireless power has the potential to achieve great things. Compared to
the possibilities wireless power transfer has, this work is a fraction of what it could do and with more research, this
technology will be able to reach a greater impact in the future. Efficiency enhancement utilizing an optimization
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 33
10 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

gadget, design, strategies with their control for wireless charging systems under various load scenarios are studied
[101-106]. However, electric vehicles sustainable charging and its efficient economic assessments analysis are
attracted much attention [107], with their challenges, modeling, and technical aspects [108], [111]. Dynamic wireless
charging utilizing field resonance is introduced [109]. Recently, one of the important topics related to electric vehicles
charging is studying the behavior of the voltage of the power grids taking into consideration the PV systems
uncertainties’ effect [110]. Wireless power Grid-2-Vehicle (G2V), and Vehicle-2-Grid (V2G) performances
investigations are very interesting topics to be addressed. The modeling, design, performance analysis, and control are
proposed lately as shown in [112-114]. Various researchers are studied and more are still proposing the dynamic
inductive power transfer for power levels increase and improvement of performance utilizing conductive, and
contactless power transfer [115-118]. These efforts are seeking innovative standard designs, and reliable future bulky-
scale employment solutions. Some of the issues to be researched more are the road sliding’ contacts, the road surface/
side, technology utilization for both large, and small vehicles, comparable conceptions for subways or trams,
maintenance requirements, empirical space-constrained, different weather conditions, durability, and various
environments. Moreover, wireless charging EV proposed future customers have to survey more for the technology
promotion, and distinctive between wired and wireless EV handlers [119]. More future directions could be optimizing
dynamic wireless charging design to reduce losses, cost, weight, dimensions, and cost. In addition, to increase the
efficiency, and output power by optimizing the operating frequency will be researched [120]. Bidirectional power
transfer has to be investigated to enhance the overall system’s efficiency with efficient dual side control [121]. Another
approach is proposing system’s upgrade to increase the operating frequency, receiver and transmitter efficient
communication, detection system addition, new coil arrays optimization, and implementing power factor correction
scheme. New magnetic integration topology to reduce the wireless EV charger coupling effect is proposed [122]. Other
recent approaches are adopted to enhance the EV wireless system efficiency utilizing optimization techniques [123],
and fuzzy logic controller [124]. The effect of wireless power transfer on the EV owners to enhance its charging range
is proposed [125], and the effect of EV on a micro-urban grid is investigated as well [126]. A new strategy for control
aggregation [127], and large-scale data exchange for V2G applications is one of the important topics to be researched
more in the future.

6. Conclusion

Various wireless power transfer (WPT) approaches are presented along with their advantages and drawbacks. The
paper presents an adequate in brief review of recent EV wireless power charging researches. It has also an experimental
small-scale-model for a better understanding of the wireless concept. The power transfer efficiency of the inductive
power transfer is much greater than that of the round coil and helps create a better overall wireless power transfer
system. Although the square coils are much more efficient than the round coils, the efficiency is still very low. There
are various scenarios that could possibly improve this. A recommendation could be made to use a thicker wire that
creates a bigger length in the coil as well. Having a bigger coil length could also help increase the inductance and
magnetic field, which would, in turn, could possibly create a higher transfer efficiency. Inductive wireless power
transfer prototypes are experimentally implemented for round and rectangular coils. In addition, another 3D ANSYS
model is implemented for better conceptual understanding. The work at all emphasis on the promising future and
growing market for the wireless electric vehicles charging technology.

References

[1] Tesla, N., and A. Marincic. “Nikola Tesla and the wireless transmission of energy.” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. (101) (10) (1982): 4064 –
4068.
[2] Hui, S. Y. “Planar Wireless Charging Technology for Portable Electronic Products and Qi.” Proceedings IEEE (101) (6) (2013): 1290–1301.
[3] Ahn, D., and S. Hong. “Wireless Power Transmission with Self-Regulated Output Voltage for Biomedical Implant.” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron. (61) (5) (2014): 2225–2235.
[4] IHI Corporation. "Making Electric Vehicles Easier To Use."www.ihi.co.jp/en, (46) (1) (2013).
