MBrace Design Guide PDF

ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES
MBrace®
Composite Strengthening System
Third Edition
May 2002
BASF Construction Chemicals – Building Systems

889 Valley Park Drive
Shakopee, MN 55379
Customer Service: (800) 433-9517
Technical Service: (800) 243-6739
www.buildingsystems.basf.com
Chapter 1 Format
1.1 SCOPE 1-2
1.2 PHILOSOPHY OF THE MANUAL 1-2
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL 1-2

MBrace® Composite Strengthening System Design Guide
Chapter 1 Format
1.1 Scope
This document is a guide to the engineering design of the MBrace® Composite
Strengthening System. The guide addresses strengthening of concrete structures using
externally bonded MBrace® Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcement.
An effort has been made to cover all types of strengthening that have been sufficiently
developed and tested for use in construction. This includes flexural strengthening, shear
strengthening, and improving the ductility of compression members1. Design provisions
for using the system to strengthen unreinforced, conventionally reinforced, and
prestressed concrete structures are given.
The material presented is specific in that it only addresses the unique considerations
that must be made when designing with the MBrace® System. The guide does not deal
with such issues as existing condition assessment, structural analysis, or traditional
concrete design. These issues should be understood by the reader and are covered in
great detail elsewhere2,3,4.
1.2 Philosophy of the Manual

This guide is intended for use by structural engineers and other technical professionals
for the design of strengthening systems using the MBrace® family of products. The
manual presents simple design procedures and equations to cover the most common
aspects of strengthening with the MBrace® System.
In addition to the analytical design topics, more general information is included regarding
typical applications, the nature and behavior of the materials used in the system, and the
installation procedures. This information is provided to give the engineer a physical
understanding of the system and so the engineer can make informed judgements on its
use.
Where possible, the procedures, equations, and notation used in this manual are
consistent with those found in ACI 318-955.
1.3 Organization of the Guide

The manual is organized into four major parts:
Part 1 presents general information about this guide and definitions of the terms that are
used throughout the guide.
Part 2 is a general description of the MBrace® System and its applications. This section
presents information that will help the reader understand the physical aspects of the
MBrace® technology. This section also serves as a source for the physical and
mechanical properties of the materials used in the MBrace® strengthening system.
1-2 05/30/02
Chapter 1 ⎯ Format
Part 3 presents the procedures and equations used for designing with the MBrace®
strengthening system. Additional comment is made on the underlying theories and
principles that form these procedures and equations. Each chapter of this section deals
with a different strengthening concern. At the beginning of each chapter, a definition of
all notation used for the equations presented in the chapter is given. Design examples
are provided at the end of each chapter as aid to those not familiar with the design
process.
Part 4 addresses engineering practice. This section includes standard specifications
and general information.
The appendices include several design aids. These include tables giving typical areas
of CFRP reinforcement, flexural strengthened resistance factors, development lengths
for various sheet configurations, and strengthened column interaction diagrams. A list
and brief description of recently completed projects that utilize the MBrace® is also given
in the appendix.
1
Nanni, A. (1995), "Concrete Repair with Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement:
Examples from Japan," Concrete International, v. 17, no. 6, June, pp. 22-26.
2
Emmons, P., (1993), Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated, R.S. Means
Company, Kingston, MA, 295 pg.
3
West, H., (1993), Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, J.W. Wiley and Sons, New
York, NY, 698 pg.
4
Nilson, A., (1997), Design of Concrete Structures 12th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,
780 pg.
5
ACI 318 (1995), “Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,”
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 369 pg.
05/30/02 1-3
Chapter 2 Definitions
Chapter 2 Definitions
• Auto-ignition temperature — temperature at which a material will

spontaneously ignite (does not need an ignition source). This is typically a
much higher temperature than the flash point.
• Composites — composites are here defined as a matrix of polymeric material
reinforced by fibers with a discernable aspect ratio of length to thickness.
• Concrete substrate ⎯ the concrete surface to which the FRP is bonded.
• Coverage — the area that a given volume of resin can cover.
• Debonding — Failure resulting from the FRP laminate detaching from the
concrete substrate at the bond line.
• Delamination — any of several failure modes resulting from the FRP laminate
progressively detaching from the concrete member along the direction of the
fibers. Note that this does not necessarily imply a failure along the bond line;
the failure could result from rupture of the concrete in the vicinity of the
laminate. Also peeling.
• Dry fiber sheet—a flexible sheet composed of several filaments of the fiber
material arranged with a common orientation in a flat plane. This is the
configuration of all fiber reinforcement systems used in the Wabo®MBrace
Composite System. Also unidirectional sheet, fiber sheet or, simply, sheet.
• Durability — the ability of a material or system to maintain its physical and
mechanical properties over time.
• Fiber orientation—the orientation of the filaments in a dry fiber sheet. If the
orientation is expressed as an angle, this angle is taken with respect to the
strengthened members longitudinal axis.
• Fiber sheet — see Dry fiber sheet.
• Fibers — the load carrying elements in a composite material with a highly
oriented, defect free micro structure. The Wabo®MBrace Composite
Strengthening System is available in varieties of carbon or glass fibers.
• Filament—a thread-like portion of the fiber material; this is the smallest unit of
a fibrous material.
• Flash point — Temperature at which a material will ignite in the presence of
an ignition source (i.e., flame or spark).
• Glass transition temperature — Temperature at which a polymer material
transforms from a brittle (or glassy) state to a softened (or rubbery) state.
• Laminate — the final composite system after all components have been
installed and cured.
• Peeling — see Delamination.
• Ply — a unit of FRP material consisting of one layer of dry fiber sheet.
2-2 05/30/02
Chapter 2 ⎯ Definitions
• Pot life — the length of time after adding hardener to an epoxy resin that the resin
can no longer be rolled or troweled. Also working time (for Wabo®MBrace resins)
• Primer — the first epoxy resin coat used to fill the concrete pore structure and to
provide adequate bond to the concrete substrate.
• Putty — a thick, paste-like epoxy which is used to fill surface defects in the concrete
substrate.
• Rehabilitation ⎯ restoring the structural capacity of a damaged element to a its
capacity before the damage/degradation.
• Resins — the composite material matrix that binds the fibers together, allows load
transfer between fibers, and protects the fibers from the environment. The
Wabo®MBrace Composite Strengthening System uses thermosetting epoxy resins.
• Retrofit ⎯ increasing the structural capacity of an element in good condition to
accommodate a change in loading.
• Saturant — the epoxy resin that is used to impregnate the dry fiber sheet.
• Sheet — see Dry fiber sheet.
• Topcoat — a finish coat used to protect the composite material from UV exposure,
chemical splash, and abrasion. The topcoat also serves an aesthetic purpose by
mimicking the color of the concrete substrate.
• Tow — multi-filament strands of carbon or glass fiber.
• Unidirectional sheet — see Dry fiber sheet.
• Working time — see Pot life.
05/30/02 2-3
Chapter 3 – The MBrace® System
3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 3-2
3.2 MATERIAL COMPONENTS 3-2
3.3 APPLICATIONS AND USE 3-4
3.4 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 3-4
3.5 REFERENCES 3-6
5/02 1
MBrace® Composite Strengthening System Engineering Design Guidelines
3.1 General Description

The MBrace® System is comprised of four basic components that, when
combined, form a high-strength fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate.
The FRP laminate may be used as external reinforcement for
strengthening existing concrete and masonry structures. This technology
offers a cost-effective alternative to conventional strengthening
techniques such as steel plate bonding, steel jackets, section
enlargement, and other techniques. The fibers are bonded by the use of
three epoxy-based resins. The resins used are MBrace® Primer,
MBrace® Putty and MBrace® Saturant. An optional final layer of either
MBrace® Topcoat, MBrace® ATX or MBrace® Topcoat FRL may be
used. The components of the MBrace® System are illustrated in Fig. 3.1
and are described in the following section.
3.2 Material Components
Topcoat
2nd Resin Coat
Fiber Reinforcement
1st Resin Coat

Putty
Primer
Figure 3.1 – Components of the MBrace®

Composite Strengthening System
3.2.1 MBrace® Primer

MBrace® Primer is essential in providing an adequate surface for bonding
the MBrace® fibers and resins to the base concrete. This first coat is a
100% solids epoxy based material with a relatively low viscosity. The
viscosity of the MBrace® Primer is formulated to penetrate the pore
structure of the concrete. It is standard practice to prepare the concrete
substrate by sandblasting the concrete surface to open the pore structure
of the concrete. MBrace® Primer is typically applied using a short or
medium nap roller.
3.2.2 MBrace® Putty

MBrace® Putty is a thick, paste-like epoxy that is used to fill bug holes
and surface defects up to 1/4 inch (5 mm) deep. The primary purpose of
the putty is to provide a smooth, level bond surface in order to maximize
the contact area of the FRP to the concrete. MBrace® Putty can also be
used for leveling and patching small holes. If the base concrete has deep
2 5/99
Chapter 3 ⎯ The MBrace® Composite Strengthening System
holes or large areas of damage, the defective concrete area should be

chipped out to reveal sound material and replaced with repair mortar. If
the concrete substrate is level and in good condition, the putty may not be
required. MBrace® Putty is typically applied with a trowel.
3.2.3 MBrace® Saturant

MBrace® Saturant is the polymer matrix component of the FRP laminate.
It is used to impregnate the dry fibers. The saturant maintains the fibers in
their intended orientation and distributes stress among the fibers. The
saturant also protects the fibers from abrasion and environmental effects.
The saturant is a bisphenol A epoxy resin. It is formulated to quickly wet
the fibers and hold the tow sheet in place while the MBrace® System
cures. The viscosity of MBrace® Saturant allows easy handling and
overhead application of the fiber sheet. MBrace® Saturant is typically
applied with a medium nap roller.
3.2.4 MBrace® Fiber Reinforcement

High strength fibers are the key load
carrying component of the MBrace®
Composite Strengthening System.
The MBrace® System is available
with high strength carbon fibers, high
modulus carbon fibers, E-glass
fibers, or Aramid fibers. Each of
these fibers has high strength to
weight and stiffness to weight ratios.
The fibers are assembled into a
standard unidirectional sheet supplied in nominal 20 in (500 mm)widths.
The tensile behavior of each 600
of the fibers used in the

MBrace® system are 500
compared in the graph.
Detailed mechanical
properties of both the fibers 400
and epoxy resins are

Stress (ksi)
provided in Chapter 4. 300
200
100
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Strain (in/in)
5/02 3
3.2.4.1 MBrace® Carbon Fibers

MBrace® carbon fibers are manufactured by pyrolizing polyacrylonitrile
(PAN) based precursor fibers at temperatures near 2700 °F (1500 °C).
The result of the pyrolization process is a highly aligned, cross-linked
chain of carbon atoms. The exact mechanical properties of the fibers,
including the tensile modulus of elasticity, can be adjusted by altering
several, carefully controlled variables during the manufacturing process.
The carbon fiber filaments are assembled into untwisted tows that are
then used to create a continuous unidirectional sheet. High strength
carbon fibers compose the CF 130, 145, and 160 unidirectional sheets,
and high modulus carbon fibers are used for the CF 530 unidirectional
sheet.
3.2.4.2 MBrace® Glass Fibers

MBrace® glass fibers are manufactured by drawing molten glass through
a die or a bushing. The resulting “E” type glass filaments are grouped into
tows that are then assembled into the continuous EG 900 unidirectional
sheet.
E-glass fibers are high strength but low stiffness. They, therefore, have
very high elongation capacity.
3.2.4.3 MBrace® Aramid Fibers

Aramid fibers are manufactured by polymerization of amine and
carboxcylic acid. The result is an ultra-high molecular weight aromatic
polyamide (aramid). The aramid material is then spun into individual
filaments. The aramid fibers are woven into the continuous AK 60
unidirectional sheet.
Aramid fibers have high strength, excellent toughness, and are resistant
to impact and abrasion. Aramid may be used in lieu of carbon fiber in
situations where a non-conductive material is needed. Aramid does
degrade under exposure to ultraviolet light and should be protected. In
addition, aramid fibers absorb moisture which can lead to a reduction in
their tensile properties. Since aramid is an organic compound, aramid
fibers are sensitive to temperature extremes. Typical aramid fibers have
a usable temperature range of +/- 350° F.
3.2.4.4 Custom Fiber Architectures

Other fiber architectures such as hybrid sheets using two or more fiber
types, plain weave fabrics, and sheets with specific fiber areal weights
may be available for special applications. Contact an MBrace® service
representative for more information.
5/02
3.2.5 MBrace® Topcoat, MBrace® ATX , and MBrace® Topcoat FRL

The final component to the MBrace® Strengthening System is one of
three finish coats that are specified as an option. These products provide
protection from ultraviolet light (UV), chemical splash, and abrasion.
MBrace® Topcoat FRL provides additional resistance to smoke
generation and flame spread. The Topcoat FRL enables the system to
achieve a Class I (Class A) fire resistance per ASTM E841. Other topcoat
systems may be used for specific environmental exposure conditions. All
Figure 3.2 –Wabo® MBrace installation before and after the

application of Topcoat ATX
topcoats mimic the color of concrete, so they are also used to provide a
uniform color to repaired concrete members.
3.3 Applications and Use

The MBrace® Composite Strengthening System was developed as a
cost-effective alternate to conventional strengthening techniques. The
high strength fiber sheets can be installed quickly and easily on flat
surfaces, around columns or beams, and in areas with limited access.
The system has been used and tested for increasing the flexural capacity
of beams, slabs and columns, the shear capacity of beams, columns and
walls and the ductility of columns.
Increases in flexural capacity are achieved by bonding the system to the
tension face of a member in bending. Shear capacity may be improved
by wrapping the system transversely around a member or orienting fibers
perpendicular to potential shear cracks. The ductility of columns may be
enhanced by confining the column by wrapping the system completely
around the column in the hoop direction.
3.4 Installation Procedures

The MBrace® Composite Strengthening System is installed exclusively
by an international network of selected contractors. The contractors
within the network are experienced and receive additional training in
5/02 5
concrete repair and strengthening techniques, product information,

installation methods and quality control measures.
The installation procedures are provided to give the reader a general
understanding of the steps involved in construction*. The MBrace®
composite strengthening system can easily be installed on properly
prepared, sound concrete surfaces in a series of eight steps. The system
is installed using “wet lay-up” techniques. That is, the fiber materials are
placed on the surface dry and then impregnated with epoxy resins in
place to form the FRP laminate.
• Step 1: Stabilizing the Concrete Substrate
Prior to installing the MBrace® composite strengthening system the
concrete substrate must be prepared to accept the system. The integrity
of the system depends on the quality and strength of the concrete as well
as the bond between the FRP and the concrete. Cracks, spalls and
corroding reinforcing steel need to be repaired prior to installing the
MBrace® System.
Spalls and other types of damage should be removed and patched with
suitable repair mortars such as Master Builders Emaco® R320 or Emaco®
R350 surface renovation mortars. If repairs using form and pour
techniques are required, the use of Emaco® S88-CA, Emaco® S77-CR or
Emaco® S66-CR structural repair mortar is recommended.
All cracks greater that 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) in width and subject to
movement (thermal, vibration, etc.) should be epoxy injected using
Master Builders SCB® injection technology.
Corroding reinforcing steel should be cleaned (or replaced) before
installing the MBrace® System. FRP systems, like conventional
strengthening techniques are not intended to resist or arrest the
enormous and incalculable expansive forces generated by continuing
corrosion of the reinforcing steel.
• Step 2: Surface Preparation
The surface of the concrete should be free of loose and unsound
materials. All laitance, dust, dirt, oil, curing compound, etc. should be
removed. Mechanical abrasion techniques (e.g. abrasive blasting,
grinding), water blasting or other approved methods should be used to
open the pore structure of the concrete prior to applying the MBrace®
primer. The surface should be profiled to a minimum ICRI CSP 3 surface
texture.
• Step 3: Application of MBrace® Primer
The MBrace® primer is applied to the properly prepared concrete surface
using a short or medium nap roller.
• Step 4: Application of MBrace® Putty
*
More detailed information regarding the installation process as well as construction specifications
are available from Master Builders.
5/02
The MBrace® putty is applied to the primed surface using a trowel. The
putty should be used to fill any surface defects; complete coverage is not
necessary. The putty may be applied immediately after priming the
surface without waiting for the primer to cure.
• Step 5: Application of First Coat of MBrace® Saturant
The MBrace® saturant is applied to the primed and puttied surface with a
medium nap roller. The saturant can be installed immediately after
application of the primer and putty (before cure) or long after the
application of the primer and putty. If the saturant is installed after cure of
the putty and primer, the surface should be wiped clean with a dry cloth.
(Solvents should not be used to clean the surface.)
The saturant is blue in color and should be applied to a thickness of 18 to
22 mils. The volume of saturant used depends on the FRP sheet used.
• Step 6: Application of MBrace® Fiber Sheet

