J. Anal. Appl.

Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495

www.elsevier.com/locate/jaap

Pyrolysis of textile wastes

I. Kinetics and yields
R. Miranda a,*, C. Sosa_Blanco a, D. Bustos-Martı́nez a, C. Vasile b
a
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Chemical Engineering Department, Pedro de Alba Ave.,
Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 66450, Mexico
b
Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Romanian Academy, ‘‘Petru Poni’’ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry,
41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
Received 22 June 2006; accepted 20 March 2007
Available online 8 April 2007

Abstract
Thermal behavior of textile waste was studied by thermogravimetry at different heating rates and also by semi-batch pyrolysis. It was shown
that the onset temperature of mass loss is within 104–156 8C and the final reaction temperature is within 423–500 8C. The average mass loss is
89.5%. There are three DTG peaks located at the temperature ranges of 135–309, 276–394 and 374–500 8C, respectively. The first two might be
associated with either with decomposition of the hemicellulose and cellulose or with different processes of cellulose decomposition. The third peak
is possibly associated to a synthetic polymer. At a temperature of 460 8C, the expected amount of volatiles of this waste is within 85–89%. The
kinetic parameters of the individual degradation processes were determined by using a parallel model. Their dependence on the heating rate was
also established. The pyrolysis rate is considered as the sum of the three reaction rates. The pyrolysis in a batch reactor at 700 8C and nitrogen flow
of 60 ml/min produces 72 wt.% of oil, 13.5 wt.% of gas and 12.5 wt.% of char. The kinetic parameters of the first peak do not vary with heating rate,
while those of the second and the third peak increase and decrease, respectively, with an increasing heating rate, proving the existence of complex
reaction mechanisms for both cases.
# 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Textile pyrolysis; Kinetics; Cotton waste; Thermogravimetry

1. Introduction waste into useful products by a pyrolysis process, and in this

Recent efforts in order to avoid land filling and the need of
renewable energy sources led to an opportunity to change the
course of alternative solid waste treatment processes. Every
year México generates 35  106 tonnes of municipal solid
wastes (MSW), and this number is expected to grow each year,
and less than 1% is recycled [1]. The textile content in Mexican
MSW is around 2 wt.% [1], representing an important source of
energy and materials considering their main cellulosic
composition (cotton basis) and gross heating value of about
7500 Btu/Lb [2]. During the T-shirt confection, small pieces of
different colored textile remain without the possibility of
recycling. Finally these wastes are landfilled. An environmen-
tally friendly alternative would be to convert cutting textile
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +52 8183 294010; fax: +52 8183 765375.
E-mail address: rmiranda@fcq.uanl.mx (R. Miranda).
way, offer a valid alternative to disposal in landfills.
Cotton fibers are the seed hairs of the plant Gossypium.
Cotton is typically composed of 88–96% cellulose, the
remainder being protein, pectic materials and wax. Cotton
must be scoured and usually bleached before use, which then
leaves the cotton as about 99% cellulose.
When textile fibers are heated, the polymer molecules start
to break up into smaller molecules in a process called pyrolysis.
Some of these pyrolysis products are fuels. Since the fibers
from different textiles are made of different polymers, the type
and amount of fuels produced is different for each textile type.
This can be important with regard to how vigorously a type of
textile burns, the amount of smoke and fumes produced and the
type of flame retardant system required treating the fabric.
Textile waste is highly flammable and the development of
successful flame retardant systems for cotton is of mayor
interest. For this reason, many researchers have focused on
studying the pyrolysis mechanism of flame retardant treated