[5] Lu, X., D. Niyato, P. Wang, and D. Kim. “Wireless charger networking for mobile devices: fundamentals, standards, and applications.” IEEE
Wireless Communications (5) (3) (2015): 73: 96.
34 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37
Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 11

[6] Kurs, A., A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic. “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic
Resonances.” Science (317) (5834) (2007): 83- 86.
[7] Beh, T. C., T. Imura, M. Kato, and Y. Hori. “Basic Study of Improving Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonance
Coupling Based on Impedance Matching.” IEEE International Symposium (2010): 2011-2016.
[8] Sample, A., D. Meyer, and J. Smith. “Analysis, Experimental Results and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless
Power Transfer.” IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics (58) (2) (2011): 544-554.
[9] Wang, Q., and H. Li. “Research on the Wireless Power Transmission System Based on Coupled Magnetic Resonances.” International
Conference Electronics Communication Control, Ningbo, China, (2011): 2255-2258.
[10] Xue-hui, L., W. He, and Z. Ying-shun. “Analysis on the Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles.”
IEEE Conference Cyber Technology Automated Control Intelligent System. Nanjing, (2013): 191-194.
[11] Karalis, A., J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljai. “Efficient Wireless Non- Radiative Mid-Range Energy Transfer.” Annual Physics Conference,
N.Y, (2008): 34-48.
[12] Sample, A., D. Meyer, and J. Smith. “Analysis, Experimental Results and Range Adaptation of Magnetically Coupled Resonators for Wireless
Power Transfer.” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (58) (2) (2011): 544-554.
[13] Hasanzadeh, S., S. Vaez-Zadeh, and A. Isfahani. “Optimization of a Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology (4) (3) (2012): 34:42.
[14] Kurs, A., R. Karalis, J. Moffatt, D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic. “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic
Resonances.” Science (317) (5834) (2007): 83- 86.
[15] Musavi, F., M. Edington, and W. Eberle. “Wireless Power Transfer: A Survey of EV Battery Charging Technologies.” IEEE Energy Congress
and Expo., Raleigh, Sept. (2012): 1804-1810.
[16] Cheon, S., Y. Kim, S. Kang, M. Lee, J. Lee, and T. Zyung. “Circuit-Model-Based Analysis of a Wireless Energy-Transfer System via Coupled
Magnetic Resonances.” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. (58) (7) (2011): 2906-2914.
[17] Wireless Power Consortium. http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/ (available 2014).
[18] Shital, R., S. Khutwad, and S. Gaur. “Wireless charging system for electric vehicle.” 2016 International Conference on Signal Processing,
Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), (2016): 12:20.
[19] Covic, G. A., and G. Boys. “Modern Trends in Inductive Power Transfer for Transportation Applications.” IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Power Electronics (1) (1) (2013): 17-25.
[20] Wu, H. H., G. Covic, J. Boys, and D. Robertson. “A series-tuned inductive-power-transfer pickup with a controllable AC-voltage
output.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (26) (1) (2011): 98-109.
[21] Li, S., and C. Mi, C. “Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications.” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
Electronics (3) (1) (2015): 11-19.
[22] Vilathgamuwa, D.M., and J. Sampath. “Power Systems.” Springer Science and Business Media, Singapore, 2015.
[23] Swain, K., M. Neath, U. Madawala, and D. Thrima. “A dynamic multivariable state-space model for bidirectional inductive power transfer
systems.” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. (27) (11) (2012): 4772-4780.
[24] Wang, C., O. Stielau, and G. Covic. “Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger.” IEEE Transaction Industrial
Electronics (52) (5) (2005): 1308-1314.
[25] Kawasaki, S., Y. Kobayashi, and S. Yoshida. “High-power, high efficiency microwave Circuits and modules for wireless power transfer
based on green-Eco technology.” IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (2013): 123: 131.
[26] Shinohara, N., Y. Kubo, and H. Tonomura. “Wireless charging for electric vehicle with microwaves.” 2013 3rd International Electric Drives
Production Conference (EDPC), (2013): 24: 31.
[27] Hossain, M., and A. Barua. “Charging Electric Vehicles via Microwave Energy Transmission and Analysis of Advanced Energy Storage
System.” Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (2012).