The fiber sheets should be measured and pre-cut prior to installing on the
surface. The sheet is placed on the concrete surface and gently pressed
into the saturant. Prior to removing the backing paper, a squeegee or
trowel may be used to remove any air bubbles. After the backing paper is
removed a ribbed roller is rolled in the direction of the fibers to facilitate
impregnation by separating the fibers. The ribbed roller should never be
used in a direction transverse to the fibers since fibers could be damaged.
Streaks of blue colored saturant should be visible on the fiber sheet after
rolling.
• Step 7: Application of Second Coat of MBrace® Saturant
A second coat of saturant is applied immediately after placing and rolling
the fiber sheet. The second coat of saturant is applied to the FRP sheet
with a medium nap roller to a thickness of 18 to 22 mils. More saturant is
required for the MBrace® MBrace® EG 900 sheets because they are
thicker than the carbon sheets.
• Step 8: Application of Additional Fiber Plies
If required, additional fiber plies may be installed by re-saturating the
surface after the second saturant coat is applied and repeating Steps 4, 5
and 6. This process should be repeated for as many plies as are
necessary. After completion of this step, the fiber sheet layers are
completely encapsulated in laminate form.
• Step 9: Application of MBrace® Finish Coats (Optional)
After the saturant has cured tack free, one of the MBrace® finish coats
may be applied for protection or aesthetic purposes.
3.5 References
1
ASTM E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, Vol.
04.07.
5/02 7
Chapter 4 Technical Data
4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4-2
4.2 COVERAGE 4-3
4.3 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES 4-4
4.4 FIBER SELECTION GUIDELINES 4-6
4.5 REFERENCES 4-8

Chapter 4 Technical Data
4.1 Physical Properties

This section is presented to acquaint the user to the physical appearance and handling
properties of MBrace® resins. In general, the MBrace® resins are easy to mix and apply.
All are formulated for both over-head and side-wall applications and provide adequate
time for application.
While the MBrace® resins are formulated with the applicator in mind, some people may
be sensitive to the epoxy resins and curing agents contained within. As with most
chemicals, proper ventilation, as well as eye and skin protection should be provided.
Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) are always provided with each shipment of
MBrace® resins. These should be kept on file at the job-site and referred to in case of an
accident.
Table 4.1 – Master Table of Physical Properties for MBrace® Resins

MBrace® Primer MBrace® Putty MBrace® Saturant
Color
Part A Amber Tan Blue
Part B Clear Charcoal Clear
Mixed Amber Tan (see Note 5) Blue
Solids 100% 100% 100%
VOC content 0.89 lb/gal (107 g/L) 0.74 lb/gal (89 g/L) 0.17 lb/gal (20 g/L)
Mix ratio by volume 3/1 3/1 3/1
Part A/Part B
Mix ratio by mass 100/30 100/30 100/34
(weight) Part A/Part B
Mixed viscosity at 25 C 400 cps (see Note 1) 45,000 cps 1,350 cps
(77 F)
Working time at 25 C 20 minutes (see Note 2) 40 minutes 45 minutes
(77 F)
Flash point
Part A 204 °F (95 °C) 210 °F (99 °C) 230 °F (110 °C)
Part B 200 °F (93 °C) 200 °F (93 °C) 200 °F (93 °C)
Clean-up T-410 (see Note 3), T-410, T-410,
Methyl ethyl ketone, or Methyl ethyl ketone, or Methyl ethyl ketone, or
Acetone Acetone Acetone
Shelf life 18 months (see Note 4) 18 months 18 months
Note 1: The viscosity of fluids is measured in centipoise (cps) and is relative to the viscosity of water. For
comparison, water has a viscosity of 1 cps, motor oil has a viscosity of 500 cps, pancake syrup is 2,500 cps,
catsup is 50,000 cps and peanut butter is 250,000 cps.
Note 2: Working time is based on a 1 gal (3.8 L) sample.
Note 3: T-410 is available through Master Builders, Inc.
Note 4: When stored in original, sealed containers at 72 °F (20 °C).
Note 5: Thoroughly mixed material has no color streaks.
Typical of many fluids, MBrace® resins show reduced viscosity with increasing
temperature. In addition, increased temperatures accelerate the cure of epoxy. Because
these two properties are dependent on temperature, substantial differences in the
working time or pot life are expected. Such behavior is depicted in
Table 4.2. In
4-2 05/30/02
Chapter 4 ⎯ Technical Data
Table 4.2, the reported viscosity is the initial mixed viscosity of the resin and hardener
(Part A and Part B) stored and mixed at the respective temperature. As the epoxy
reaction advances and the temperature of the mixed components rises, the viscosity will
increase until full cure. The working time is the length of time after which the resin can
no longer be easily rolled or troweled.
Table 4.2 – Temperature vs. Viscosity

Temperature Mixed Viscosity (cps)
50 °F (10 °C) 1,200 74,000 2,500

77 °F (25 °C) 400 45,000 1,600
90 °F (32 °C) 200 33,000 900
Note: Based on a standard Brookfield method.
Table 4.3 – Temperature vs. Working Time

Temperature Working Time (min)
50 °F (10 °C) 75 95 200
77 °F (25 °C) 20 40 45
90 °F (32 °C) 10 15 15
Note: Based on 1 gal (3.8 L) sample.
It is common practice to mix only the amount of material needed to coat a given area
within the applicator’s ability. Working times can be extended by spreading the material
immediately after mixing and by keeping materials out of direct sunlight in warm
weather. In extreme warm weather cases, the resins can be cooled prior to mixing by
immersing unopened containers in ice water.
4.2 Coverage
In general, the area that a particular volume of resin can cover (coverage) is dependent
on the surface texture and porosity of the substrate. Additionally, the viscosity of the
resin will also control the amount of penetration and thus, the overall coverage. Because
of the variability of field conditions, coverage is presented as a typical range of values.
Table 4.4 – Typical Resin Coverage

Surface Texture Cured
Rough Smooth Thickness
Product Type of Application ft2/gal ft2/gal mils (mm)
(m2/L) (m2/L)
MBrace® Primer First coat – roller 200 (4.9) 250 (6.1) 3 (0.07)
MBrace® Putty Filler coat – trowel 6 (0.15) 12 (0.29) Varies
MBrace® Saturant Saturation and Not 55 (1.3) 20 (0.5)
(CF 130 and CF 530) Subsequent coats – applicable (total) (total)
roller
Note 1: 1 mil = 0.001 in.
Note 2: Coverage of EG 900 is 27 ft2/gal (0.65 m2/L)
05/30/02 4-3
4.3 Engineering Properties

The overall engineering or mechanical properties of the MBrace® composite system are
greatly influenced by the fibers. For typical design purposes, only the tensile strength
and tensile modulus of the fiber is considered. These values are determined by tensile
testing of FRP specimens1. Ultimate strength is determined by using the net area of the
fiber embedded in cured saturant. Design strength is determined by reducing the
average ultimate strength by three standard deviations. The stress-strain curve for
MBrace® fibers are typical of fiber reinforced polymers and show linear behavior up to
ultimate stress followed by brittle failure. For example, the stress-strain curve for
MBrace® CF 130, a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, is shown in Figure 4.1. The stress in
Figure 4.1 was computed using the net fiber area.
Table 4.5 – Design Values for MBrace® Fibers

Average Design Tensile
MBrace® Fiber Strength Strength Modulus
ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa)
CF 130 High Tensile Carbon 620 (4275) 550 (3790) 33,000 (228,000)
CF 530 High Modulus Carbon 584 (4027) 510 (3517) 54,000 (372,000)
EG 900 E-Glass 251 (1730) 220 (1517) 10,500 (72,400)
Note: Design Strength values should be used in all engineering calculations. The Design strength
values are determined by subtracting three standard deviations from the average strength values.
700
600
500
Stress (ksi)
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Strain
Figure 4.1 – Representative stress-strain curve from tensile test data,

MBrace® CF 130 carbon fiber.
The design numbers should be further reduced by appropriate factors depending if

LRFD or ASD methods are used.
With regard to the design assumption that bond between the composite and concrete
substrate is “perfect”, it is necessary for all materials within the bond line to be stronger
4-4 05/30/02
and more resilient than the concrete. For this reason, the tensile, compressive and
flexural properties of the neat resins are presented. Also, for those interested in
performing micro-mechanical design and analysis, these values can be used for the
constitutive materials properties. Please note that micro-mechanical treatment of the
MBrace® System is beyond the scope of this manual. For additional information, contact
your BASF Construction Chemicals Composite Specialist.
The term “neat resins” refers to a sample of cured epoxy resin with no reinforcing fiber
materials present. For testing, neat resins are mixed, cast into sheets and allowed to
cure. After full cure is achieved, typically 7 days at 72 °F (20 °C) and 40% relative
humidity, samples are machined from the sheets and tested to determine particular
engineering properties.
Because of the viscoelastic behavior of the MBrace® resins, the temperature and strain
rates during testing are important parameters that greatly influence the strength and
stiffness of the constitutive materials. Therefore, to provide repeatable results, testing is
performed according to appropriate ASTM standards.
Table 4.6 – Tension: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-6382

Maximum Stress 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 8000 (55.2)
psi (MPa)
Stress at Yield 2100 (14.5) 1900 (13.1) 7800 (53.8)
psi (MPa)
Stress at Rupture 2500 (17.2) 2100 (14.5) 7900 (54.5)
psi (MPa)
Strain at Max. Stress 0.400 0.060 0.030
Strain at Yield 0.040 0.020 0.025
Strain at Rupture 0.400 0.070 0.035
Elastic Modulus 104,000 (715) 260,000 (1790) 440,000 (3035)
psi (MPa)
Poisson’s Ratio 0.48 0.48 0.40
Note: Properties determined at 72 °F (20 °C) and 40% relative humidity.
05/30/02 4-5
Table 4.7 – Flexure: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-7903

Maximum Stress
psi (MPa) 3500 (24.1) 4000 (27.6) 20,000 (138)
Stress at Yield
psi (MPa) 3500 (24.1) 3800 (26.2) 20,000 (138)
Stress at Rupture Large deformation
psi (MPa) with no rupture. 3700 (25.5) 18,000 (124)
Strain at Max. Stress 0.060 0.060 0.042
Strain at Yield 0.050 0.040 0.038
Strain at Rupture Large deformation
with no rupture. 0.070 0.050
Flexural Modulus
psi (MPa) 86,300 (595) 130,000 (895) 540,000 (3724)
Table 4.8 – Compression: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-6954

Maximum Stress
psi (MPa) 4100 (28.3) 3300 (22.8) 12,500 (86.2)
Stress at Yield
psi (MPa) 3800 (26.2) 3300 (22.8) 12,500 (86.2)
Strain at Max.
Stress 0.100 0.100 0.050
Strain at Yield 0.040 0.050 0.050
Compressive
Modulus, psi (MPa) 97,000 (670) 156,000 (1075) 380,000 (2620)
4.4 Fiber Selection Guidelines

Five different reinforcing fibers are available with the MBrace® Composite Strengthening
System – CF 130, CF 160, CF 530, AK 60, and EG 900. Each strengthening application
should be carefully evaluated to determine the most appropriate reinforcing fiber.
Factors to consider in selecting a fiber type include the type of loading (sustained or
event), environmental exposure conditions, and project economics. The intent of this
section is to present the engineer with some general guidelines that will aid in selecting
an appropriate reinforcing fiber.
Carbon fibers, such as those used in CF 130, CF 160 and CF 530 reinforcement,
possess high strength, high modulus and are unaffected by typical environmental
exposure conditions. Carbon fiber has also been shown to resist high stresses for
4-6 05/30/02
sustained periods without failing due to creep rupture*. E-glass fibers used in EG 900
reinforcement allow for a reduced material cost, but possess lower strength and modulus
than carbon fibers. E-glass fibers also do not exhibit the superior long-term behavior of
carbon fibers. In general, E-glass fibers have been shown to degrade over time when
exposed to moisture and other environmental conditions. Eventually, E-glass fibers will
fail due to creep rupture at sustained stresses greater than 30% of ultimate. To provide a
safeguard against environmental and creep degradation, duration and environmental
strength reduction factors, CD and CE are applied to the design values. These reduction
factors limit the allowable stress to levels that environmental and sustained stress effects
are no longer a concern. These values are tabulated in Table 6.1.1. The tabulated
strength reduction factors are determined by long term durability testing of FRP tensile
specimens without protective coatings. Therefore, designs using these strength
reduction factors will be conservative.
The high strength, high modulus and negligible creep rupture behavior make carbon
fibers ideal for flexural and shear strengthening applications. Because fibers used for
these applications typically carry high levels of sustained stress, E-glass fibers will
require large strength reduction factors to prevent creep rupture. In most cases this
results in repairs that lack efficiency in materials use and project economics. In contrast,
the excellent resistance to environmental exposures makes carbon fiber ideal for
applications in harsh environments.
The three carbon fiber types available (CF 130, CF 160 and CF 530) give the engineer
the ability to select a material with either very high strength or very high modulus. Due to
its higher strength and higher elongation at failure, CF 130 and CF 160 are best used
when the ultimate behavior of a concrete element needs to be improved. In applications
where serviceability (deflection, allowable stresses, etc.) is the main concern, CF 530
may be a more appropriate choice due to its higher modulus. However, since bonded
FRP reinforcement in general do not dramatically effect serviceability, CF 130 will be
best suited for the majority of applications.
E-glass fibers are ideal for “event” loading conditions (seismic, blast, etc.) where the lack
of sustained stresses in the fiber eliminate problems with creep rupture. For these
conditions, low cost EG 900 fiber is most appropriate. In harsh environments, redundant
use of material and protective coatings can compensate for environmental degradation
of the E-glass fibers over time.
*
Creep rupture is a phenomenon unique to FRP materials. Sustained, long-term stresses can
cause certain fibers to fail suddenly after a passage of time. The duration to cause failure is
dependent on the magnitude of the sustained stress, with higher stresses shortening the time to
failure. The phenomenon is similar to fatigue in metals except that the stresses are constant
rather than cyclic. In fact, creep rupture is also known as static fatigue since the sustained load
vs. time curves resemble classic S-N curves.
05/30/02 4-7
4.5 References
1
ASTM D-3039, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials, Vol. 15.03.
2
ASTM D-638, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, Vol. 08.01.
3
ASTM D-790, Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Vol. 08.01.
4
ASTM D-695, Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics, Vol. 08.01.
4-8 05/30/02
Chapter 5 Durability
5.1 GENERAL 5-2
5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 5-2
5.3 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 5-3
5.4 FIRE 5-3

5.4.1 Surface Flammability 5-3
5.4.2 Structural Fire Ratings 5-4
5.5 REFERENCES 5-4

Chapter 5 Durability
5.1 General
At room temperature, moisture, atmospheric chemicals, solvents, bases and weak acids
do not affect bare carbon fiber1. Oxidizing agents and temperatures above
660 °F (350 °C)2 can also degrade bare carbon fiber. In the presence of an epoxy
matrix, the carbon fibers are protected from chemical attack.
In the following sections, data was generated by fabricating standard tensile specimens
per ASTM D-30393, cured with MBrace Saturant, exposing the specimens to various
conditions for 1,000, 3,000 and 10,000 hours, then testing the specimens to failure. In
addition to tensile data, the apparent interlaminar shear strength (commonly known as
the “short beam shear test”) was determined using ASTM D-23444. These tests were
performed without a protective finish coat to determine the resiliency of the MBrace
System. For permanent repairs, it is recommended to include a finish coat for added
protection and for aesthetic reasons. Protective coating systems should be selected
based on environmental exposure conditions and chemical resistance requirements.
Data presented is for the most commonly used carbon fiber, MBrace® CF 130.
5.2 Environmental Exposure