0165-2370/$ – see front matter # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2007.03.008
490 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495
Nomenclature
A pre-exponential factor
C 1, C 2 cellulose decomposition
[C1]0, [C2]0 cellulose initial concentration
DTG differencial thermogravimetry
Ea activation energy
k rate constant
n reaction order
R1, R2, R3 residue
SR solid residue in the first and second reaction
TGA thermogravimetric analysis
Tp temperature peak
V 1, V 2, V 3 volatiles
WL weight loss
Xi conversion degree
Greek letters
a1, a2, a3, a4 yield factors
g1, g 2, g 3 yield factors
cotton fabrics [3,4]. And not many investigators have studied
the textile waste kinetics over wider temperature and
conversion ranges. Zhu et al. [5] studied the pyrolysis process
and pyrolysis products of flame retarded cotton fabrics with
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), TGA, and pyrolysis-
gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (PY-GC-MS). The
authors related the pyrolysis process of cellulose fiber in three
temperature stages.
The industrial development of thermochemical installations
for biomass conversion will require, however, a better
knowledge of governing pyrolysis parameters and their effect
on the pyrolysis process. Knowledge of the kinetics for the
thermal decomposition of biomass materials is needed for the
design of gasifiers and pyrolysis reactors.
Moltó et al. [6] studied the kinetics of cotton fabrics by
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) between room temperature
and 700 8C in three different atmospheres: helium, oxygen/
helium and oxygen. The authors proposed a two independent
stages model for the decomposition of the used cotton fabrics in
an inert atmosphere. Concerning the kinetics parameters these
authors reported 161.1 and 65.2 kJ/mol for each reaction with a
reaction order of 0.57 and 2.77, respectively. Faroq et al. [3]
studied the mechanism of pyrolysis of untreated cotton fabrics
and cotton fabrics treated with various flame retardants by
TGA. These authors evaluated the activation energies of the
thermal decomposition of untreated cotton, obtaining values of
155–158 kJ/mol.
Cotton-based textile waste is mainly composed of cellulose.
Many researchers have studied the pyrolysis of biomass,
lignocellulosic materials and different wastes. Heikkinen et al.
[7] studied thermogravimetry as a tool to classify waste
components to be used for energy generation. The authors
assumed that thermal degradation curves are obtained as a sum
of the contributions of the corresponding components, and
found that this assumption holds for cellulosic samples. Manya
et al. [8] studied the kinetics of waste wood and sugarcane
bagasse thermal decomposition. The model used assumed three
independent parallel reactions, corresponding to the decom-
position of three pseudocomponents, namely hemicellulose,
cellulose, and lignin. Caballero et al. [9] presented the pyrolysis
of two biomass samples including olive kernel and almond
shell. The authors used a model involving three independent
parallel reactions. Gronli et al. [10] investigated the devola-
tilization behavior of several hardwoods and softwoods. The
researchers used a simple model consisting of five parallel first-
order reactions. Skodras et al. [11] modeled the pyrolysis of
biomass and waste samples by assuming three or four
independent parallel first-order reactions. Antal and Várhegyi
[12] summarize the state of the art for the cellulose pyrolysis
kinetics. Antal et al. [13] suggest that the thermal degradation
of the cellulose can be described by a single-step, first-order
kinetics model with high activation energy of 228 kJ/mol.
Babu and Chauraria [14–20] have developed a several
models in order to understand the pyrolysis of biomass. The
generalized model considered the effect of properties such as
porosity and permeability, the effect of specific heat capacity
and thermal conductivity of char as a function of temperature.
Description of the chemical processes of pyrolysis were
coupled to an unsteady state, one dimensional, variable
property model of transport phenomena, including heat
convection, conduction and radiation, volatiles and gas
transport by diffusion, convection and momentum transfer.
Since biomass and waste are currently of great importance as
a source of alternative fuels, it is very important to understand
deeply their pyrolysis behavior. However, there is not sufficient
data available particularly for cutting textile waste.
Thus the objective of this work is to study the cutting
textile waste pyrolysis. The study has two interconnecting
parts: the study of the pyrolysis kinetics and the analysis of
the pyrolysis products. The purpose of the kinetics study is to
identify the apparent reactions involved during textile
pyrolysis and to quantitatively determine the rate of weight
loss and the yield coefficients during each apparent reaction.
Bench scale textile pyrolysis tests have been carried out to
collect the products.
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample
Used cotton fabrics were obtained from T-shirt industry. The
sample includes different colors and sizes. In order to be
homogenized, the sample was first cut into small pieces and
then milled with an average size of 0.5 cm  0.5 cm. Others
samples were used in this study for comparison such as a
blanched cotton fabric was supplied by a local Industry and
Avicel PH-105.
The elemental analysis of the mayor components was
carried out in a Perkin-Elmer 2400. The moisture was
determined by the weight loss at 105 8C for 12 h. The calorific
value was obtained in a calorimetric bomb from Parr (model
 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495 491