[28] Rozario, D, N. Abdul-Azeez, and S. Williamson. “Analysis and Design of Coupling Capacitors for Contactless Capacitive Power Transfer
Systems.” IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo USA, (2016): 29: 37.
[29] You, Y.S., and K. Yi. “Capacitive Coupling Wireless Power Transfer with Glass dielectric layers for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE International
Conference on Consumer Electronics, Berlin, (2016): 12: 19.
[30] Vincent, D., P. Sang, P., and S. Williamson. “Feasibility study of hybrid inductive and capacitive wireless power transfer for future
transportation.” 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), (2017): 36: 42.
[31] Liu, C., A. Hu, and N. Nair. “Modelling and analysis of a capacitively coupled contactless power transfer system.” IET Power Electron. (4)
(2011): 808 –815.
[32] Lu, F., H. Zhang, H. Hofmann, and C. Mi. “Charging Application.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electron. (31) (12) (2016): 8541-8551.
[33] Sibakoti, M., and J. Hambleton, “Wireless Power Transmission Using Magnetic Resonance.” Cornell College PHY312 (2011).
[34] Hui, W., Z. He, and L. Shun. “Analysis on the Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE
International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation Control and Intelligent Systems, (2013): 14: 21.
[35] Ching, Y., Z. Lin, M. Chen, H. Hsieh, Y. Liu, and H. Chiu. “High Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle
Applications.” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems (64) (8) (2017): 73: 79.
[36] Zhang, W., and C. Mi. “Compensation Topologies of High-Power Wireless Power Transfer Systems.” IEEE Transactions Vehicle Technology
(65) (6) (2016): 4768-4778.
[37] Tan, L., J. Li, C. Fu, and X. Huang. “Modeling and Analysis of a 3kW Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicle.” IEEE PELS Workshop
on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer, (2017): 37: 43.
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 35
12 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

[38] Kavitha, M., P. Bobba, and D. Prasad. “A Comparative Analysis on WPT System using various Power Transfer Methodologies and Core
Configurations.” 2016 7th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), (2016): 28: 35.
[39] Choi, Y., B. KWak, and M. Kim. “4 KW Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transfer System.” IEEE International Conference on Power
System Technology (2016): 57: 64.
[40] Chung, Y., C. Lee, H. Kang, and Y. Park. “Design Considerations of Superconducting Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle at
Different Inserted Resonators.” IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (26) (4) (2016): 73: 79.
[41] Eftekhar, M.G., Z. Ouyang, A. Andersen, P.B. Andersen, L.A.S. Ribeiro, and E. Schaltz. “Efficiency Study of Vertical Distance Variations
in Wireless Power Transfer for E-Mobility.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (52) (7) (2016): 68: 73.
[42] Yang, G., C. Zhu, K. Song, K. Liu, R. Lu, and G. Wei. “Power Stability Optimization Method of Wireless Power Transfer System against
Wide Misalignment.” 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 2017
[43] Ravikiran, V., R.K. Keshri, M.C. Chen, H.C. Hsieh, Y.C. Liu, and H.J. Chiu. “High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric
Vehicle Applications.” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Express Briefs (64) (8) (2017): 45 - 49.
[44] Patil, D., M. Mcdonough, J. Miller, B. Fahimi, and P.T. Balsara. “Wireless Power Transfer for Vehicular Applications: Overview and
Challenges.” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification (7) (4) (2017): 3-37.
[45] Kavitha, M., P.B. Bobba, and D. Prasad. “Investigations and Experimental Study on Magnetic Resonant Coupling based Wireless Power
Transfer System for Neighborhood EV's.” IEEE Transactions Magnetics (14) (3) (2016): 43 -50.
[46] Hata, K., T. Imura, and Y. Hori. “Efficiency Maximization of Wireless Power Transfer Based on Simultaneous Estimation of Primary Voltage
and Mutual Inductance Using Secondary-Side Information.” IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics
Society (2016): 101: 108.
[47] Aoki, K., K. Shodai, K. Yamanoue, and F. Kuroki. “Consideration on Coil Position Displacement in Magnetic Resonance Type Wireless
Power Transmission System at 85 kHz.” IEEE Transactions Magnetics (6) (4) (2016): 42: 48.