The physical properties of polymer materials subjected to hot and moist conditions
eventually degrade because of moisture diffusion. Because moisture diffusion is largely
influenced by elevated temperatures, data was generated for specimens exposed to
100% RH at 100 °F per ASTM D-22475 and 20% RH at 140°F per ASTM D-30456.
Results of this testing are presented in Table 5.1.
The effect of ultraviolet (UV) light and freezing and thawing has also been investigated.
Table 5.1 shows the residual properties of specimens exposed to 100 UV/condensation
and 20 freeze/thaw cycles.
The most important concern in FRP repair is maintaining strain compatibility between the
fibers and the base concrete. Research has shown that up to 50 saturated freeze/thaw
cycles can be tolerated with no noticeable degradation to the adhesive/concrete
interface or significant change in overall flexural performance7. Appropriate safety factors
will ensure long term performance.
5-2 05/30/02
Chapter 5 ⎯ Durability
Table 5.1 – Environmental Exposure, MBrace® CF 130

Ultimate Tensile Interlaminar
Failure Strain
Exposure Type Tensile Modulus Shear
(%)
Strength (ksi) (ksi) Strength (ksi)
Control 639 ± 27 32,200 ± 1,600 1.78 ± 0.06 7.7 ± 0.3
100% RH/100 °F
1,000 h 591 ± 25 34,000 ± 1,400 1.59 ± 0.08 7.6 ± 0.1
3,000 h 540 ± 17 33,200 ± 400 1.51 ± 0.06 7.2 ± 0.1
10,000 h 596 ± 22 33,100 ± 800 1.67 ± 0.07 6.9 ± 0.2
20% RH/140 °F
1,000 h 637 ± 23 33,400 ± 1,200 1.73 ± 0.08 9.5 ± 0.2
3,000 h 582 ± 12 32,600 ± 900 1.67 ± 0.05 8.6 ± 0.4
UV/Condensation
100 Cycles 644 ± 37 33,600 ± 1.2 1.76 ± 0.09 8.4 ± 0.3
Freeze/Thaw
20 Cycles 561 ± 29 33,300 ± 1,700 1.57 ± 0.06 7.5 ± 0.1
5.3 Chemical Exposure

The MBrace® System is tolerant of mild chemical exposure such as salt-water
immersion per ASTM D-11418 and alkali immersion (pH 9.5 at 73 °F) per ASTM C-5819.
Results of this testing is presented in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 – Chemical Exposure, MBrace® CF 130

Tensile Interlaminar
Ultimate Tensile Failure Strain
Exposure Type Modulus Shear Strength
Strength (ksi) (%)
(ksi) (ksi)
Control 639 ± 27 32,200 ± 1,600 1.78 ± 0.06 7.7 ± 0.3
Salt Water
1,000 h 619 ± 25 33,600 ± 500 1.70 ± 0.05 7.5 ± 0.2
3,000 h 623 ± 23 33,900 ± 1,100 1.74 ± 0.07 7.6 ± 0.4
10,000 h 610 ± 23 32,100 ± 1,600 1.75 ± 0.08 6.8 ± 0.1
pH 9.5
1,000 h 597 ± 27 32,900 ± 1,300 1.70 ± 0.11 7.6 ± 0.1
3,000 h 585 ± 35 31,800 ± 800 1.70 ± 0.09 7.2 ± 0.6
10,000 h 615 ± 39 33,100 ± 1,500 1.70 ± 0.12 6.7 ± 0.2
Diesel Fuel
4h 589 ± 9 34,100 ± 1.5 1.61 ± 0.08 8.2 ± 0.1
5.4 Fire
Investigating two related issues can satisfactorily treat the issue of fire durability. The
first issue is that of surface flammability and the second is that of structural integrity.
5.4.1 Surface Flammability

Surface finishes such as paints and wall coverings are classified by ASTM E-8410 by
determining the flame spread and smoke generation of the material when exposed to a
controlled heat source and ignition point. The goal of this testing is to determine how fast
05/30/02 5-3
a flame spreads over a given area and to determine the density of the resulting smoke.
The amount of smoke generated is of concern to fire code authorities because in most
cases the loss of life is caused by smoke inhalation and not because of collapsing
structures.
Laboratory tests indicate that because of the heat sink behavior contributed by the
concrete substrate, flame spread on the MBrace® System is suppressed. Current
research indicates that the MBrace® System applied on concrete without a finish coat
can be classified by ASTM E84 with “Class III” fire rating.
Independent testing by Omega Point Research in San Antonio, Texas has determined
that the MBrace® Carbon Fiber system coated with MBrace® Topcoat FRL meets the
requirements of ASTM E84 “Class I”. Two coats at 160 ft2/gallon/coat of MBrace®
Topcoat FRL on the MBrace® Carbon Fiber system is recognized by model building
codes for unrestricted use in buildings subject to flame spread and smoke generation
limits.
5.4.2 Structural Fire Ratings

In order to prevent structural collapse, the design philosophy of the MBrace® System is
to treat the repair as supplemental reinforcement. Because of the supplemental strength
contribution to the overall structure, the new service loads are less than the original
ultimate load of the structure (see Chapter 6). This same situation exists with steel plate
bonding, but has traditionally been ignored.
Currently, there are no accepted standards or failure criteria for structures that are either
completely built of or repaired with FRP materials. There exists a need for all interested
parties to establish rational guidelines and standards. Until that time, the concept of
supplemental reinforcement for repair must suffice.
5.5 References
1
Judd, N.C.W., “The Chemical Resistance of Carbon Fibers and a Carbon
Fiber/Polyester Composite”, Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Carbon Fibers, Plastics Institute, 1971, p. 258.
2
McKee, D.W. and Mimeault, V.J., “Surface Properties of Carbon Fibers”, Chemistry
and Physics of Carbon, Vol. 8, Marcel Dekker, 1973, p. 235.
3
ASTM D-3039, Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials, Vol. 15.03.
4
ASTM D-2344, Test Method for Apparent Interlaminar Shear Strength of Parallel Fiber
Composites by Short-Beam Method, Vol. 15.03.
5
ASTM D-2247, Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100% Relative
Humidity, Vol. 06.01.
6
ASTM D-3045, Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load, Vol. 08.02.
7
Tysl, S.R., Imbrogno, M. and Miller, B.D., “Effect of Surface Delamination on the
Freeze/Thaw Durability of CFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Durability of Fibre
Reinforced Polymer Composites for Construction, Benmokrane. B., and Rahman,
H., Editors, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 1998, pp. 317-324.
5-4 05/30/02
Chapter 5 ⎯ Durability
8
ASTM D-1141, Specification for Substitute Ocean Water, Vol. 11.02.
9
ASTM C-581, Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins
Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for Liquid Service, Vol. 08.04.
10
ASTM E-84, Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,
Vol. 04-07.
05/30/02 5-5
Chapter 6 – Flexural Strengthening
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-2
6.2 EXISTING CONDITION ASSESSMENT 6-5
6.3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN 6-6
6.4 ULTIMATE STRENGTH ANALYSIS 6-7
6.5 DUCTILITY 6-12
6.6 SERVICEABILITY 6-14
6.7 EXAMPLES 6-16
6.8 REFERENCES 6-21
5/99 1
6.1 Introduction
It has been well understood that bonding FRP reinforcement to the tension face of a
concrete flexural member with fibers oriented along the length of the member will provide
1, 2, 3
an increase in flexural capacity. Increases in flexural capacity from 10% to 160%
have been documented. However, when taking into account ductility and serviceability
limits, increases of 5% to 40% are more reasonable for actual design cases.
In this chapter, the material characteristics presented in Part 2 and information about the
existing concrete member are used to develop equations and procedures for computing
the increase in flexural capacity that may be achieved with an MBrace® strengthening
system. In addition, criteria are suggested for maintaining a reasonable level of ductility in
the member as well as ensuring serviceability. Specific guidance on addressing both
regularly reinforced and prestressed members is given.
This chapter deals only with the design and analysis of member cross sections. Complete
design of MBrace® flexural reinforcement requires an investigation of the bond strength
and other aspects covered in Chapter 10. Furthermore, guidance on detailing the system
for specific flexural elements, such as slabs, is given in Part 5.
2 5/99
Chapter 6 ⎯ Flexural Strengthening
Symbols and Notation

Ac = Area of gross concrete section (in.2)
Acr = Area of concrete compression zone after cracking (in.2)
Af = Total area of fiber contained in the FRP laminate = n tf wf (in.2)
Ap = Area of prestressing steel (in.2)
As = Area of tension steel (in.2)
A's = Area of compression steel (in.2)
b = Width of the section (in.)
c = Depth to the neutral axis (in.)
cb = Distance from the neutral axis of the gross concrete section to the bonded substrate (in.)
CD = Tensile strength reduction factor for FRP subjected to sustained loading
CE = Tensile strength reduction factor for FRP subjected to environmental conditions
d = Depth to the tension steel reinforcement centroid (in.)
d' = Depth to the compression steel centroid (in.)
dp = Depth to the prestressing steel centroid (in.)
e = Eccentricity of the prestressing force with respect to the neutral axis of the gross concrete
section. Positive eccentricities cause compression on the bonded substrate. (in.)
Ec = Approximate elastic modulus of concrete in compression (psi)
Ef = Elastic modulus of the FRP fiber material (psi)
Ep = Modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons (psi)
Es = Elastic modulus of reinforcing steel (psi)
ff = Stress level developed in the FRP (psi)
ffu = Design strength of the FRP material (psi)
fps = Stress level in prestressing tendons (psi)
fpu = Ultimate strength of prestressing tendons (psi)
fpy = Yield strength of prestressing tendons (psi)
fs = Stress level in the tension steel (psi)
fy = Yield strength of mild steel (psi)
f’s = Stress level in the compression steel (psi)
h = Total height of the section and depth to the FRP flexural reinforcement (in.)
Icr = Moment of inertia of the cracked concrete section (in.4)
Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross concrete section (in.4)
k = Ratio of the depth to the elastic neutral axis to the effective depth, d
l1 = The sum of the lengths of loaded spans that are connected with a continuous, unbonded
prestressing tendon (in.)
l2 = The length of an unbonded tendon between end anchorages (in.)
ln = Clear span of the beam (in.)
3 05/02
Symbols and Notation

Mip = Moment due to loads in place at the time of FRP installation (mainly dead loads) not including
moments caused by eccentric prestressing forces. (lb.-in.)
Mn = Nominal moment capacity of a section (lb.-in.)
Ms = Moment due to service loads (lb.-in.)
Mu = Moment due to factored loads (lb.-in.)
n = Number of fiber plies
Pe = Effective prestress force at the time of FRP installation (lb.)
rg = Radius of gyration of the gross concrete section = I g / A g (in.)
tf = Thickness of one ply of fiber sheet (in.)

Vn = Nominal shear strength (lb.)
Vu = Ultimate shear strength (lb.)
wf = Total width of the FRP laminate (in.)
Ωu = Bond reduction factor for unbonded tendons at the ultimate limit state
β1 = Multiplier on c to determine the depth of an equivalent rectangular stress distribution for

concrete
εb = Strain level in the concrete substrate developed by a given bending moment. Tension is
positive. (in./in.)
εbi = Strain level in the concrete substrate at the time of FRP installation. Tension is positive. (in./in.)
εc = Maximum compressive strain level in the concrete (in./in.)
ε'c = Strain level in the concrete corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'c (in./in.)
εcu = Maximum usable compressive strain in the concrete = 0.003 (in./in.)
εf = Strain level in the FRP developed by a given bending moment (in./in.)
εfu = Ultimate strain (elongation) of the FRP material (in./in.)
εp = Total strain level in prestressing tendons (in./in.)
εpu = Ultimate elongation of prestressing tendons (in./in.)

εs = Strain level in the tension steel (in./in.)
ε’s = Strain level in the compression steel (in./in.)
εsy = Strain level in the tension steel at its yield point = fy/Es (in./in.)
φ = Strength reduction factor for flexure

γ = Multiplier on f'c to determine the intensity of an equivalent rectangular stress distribution for
concrete
4 05/02
6.1.1 Design Approach

The design of bonded FRP reinforcement for flexural members is based on limit states
principles. Strength, ductility and serviceability requirements should all be investigated.
The design process requires investigating several possible failure modes and limit states.
The recommended design procedure outlined in this chapter is to obtain a preliminary
area of FRP and modify this area based on a comprehensive analysis of the section for
strength, ductility, and serviceability. Analysis calculations are necessarily iterative, and
implementation of computer programs to automate the iteration process is highly
recommended.
This chapter addresses the analysis and design of sections only. After the area of FRP is
determined for critical sections, the reinforcement should be appropriately detailed for the
structure being considered. Proper detailing of reinforcement is presented in Chapter 10
and Part 5.
The following assumptions apply to this chapter:
1) There no slip between the FRP and the bonded substrate*
2) Plane sections remain plane (Bernoulli’s principle)
3) Loads in place at the time of FRP installation are within the structure’s
elastic range
4) The existing conditions have been competently evaluated (including steel
areas and properties, concrete strengths, effective prestressing forces, etc.)
The procedures outlined in this chapter use the load factors and strength reduction factors
4
stipulated in ACI 318 . Engineers may wish to incorporate additional safety factors
according to uncertainties with the existing structure or degradation of the bonded
concrete substrate.
6.2 Existing Condition Assessment

Externally bonded reinforcement is typically installed unstressed. However, the surface to
which it is bonded is typically under stresses due to the structure’s self weight,
prestressing forces, or any other loads present at the time of installation. The strain in the
FRP will, therefore, be different than the strain in the concrete substrate. In order to apply
strain compatibility, the existing state of strain on the surface of the concrete substrate
must be assessed. This initial strain level may then be subtracted from the strain level in
the concrete substrate (determined by strain compatibility) to find the strain level in the
FRP as shown in Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-1).
(Error! No
text of
ε f = (ε b − ε bi ) ≤ ε fu specified
style in
document.
-1)
6.2.1 Initial Strains in Cracked Concrete

Typically a reinforced concrete structure, at some point in its history, will experience a
bending moment greater than its cracking moment. Initial strains may be determined
using cracked section properties of the unstrengthened section. Under the assumption
that the moment in place at the time of FRP installation is within the elastic range of the
*This assumption is valid only if the there is perfect bond between the FRP and the substrate. It is
recognized that perfect bond does not exist and that there is some shear deformation of the adhesive
resulting in some relative slip between the FRP and the substrate. However, the relative magnitude
of the strain differential between the FRP and the substrate is such that it may be neglected in design.
5 05/02
section, the initial strain in the concrete substrate may be determined from Equation
(Error! No text of specified style in document.-2).
(Error! No
text of
M ip (h − kd ) specified
ε bi =
I cr E c style in
document.
-2)
6.2.2 Initial Strains in Uncracked Concrete

There are situations where the section remains uncracked at the time of FRP installation
(particularly in the case of prestressed concrete). If this is true, the concrete is still
effective in tension and the initial state of strain may be determined from a simple
homogeneous, elastic section analysis (Equation 6-3).
(Error! No
text of
Mipcb ⎛ ec ⎞
ε bi = −
Pe ⎜1 + b ⎟ specified
Ig E c AcEc ⎜ rg2 ⎟⎠ style in
⎝ document.
-3)
6.3 Preliminary Design

Before proceeding with a comprehensive analysis and design of the strengthening
system, some initial computations should be performed to determine whether it is possible
to achieve the desired load level. The maximum load level that may be achieved may be
governed by flexural failure, shear failure, deflection limitations, or allowable stress
limitations.
Initial considerations of the following criteria should be made. Each of the criteria listed
should be checked with the structural geometry and material properties of the existing
structure and the load conditions required for the strengthened structure.
6.3.1 Existing Shear Strength

The load level that can be achieved may be controlled by the existing structure’s shear
strength. Therefore, after the repair, the nominal shear strength of the beam should be
greater than the shear force caused by increased loads from strengthening. This
requirement is defined by Equation (6-4).
(Error! No
text of
φVn ,existing ≥ Vu ,strengthened specified
style in
document.
-4)
For concrete beams, it may be possible to provide additional shear strength with FRP
shear reinforcement bonded to the sides of the beam (see Chapter 7).
6.3.2 Existing Stiffness

Bonded FRP does not significantly change the stiffness of a flexural member. Although
some additional stiffness may be achieved, the increase is typically not great. Deflection
computations using the existing section properties and the loads on the strengthened
structure will provide a reasonable estimate of service deflections.
6 05/02
6.3.3 Controlling Working Stress