Table 1
Elemental analysis and proximate analysis (wt. %)
Sample C H N O S H/C O/C Moisture FC a Ash HVb
Textile waste 53.60 7.28 0.30 38.80 0.005 1.63 0.54 2.40 3.50 2.64 22,600
Cotton 45.50 6.60 0.30 47.50 0.10 1.74 0.78 5.00 ND 0.10 17,110
Residue of pyrolysis at 700 8C 94.82 4.86 0.32 ND ND ND ND 0.00 69.75 30.25 25,210
ND: not determined.
a
Fix carbon.
b
Net calorific value (kJ/kg).

1341). Ash residue was obtained by thermogravimetry (ASTM-
D5630 method).
The elemental analysis and proximate analysis of the
sample, using Avicel PH-105 and xylan as standards and
the solid residues obtained after pyrolysis are presented in
Table 1.
2.2. Thermogravimetric study
The thermal analysis experiments were performed on a TA
Q500 microprocessor-controlled TG/DTG system connected to
a Data Station. The sample mass was 6.0  0.1 mg for each
experiment. The runs were carried out under dynamic
conditions with nitrogen flow (60 ml/min), at five different
heating rates: 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 8C/min. The sample
temperature is measured with a thermocouple directly at the
crucible. The tests were made in a wide temperature range
between room temperature and 1000 8C.
2.3. Stepwise isothermal TGA
In order to separate the overlapping differential thermo-
gravimetric curves (DTG, %/min) the stepwise method was
used. In this TGA method the operator defines a maximum
heating rate and two weight loss per minute thresholds. A
typical thermal cycle is described as follows (where % means
weight loss and %/min means DTG).
(1) Abort next segment if %/min > 5.0
(2) Ramp 5 8C/min to 1000 8C/min
(3) Abort next segment if %/min < 0.5
(4) Isothermal for 1000 mins
(5) Repeat from segment 1 until 1000 8C
2.5. Bench scale pyrolysis
The batch stainless steel reactor used for the experiments has
an usable volume of three liters, and is externally heated by
electrical elements. Pyrolysis experiments were performed with
approximately 200 g of feedstock. The gas and vapors produced
passed through a series of four Pyrex traps, with 310 mm height
and a 50 mm inner diameter. The traps were maintained at 4,
78, 78 and 200 8C, respectively. The first trap was used to
collect the heavy liquid phase called ‘‘tar fraction’’ using
water–ice mixture, the following second and third traps were
used to collect the light liquid phase from condensable gases
called ‘‘light liquid fraction’’ using limonene, and the fourth
trap was used to trap the major gases using liquid nitrogen. The
still non-condensable gas collected into a plastic bag (5 l in
volume) adapted with a valve for future chromatography
analysis. Pyrolysis end temperatures were fixed at 600 and
700 8C. All the experiments were carried out under a nitrogen
atmosphere (100 ml/min).
2.6. Product analysis
The liquid products collected separately from each trap were
weighed and then analyzed and quantified by gas chromato-
graphy GC. The last solid residue from the different pyrolysis
runs was analyzed by TG and elemental analysis. Fig. 1
illustrates the schematic flow sheet of the process, as well as the
places where the temperature and pressure were measured and
recorded every 30 s, by means of a data acquisition system.

2.4. Kinetic modeling

The Pyrolysis of biomass and/or others wastes is a complex

phenomenon and proceeds through multiple serial, parallel or
even competitive reactions. A relatively simple approximation
for determining the kinetics of the thermal decomposition
consists of assuming that TG/DTG curves can essentially be
described by a relatively simple model of independent parallel
reactions. This simple model assumed that the thermal
behavior of the sample can be described as the sum of the
behaviors of its individual components. This approach has
been successfully applied by several researchers in earlier
studies [8,21–23]. Fig. 1. The schematic flow of the pyrolysis batch system (T—thermocouple).
492 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495