[48] Tan, L., J. GAO, H. Liu, and X. Huang. “Efficiency optimization of on-road charging for electrical vehicles.” IEEE 7th Asia Pacific
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (2016): 131: 139.
[49] Fan, S., S. Beiker, R. Sassoon, X. Yu, S. Sandhu, and P. Catrysse. “Safe Wireless Power Transfer to Moving Vehicles: Design of Radiation
less Antenna.” Center for Automotive Research, Stanford (2016).
[50] GAO, Y., A. Ginart, K.B. Farley, and Z.T.H. Tse. “Misalignment Effect on Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles.”
2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), (2016): 16: 24.
[51] Mohammad, M., S. KWak, and S. Choi. “Core Design for Better Misalignment Tolerance and Higher Range of Wireless Charging for HEV.”
IEEE Transactions on automotive (7) (4) (2016): 23: 29.
[52] Cai, C., Z. Fang, J. Wang, P. Zhang, and Z. Lin. “Design and Optimization of Load-Independent Magnetic Resonant Wireless Charging
System for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE Access (12) (2018): 97: 109.
[53] Kim, H., C. Song, D.H. Kim and D.H. Jung. “Coil Design and Measurements of Automotive Magnetic Resonant Wireless Charging System
for High-Efficiency and Low Magnetic Field Leakage.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (64) (2) (2016): 79: 85.
[54] Mahmud, M., W. Elmahmoud, M. R. Barzegaran, and N. Brake. “Evaluation of Magnetic Pad Sizes and Topologies for Electric Vehicle
Charging.” IEEE Transactions on magnetics (53) (6) (2017): 178: 185.
[55] Mi, C., G. Buja, S.Y. Choi, and C.T. Rim. “Modern advances in wireless power transfer systems for roadway powered electric vehicles.”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (63) (10) (2016): 94: 100.
[56] Kim, S., J.I. Moon, I.K. Cho, J.H. Yoon, and W.J. Byun. “130W Power Transmitter for Wireless Power Charging using Magnetic Resonance.”
IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (2014): 1-5.
[57] Regensburger, B., A. Kumar, S. Sinha, K. Doubleday, S. Pervaiz, Z. Popovic, and K. Afridi. “High-Performance Large Air-Gap Capacitive
Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging.” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, (2017): 173: 181.
[58] Dolara, A., S. Leva, M. Longo, F. Castelli-Dezza, and M. Mauri. “Coil Design and Magnetic Shielding of a Resonant Wireless Power Transfer
System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging.” 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy and Research and Applications (2017):
143: 151.
[59] Campi, T., S. Cruciani, F. Maradei, and M. Feliziani. “Conducted Emission of Wireless Power Transfer Charging System in Electric Vehicle.”
IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & Signal/Power Integrity (2017): 123: 132.
[60] Zhao, L., D.J. Thrimawithana, U.K. Madawala, A.P. Hu, ND C.C. Mi. “A Misalignment Tolerant Series-hybrid Wireless EV Charging System
with Integrated Magnetics.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (4) (2018): 74 - 82.
[61] Qahouq, J., and Y. Cao. “Distributed Battery System with Wireless Control and Power Transfer – A Concept Introduction.” IEEE Wireless
Transactions (3) (2018): 49: 56.
[62] Ruddell, S., D.J. Thrimawithana, and U.K. Madawala. “A Wireless Power Transfer System Based on a Modified Full Bridge for Dynamic
EV Charging.” IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (2017): 1-5.
[63] Vazquez, J., P.R. Sanchez, and A.P. Torres. “Coupling factor of a weak inductive coupling in a 2-kW power transfer system with a 125-mm
air gap for electric vehicle chargers.” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (2017): 670-675.
[64] Klaus, B., D. Barth, B. Sillmann, and T. Leifried. “Design and Implementation of a Transmission System for High-Performance Contactless
Electric Vehicle Charging.” IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (2017): 39-44.
[65] Wang, S., J. Chen, Z. Hu, and C. Rong. “Optimization Design for Series-Series dynamic WPT System Maintaining Stable Transfer Power.”
The Institute of Engineering and Technology (2017): 987-995.