The use of FRP for flexural strengthening is most useful in tension controlled sections.
Bonded FRP will not be as effective if the section is compression controlled. Therefore,
an initial check of the working stress in the concrete using the existing section properties
and the existing load condition should be performed. If the working stress in the concrete
exceeds the allowable value, the effectiveness of FRP reinforcement will be limited.
6.4 Ultimate Strength Analysis

The ultimate limit state analysis is used to calculate the capacity of the section by
combining stress equilibrium, strain compatibility, and the constitutive laws of the materials
at failure. The stress and strain distributions at ultimate are shown in Figure 6.1. The
b
εc γf'c
d' ε's f's β1c f's
c
d
h
εs fs fs
εf εbi ff ff
εb
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..1 – Strain and stress

non-linear stress strain behavior of concrete may be replaced, for computational ease, by
a rectangular stress block with dimensions γf'c x β1c. Note that the Whitney stress block
4
employed by ACI 318 is not always valid. See discussion in Section 6.4.1.2.
The ultimate strength of a flexural member strengthened with FRP is generally controlled
by either failure of the concrete by compression crushing or failure of the FRP by tensile
fracture. In order to assess the nominal moment capacity of the beam, it is important to
determine if these failures occur before or after yielding of the existing steel. As a result,
the overall behavior of the member will be dramatically affected by limiting failure mode.
The following list summarizes the possible flexural failure modes. For any given section, it
is necessary to determine which failure mode will control.
1) Concrete crushing before steel yielding
2) FRP rupture before steel yielding
3) Steel yielding followed by concrete crushing
4) Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture
In addition to these flexural failure modes, other localized premature failures at the
concrete / FRP interface are possible5, 6. However, these failure modes can be avoided
7 05/02
through proper detailing of the FRP reinforcement. Guidelines for detailing FRP
reinforcement are given in Chapter 10.
6.4.1 Reinforced Concrete

The general equation for the nominal moment capacity of a reinforced concrete section
strengthened with FRP flexural reinforcement is given in Equation (Error! No text of
specified style in document.-5).
(Error! No
text of
⎛ β c⎞ ⎛β c ⎞ ⎛ β c⎞ specified
M n = A s f s ⎜ d − 1 ⎟ + A ′s f s′ ⎜ 1 − d ′ ⎟ + 0.85A f f f ⎜ h − 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ style in
document.
-5)
The term fs indicates that the reinforcing steel is not necessarily at its yield stress. Addition
of FRP to the beam may result in over-reinforcement for moment capacity thus the steel
will not yield. The 0.85 factor applied to the moment contribution of the FRP reinforcement
is additional to the three standard deviation reduction of the strength of the FRP. The
additional 0.85 reduction term is to be used at the discretion of the engineer.
The stresses in each of the materials will depend on the strain distribution and the
governing failure mode. Because of the number of variables involved, there is no direct
procedure for determining the strain distribution and failure mode. Instead, a trial and
error procedure is necessary. This procedure involves first estimating the depth to the
neutral axis, c, and determining the failure mode based on this estimate. The estimated
depth to the neutral axis may be confirmed or modified based on strain compatibility, the
constitutive laws of the materials, and internal force equilibrium. In most situations, a first
estimate of c = 0.15d is reasonable.
With the estimate of c, the failure mode may be checked by the following criteria:
⎛h −c⎞
If ε fu + ε bi > ε cu ⎜ ⎟ , failure is controlled by concrete crushing.
⎝ c ⎠
⎛h −c⎞
If ε fu + ε bi < ε cu ⎜ ⎟ , failure is controlled by FRP rupture.
⎝ c ⎠
6.4.1.1 Failure by Concrete Crushing

When failure is governed by concrete crushing, the strain in the concrete at failure will be
at its maximum usable strain, εcu.
(Error! No
text of
specified
εc = εcu
style in
document.
-6)
Strain levels in the tension steel and compression steel may be determined based on this
known strain level in the concrete and the assumed neutral axis position.
(Error! No
⎛d−c⎞ text of
ε s = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ specified
⎝ c ⎠
style in
document.
8 05/02
-7)
(Error! No
text of
⎛ c − d′ ⎞ specified
ε ′s = ε cu ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠ style in
document.
-8)
The strain in the FRP may be determined by finding the strain in the concrete substrate at
ultimate and subtracting the strain in the concrete substrate at the time of FRP installation.
(Error! No
text of
⎛ h −c⎞ specified
ε f = ε cu ⎜ ⎟ − ε bi
⎝ c ⎠ style in
document.
-9)
Because the concrete is at its maximum usable strain level, the rectangular stress block
specified in ACI 318 may be used to approximate the actual non-linear stress distribution
in the concrete (i.e. γ = 0.85, β1 from ACI 318 Chapter 10.2.7.3)4. Stresses in the steel may
be considered proportional to strains below the yield point and should be taken as the
yield stress for strains beyond the yield point (use an elastic-plastic assumption).
(Error! No
text of
fs = Esεs ≤ f y specified
style in
document.
-10)
(Error! No
text of
f s′ = E s ε ′s ≤ f y specified
style in
document.
-11)
The FRP sheet may be taken as linear-elastic to failure.
(Error! No
text of
specified
f f = Ef εf
style in
document.
-12)
The estimated value of c may then be checked against the value obtained from Equation
(Error! No text of specified style in document.-13), to satisfy equilibrium of the internal
stress resultants.
(Error! No
text of
A s f s − A ′s f s′ + A f f f specified
c=
0.85f c′ β1 b style in
document.
-13)
6.4.1.2 Failure by FRP Rupture
9 05/02
The calculation procedure used to compute the nominal moment capacity of a section
when failure is governed by FRP rupture is similar. In this case, the known value of strain
in the FRP may be used in conjunction with the estimated neutral axis location to
determine the strain level in each of the materials.
(Error! No
text of
specified
ε f = ε fu = ε b − ε bi style in
document.
-24)
(Error! No
text of
⎛ c ⎞
εc = (εfu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟
specified
⎝h−c⎠ style in
document.
-15)
(Error! No
text of
⎛ d−c⎞
ε s = (ε fu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟
specified
⎝ h −c⎠ style in
document.
-16)
(Error! No
text of
⎛ c − d′ ⎞
ε ′s = (ε fu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟
specified
⎝ h −c ⎠ style in
document.
-17)
Stresses in the steel can again be determined by Equations (Error! No text of specified
style in document.-10) and (Error! No text of specified style in document.-11), and the
stress in the FRP, ff, may be taken as the ultimate tensile strength, ffu. Because the
concrete does not reach its ultimate strain in compression, the Whitney stress block (used
by ACI 3184) is not appropriate. The stress resultant for concrete should be determined
from an appropriate non-linear stress-strain relationship or by a rectangular stress block
suitable for the particular level of strain in the concrete. Parameters for such a stress
block are given in Equations (Error! No text of specified style in document.-18) and
7
(Error! No text of specified style in document.-19) . These values may also be
determined from Figures A.1 and A.2 in Appendix A.
(Error! No
[
4 (ε c ε ′c ) − tan −1 (ε c ε ′c ) ] text of
specified
β1 = 2 −
( ) (
ε c ε ′c ln 1 + ε c2 ε ′c2 ) style in
document.
-18)
(Error! No
γ=
(
0.90ln 1 + ε c2 ε ′c2 ) text of
specified
β1ε c ε ′c style in
document.
-19)
1.71f c′ ⎛ε ⎞ is computed in radians.

where ε ′c = , and tan −1 ⎜ c ⎟
Ec ⎝ ε' c ⎠
10 05/02
Using the equivalent stress block method, the internal force equilibrium equation is given
in Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-20). This equation is again
used to check the estimated depth to the neutral axis.
(Error! No
text of
A s f s − A ′s f s′ + A f f fu specified
c=
γf c′ β1 b style in
document.
-20)
6.4.2 Prestressed Concrete

The analysis of a prestressed concrete section strengthened with FRP flexural
reinforcement is analogous to that of a partially prestressed beam. The nominal moment
capacity of a prestressed concrete section may be determined from Equation (Error! No
text of specified style in document.-23).
(Error! No
text of
⎛ β c⎞ ⎛ β c⎞ specified
M n = A p f ps ⎜ d p − 1 ⎟ + 0.85A f f f ⎜ h − 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ style in
document.
-23)
A similar approach involving estimating the depth to the neutral axis is required to
determine the stress levels in each of the materials. The estimate on the neutral axis
depth must be checked by finding the strain and stress levels in all of the materials and
substituting them into Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-42).
(Error! No
text of
A p f ps + A f f fu specified
c=
γf c′β1b style in
document.
-42)
If failure is governed by concrete crushing, Equations (Error! No text of specified style in
document.-6) to (Error! No text of specified style in document.-12) may be used to
determine the strain and stress levels in the FRP and mild reinforcing steel. If failure is
governed by FRP rupture, Equations (Error! No text of specified style in document.-24) to
(Error! No text of specified style in document.-19) apply.
The total strain in the prestressing tendons is due to strains at three load stages as shown
in Figure 6.2.
11 05/02
Load Stage 1: Prestress Alone

(Effective)
Load Stage 2: Decompression of

Prestressing Steel
2 Load Stage 3: Ultimate Load
3
1
Prestressing Steel
Centroid
εp3 εp2 εp1
εp
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..2 – Strain distribution in a PC section at

various stages of loading
First, the strain in the tendons due to the initial application of the prestress force and any
subsequent losses may be determined from Equation (Error! No text of specified style in
document.-25).
(Error! No
text of
Pe specified
ε p1 =
ApEp style in
document.
-25)
The second load stage is at decompression of the concrete at the level of the tendons.
(Error! No
text of
Pe ⎛⎜ e 2 ⎞⎟ specified
εp2 = 1+ 2
A c E c ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ style in
document.
-26)
After decompression, the strain in the tendons may be determined by strain compatibility if
the tendons are bonded to the concrete. The strain level in the tendons at the third load
stage may be determined from Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-
27) for concrete crushing or Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-28)
for FRP rupture.
(Error! No
text of
⎛ dp − c ⎞ specified
ε p3 = εcu ⎜⎜ ⎟ for concrete crushing
⎟ style in
⎝ c ⎠
document.
-27)
(Error! No
text of
⎛ dp − c ⎞
ε p3 = (ε fu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟ for FRP rupture specified
⎜ h−c ⎟ style in
⎝ ⎠
document.
-28)
12 05/02
The total strain in the tendons is then the sum of the strains at each load stage as in
Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-29).
(Error! No
text of
specified
ε p = ε p1 + ε p 2 + ε p 3 style in
document.
-29)
The stress in the tendons should be determined from an appropriate equation for the
stress-strain relationship of the particular prestressing steel. The PCI Handbook gives the
following equations for Grade 250 and 270 tendons8.
(Error! No
⎧ εpEp for ε p ≤ 0.008 text of
⎪ specified
f ps =⎨ 75 for Grade 270 steel
f − − 2000 for ε p > 0.008 style in
⎪ pu ε p − 0.0065
⎩ document.
-210)
(Error! No
⎧ εpEp for ε p ≤ 0.008 text of
⎪ specified
f ps =⎨ 58 for Grade 250 steel
f − − 2000 for ε p > 0.008 style in
⎪ pu ε p − 0.006
⎩ document.
-211)
In some rare cases, the strain levels in the tendons may be high enough to cause tensile
fracture of the prestressing steel. For this reason, the strain in the prestressing steel
should be limited to a value below 0.03.
6.4.2.1 Special Consideration for Unbonded Tendons

When the tendons are bonded to the surrounding concrete as in the case of pre-tensioned
tendons or post-tensioned tendons in grouted ducts, it is reasonable to assume that the
strain in the tendons due to loading stage 3 is the same as that in the surrounding
concrete. If the tendons are unbonded as in the case of post-tensioned tendons in
greased ducts, the tendons are free to slip relative to the surrounding concrete. The strain
in the tendon does not, therefore, correspond to the strain level in the surrounding
concrete, and strain compatibility does not exist. ACI addresses this by providing
separate equations for the stress in unbonded tendons at ultimate. However, these
equations are only applicable for the traditional concrete crushing failure mode. In the
case of an FRP strengthened section, failure may be controlled by FRP rupture. Thus, a
different approach is needed.
One of the most convenient methods of dealing with unbonded tendons is to proceed as if
the strains were compatible and then apply a bond reduction factor to account for the
tendon slip. An accepted formulation for the bond reduction factor is available in the
9
literature and is given in Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-30).
This bond reduction coefficient is valid for a continuous beam loaded with a uniformly
distributed load. Reduction factors for other conditions are also available.
(Error! No
text of
3.0 l1 specified
Ωu =
ln d p l2 style in
document.
-30)
In this equation l1 is the length of all the loaded spans that a continuous tendon covers
and l2 is the length of the tendon between end anchorages. With this reduction factor, the
13 05/02
total strain in the unbonded tendons may be found by Equation (Error! No text of
specified style in document.-31) where the strains at the various load levels are those
given in Equations (Error! No text of specified style in document.-25) through (Error! No
text of specified style in document.-28).
(Error! No
text of
ε p = ε p1 + ε p 2 + Ω u ε p3 specified
style in
document.
-31)
It has been further recognized that unbonded tendons will rupture at an average stress
well below the ultimate strength of the prestressing steel. It is suggested that the stress in
the tendons at ultimate be limited to below the yield stress for unbonded tendons. The
stress will therefore be proportional to the strain and may be expressed as Equation
(Error! No text of specified style in document.-32).
(Error! No
text of
f ps = ε p E p ≤ 0.94f py specified
style in
document.
-32)
6.4.3 Summary of Strength Equations

The ultimate strength of any section may be computed by assuming a strain distribution
(estimating the depth to the neutral axis), determining the governing mode of failure, and
checking or revising the assumption based on stress equilibrium. Once the actual strain
and stress distribution is found through trial and error, the nominal moment capacity may
be determined by computing the moment of resistance of the stress resultants.
6.5 Ductility
The use of FRP as a means of flexural strengthening will compromise the ductility of the
original system. Figure 6.3 shows the idealized moment curvature relationships of a
bonded FRP strengthened beam. Significant increases in moment capacity with FRP
sheets are afforded at the sake of ductility. In many cases, the loss of ductility is
negligible. However, sections that experience a significant loss in ductility must be
addressed. The approach taken by this manual follows the philosophy of ACI 318
Appendix B, where a section with low ductility must compensate with a higher strength
4
reserve . The higher reserve of strength is achieved by applying a strength reduction
factor of 0.70 to brittle sections as opposed to 0.90 for ductile sections.
14 05/02
Strengthened with 3 plies
Strengthened with 2 plies
Strengthened with 1 ply
Moment
Unstrengthened
Curvature
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..3 – Typical idealized moment

curvature relationship for various degrees of strengthening (RC beams)
Concrete crushing or FRP rupture before yielding of the steel is both brittle failure modes.
Steel yielding followed by concrete crushing provides some level of ductility depending on
how far the steel is strained over the yield strain. Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture is
typically ductile because the level of strain needed to rupture FRP is significantly higher
than the strain level needed to yield the steel. Additionally, the tension steel and FRP
sheet are at a similar distance from the neutral axis.
In addition to failure modes at the ultimate limit state, ductility is also affected by the
service condition. If the tension steel yields at service load levels, both ductility and
residual stresses become of concern. Working stress limits presented in Section 6.6 will
guard against such circumstances.
6.5.1 Unreinforced Concrete

Although using externally bonded FRP as primary reinforcement may not be
recommended, the designer may want to ignore the contribution of steel reinforcement
due to degradation problems. If no steel is considered in the design of the strengthening
system, then the failure should be considered to be brittle. Thus, the strength reduction
factor used should be φ = 0.70 to ensure an adequate reserve of strength.
6.5.2 Reinforced Concrete

The only brittle failure mode a reinforced concrete section could experience is concrete
crushing. Lower ductility is also a concern in sections that, at ultimate, only strain the
steel to levels between the yield strain and twice the yield strain. These sections in
traditional reinforced concrete design have reinforcement ratios roughly between the
balanced reinforcement ratio and 75% of the balanced reinforcement ratio. These
sections must also have a higher reserve of strength than more ductile sections.
It is, therefore, recommended to use a strength reduction factor given by Equation (Error!
No text of specified style in document.-33), where s is the strain in the steel at the
15 05/02
ultimate limit state determined from Equation (Error! No text of specified style in
document.-7).
⎧ (Error! No
0.90 for ε s ≥ 2ε sy text of
⎪
⎪ ε specified
φ = ⎨0.50 + 0.20 s for ε sy < ε s < 2ε sy
ε style in
⎪ sy
⎪ document.
⎩ 0 .70 for ε s ≤ ε sy
-33)
This equation sets the reduction factor at 0.90 for ductile sections where the steel is
strained over twice its yield strain, 0.70 for brittle sections where the steel does not yield,
and provides a linear transition for the reduction factor between these two extremes. This
is presented graphically in Figure 6.4.
0.90
0.70
εsy 2εsy Steel Strain at