3. Results and discussion cellulose were performed at 10 8C/min under nitrogen atmo-
sphere (Fig. 3). TGA curves of textile reveal that the pyrolysis
3.1. Thermogravimetric analysis includes three steps. The initial stage occurs at a temperature
range below 300 8C, the second and the most important weight
Fig. 2 shows the TG and DTG curves of the textile waste loss change occurs in the temperature range of 300–380 8C.
decomposition recorded at different heating rates under These two stages could be associated either with decomposition
nitrogen atmosphere. A three stage weight loss is observed, of the hemicellulose and cellulose or with different processes of
with the three stages overlapping. For example, the TG curve cellulose decomposition [24]. The third one, with a lower
measured at 10 8C/min, shows that the first stage, located weight loss change, appears at a temperature above 430 8C,
between 115 and 284 8C, represents a 22.6 wt.% weight loss. corresponding to pyrolytic char formation. The maximum
The second stage, located around 284–390 8C, represents a
55.3 wt.% weight loss. The third stage, ranging from 395 to
474 8C, represents a 10.7 wt.% weight loss with 11.4 wt.% for
the weight of the final solid residue and 2.2 wt.% of moisture.
Corresponding to the three-stage weight loss on the TG curves,
three peaks are observed on the DTG curves. For example, on
the DTG curve at 10 8C/min, the first peak is observed at
264 8C. The second peak is observed at 374 8C and the third
peak is observed at 433 8C. These results are presented in
Table 2.
In order to relate the temperature of maximum decomposi-
tion rate (Tp) of the textile waste, with its pseudocomponents,
TG/DTG curves of xylan as hemicellulose, textile waste and

Fig. 2. (a) TG and (b) DTG curves of textile thermal decomposition under Fig. 3. TG and DTG curves for (a) textile waste, (b) xylan as hemicellulose and
nitrogen obtained at 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 8C/min. The heating rate increases (c) cellulose and thermal decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere obtained at
from left to right for TG and from down to up for DTG. 10 8C/min.
 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495 493

Table 2
TG results for textile waste decomposition at different heating rates
Heating rate T0 Tf TP1 TP2 TP3 Humidity Total volatiles R to Tf RT 1000 8C
(8C/min) (wt.%) (wt.%) (wt.%) (wt.%)
1 105 433 199 318 377 2.68 85.32 12.00 4.0
5 107 470 229 346 408 2.68 85.45 11.50 4.0
10 115 474 245 354 424 3.06 86.40 10.54 4.0
20 116 487 264 374 433 2.73 86.95 10.32 5.2
40 118 511 284 388 447 2.78 87.56 9.66 7.5
60 119 520 291 392 449 20.09 88.85 9.66 7.4
T0 = initial temperature (8C) corresponding to 0.1 wt.% of weight loss.
Tf = final degradation temperature (8C).
TPi = peak temperature (8C) corresponding to a maximum weight loss rate.
R = final residue (wt.%).

decomposition rate of cellulose pyrolysis occurs at 356 8C,
which corresponds to the second peak of textile waste DTG
curve. Similar results were reported by Zhu et al. [5].
In the attempt to identify the zones associated with the
devolatilization of the textile components, different heating
programs have been employed. Fig. 4 presents the TG and DTG
of textile waste by stepwise method. Gomez et al. [25] used
stepwise method to study the kinetics of woody residues an
herbaceous biomass. The results showed those four stages have
been clearly separated. The first stage had 2.2 wt.% of weight
lfoss corresponding to moisture evolution, the second one with
22 wt.%, the third and the four stage had 56 and 10.2 wt.%,
respectively. The final residue was 9.6 wt.%. These results are
quite similar of those reported above under dynamic conditions.
3.2. Kinetic study of textile waste thermal decomposition
This work’s main interest was to improve knowledge on the
kinetics of textile waste thermal decomposition in pyrolysis
reactors. The purpose of the kinetics study is to characterize
each possible apparent reaction. A simple first order parallel
kinetic model was tested and adapted to describe the different
apparent reactions and to obtain the kinetic parameters. The
evaluation of the activation energy (Ea), reaction order (n), rate
constant (k), and pre-exponential factor (A) is based on the
utilization of classical laws of chemical kinetics.
In this work, three stages of weight loss observed during TG
study of textile waste pyrolysis agree with the results of Antal
[26] and Zhu et al. [5]. When the parallel kinetic model is
applied, it is reasonable to consider each stage of weight loss to
be a result of one of the three parallel apparent reactions. In the
first stage of the pyrolysis of cellulose fiber [5] the most
important changes of the sample were some physical properties
and a little weight loss. Here, according with the authors [5], the
damage of the cellulose occurs mostly in amorphous region of
the polymer. The main pyrolysis stage occurs in the temperature
range of 300–380 8C. In this stage, the weight loss is very fast
and significant. Most of the pyrolysis products are produced in
this stage. Pyrolysis takes place in crystalline regions of
cellulose fibers in this stage. Char pyrolysis occurs at a
temperature above 430 8C. During this stage, dehydration and
decarboxylation, releasing water and carbon dioxide and
producing double bond, carboxyl and carbonyl products are the
main products.
Based on the parallel model of Moltó et al. [6], Antal [26]
and the results of Zhu et al. [5] a three apparent reaction parallel
kinetic model is proposed in this work, which considers the
three stages of weight loss during textile waste pyrolysis as
resulting from two parallel and one sequential reactions. Where
the first and second reaction correspond to cellulose decom-
position and the third one correspond to char formation. The
corresponding kinetic equations are described by Eqs. (1)–(3).
The two parallel reactions: 0 < T < 380 8C
k1
C1 !a1 V1 þ g 1 R1 (1)