[66] Zhao, F., G. Wei, C. Zhu, and K. Song. “Design and Optimizations of Asymmetric Solenoid Type Magnetic Coupler in Wireless Charging
System for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies (2017): 157-162.
36 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37
Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 13

[67] Hu, H., T. Cai, S. Duan, H. Feng, X. Zhang, J. Niu, and J. Zhao. “Constant Maximum Power Control for Dynamic Wireless Power
Transmission System.” IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies (2017): 157-162.
[68] Klaus, B., D. Barth, and T. Leibfried. “Pulse-Test for Wireless Power Transfer Systems.” IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (2017):
1-4.
[69] Tran, D., V.B Vu, and W. Choi. “Design of a High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer System with Intermediate Coils for the On-Board
Chargers of Electric Vehicles.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (33) (2018): 175-187.
[70] Mahmud, M., W. Elmahmoud, M.R Barzegaran, and N. Brake. “Efficient Wireless Power Charging of Electric Vehicle by Modifying the
Magnetic Characteristics of the Transmitting Medium.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (53) (6) (2017): 254: 263.
[71] Huang, C., C.L Lin, and Y.K Wu. “Simultaneous Wireless Power/Data Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging.” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics (64) (1) (2017): 137: 148.
[72] Kavitha, M., P.B Bobba, and D. Prasad. “A Study on Effect of Coil Structures and Core Configurations on Parameters of Wireless EV
Charging System.” IEEE Transportation Electrification conference (ITEC-India) (2017): 1-6.
[73] Castilia, V., L. Di Noia, P. Livreri, R. Miceli, C. Nevoloso, F. Pellitteri, and F. Viola. “An Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Prototype for
Electrical Vehicles.” 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (2017): 1215-1220.
[74] Mahdavifard, M., A. Poorfakhraei, and F. Tahami. “A Battery Charging Compatible Profile for Wireless Power Transfer.” 43rd Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (2017): 5295-5300.
[75] Shi, Z, H.K Zhi, and L. Shong. “Design Considerations of 10kW Wireless Charger for EV.” 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial
Electronics Society International Conference on Renewable Energy Research (2017): 1-4.
[76] Wang, Z, S. Cui, S. Han, K. Song, C. zhu, M. I. Matveevich, and O.S. Yurievich. “A Novel Magnetic Coupling Mechanism for Dynamic
Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles.” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (67) (1) (2018): 7-16.
[77] Shi; Z, H.K Zhi , and L. Shong, "A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions
on Transportation Electrification (4) (1) (2018): 24: 37.
[78] Bandyopadhyay, S, V. Prasanth, P. Bauer; and L. Elizondo. “Design considerations for a misalignment tolerant wireless inductive power
system for electric vehicle (EV) charging.” 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (2017): 1-10.
[79] Kim, M., D.M. Joo, and B. Lee. “High Efficient Power Conversion Circuit for Inductive Power Transfer Charger in Electric Vehicles.” IEEE
3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference (2017): 25-29.
[80] Dolara, A, S. Leva, M. Longo, F. Castelli-Dezza, and M. Mauri. “Power Pad Design and Optimization for Contactless Electric Vehicle Battery
Charging System.” IEEE International Conference on Environmental and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems Europe, (2017): 1-6.
[81] Nguyen, V.T., S. Yu, S. Yim, and K. Park. “Optimizing Compensation Topologies for Inductive Power Transfer at Different Mutual
Inductances.” IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (2017): 153-156.
[82] Wang, Q., W. Li; J. Kang, Y. Wang. “Electromagnetic Safety of Magnetic Resonant Wireless Charging System in Electric Vehicles.” IEEE
PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (2017): 1-4.
[83] Wang, Q., W. Li, J. Kang, and Y. Wang. “Magnetic Field Distribution in a WPT System for Electric Vehicle Charging.” 2016 Progress in
Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS) (2016): 5165: 5176.