Ultimate
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..4 – Graph representing

the strength reduction factor as a function of the ductility
6.5.3 Prestressed Concrete

The addition of FRP reinforcement to a prestressed flexural element does not dramatically
affect its ductility. It is recommended that the strength reduction factor of 0.90 be
maintained for all prestressed concrete sections.
6.6 Serviceability Requirements

Serviceability limit states are crucial to obtaining a well-designed strengthening system.
The significant increases in the ultimate capacity of a section afforded by FRP
reinforcement are not achieved by substantial increases in stiffness (though some
additional stiffness is obtained). When the demand on a flexural element is increased, it is
important, therefore, to determine the effects the increase will have on the service load
stresses and deflections.
6.6.1 Working Stress Analysis

Insuring that the working stresses of an FRP reinforced section fall within allowable
ranges is important in maintaining safe levels of ductility and performance under cyclic
loading. Care must be taken to avoid yielding the steel at service load levels. Unlike
traditional reinforced concrete design, it is necessary to check allowable stresses in
addition to the ultimate limit state.
16 05/02
6.6.1.1 Allowable Stresses

The allowable stresses for each of the various materials are listed in Table Error! No text
of specified style in document..1. The allowable stress in the concrete and mild
compression steel are taken directly from code requirements4. For mild tension steel, a
higher allowable stress is suggested due to the presence of an additional material capable
of carrying tensile stress (i.e. the FRP). The allowable stresses in the FRP materials are
10
suggested to maintain their long-term performance . Further reductions to the allowable
stress may be prescribed by using the duration and environmental factors, CD and CE.
Subjected to sustained load greater than 30% of ultimate for glass fibers and 95% of
ultimate for carbon fibers, the fibers may fail due to creep rupture. The duration factor
reflects this behavior. The environmental factor is determined from long term coupon
testing in harsh conditions without protective coatings (see Chapter 5 – Durability). The
environmental factor reflects degradation under extreme conditions. Using these
allowable stresses, performance of these materials under sustained loading or
environmental exposure will not be compromised.
Table Error! No text of specified style in document..1 – Allowable stresses in materials

Material Allowable Stress
Concrete (Compression) 0.45f'c

Mild Tension Steel 0.80fy
Mild Compression Steel 0.40fy
Prestressing Steel 0.74fpu < 0.82fpy
Carbon FRP (tension) 0.33CDCEffu
Glass FRP (tension) 0.33CDCEffu
Table 6.1.1 – FRP Adjustment Factors

FRP Material Duration Factor, CD Environmental Factor, CE
Carbon Fiber 1.00 0.65 – 1.00

Glass Fiber 0.30 0.60 – 1.00
17 05/02
6.6.1.2 Working Stresses in Reinforced Concrete

The computation of working stresses in reinforced concrete involves determining the
depth of the cracked neutral axis (assuming linear-elastic behavior of all materials) and
computing the stresses in each material based on the service moment. The stress and
strain distribution for working stress analysis is shown in Figure 6.5. Similar to
conventional reinforced concrete, the depth to the neutral axis at service may be
computed by taking the first moment of the areas of the transformed section. The
transformed area of the FRP may be obtained by multiplying the area of FRP by the
modular ratio of FRP to concrete. Although this method ignores the difference in the initial
strain level of the FRP, the initial strain level does not greatly influence the depth to the
elastic neutral axis.
b
εc fc
d' ε's f's
kd
d
h
εs fs
εf εbi ff
εb
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..5: Strain and stress distribution for a working
stress analysis
The stresses in each of the materials may be determined by Equations (Error! No text of
specified style in document.-34) to (Error! No text of specified style in document.-37).
(Error! No
[M s (
+ ε bi A f E f h − kd
3
)](d − kd )E s text of
fs =
( ) ( )
A s E s d − kd (d − kd ) + A ′s E s kd − d ′ (kd − d ′) + A f E f h − kd (h − k
3 3 3
( )
specified
style in
document.
-34)
(Error! No
text of
⎛E ⎞ kd specified
f c = f s ⎜⎜ c ⎟
⎟ d − kd style in
⎝ Es ⎠
document.
-35)
(Error! No
kd − d ′ text of
f s′ = f s specified
d − kd
style in
document.
18 05/02
-126)
(Error! No
text of
⎛E ⎞ h − kd specified
f f = f s ⎜⎜ f ⎟
⎟ d − kd − ε bi E f style in
⎝ Es ⎠
document.
-37)
6.6.2 Deflections of Strengthened Beams

The cracked section properties of the strengthened section may be determined by using a
transformed area of FRP according to its modular ratio, and the effective moment of
inertia may be found by the traditional fashion (ACI 318-95 Equation 9-7). In computing
the effective moment of inertia, the maximum moment at the time deflections are
computed, Ma, should be taken equal to the full service moment. However, immediate
deflections should only be computed for moments applied after the strengthening is
completed, (Ms – Mip).11, 12, 13
6.6.3 Crack Widths

The crack width at service should be investigated using the Gergely-Lutz equation used in
conventional reinforced concrete design4. The effect of the FRP may be neglected in this
calculation. Available research has shown the presence of FRP to reduce the crack size
and spacing, however its effect cannot be quantified at this time. Ignoring the contribution
of the FRP will be conservative.
6.7 Examples from Practice
6.7.1 Retrofit of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridge Slab14

The 70-year-old, solid-slab,
concrete bridge required
strengthening in order to
accommodate current traffic
loads. Based on analysis,
the new service loads will
produce a maximum positive
bending moment of Ms = 42
kip⋅ft/ft, and the total factored
loads result in a design
moment of Mu = 66 ki⋅ft/ft.
An assessment of the
e
x b = 12”
i
sting bridge condition yields the section
information given in 6.6. Testing and
research into the material properties result
in a nominal concrete strength f’c = 3000
psi and a yield strength for the mild steel of
d = 16.5”
h = 18.5”
fy = 30,000 psi. Upon inspection, the

concrete is in good condition and no signs
of active corrosion are present.
As = 1.5 in2/ft
19 Af = ?
05/02
Figure Error! No text of specified

style in document..6 – Geometry of
As a means of strengthening this structure to accommodate the larger loads, the MBrace®
Composite Strengthening System was employed. The following outlines the design
procedure used to determine the amount of MBrace® reinforcement required.
• Determine the existing flexural capacity and whether strengthening is required
Asf y (1.5 in 2 )(30,000 psi)

a= = = 1.47 in
0.85 ⋅ f c′ b 0.85(3000 psi)(12 in )
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 1.47 in ⎞
φM n = φA s f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.90(1.5 in 2 )(30,000 psi)⎜16.5 in − ⎟ = 638,500 in ⋅ lbs
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
φM n = 638,500 in ⋅ lbs = 53.2 kip ⋅ ft < M u = 66 kip ⋅ ft ∴ Strengthening req' d

The existing capacity is 25% below the design moment capacity. It is reasonable that the
MBrace® System will be capable of correcting this deficiency. MBrace® CF 130 is
selected for its high strength and excellent performance under sustained and cyclic
loading.
• Estimate the amount of CF 130 required.
It is recommended to design the area of FRP by making a rough estimate of the required
area based on the additional tensile force, T, required to equilibrate the moment
deficiency. Do note, however, that this is a rough estimate and should be modified based
on a full analysis.
M u − φM n (66 kip ⋅ ft − 53.2 kip ⋅ ft ) × 12 in ft

T= = = 10.34 kips
0.90 ⋅ d 0.90(16.5 in )
T 10.34 kips
A f ,est = = = 0.0246 in 2
φ ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ f fu 0.90 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 550 ksi
Based on this area, the width of FRP may be computed. For a slab, a series of evenly
spaced FRP strips is typically used. Thus, the estimated width becomes:
Af 0.0246 in 2
wf = = = 3.8 in ∴ Try 1 ply, 4 in. wide Af = 0.026 in2
n ⋅ t f 1(0.0065 in )
The actual flexural capacity must now be computed.
• Find the existing state of strain on the soffit
Based on an existing condition assessment, the total moment in place at the time that the
FRP will be installed is Mip = 20 kip⋅ft. The existing state of strain may be computed for
this moment assuming that the section is cracked.
M ip (h − kd )
ε bi = from Equation (Error! No text of specified style in document.-2).
I cr E c
The multiplier on the beam depth, d, to find the cracked neutral axis position is k = 0.326.
Further, the cracked moment of inertia is Icr = 2570 in4. The strain level on the soffit at the
time of FRP installation, thus becomes:
(20 kip ⋅ ft × 12 in / ft )(18.5 in − 0.326 ⋅ 16.5 in )

ε bi = = 430 με
(2570 in 4 )(2850 ksi)
• Estimate c, and adjust by trial and error

A first estimate of c = 0.15d is used. Thus, c = 0.15(16.5 in) = 2.475 in is the first estimate.
20 05/02
• Find the mode of failure for the estimated c
⎛h −c⎞
ε fu + ε bi ? ε cu ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ 18.5 − 2.475 ⎞
0.017 + 0.000430 ? 0.003⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2.475 ⎠
0.01743 < 0.01942 ∴ FRP Rupture
• Find the strain level in each of the materials
ε f = ε fu = 0.017
⎛ c ⎞ ⎛ 2.475 ⎞
ε c = (ε fu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟ = (0.01743)⎜ ⎟ = 0.00263
⎝ h − c ⎠ ⎝ 18.5 − 2.475 ⎠
⎛ d−c⎞ ⎛ 16.5 − 2.475 ⎞

ε s = (ε fu + ε bi )⎜ ⎟ = (0.01743)⎜ ⎟ = 0.0149
⎝ h − c ⎠ ⎝ 18.5 − 2.475 ⎠
• Find the stress level in the FRP and steel
ff = ffu = 550 ksi
fs = fsy = 30 ksi since εs >> εsy
• Find the parameters to define an equivalent concrete stress block
1.71 ⋅ f c′ 1.71(2500 psi)

ε ′c = = = 0.0015
Ec 2,850,000 psi
ε c 0.00263
= = 1.635
ε ′c 0.0015
4[(ε c ε ′c ) − a tan (ε c ε ′c )] 4[(1.635) − a tan (1.635)]

β1 = 2 −
( ) (
ε c ε ′c ln 1 + ε c2 )
ε ′c2
=2−
(1.635)ln(1 + (1.635) )2
= 0.847
γ=
(
0.90ln 1 + ε c2 ε ′c2 ) = 0.90ln(1 + (1.635) ) = 0.845
2
β1ε c ε ′c 0.847(1.635)
• Check the estimate on c
A s f s − A′s f s′ + A f f f 1.5 in 2 (30,000 psi) − 0 + (0.026 in 2 )(550,000 psi)

c= = = 2.300 in
γf c′ β1b 0.845(2500 psi)0.847(12 in )
2.300 in ≠ 2.475 in ∴ A revision is required by iterating values of c.

• A summary of the trial and error procedure is given in Table 6.2.
Table Error! No text of specified style in document..2 – Summary of trial and error calculations to
obtain c
21 05/02
cest Failure ff fs ccalc

εf εs εc β1 γ
(in) Mode (ksi) (ksi) (in)
2.475 FRP 0.017 550 0.0152 30 0.00269 0.847 0.845 2.300

2.400 FRP 0.017 550 0.0152 30 0.00259 0.840 0.849 2.311
2.330 FRP 0.017 550 0.0152 30 0.00251 0.833 0.851 2.323
Thus, the value of c is taken as 2.33 in.

• Compute the nominal moment capacity
⎛ β c⎞ ⎛β c ⎞ ⎛ β c⎞
M n = A s f s ⎜ d − 1 ⎟ + A ′s f s′ ⎜ 1 − d ′ ⎟ + 0.85A f f f ⎜ h − 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0.833(2.33) ⎞ ⎛ 0.833(2.33) ⎞
= 1.5(30)⎜16.5 − ⎟ + 0 + 0.85(0.026)(550)⎜18.5 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
M n = 912 kip ⋅ in = 76 kip ⋅ ft
• Compute the design moment capacity

Because the strain in the steel at ultimate is much greater than twice its yield strain, the
section retains sufficient ductility. The φ factor is therefore taken as 0.90.
φM n = 0.90(76 kip ⋅ ft ) = 68.4 kip ⋅ ft > M u = 66 kip ⋅ ft 9O.K.
Check serviceability by checking working stresses

• Compute the elastic depth to the cracked neutral axis, kd.
By taking the first moments of the areas of concrete, steel (transformed to concrete), and
FRP (transformed to concrete), the following expression is obtained:
(kd) 2 b
− n s A s (d − kd ) − n f A f (h − kd ) = 0
2
(kd) 2 12in ⎛ 29000 ksi ⎞ ⎛ 33000 ksi ⎞
− ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(1.5 in 2 )(16.5in − kd) − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟(0.026 in 2 )(18.5in − kd) = 0
2 ⎝ 2771 ksi ⎠ ⎝ 2771 ksi ⎠
Solving this quadratic, the depth to the neutral axis is kd = 5.185 inches (k = 0.314).
22 05/02
• Compute the stress in the steel at a service moment of Ms = 42 kip-ft = 504 kip-in.
fs =
[M s (
+ ε bi A f E f h − kd
3
)]
(d − kd )E s
( 3
) 3
( ) ( )
A s E s d − kd (d − kd ) + A ′s E s kd − d ′ (kd − d ′) + A f E f h − kd (h − kd )
3
⎡ ⎛ 5.185 ⎞⎤
⎢504 + 0.00039(0.026)(33000)⎜18.5 − ⎟⎥ (16.5 − 5.185)(29000)
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
=
⎛ 5.185 ⎞ ⎛ 5.185 ⎞
1.5(29000)⎜16.5 − ⎟(16.5 − 5.185) + 0 + (0.026)(33000)⎜18.5 − ⎟(18.5 − 5.185)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
f s = 22.41 ksi < 0.80f y = 24 ksi 9O.K.
• Compute the maximum compressive stress in the concrete at service
⎛E ⎞ kd ⎛ 2771 ⎞ 5.185
f c = f s ⎜⎜ c ⎟
⎟ d − kd = 22.57 ksi⎜⎝ 29000 ⎟⎠ 16.5 − 5.185 = 1.106 ksi
⎝ Es ⎠
f c = 1106 psi > 0.45f c′ = 1350 psi 9O.K.
• Compute the stress in the FRP at service
⎛E ⎞ h − kd ⎛ 33 ⎞ 18.5 − 5.45
f f = f s ⎜⎜ f ⎟
⎟ d − kd − ε bi E f = 22.53 ksi⎜⎝ 29 ⎟⎠ 16.5 − 5.45 − 0.00044(33000 ksi) = 15.76 ksi
⎝ Es ⎠
f f = 16.9 ksi < 0.33C D C E f fu = 0.33( 0.95 )( 0.65 )550 ksi = 112 ksi 9O.K.
• Conclusions
Based on the analysis, one ply of FRP with a width of 4” per 12” width of beam will be sufficient to
strengthen the bridge. The final design could call for a 10” wide one-ply strip spaced at 30” on center for
constructability and material economy. Because the MBrace® CF 130 sheets come in 20” wide rolls, these
strips are easily field cut.
As evidence of the validity of this design example, a full size mock-up of a unit strip of this
bridge slab was tested to failure. The experimental beam was constructed using similar
materials and the exact section and span dimensions. Figure Error! No text of specified
style in document..7 shows the experimental load deflection curve as compared to the
theoretical curve that is based on the principles presented in this chapter. These curves
show reasonable correlation. In addition, the predicted failure mode, FRP rupture, was
the mode of failure observed during testing.
23 05/02
60000
FRP Rupture
50000 FRP Rupture
Concrete
Crushing
40000 Concrete
Crushing
Load (lbs)
30000
20000 Theoretical (Before Strengthening)