k2
C2 !a2 V2 þ g 2 R2 (2)
The one sequential reaction: 380 < T < 520 8C
k3
a3 SR!a4 V3 þ g 3 R3 (3)
where SR = R1 + R2, a 3 = g1 + g2, a1 + a2 + a3 = 1,
[C1]0+[C2]0 = 1.
Three kinetic equations corresponding to the three apparent
reactions are described by Eqs. (4)–(6).

dX X N
dX i
Fig. 4. TG and DTG curves of textile waste thermal decomposition in a ¼ ai (4)
stepwise temperature program and nitrogen atmosphere.
dt i¼1
dt
494 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495

X
N Table 3
1¼ ai (5) Kinetic parameters obtained for the three stages of textile decomposition under
i¼1 nitrogen atmosphere.
Heating rate Stage E (kJ/mol) A (min1) Yield
dX dX 1 dX 2 dX 3
¼ a1 þ a2 þ a3 (6) (8C/min) coefficient
dt dt dt dt
1 1 40 1  10 3 a1 = 0.23
where Xi is the conversion degree, the ratio between the weight 2 190 4  10 15 a2 = 0.52
loss at the time ‘‘t’’ of the reaction and the weight loss (WL) at 3 186 5  10 14 a3 = 0.25
the end of each stage. 5 1 40 1.5  10 3 a1 = 0.25
Then the thermal decomposition of textile waste for the 2 190 4  10 15 a2 = 0.52
entire range of conversion can be expressed by the weight sum 3 186 9  10 13 a3 = 0.23
(dW/dt) of individual reaction rates as follows: 10 1 38 1.5  10 3 a1 = 0.23
2 190 5  10 15 a2 = 0.52
dTextile dC1 dC2 d SR 3 186 5.5  10 13 a3 = 0.25
¼ a1 þ a2 þ a3 (7)
dt dt dt dt 20 1 39.6 2.7  10 3 a1 = 0.24
dTextile 2 203 5  10 16 a2 = 0.52
¼ a1 ðA1 eEa1 =RT Cn11 Þ þ a2 ðA2 eEa2 =RT Cn21 Þ 3 180 1.2  10 13 a3 = 0.24
dt
40 1 41 5  10 3 a1 = 0.24
þ a3 ðA3 eEa3 =RT SRn3 Þ (8) 2 204 5  10 16 a2 = 0.52
3 180 1  10 13 a3 = 0.24
To obtain the kinetic parameters (A1, A2, A3, Ea1, Ea2, Ea3, n1,
n2 and n3) and the yield factors (a1, a2, a3), the above equations 1, 5, 10, 20 1 40 1.5  10 3 a1 = 0.24
2 200 5  10 15 a2 = 0.52
have been applied to simulate the DTG curves of textile
3 186 5.5  10 13 a3 = 0.24
pyrolysis. The same groups of kinetic parameters were used
to fit all the experimental data obtained at five different heating
rates. The system of differential equations from the model was The primary decomposition of the textile waste exhibited an
solved using a fourth order Runge–Kutta algorithm. A simplex activation energy of about 40 kJ/mol, with a fraction of 0.24.
algorithm of optimization was used to minimize the least square Concerning the kinetics parameters of the main fraction in the
criteria defined in the following equation: pyrolysis decomposition, activation energy of 200 kJ/mol is
X obtained. These are similar to the values proposed by Antal
error ¼ ðW Lexperimental  W Lsimulated Þ2 (9)
et al. [13]. The activation energy for the third step is 186 kJ/mol
The obtained kinetic parameters and the conversion factor of with a fraction of 0.24. Fisher et al. [27] reported, an activation
each apparent reaction are presented in Table 3. Fig. 5 shows energy for cellulose of 151 kJ/mol corresponding to the
the simulation of every DTG peak at 10 8C/min. It shows a good secondary reactions in the char. This discrepancy is primarily
agreement of TGA and DTG curves from experimental due to the complexity of the reactions taking place with the char
measurement and from simulation by the proposed kinetic matrix as the char is heated. The kinetic parameters of the first
model. peak do not vary with heating rate, while those of the second