[84] Electronic Tutorials. LC Oscillator Basics. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/oscillators.html
[85] Eberhard Waffenschmidt. Qi Quality Factor. Wireless Power Consortium. https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/quality-
factor.html
[86] Electronic Tutorials. Power Diodes and Rectifiers. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_5.html
[87] Electronic Tutorials. Mutual Inductance. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/inductor/mutual-inductance.html
[88] Daycounter, Inc. AWG – American Wire Gauge. http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/AWG.phtml
[89] Behzadnezhad, B, B. Collick, N. Behdad, and A. McMillan. “A., Dielectric properties of 3D-printed materials for anatomy specific 3D-printed
MRI coils.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance (13) (4) (2018): 173: 181.
[90] Imura, T. “Study on maximum air-gap and efficiency of Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Wireless Power Transfer using Equivalent Circuit.”
2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (2010): 189: 199.
[91] Kurs, A, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljačić. “Wireless Power Transfervia Strongly Coupled Magnetic
Resonances.” Science (317) (2007): 83-86.
[92] Alwadiya, B. “Wireless Power Transfer Using Magnetic Resonance Coupling.” Master in Electrical Engineering-Communication Systems,
Islamic University (2013).
[93] Sasaki, H. “Wireless Power Transfer of Magnetic Resonance.” Agilent EEsoft 3D EM Application Series, Agilant Technologies (2010).
[94] Kaijun, Y. “Application and promotion of wireless charging technology.” B.Sc. Thesis in Industrial Management, Savonia University of
Applied Sciences (2014).
[95] Wei, X, Z. Wang, and H. Dai. “A Critical Review of Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances.” Energies (7) (7)
(2014): 4316–4341.
[96] Lu, F., H. Zhang, and C. Mi. “A Review on the Recent Development of Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Technology.” Energies (10) (11)
(2017): 1752-1764.
[97] https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7z58hs/global_wireless?w=4- Retrieved May 23, 2018
[98] Jang, Y. “Survey of the operation and system study on wireless charging electric vehicle systems.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging
Technologies (95) (2018): 844-866.
[99] https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7ds4kh/global_strategic?w=4 Retrieved April 04, 2018.
[100] https://www.fleetcarma.com/electric-vehicle-charging-future/
 Adel El-Shahat et al. / Energy Procedia 162 (2019) 24–37 37
14 Adel El-Shahat, et.al / Energy Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

[101] Jiang, C., K. Chau, C. Liu, and C. Lee. “An overview of resonant circuits for wireless power transfer.” Energies (10) (2017): 894- 907.
[102] Patil, D., M. Sirico, L. Gu, and B. Fahimi. “Maximum efficiency tracking in wireless power transfer for battery charger: Phase shift and
frequency control.” 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, USA, (2016): 1–8.
[103] Li, H., J. Li, K Wang, W. Chen, and X. Yang. “A maximum efficiency point tracking control scheme for wireless power transfer systems
using magnetic resonant coupling.” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. (30) (2015): 3998–4008.
[104] Geng, Y., B. Li, Z. Yang, F. Lin, and H. Sun. “A high efficiency charging strategy for a supercapacitor using a wireless power transfer system
based on inductor/capacitor/capacitor (lcc) compensation topology.” Energies (10) (2017): 135: 144.
[105] Yang, Y., F. Liu, and X. Chen. “A maximum power point tracking control scheme for magnetically coupled resonant wireless power transfer
system by cascading sepic converter at the receiving side.” 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) (2017):
3702–3707.
[106] Dai, X., Y. Li, P. Deng, and C. Tang. “A maximum power transfer tracking method for wpt systems with coupling coefficient identification
considering two-value problem.” Energies (10) (2017): 1665: 1678.
[107] Miceli, R., and F. Viola. “Designing a sustainable university recharge area for electric vehicles: Technical and economic analysis.” Energies
(10) (2017): 1604-1618.
[108] Bosshard, R., and J. Kolar. “Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging: Technical challenges and tradeoffs.” IEEE Power
Electron. Mag. (3) (2016): 22–30.
[109] Li, S., Z. Liu, H. Zhao, L. Zhu, C. Shuai, and Z. Chen. “Wireless Power Transfer by Electric Field Resonance and Its Application in Dynamic
Charging.” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. (63) (2016): 6602–6612.
[110] Ruiz-Rodriguez, F.J., J. Hernández, and F. Jurado. “Voltage behaviour in radial distribution systems under the uncertainties of photovoltaic
systems and electric vehicle charging loads.” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. (28) (2018): 1–23.