Experimental (Before Strengthening)
Theoretical (After Strengthening)
10000
Experimental (After Strengthening)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection (in)
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document..7 – Experimental validation of Example 6.7.1
6.8 References
2
Kobayashi, A., Endoh, M., Kuroda, H., and Kliger, H., (1995). “Use of Carbon Fiber Tow Sheet
Reinforcement for Improved Bridge Capacity Ratings in Japan,” Proceedings of the International
SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, May 8-11.
3
Nanni, A., (1995). "Concrete Repair with Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement: Examples from Japan,"
Concrete International, v. 17, no. 6, June, pp. 22-26.
4
ACI-318, (1995). "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete." American Concrete Institute.
5
Triantafillou, T. C. and Plevris, N., (1992). "Strengthening of RC Beams with Epoxy-Bonded Fibre-
Composite Materials," Materials and Structures, Vol. 25, pp. 201-211.
6
Oehlers, D. J., (1992). “Reinforced Concrete Beams with Plates Glued to Their Soffits,” Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 8, August, pp. 2023-2038.
7
Todeschini, C., Bianchini, A, and Kesler, C. (1982) "Behavior of Concrete Columns Reinforced with High
Strength Steels." ACI Journal, Proceedings, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp 701-716, November-December
8
PCI Design Handbook Edition 3 (1985), Precast Concrete Institute
9
Namaan, A. and Alkhairi, F. (1991) "Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Post-Tensioning Tendons: Part 2 --
Proposed Methodology." ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 88, No. 6, November-December, pp 683-692.
24 05/02
10
ACI Committee 440 (1996), “State-of-the-Art Report on FRP for Concrete Structures,” ACI440R-96,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 68 pgs.
11
Arduini, M. and Nanni, A., (1997). "Behavior of Pre-Cracked RC Beams Strengthened with Carbon FRP
Sheets," ASCE, Journal of Composites in Construction, Vol. 1, No. 2, May, pp. 63-70.
12
Sharif, A., Al-Sulaimani, G., Basunbul, A., Baluch, M., and Ghaleb, B., (1994). "Strengthening of Initially
Loaded Reinforced Concrete Beams Using FRP Plates," ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp160-
168.
13
Nanni, A., Focacci, F., and Cobb, C.A., “Proposed Procedure for the Design of RC Flexural Members
Strengthened with FRP Sheets,” Proceedings, ICCI-98, Tucson, AZ, Jan 5-7, 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 187-
201.
14
Mayo, R.L., Nanni. A,. Gold, W., and Barker, M., “Strengthening of Bridge G270 with Externally Bonded
CFRP Reinforcement,” FRPRCS-4, Baltimore, MD, 1999 (submitted).
25 05/02
Chapter 7 Shear Strengthening
7.1 GENERAL 7-2

7.1.1 Notation 7-2
7.2 SHEAR STRENGTHENING OPTIONS 7-3

7.2.1 Bonded Surface Configuration 7-3
7.2.2 Shear Reinforcement Distribution 7-4
7.2.3 Fiber Orientation 7-4
7.2.4 Bi-axial Reinforcement 7-5
7.3 STRENGTH DESIGN 7-5

7.3.1 Shear Capacity of a FRP Strengthened Section 7-5
7.3.2 Contribution of FRP Reinforcement to the Shear Capacity 7-5
7.3.3 General Application of the Equations to Shear Problems 7-9
7.3.4 Design Recommendations 7-9
7.4 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 7-11

7.4.1 Correcting the Omission of Steel Stirrups 7-11
7.4.2 Accomodating a New Load Pattern 7-16
7.5 REFERENCES 7-19

Chapter 7 Shear Strengthening
7.1 General
This chapter addresses the design of bonded FRP reinforcement as a means of

increasing the shear capacity of a concrete beam. Partial or complete beam
wrapping with transversely oriented FRP has been shown to improve the shear
strength of beams1, 2, 3. The amount of additional strength that may be achieved
is dependent on several factors including the wrapping scheme, the amount and
type of FRP, the existing concrete strength, and the nature of the loads and
support conditions. It is also important to realize that because the overall beam
shear strength is significantly dependent on the interfacial bond between the FRP
and concrete (especially in the case of partially wrapped beams); the additional
shear strength is not necessarily proportional to the amount of FRP used. This
phenomenon will become evident in the design procedure.
7.1.1 Notation
Afv = Total area of one strip of transverse FRP reinforcement = 2 n tf wf (in2)
bw = Width of the web of the cross section (average width for tapered sections) (in.)
d = Depth to the tension steel reinforcement centroid (prestressed and/or mild) (in.)
df = Depth of the FRP shear reinforcement (typically d – hs) (in.)
dfe = Effective depth of the FRP shear reinforcement considering only sufficiently bonded
areas (in.)
Ef = Elastic modulus of FRP (psi)
f'c = Nominal compressive concrete strength (psi)
ffe = Stress level in the FRP shear reinforcement at failure (psi)
ffu = Ultimate (rupture) strength of FRP (psi)
hs = Thickness of the monolithic slab or flange, if present (in.)
k1 = Multiplier on the effective bond length to account for the concrete strength
k2 = Multiplier on the effective bond length to account for the wrapping scheme
Le = Effective bond length of the FRP strip (in.)
Lo = Effective bond length of one ply of FRP (in.)
n = Number of plies of FRP shear reinforcement with fibers oriented in the primary (β)
direction
R = Reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the FRP to find the stress level in the FRP
at failure
sf = Spacing of the strips of FRP shear reinforcement. If continuous reinforcement is used,
the spacing of the strips should be set equal to the width of the strip, wf. (in.)
tf = Thickness of one ply of fiber reinforcement (in.)
Vc = Shear strength of the concrete in a given section (lb.)
Vf = Shear strength of the transverse FRP reinforcement in a given section (lb.)
7-2 05/30/02
Chapter 7 ⎯ Shear Strengthening
Vn = Nominal shear strength of a given section (lb.)

Vs = Shear strength of the transverse mild steel reinforcement in a given section (lb.)
wf = Width of one strip of FRP shear reinforcement (in.)
β = Orientation of the primary fibers with respect to the longitudinal beam axis (degrees).
εfu = Ultimate strain (elongation) of the FRP material (in./in.)
φ = Strength reduction factor for shear
7.2 Shear Strengthening Options
The MBrace® Composite Strengthening System offers the designer several

options for shear strengthening. The system is used to wrap a concrete section
with the fibers in the transverse direction in order to reinforce diagonal tension
cracks in much the same way as steel stirrups. From this general approach,
several configurations of FRP shear reinforcement have been devised and
investigated4. The goal of this section is to describe several alternatives that are
available to the designer. The figures in this section all reference a simply
supported T-beam for clarity.
7.2.1 Bonded Shear Strengthening Configurations

The most effective method of shear strengthening with FRP sheets is to wrap the
entire cross section of the beam with FRP as shown in Figure 7.1(a). Typically,
this is not practical from a constructability standpoint. The presence of monolithic
slabs or other supported elements often prevents wrapping the sheet around the
top of the section. One option might be to drill holes through the slab and wrap
strips or bands of FRP around the section. However, this method is often too
complicated and costly.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 7.1 – Various schemes for wrapping transverse FRP reinforcement. (a) FRP
wrapped entirely around the beam. (b) FRP “U” wrap. (c) FRP bonded to the two sides
of the beam.
The most common method of shear strengthening is to wrap the sides and
bottom of the section. This method referred to as a “U” wrap and shown in
Figure 7.1(b). The “U” wrap is practical and is effective in increasing the
section’s shear strength. The use of the “U” wrap is, however, only highly
effective in positive moment regions. In negative moment regions, shear
cracking initiates from the top of the section near the slab. Due to its location
below the slab, the FRP may not be able to control the initiation of these cracks.
Once these cracks open, there is the potential for the crack to drive through
section without any reinforcing effect from the FRP.
05/30/02 7-3
In some situations, it may not be possible to wrap the top or bottom of the
section. Shear strengthening is still possible by placing the reinforcement on
both sides of the section as shown in Figure 7.1(c). However, the effectiveness
of this configuration is limited due to possible anchorage confines of the FRP
sheet.
7.2.2 Shear Reinforcement Spacing
(a) (b)
Figure 7.2 – Various reinforcement distributions. (a) Continuous reinforcement. (b)

Reinforcement placed in strips.
The transverse FRP reinforcement may be in the form of a continuous jacket or

as spaced strips as shown in Figure 7.2. The use of strips may be effective in
optimizing the amount of material used. Furthermore, if the entire length of the
beam is to be wrapped, the use of strips may allow for better moisture migration
through the concrete.
7.2.3 Fiber Orientation

Because FRP is an anisotropic material with high strength in the direction of the
fibers, the fibers may be oriented in such a way to best reinforce diagonal tension
cracks. This is achieved by the use of inclined strips, Figure 7.3(a). However,
vertically oriented plies are easier to install and may reduce the total length of the
wrap, Figure 7.3(b).
(a) (b)
Figure 7.3 – Sheets with their fibers oriented in various primary directions. (a) 45° wrap. (b) 90°
wrap.
7-4 05/30/02
7.2.4 Bi-axial Reinforcement

It has been found that the use of bi-axial FRP reinforcement increases the overall
performance of the system5. Bi-axial FRP reinforcement is achieved by placing
two unidirectional FRP plies in mutually perpendicular directions, Figure 7.4. The
ply in the primary direction acts to provide most of the reinforcement. While the
ply in the secondary direction limits shear crack openings and provides
anchorage for the ply in the primary direction.
(a) (b)
Figure 7.4 – Beams with bi-axial FRP shear reinforcement. (a) 0°/90° wrap. (b) ±45° wrap.
7.3 Strength Design
At the ultimate limit state, it is not possible to attain the full strength of the FRP in
a shear strengthening situation. Failure is governed by either rupture of the
sheet at average stress levels well below ultimate due to stress concentrations,
debonding of the FRP sheet from the concrete surface, or a significant decrease
in the post-cracking concrete shear strength from a loss of aggregate interlock.
The strength design procedure takes all of these failure modes into
consideration.
7.3.1 Shear Capacity of a FRP Strengthened Section

The nominal shear strength of a reinforced concrete section, per ACI 318-95, is
the sum of the shear strength of the concrete and the strength of the steel shear
reinforcement6. For beams strengthened with FRP shear reinforcement, the
nominal shear strength may be computed by the addition of a third term to
account for the contribution of the FRP sheet. The nominal shear strength is
expressed in Equation (7-1). A factor of 0.85 is applied to the contribution of
FRP to the shear capacity because of the novelty of this repair technique.*
Vn = Vc + Vs + 0.85Vf (7-1)
The design shear strength, φVn, is obtained by multiplying the nominal shear
strength by a strength reduction factor for shear, φ. It is suggested that the
reduction factor of φ = 0.85 for shear given in ACI 318-956 be maintained. The
designer may wish to incorporate a more conservative factor if there are
uncertainties about the condition of the existing structure.
7.3.2 Contribution of FRP Reinforcement to the Shear Capacity

The general expression for the additional capacity afforded by FRP shear
reinforcement is given in Equation (7-2). The determination of the capacity of
FRP shear reinforcement is similar to that for the shear contribution of transverse
steel reinforcement7, and the equation is consistent with the ACI format. As in
* As with the factor used for flexural FRP reinforcement, there is no theoretical reliability basis for this factor at this time.
05/30/02 7-5
the ACI equation, the shear contribution is computed by assuming a shear crack
angle of 45 degrees, computing the area of reinforcement that crosses this
potential crack, and multiplying the area by the strength of the material.6
A fv f fe (sin β + cos β )d f
Vf = ≤ 4 f c′ b w d
sf
A reasonable limit on the maximum amount of additional shear strength that may
be achieved is placed in terms of the shear strength of the concrete. This limit is
imposed primarily to establish a basis for judging when the use of FRP is not
suitable for shear reinforcement. Furthermore, this limit maintains the use of
FRP as supplemental reinforcement.
In order to determine the area of FRP reinforcement that crosses a potential 45-
degree shear crack, the terms Afv, df, sf, and β are required. Afv is the area of one
strip of transverse FRP reinforcement covering two sides of the beam. This area
may be expressed by Equation (7-3), where n is the number of plies, tf is the
thickness of one ply, and wf is the width of the strip.
A fv = 2nt f w f
In a positive moment region, the depth of the strip, df, is the horizontal projection
of the shear crack (assumed to be 45°) minus the distance from the top of the
crack to the top of the sheet. Because shear cracks typically initiate as vertical
cracks until they reach the depth the longitudinal steel reinforcement, the
effective depth of the FRP strip should be measured from the centroid of the
steel at the bottom of the section. Typically, strips extend only to the soffit of the
slab at the top of the beam. Therefore, the effective depth of the FRP strip may
be computed by subtracting the slab depth, hs, from the depth to the steel, d.
df
wf
sf wf sf
(a) (b)
Figure 7.5 – Dimensions used to define the area of FRP for shear.
(a) Vertically oriented FRP strips. (b) Inclined strips.
7-6 05/30/02
The spacing between the strips, sf, is defined as the distance from the centerline
of one strip to the centerline of an adjacent strip. Note that for continuous shear
reinforcement, as shown in Figure 7.5(b), the spacing of the strip, sf, and the
width of the strip, wf, are equal.
The angle β defines the orientation of the primary fibers with respect to the
longitudinal axis of the beam. The primary fibers are most effective when
oriented perpendicular to the potential crack. Figure 7.5 summarizes the
definition of the variables used to define the area of FRP that crosses a potential
shear crack.
The final variable in Equation (7-2) that is required to compute the shear capacity
of the FRP sheet is the effective stress in the sheet at failure. As stated earlier,
the ultimate strength of the sheet cannot be attained in a shear strengthening
situation. The effective stress is therefore computed by applying a reduction
factor, R, on the ultimate strength as shown in Equation (7-4).
f fe = Rf fu
The reduction factor is determined by the governing mode of failure. For sheets
which do not entirely wrap the beam cross section, the primary mode of failure is
debonding of the sheet from the concrete. By wrapping the section entirely,
adequate anchorage is provided, and bond is less critical.
The other failure mode of interest is the loss of aggregate interlock in the
concrete. If the shear crack width becomes too large, aggregate interlock is lost
along with the majority of the shear strength of the concrete, Vc. In order to
control the shear crack width, the strain (and thus the stress) of the FRP sheet
must be limited. This limiting factor applies mainly to beams that are wrapped
entirely, however it must be considered a general limiting factor for all wrapping
schemes.
Consideration of these two failure modes was made in the development of
Equation (7-5).
k 1 k 2 L e 0.005
R= ≤
468ε fu ε fu
The first part of this equation addresses debonding of the FRP sheet. This
equation was developed from a combination of empirical and experimental work
involving a determination of the bond strength of FRP, loaded in tension, to
concrete.8 This bond test arrangement is particularly well suited to a shear
strengthening situation because the method of force transfer is similar*.
* Note that for flexural FRP reinforcement, this bond mechanism is less applicable because flexural curvature tends to
stabilize the progressive debonding of FRP from the concrete. See reference 11.
05/30/02 7-7
The limit of 0.005/εfu on the equation addresses the loss of aggregate interlock.
Aggregate interlock is maintained by limiting the shear crack opening. It has
been suggested that this may be achieved by limiting the strain in the FRP to
values on the order of 0.004 to 0.005 in/in.9 The limit used in this manual, 0.005,
is not on the conservative end of this range. However, this value has been
selected in recognition of additional safety factors in place for the calculation of
the design capacity (strength reduction factors and the factor of 0.85 applied to
the contribution of FRP).
The other possible failure mode, FRP rupture, has not been considered.
However, this failure mode typically occurs at strains above 0.005 in/in.
Therefore, this failure will only occur after loss of aggregate interlock.
In determining the limiting factor for bond, the effective bond length, Le, must be
determined. According to experimental observations, the ultimate tensile force
that the CFRP strip carries is not dependent on its total bonded length. The
reason for this is that load is sustained by bond only in a concentrated area of
active bonding. Bond stresses in the remaining portion of the sheet are relatively
small. If delamination occurs in this vicinity, the area of active bonding is shifted
to a new area. This action is repeated until delamination propagates completely
through the length of the CFRP. Therefore, the maximum force that can be
carried by bond stresses in the active bonding area governs the highest tensile
force that the sheet can carry. The effective bond length times the width of the
strip defines this active bonded area.
The effective bond length decreases with increasing stiffness of the sheet (more
plies). Physically, this results in the stress in the sheet being transferred to a
smaller area of concrete and increasing the stress in the concrete. Thus, the
addition of more plies increases the overall strength, but the efficiency of the FRP
system decreases. The equation for the effective bond length is given in
Equation (7-6).10
1
Le = Lo
n
In this equation, Lo is the effective bond length for one ply of FRP. The effective
bond length for one ply of each of the MBrace® Fiber Reinforcement Systems
has been computed and are given as follows:*
Lo = 2.0 in for CF 130
Lo = 1.5 in for CF 530
Lo = 2.5 in for EG 900†
2500
* In general, the effective bond length of one ply of FRP may be determined by the equation: Lo = . Also see
(t f E f )0.58
reference 10.
†The experimental base for shear strengthening with glass FRP is not extensive at this time. The designer should take
particular care in specifying EG 900 for shear strengthening.
7-8 05/30/02
The effective bond length is further effected by the concrete strength and the
bonded configuration (Figure 7.1). Thus two additional factors are applied to
compensate for these effects. The factor, k1, given in Equation (7-7) accounts for
concrete strengths other than 4000 psi.11
⎛ f′ ⎞
2/3
k1 = ⎜ c ⎟ (7-7)
⎝ 4000 ⎠
The factor k2 accounts for the type of wrapping scheme used. This factor is
given in Equation (7-8).
d fe (7-8)
k2 =
df
After a shear crack develops only that portion of FRP extending past the crack by
the effective bonded length will be capable of carrying shear. The depth of the
FRP reinforcement will, therefore, be reduced unless the FRP is anchored by
wrapping it around the section. The effective depth may be computed based on
the wrapping scheme from the criteria given below.12
d fe = d f − L e if the FRP strip is “U” wrapped, Figure 7.1(b)
d fe = d f − 2 L e if the FRP strip is bonded only to the two sides of the beam,
Figure 7.1(c)
As stated earlier, bond becomes less of a concern when the sheet is wrapped
entirely around the beam cross section. In this case the limiting factor for bond
may be disregarded, and the reduction factor, R, may be taken as the maximum
value.
0.005
R= if the beam is wrapped entirely, Figure 7.1(a)
ε fu
7.3.3 General Application of the Equations to Shear Problems

