D - Fatigue Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

In this appendix Eurocode 2 and reference [31] have been used.

Material
Concrete C30/37:
fck  30MPa Characteristic compressive strength.

γc  1.5 Partial safety factor for concrete.

fck Design compressive strength.

fcd 
γc

Ecm  32GPa Young's modulus.

kN
ρ c  25 Unity self-weight of prestressed concrete.
3
m

Prestressing steel: 7-wire strands

fpk  1770MPa Characteristic value of the ultimate strength.

fp01k  1526.7MPa Characteristic value of the 0.1% proof stress.

γs  1.1 Partial safety factor for steel.

fp01k
fpd   1387.909 MPa Design value of steel strength.
γs

5 Young's modulus.
Ep  1.9  10 MPa

ε 1000  2.5% Maximum relaxation at 20º C. after 1000 h.

ϕnominal  15.7mm Nominal diameter of the strand.

2
Anominal  150mm Nominal area of the strand.

ns  11 Number of strands forming a tendon.

2
Ap  ns  Anominal  1650  mm Cross sectional area of a tendon.

np  56 Number of tendons every cross section.

ϕduct  50mm
Diameter of the ducts.

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 D - Fatigue Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Dimensions and propieteis of the cross section

Height of the tower: Outer diameter of the Tickness of the

cylinder: cylinder:
htower  100m

 20   4   290 
 40   4.75   360 
     
h   60  m ϕouter   5.25  m t   420  mm
 80   6   460 
     
 100   6.5   500 

ϕinner  ϕouter  2  t Inner diameter of the cylinder.

ϕouter
router  Outer radius of the cylinder.
2

ϕinner
rinner  Inner radius of the cylinder.
2

t
rtower  router  Radius of the cylinder medium section.
2

ϕtower  rtower  2 Diameter of the cylinder medium

section.

Ag  π   router  rinner
2 2
  Total area of the cross section.

2
As  Ap  np  92400  mm Steel area of the cross section.

Ac  Ag  As Concrete area of the cross section.

Loads
Ff  0.1  1000kN  100000  N Horitzontal fatigue load coming from the wind.

 2  106 
 
 4  106 
 
Mz  Ff  h   6  106   N  m Bending moment produced by the fatigue load.
 
 8  106 
 6

 10  10 

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 D - Fatigue Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Control for fatigue in concrete

 fck  Design fatigue strength of concrete EN 1992-1-1

fcd.fat  fcd   1    17.6 MPa
 250MPa  (6.76)

Mz
σ c  Compressive stress in the concrete section
0.5  x  b  z exposed to cyclic loading. [31]

 2 
x  d  α  ρ   1   1 Distance to the neutral layer. [31]
 α ρ 

d is the distance between bottom and top reinforcement. Since the tower has a circular section,
d has not a constant value. For this reason an average distance has been considered:

ϕouter
xg  2 
3 π

The average value adopted for parameter d corresponds to the distance between the tendons which
are situated in the centroid of the semicircle.

 3359.289 
 3975.007 
  4  r  
d  2  sin  acos    tower   4373.414  mm
  3 π   5016.296 
 
 5432.812 

Ep
α   5.938 Ratio between stiffness of the reinforcement
Ecm and the concrete.

As
ρ  Reinforcement ratio.
Ac

 5356.16 
 6854.17 
 2   
x  d  α  ρ   1   1   7999.545  mm
 α ρ   Distance to the neutral layer. [31]
9182.659 
 
 10117.565 

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 D - Fatigue Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

 x
z   d   Inner lever.
 3

b  2  t Considered width of the cross section.

 0.076 
 0.142 
Mz   Maximum compressive stress at a fibre.
σ c.max    0.211  MPa
0.5  x  b  z EN 1992-1-1 6.8.7 (2)
 0.246 
 
 0.291 
0 
0  Minimum compressive stress at the same
  fibre where σc.max occurs. If σc.min<0,
σ c.min   0  MPa then σc.min = 0.
0  EN 1992-1-1 6.8.7 (2)
 
0 
1 
1 
σ c.max σ c.min  
Verification1   0.5  0.45   1  EN 1992-1-1 6.8.7 (6.77)
fcd.fat fcd.fat
1 
 
1 
1 
1 
σ c.min  
Verification2  0.5  0.45   0.9   1  EN 1992-1-1 6.8.7 (6.77)
fcd.fat
1 
 
1 

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 D - Fatigue Limit State design for the prestressed concrete tower

Control for fatigue in reinforcement

Parameters for S-N curves of prestressing steel: EN 1992-1-1 (table 6.5N)

6
Ncycles  10

k1  5

k2  10

Δσ Rsk  150MPa

EN 1992-1-1 6.8.4 Figure 6.30

6
ncycles  800  10
Number of cycles of wind tower service life.

Δσs at ncycles is found by interpolation of the graph showed in EN-1-1 6.8.4 Figure 6.30

m  atan 
 1   0.1

 k2 

 
n  log ncycles  Ncycles  8.903

p  n  tan ( m )  0.89

p Stress range at N cycles from the appropiate S-N

Δσ s  Δσ Rsk  10 MPa  142.233 MPa
curves given in Figure 6.30.

 13.752 
 25.611 
Mz  
σ s    38.043  MPa Half of the steel stress considereing one
As  z
 44.277  direction of the cyclic load.
 
 52.529 

 27.505 
 51.222 
 
Δσ s.r  2  σ s   76.085  MPa Maximum steel stress under cyclic load.
 88.554 
 
 105.058 

1 
1 
 
Verification3  Δσ s  Δσ s.r   1  EN 1992-1-1 6.8.5 (6.7.1)
1 
 
1 

D-6