[111] Hernández, J.C., F. Ruiz-Rodriguez, and F. Jurado. “Modelling and assessment of the combined technical impact of electric vehicles and
photovoltaic generation in radial distribution systems.” Energy (141) (2017): 316–332.
[112] Benomar, Y., M. El Baghdadi, O. Hegazy, Y. Yang, M. Messagie, M. Mierlo, and J. Van. “Design and modeling of V2G inductive charging
system for light-duty Electric Vehicles.” 2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
(2017): 1–7.
[113] Yang, Y., Y. Benomar, M. El Baghdadi, O. Hegazy, and J. Van Mierlo, “Design, Modeling and Control of a Bidirectional Wireless Power
Transfer for Light-Duty Vehicles: G2V and V2G Systems.” 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’17
ECCE Europe), (2017): pp. 1–12.
[114] Garcés Quílez, M., M Abdel-Monem, M. El Baghdadi, Y. Yang, J. Van Mierlo, and O. Hegazy. “Modelling, Analysis and Performance
Evaluation of Power Conversion Unit in G2V/V2G Application—A Review.” Energies (11) (2018): 1082- 1098.
[115] Tajima, T., H. Tanaka, T. Fukuda, Y. Nakasato, W. Noguchi, Y. Katsumasa, and T. Aruga. “Study of High Power Dynamic Charging System.”
SAE Technical Paper (2017): 1245-1261.
[116] Nagendra, G. R., G. Covic, and J. Boys. “Sizing of Inductive Power Pads for Dynamic Charging of EVs on IPT Highways.” IEEE Transactions
on Transportation Electrification (3) (2) (2017): 405-417.
[117] Iruretagoyena, U., I. Villar, A. Garcia-Bediaga, L. Mir, and H. Camblong. “Design and Characterization of a Meander-Type Dynamic
Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Coil.” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications (53) (4) (2017): 3950-39597
[118] Suh, N., D. Cho, and H. Red. “The On-line Electric Vehicle – Wireless Electric Ground Transportation Systems.” Springer, Cham,
Switzerland, (2017).
[119] Fett, D., A. Ensslen, P. Jochem,and W. Fichtner, “A Survey on User Acceptance of Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging.” World Electr. Veh.
J. (9) (36) (2018) 36: 48.
[120] Suul, J., and G. Guidi. “Overview and electro-technical evaluation of the state-of-the-art for conductive and inductive power transfer
technologies.” Technology for dynamic on-road power transfer to electric vehicles technical report, SINTEF Energy Research (2018): 1:46.
[121] Raustad, R., and W. Wilson. “EVTC Project 15 – Electric Vehicle and Wireless Charging Laboratory.” Electric Vehicle Transportation
Center, Florida Solar Energy Center, EVTC Report Number: FSEC-CR-2078-18 (2018): 1-70.
[122] Dengab, J., B. Pangab, W. Shiab, and Z. Wangab. “Magnetic Integration of LCC Compensation Topology with Minimized Extra Coupling
Effects for Wireless EV Charger.” Energy Procedia (105) (2017): 2281-2286.
[123] Chatterjee, S., A. Iyer, C. Bharatiraja, I. Vaghasia, and V. Rajesh. “Design Optimisation for an Efficient Wireless Power Transfer System for
Electric Vehicles.” Energy Procedia (117) (2017): 1015-1023.
[124] Kumar, A., S. Abhisek, N. SMAKAzada, and S. Mudalia. “Fuzzy Based Controller for Lidar Sensor of an Autonomous Vehicle.” Energy
Procedia (117) (2017): 1160-1164.
[125] Salah, K., and N. Kama. “Inter-service provider charging protocol: a solution to address range anxiety of electric vehicle owners.” Energy
Procedia (136) (2017): 157-162.
[126] Murakami, D., and Y. Yamagata. “Micro grids clustering for electricity sharing: an approach considering micro urban structure.” Energy
Procedia (142) (2017): 2748-2753.
[127] Kruegera, H., and A. Crudena. “Modular strategy for aggregator control and data exchange in large scale Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications.”
Energy Procedia (151) (2018): 7-11.