The procedure given in Section 7.3.2 applies directly to FRP used to reinforce
flexure-shear cracking in beams. This is only one of a wide variety of shear
problems that may exist in a concrete structure. The procedure in Section 7.3.2
can be extended to apply to other shear problems by modifying the term df.
Instead of taking this variable as the depth to the steel minus the slab thickness,
this variable may be set to the horizontal projection of a potential shear crack.
7.3.4 Design Recommendations

In addition to strength considerations, there are several detailing issues that are
of importance in design of FRP shear reinforcement. The details that apply
specifically to shear strengthening are addressed in this section.
7.3.4.1 Bi-axial FRP Reinforcement

The design equations presented do not address the use of bi-axial FRP
reinforcement where the fibers are oriented in two perpendicular directions.
Although the effect of this reinforcement is not quantifiable at this time, its use is
05/30/02 7-9
highly recommended. When shear cracks form, it is typically assumed that the
displacement is in the vertical direction and the vertical component of the
resistive force supplied by reinforcement is effective. However, in reality the
displacement has a horizontal component as well resulting from rigid body
rotation about the shear crack tip. If only vertical plies of FRP are used (β = 90°),
there is nothing to resist this horizontal strain component. (In the case of steel
stirrups, this component is resisted by dowel action of the stirrup.) It is, therefore,
recommended to use an additional horizontal ply (β = 0°) to resist this movement
and further limit shear crack opening.
The horizontal ply also acts to arrest the vertical crack that starts at the bottom of
the section (for positive bending) below the longitudinal steel centroid. Due to
this crack control mechanism, the horizontal ply should always be located as
close as possible to the bottom of the section for positive bending and as close
as possible to the top of the section for negative bending as possible.
Without a quantifiable method for determining the amount of secondary
reinforcement to use, a general approach will suffice. In general, one secondary
ply should be used when one primary ply is used, and another secondary ply
should be used for every two additional primary plies. For example, a design
using 3 primary plies should include 2 secondary plies. Placement of the plies
should alternate between primary and secondary with the primary ply placed first.
7.3.4.2 Spacing Requirements

Similar to steel shear reinforcement, the spacing of FRP strips should not be so
wide as to allow the full formation of a diagonal crack without intercepting a strip.
For this reason the strips should not be spaced by more than the maximum given
in Equation (7-9).
d
s f ,max = w f +
4
7.3.4.3 Limit on Total Shear Reinforcement

ACI 318-95 Section 11.5.6.7 and 11.5.6.8 set a limit on the total shear strength
that may be provided by more than one type of shear reinforcement.6 FRP shear
reinforcement should be included in this limit. A modification to ACI 318-95
Section 11.5.6.8 is suggested by Equation (7-10).
Vs + Vf ≤ 8 f c′ b w d
7-10 05/30/02
7.3.5 Comparison to Experimental Data

The design procedure outlined has been compared to data from various
experimental programs available in the literature*. This comparison is shown in
Figure 7.6.
50
FRP Bonded to Sides Only
FRP U-wrap
Calculated FRP Shear Contribution (kips)

FRP Wrapped around Beam Entirely
Nominal Datum
40 Design Datum
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Experimental FRP Shear Contribution (kips)
Figure 7.6 – Comparison between experimental results and results obtained through the proposed
design procedure.
In the figure, the line labeled “Nominal Datum” represents a perfect correlation
between the computed nominal shear strength provided by the FRP, Vf, and the
experimental shear strength provided. The line labeled “Design Datum”
represents a perfect correlation between the computed design shear strength
provided by the FRP, φ(0.85Vf), and the experimental shear strength provided.
Data points falling below the “Design Datum” represent beams with shear
strengths that were higher than the computed design value and therefore,
represent the design procedure as conservative. From the data, the design
procedure tends to be conservative in nearly all cases.
7.4 Example Problems
7.4.1 Correcting the Omission of Steel Stirrups

The T-beam shown in Figure 7.7 is simply supported on each end by masonry
walls. The beam has a span of ln = 30 ft and supports a uniformly distributed
dead load of wdl = 1.3 k/ft (including its own self-weight) and a uniformly
* The experimental data originate from several sources, however the data is summarized in Reference 8.
05/30/02 7-11
distributed live load of wll = 1.6 k/ft. The beam was originally designed with #3
stirrups spaced at 12” over mid-span and 6” near the support. However, some of
the stirrups near the support were omitted during construction leaving stirrups
spaced at 12” throughout the entire length of the beam. It is desired to correct
the omission by using MBrace® CF 130. Other pertinent data from the
construction specifications are as follows: f’c = 4000 psi, fy = 60 ksi, fvy = 40 ksi.
b = 36 in
hs = 6 in
d = 24 in
#3 Stirrups
@ 12” o.c.
bw = 12 in
Figure 7.7 – T-Beam cross section for Example 7.4.1.
• Compute the existing capacity

Based on analysis, the shear capacity of the concrete is Vc = 34.6 kips and the
shear capacity of the stirrups is Vs = 17.6 kips. Thus, the nominal shear capacity
of the as-built beam is Vn,existing = 54 kips. The factored shear demand at a
distance, d, away from the support is (Vu /φ) = 71 kips. Shear strengthening will,
therefore, be required. Figure 7.8 shows the shear diagram with the locations
where shear strengthening is required along the length of the beam.
Capacity to be taken by
supplemental FRP Beam
71 kips Centerline
Reinforcement
Vn
54 kips
Vu / φ
12 kips
d
69 in
Figure 7.8 – Shear diagram showing demand versus existing capacity. The FRP reinforcement
must correct the deficiency shown shaded.
7-12 05/30/02
• Find the FRP contribution to shear capacity, Vf

(Vu φ) − Vn ,existing (71 kips − 54 kips)
Vf ,req 'd = = = 20.0 kips
0.85 0.85
• Assume one ply of CF 130 will be used and compute the effective bonded length
1
Le = L o = 2 in
n
• Compute the effective depth of the FRP shear reinforcement
The FRP wrap can only extend to the slab soffit. Therefore, the FRP must be in
the form of a “U” wrap. The total depth of the FRP will, therefore, be df = d – hs.
df = d – hs = 24 in – 6 in = 18 in
The effective depth will be:
dfe = df – Le = 18 in – 2 in = 16 in
• Find the reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the FRP
k 1 k 2 L e 0.005
R= ≤
468ε fu ε fu
⎛ f′ ⎞
2/3
k1 = ⎜ c ⎟ =1
⎝ 4000 ⎠
d fe 16 in
k2 = = = 0.889
d f 18 in
(1.0 )( 0.889 )( 2 )
R= = 0.223
468( 0.017 )
Checking the upper limit on R, 0.005/εfu = 0.294, it is found that the computed
value of
R = 0.223 is acceptable.
• Compute the effective stress level in the FRP sheet
ffe = R ffu = 0.223(550 ksi) = 123 ksi
• Find the required amount of CF 130
For constructability and to conserve materials, the FRP will be oriented in the
vertical
(β = 90°) direction. The amount of FRP can be found from Equation (7-2).
The spacing and the width of the strips are the two design variables. For
convenience it will be helpful to compute the ratio wf / sf. Based on the wf / sf
ratio, the following conclusions can be drawn:
If wf / sf < 1.0, it is acceptable to use one-ply strips with a width to spacing ratio greater
than or equal to wf / sf.
If wf / sf = 1.0, it is acceptable to use a continuous one-ply sheet (i.e., wf = sf).
If wf / sf > 1.0, one-ply will not be sufficient; more plies will be required.
05/30/02 7-13
With Afv = 2 n tf wf this ratio may be computed as follows:
2(1)( 0.0065 )w f (123 ksi )(18 in ) w

Vf = 20.0 kips = ⇒ f = 0.695
sf sf
Thus, it will be permissible to use evenly spaced, one-ply strips.
• Design the width and spacing of the FRP strips
Considering MBrace® CF 130 comes in 20 in wide rolls, material may be
conserved by using strip widths that are divisors of 20 inches (i.e., 4, 5, 10, or 20
inch widths). In addition, the placement of the existing steel should be
considered. It will be most beneficial to place the FRP strips between the
existing steel reinforcement. A configuration that satisfies both of these criteria
plus the strength criteria is to use 10 inch wide strips spaced at 12 inches on
center. Thus, the wf /sf ratio becomes 0.833 which is greater than the required
ratio.
• Check capacity and spacing requirements
The capacity of the FRP as designed is:
A fv f fe (sin β + cos β )d f 2(1)( 0.0065 in )(10 in )(123 ksi )(1 + 0 )18 in

Vf = = = 23.9 kips
sf 12 in
This is less than the upper limit of:
4 f c′ b w d = 4 4000 psi (12 in )( 24 in ) = 72.8 kips 9

The 12 inch spacing is less than the maximum of:
d 24 in
s f ,max = w f + = 10 in + = 16 in 9
4 4
Checking the total capacity of the entire cross section:
Vn = Vc + Vs + 0.85Vf = 36.4 kips + 17.6 kips + 0.85( 23.9 ) kips

Vu
Vn = 74.3 kips > = 71 kips
φ 9
• Detailing longitudinal plies
In addition to the vertical strips, strips running in the longitudinal direction will
prevent the propagation of shear cracks and anchor the vertical strips. These
longitudinal strips should be placed on the sides of the web and be located as
close as possible to the top of the vertical strip (for anchorage) and the bottom of
the section (for crack control). For this purpose a 5 inch wide strip will be placed
longitudinally in these two locations.
• Final design
The final ply sheet dimensions and orientation are shown in Figure 7.9. This
figure also shows the shear requirement of the beam and the shear
strengthening provided by the MBrace® repair.
7-14 05/30/02
5” Horizontal Plies Existing

of CF-130 Stirrups
10” Vertical Plies

of CF-130 @ 12”
o.c.
74.3 kips Beam

Centerline
Vn
Vu / φ
12 kips
d
72 in
Figure 7.9 – Final design and shear diagram for Example 7.4.1.
05/30/02 7-15
7.4.2 Accommodating a New Load Pattern

The beam shown in Figure 7.10 was originally designed to carry two point loads
from mechanical equipment spaced 6 ft apart. New equipment was installed that
resulted in the same load magnitude but with a smaller footprint; the point loads
from the new equipment were spaced 3 ft apart. In the original construction,
stirrups were left out of the 6 ft region at mid-span because of the low shear
demand. The new load pattern may, therefore, result in a shear deficiency in this
region. In order to accommodate this new load pattern, MBrace® shear
reinforcement may be designed to correct the deficiency. The beam cross
section is shown in Figure 11 and the following material properties have been
determined: f’c = 4000 psi, fy = 60 ksi.
Pu = 27 k Pu = 27 k Pu = 27 k Pu = 27 k
wu = 3.27 k/ft wu = 3.27 k/ft
10 ft 6 ft 10 ft 11.5 ft 3 ft 11.5 ft
Original Load Pattern New Load Pattern
Figure 7.10 – Beam elevation for Example 7.4.2 showing the change in load pattern.
5”
18”
17”
12”
Figure 7.11 – Cross section of beam at mid-span.

69.51 k
36.81 k
Vu, original 31.9 k
9.81 k Vu, new
10’ 1.5’ 1.5’ 1.5’ 1.5’
This part of the beam needs

strengthening
7-16 05/30/02
Figure 7.12 – Shear requirements.
• Assess the current condition
Vc = 2 f ' c b w d = 2 4,000 psi (12 in )(18 in ) = 27,322 lb = 27.3 kips

There are no stirrups in the portions of the beam that require strengthening,
because Vu was less than ½(φVc).
φVc 0.85( 27.3 kips)
= = 11.6 kips > Vu = 9.81 kips
2 2
But in the new condition, Vu became 36.81 kips > ½(φVc), so additional shear
reinforcement must be provided.
• Determine the shear contribution that must be provided by the FRP
Vu = φ( Vc + 0.85Vf )
36.81 kips = 0.85( 27.3 kips + 0.85Vf )
Vf req 'd = 18.8 kips
• Select materials and geometry

MBrace® CF 130 reinforcement is chosen for the shear retrofit. Due to
geometric considerations, it is desired to use a 20” wide U-wrap to cover each of
the two 1.5 ft lengths of the beam that are deficient in shear. Assuming one ply,
the shear contribution may be computed.
• Determine the effective bond length
L o = 2 in for MBrace® CF 130

1
Le = L o = 2 in for one ply (n = 1)
n
05/30/02 7-17
• Determine the reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the sheet
⎛ f′ ⎞
2/3
k1 = ⎜ c ⎟ =1
⎝ 4000 ⎠
d f = d − h s = 18 in − 5 in = 13 in
d fe = d f − L e = 13 in − 2 in = 11 in
d fe 11 in
k2 = = = 0.846
d f 13 in
k 1 k 2 L e 1( 0.846 )( 2 in )
R= = = 0.213
468 ε fu 468( 0.017 )
• Determine the stress level in the fiber at ultimate.
f fe = Rf fu = 0.213( 550 ksi ) = 116.9 ksi

• Find the shear contribution of the FRP and compare to the required value.
A fv f fe (sin β + cos β )d f
Vf = ≤ 4 f c′ b w d
sf
2(1)( 0.0065 in )( 20 in )(116.9 ksi )(1 + 0 )13 in
= ≤ 4 4,000 psi (12 in )(18 in )
12 in
= 32.9 kips < 54.6 kips
Vf = 32.9 kips > Vf ,req' d = 18.8 kips ∴ One ply is sufficient