Fig. 5. Comparison between experimental and simulated data with a heating rate of 10 8C/min under nitrogen atmosphere.
 R. Miranda et al. / J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 80 (2007) 489–495
Fig. 6. Activation energy as a function of the heating rate for each step.
Table 4
Yields obtained during the pyrolysis of textile wastea
Temperature Heavy liquid Light liquid Gases
(8C) (wt.%) (wt.%) (wt.%)
500 42.0 30.0 12.0
700 42.5 31.5 13.5
a
Atmospheric pressure. Heating rate of 10 8C/min.
and the third peak increase and decrease respectively with an
increasing heating rate, proving the existence of complex
reaction mechanisms for both cases (see Fig. 6).
3.3. Pyrolysis yields
Table 4 presents the mass balance for the products obtained
through the pyrolysis of textile waste at different temperatures.
Composition analysis of the liquid and solid products will be
presented and discussed in more detail in Part II of this work.
Table 4 shows that pyrolysis results agree very well with the
weight loss for TG tests.
At the end of the third reaction, around 500 8C, the weight
loss was 89 wt.%, of which 30 wt.% are light liquid
hydrocarbons and 42 wt.% is the heavy fraction, with
16 wt.% as final residue and 12 wt.% as non-condensable
gases. Pyrolysis carried out at 700 8C results in an increased
amount of non-condensable products and decreased final solid
residue. From the presented analysis of the results it is evident
that an appropriate selection of the heating rate, pyrolysis
atmosphere and temperature will lead to more desirable end-
products. Therefore the above results will be helpful when
operating a pyrolysis plant for the recycling of textile waste.
4. Conclusions
A thermogravimetric study revealed that three stages of
weight loss are involved during textile decomposition. The
three TG curves are overlapping. The first stage occurs in the
temperature range of 135–309 8C with a peak at 264 8C; the
495
second stage occurs at 276–394 8C with a peak at 374 8C; and
the third stage range from 374 to 500 8C with a peak at 433 8C.
A three apparent reaction kinetic model is proposed, which
considers that each weight loss stage on the TG curve
corresponds to an apparent reaction. The activation energies are
40, 200, and 186 kJ/mol for the first, second and third apparent
reactions, respectively. The yield coefficients a1, a2 and a3, for
each of the three apparent reactions are 0.24, 0.52, and 0.24 for
each step, respectively.
Bench scale pyrolysis tests were carried out to collect the
pyrolysis products. Textile pyrolysis results in 74 wt.% total
weight loss, of which 31.5 wt.% is light liquid fraction,
42.5 wt.% is heavy liquid fraction, 12.5 wt.% is solid residue
and 13.5 wt.% are non-condensable gases.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks and
acknowledgements to Q.F.B. Emilia Edith Vazquez Farı́as
Solid residue and to Q.F.B. Gloria Nelly Paez Garza.
(wt.%)
16
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