• Final design
The final design is summarized in Figure 7.13.
One ply of MBrace CF-130 in a “U”-

wrap configuration
9’-11” 20” 2’-10” 20” 9’-11”
Figure 7.13 – Beam elevation showing the location and configuration of the designed FRP shear
reinforcement.
7-18 05/30/02
7.4.3 References
1
Chajes, M. J.; Januska, T.F.; Mertz, D.R.; Thomson, T.A.; and Finch, W.W., “Shear
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Externally Applied Composite Fabrics,”
ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 92, No. 3, May - June 1995, pp. 295-303.
2
Umezu, K.; Fujita, M.; Nakai, H.; and Tamaki, K., “Shear Behavior of RC Beams with Aramid
Fiber Sheet,” Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the
Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 491-498.
3
Funakawa, I.; Shimono, K.; Watanabe, T.; Asada, S.; and Ushijima, S., “Experimental Study on
Shear Strengthening with Continuous Fiber Reinforcement Sheet and Methyl Methacrylate
Resin,” Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of the Third
Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 475-482.
4
Triantafillou, T.C., “Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Epoxy-Bonded
FRP Composites,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 95, No. 2, March-April 1998, pp. 107-115.
5
Rizkalla, S.; Abdelrahman, A.; Hutchinson, R.; and Donald, D. Shear Strengthening of the
Maryland Bridge Using CFRP Sheets. Submitted to the City of Winnipeg, July 1997, 23 pgs.
6
ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95) and
Commentary (ACI 318R-95), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1995, 369 pgs.
7
Ohuchi, H; Ohno, S.; Katsumata, H.; Kobatake, Y.; Meta, T.; Yamagata, K; Inokuma, Y.; and
Ogata, N., “Seismic strengthening Design Technique for Existing Bridge Columns with
CFRP,” Seismic Design and Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Bridges, edited by Park, R.,
1994, pp. 495-514.
8
Khalifa, A.; Gold, W.; Nanni, A., and Abel-Aziz M.I. “Contribution of Externally Bonded FRP to
the Shear Capacity of RC Flexural Members.” J. of Composites in Construction, ASCE, Vol.
2, No. 4, Nov. 1998.
9
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous Carbon
Fiber Jackets. Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, August 1995, 56 pgs.
10
Maeda, T.; Asano, Y.; Sato, Y.; Ueda, T.; and Kakuta, Y., “A Study on Bond Mechanism of
Carbon Fiber Sheet,” Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,
Proceedings of the Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 279-286.
11
Horiguchi, T.; and Saeki, N., “Effect of Test Methods and Quality of Concrete on Bond Strength
of CFRP Sheet,” Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Proceedings of
the Third Symposium, Vol. 1, Japan, Oct 1997, pp. 265-270.
12
Sato, Y.; Ueda, T.; Kakuta, Y.; and Tanaka, T., “Shear Reinforcing Effect of Carbon Fiber
Sheet Attached to Side of Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Advanced Composite Materials in
Bridges and Structures, edited by El-Badry, M.M., 1996, pp. 621-627.
05/30/02 7-19
Chapter 8 Enhancement of Axial Performance
8.1 GENERAL 8-2

8.1.1 Notation 8-2
8.2 BEHAVIOR OF FRP CONFINED CONCRETE 8-3

8.2.1 Behavior of FRP Confined Concrete in Circular Sections 8-5
8.2.2 Confining Pressure as a Function of Longitudinal Strain 8-7
8.2.3 Modified Consitutive Law for FRP Confined Concrete 8-8
8.3 COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES 8-8

8.3.1 Ultimate Strength Analysis 8-8
8.3.2 Serviceability Considerations 8-9
8.4 INCREASE IN SHEAR CAPACITY 8-9
8.5 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS 8-9

8.5.1 Strengthening Purpose 8-10
8.5.2 Existing Reinforcement 8-10
8.5.3 Size Effect 8-10
8.5.4 Seismic Retrofit 8-10
8.6 DESIGN EXAMPLE 8-11

8.6.1 Increasing the live load capacity of a column 8-11
8.7 REFERENCES 8-12

Chapter 8 Enhancement of Axial Performance
8.1 General
The use of FRP reinforcement to enhance the axial compressive performance of concrete
members is a commonly used FRP retrofit technique. By wrapping a concrete column with an
FRP jacket, the shear, moment, and axial capacity are improved. In addition, the ductility of the
member may be significantly improved. Wrapping the column with the FRP fibers oriented in the
transverse (hoop) direction forms the FRP jacket. The jacket provides significant confinement to
the concrete, which leads to the mechanical performance improvements.
Both glass and carbon FRP are very effective in enhancing the axial performance of concrete
columns. Creep rupture of glass FRP is not a concern with column wrapping because under
normal sustained service loads, the FRP jacket remains virtually stress free. On a weight basis,
the strength improvements afforded with glass FRP are lower than those achieved with carbon.
This chapter deals specifically with circular cross sections. The technique has been shown to
improve the performance of rectangular cross sections as well. However, these improvements
are not quantifiable at this time.
8.1.1 Notation
Ec = Elastic modulus of concrete (psi)
fc = Longitudinal stress level in the concrete (psi)
f'c = Nominal compressive strength of unconfined concrete (psi)
f'cc = Nominal compressive strength of confined concrete (psi)
fcp = Confining pressure provided by the FRP jacket (psi)
ff = Stress state in the FRP fibers (psi)
ffu = Ultimate (rupture) strength of the FRP fibers (psi)
fy = Yield strength of longitudinal mild steel (psi)
h = Height or diameter of the circular column section (in.)
n = Number of plies of FRP reinforcement with fibers oriented in the hoop
direction
R = Reduction factor on the ultimate strength of the FRP to find the stress level in
the FRP at failure
Vc = Shear strength of the concrete in a given section (lb.)
Vf = Shear strength of the transverse FRP reinforcement in a given section (lb.)
Vn = Nominal shear strength of a given section (lb.)
Vs = Shear strength of the transverse mild steel reinforcement in a given section
(lb.)
8-2 05/30/02
Chapter 8 ⎯ Enhancement of Axial Performance
εc = Concrete strain (confined or unconfined) in the axial (longitudinal) direction

(in./in.)
εc,cr = Longitudinal strain corresponding to the onset of transverse cracking in the
concrete (in./in.)
ε'c = Unconfined concrete strain level corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'c
(in./in.)
ε'cc = Confined concrete strain level corresponding to the peak value of stress, f'cc
(in./in.)
εf = Strain in the FRP jacket in the direction of the fiber orientation (in./in.)
εfu = Ultimate strain (elongation) of the FRP fibers (in./in.)
εs = Tensile strain in the longitudinal steel (in./in.)
εy = Strain corresponding to yield in the longitudinal steel reinforcement (in./in.)
εt = Concrete strain (confined or unconfined) in the transverse (hoop) direction
(in./in.)
εt,cr = Transverse strain corresponding to the onset of transverse cracking in the
concrete (in./in.)
ε't = Strain corresponding to the peak value of tensile stress in the concrete (in./in.).
A typical value of 0.0002 is recommended.
φ = Strength reduction factor
νc = Poisson’s ratio for concrete in the elastic range. Typically Poisson’s ratio is
assumed to be equal to 0.19.
ρf = Volumetric FRP reinforcement ratio; ratio of the volume of fibers to the
volume of the encased concrete.
8.2 Behavior of FRP Confined Concrete

As concrete is uniaxially compressed, Poisson’s effect induces transverse strains that result in
radial expansion of the concrete. At low levels of longitudinal strain, the concrete behaves
elastically and the transverse strain is related proportionally by Poisson’s ratio to the longitudinal
strain. At a critical value of longitudinal stress (typically 75% to 80% of f'c), cracks forming in the
concrete paste between the aggregate result in large increases in transverse strain with relatively
small increases in longitudinal stress. This rapid increase in transverse strain results in an
equally rapid volumetric expansion. This behavior is best summarized in Figure 8.1.1
05/30/02 8-3
Stress
εt
f'c Unconfined Concrete
fc ~0.70f'c
εt
εc
Strain
Tension εt,cr εc,cr ε'c Compresssion
Figure 8.1 – Typical relationship for uniaxially loaded unconfined

concrete showing stress versus longitudinal, transverse, and volumetric
strain
By wrapping the concrete with a continuous FRP jacket, the fibers resist the transverse
expansion of the concrete. This resistance provides a confining pressure to the concrete. At low
levels of longitudinal stress, the transverse strains are so low that the FRP jacket induces little
confinement. However, at longitudinal stress levels above the critical stress, the dramatic
increase in transverse strains engages the FRP jacket and the confining pressure becomes
significant. The effect of the confining pressure is to induce a triaxial state of stress in the
concrete. It is well understood that concrete under triaxial compressive stress exhibits superior
behavior in both strength and ductility than concrete in uniaxial compression.1
FRP Jacket
Fiber Direction
for Confinement
Figure 8.2 – Schematic of an FRP wrapped column showing fiber

orientation
The improvement to the behavior of concrete is quantified based on the observation that concrete
encased by an FRP jacket exhibits a bilinear stress-strain response.2 Initially the stress strain
behavior is unchanged from that of unconfined concrete. However, beyond the peak stress for
unconfined concrete, the stress level in confined concrete continues to increase with increasing
strain. The rate of increase is roughly proportional to the stiffness of the confining jacket.3
8-4 05/30/02
Because the FRP jacket acts to contain damaged sections of concrete; the maximum usable
strain level in the concrete is only limited by the ultimate strain obtainable in the FRP jacket. The
generalized stress-strain behavior of concrete confined with an FRP jacket is shown in Figure 8.3.
Stress
Strain
Figure 8.3 – Generalized stress-strain relationship for concrete confined

by an FRP jacket
As shown in Figure 8.4, the improvements to the behavior of the concrete are proportional to the
degree of confinement provided.
Stress
Confinement
Increasing
Unconfined
Strain
Figure 8.4 – Stress-strain curves for concrete under various levels of

confinement
8.2.1 Behavior of FRP Confined Concrete in Circular Sections

To quantify the behavior of concrete encased by an FRP jacket, it is necessary to determine the
amount of confining pressure the FRP jacket supplies. The confining pressure is a function of the
stiffness of the jacket and the transverse expansion of the concrete.
05/30/02 8-5
FRP Jacket
(Thickness = tj = n tf)
fcp = 2 tj ff / h
fcp
ff ff
Concrete Column
(Diameter = h)
fcp
Figure 8.5 – Free body diagram showing the internal and external forces
on the FRP jacket and concrete column
By strain compatibility, the strain in the jacket is equal to the transverse strain in the concrete as
expressed in Equation (8-1). The confining pressure may then be found by analyzing the statics
of a thin-walled cylindrical cylinder (Figure 8.5). This analysis yields the confining pressure given
by Equation (8-2).
εf = εt (8-1)
0.85E f ε t ρ f
f cp = (8-2)
2
4nt f
where, ρ f =
h
In the expression for the confining pressure, the 0.85 factor is intended to account for any
localized debonding that may result in incompatibility between the strains in the concrete and the
jacket and as a general reduction factor to account for the novelty of this repair technique. There
is no theoretical reliability basis for this factor at this time.
The apparent increase in the compressive strength of concrete under the confining pressure
supplied by the jacket may be quantified by Equation (8-3) and the strain corresponding to this
peak value of stress is given by Equation (8-4)4
⎛ 7.9f cp 2f cp ⎞
f cc′ = f c′ ⎜ 2.25 1 + − − 1.25 ⎟ (8-3)
⎜ f c′ f c′ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ f′ ⎞
ε ′cc = ε ′c ⎜⎜ 6 cc − 5 ⎟⎟ (8-4)
⎝ f c′ ⎠
8-6 05/30/02
In the above expressions, f'c and 'c are properties of unconfined concrete. The term 'c is the
strain corresponding to the peak value of unconfined compressive stress and can be found from
Equation (8-5).
1.71f c′
ε ′c = (8-5)
Ec
8.2.2 Confining Pressure as a Function of Longitudinal Strain

The strain in the FRP (and therefore the confining pressure it supplies) is equal to the transverse
strain in the concrete. The transverse expansion of the concrete, in turn, is dependent on the
longitudinal strain in the concrete. Thus, as the axial strain is increased, the transverse strain
increases, and the confining pressure will increase. It is necessary to define a relationship
between the transverse strain in the concrete and the longitudinal strain. Such a relationship has
been developed based on research of concrete under a triaxial state of stress5. For a variable
confining pressure depending on the properties of the FRP jacket, the relationship for the axial
strain, c, in terms of the transverse strain, t, may be expressed as Equation (8-6).
⎧ ε t (1 − 2ν c )f cp
⎪ + for ε t ≤ ε t ,cr
⎪ν c Ecνc
εc = ⎨
ν (ε ′ − ε c ,cr ) ⎡ (ε ′cc − ε c ,cr )
(8-6)
⎪ε − c cc ⎤
⎢ + g (ε t )⎥ for ε t > ε t ,cr
⎪⎩ c , cr
(1 − 2ν c ) ⎣ ε ′cc ⎦
1 − 2ν c ⎡ ⎛ ν c ε c ,cr − 1 ⎞⎤
where, g (ε t ) = 1 + ⎢ε t ,cr + 2ε t + ν c ε c ,cr ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟⎥
ν c2 ε ′cc ⎣ ⎝ 1 − 2 ν c ⎠⎦
This expression states that the transverse strain and longitudinal strain are initially related by
Poisson’s ratio. After the onset of transverse cracking in the concrete, the transverse strain
increases rapidly. The transverse strain at which cracking initiates is given by Equation (8-7).
The corresponding longitudinal strain is given by Equation (8-8).
f cp (1 − 2ν c )
ε t ,cr = ε ′t + (8-7)
Ec
ε t ,cr
ε c ,cr = (8-8)
νc
05/30/02 8-7
8.2.3 Modified Consitutive Law for FRP Confined Concrete

The stress corresponding to any value of longitudinal strain may be computed by Equation (8-9).
⎛ε ⎞
1.8f cc′ ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟
fc = ⎝ ε ′cc ⎠
2 (8-9)
⎛ εc ⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ε ′cc ⎠
The complete stress-strain behavior of FRP confined concrete may be developed by selecting a
strain in the FRP (or transverse strain in the concrete), computing the confining pressure
supplied, computing the peak value of stress for this confining pressure, finding the longitudinal
strain corresponding to the transverse strain, and finally calculating the stress corresponding to
this value of longitudinal strain. This procedure is valid for all values of strain in the FRP from
zero up to the ultimate elongation of the FRP fiber material ( fu).
8.3 Combined Axial and Bending Forces

The axial and moment strength interaction of the FRP confined column may be computed by
applying strain compatibility, the constitutive laws of the materials, and equilibrium of stress
resultants in the traditional fashion. The FRP jacket only has the effect of modifying the
constitutive law for concrete as described in Section 8.2. This constitutive law may be used for
any distribution of stress in the section assuming that the confinement remains active in partially
cracked conditions or if the column is subjected to cyclic loading.
8.3.1 Ultimate Strength Analysis

Theoretically, the ultimate longitudinal strain that is achievable in the concrete is only limited by
the strain corresponding to the strain in the FRP material at rupture. However, the transverse
strain in the concrete should be limited to 0.005 in./in. to maintain the shear integrity of the
concrete6.
In the process of determining stress resultants, it is necessary to integrate the stress-strain
relationship given in Equation (8-9) over a circular concrete cross section to find the magnitude
and location of the concrete stress resultant. The computational effort involved can become quite
complex, and the use of computer programs to automate the process is highly recommended.
Alternately, dimensionless interaction diagrams for several concrete strengths and configurations
of longitudinal steel reinforcement are given in Appendix A.
The interaction diagrams in Appendix A use the same φ factors given in ACI 318-957 for columns
with spiral reinforcement*. If the purpose of the FRP confinement is to replace deficient spiral
reinforcement, it is recommended to use more conservative φ factors. In particular, the φ factors
†
associated with tied columns would be appropriate .
*
φ = 0.75 for compression controlled sections with a maximum axial force of 0.85φPn. Additionally, the φ
factors are adjusted in the tension controlled region per ACI Section B.9.9.3.2 (φ = 0.90 if εs,max > 0.005, φ
= 0.65 – 50 εs,max if εy < εs,max < 0.005)
†
φ = 0.70 for compression controlled sections with a maximum axial force of 0.80φPn. The adjustment in
the tension controlled region per ACI Section B.9.3.2 is φ = 0.90 if εs,max > 0.005, φ = 0.56 – 58 εs,max if εy <
εs,max < 0.005.
8-8 05/30/02
8.3.2 Serviceability Considerations

At load levels near ultimate, the designer should be aware that damage to the concrete in the
form of significant cracking in the radial direction might occur. The FRP jacket contains the
damage and maintains the structural integrity of the column. However, at service load levels, this
type of damage should be avoided. In this way, the FRP jacket will only act during overloads that
are temporal in nature.
To insure that radial cracking will not occur under service loads, the strain in the concrete should
remain below cr at service load levels. This corresponds to limiting the stress in the concrete to
0.65f’c. In addition, the stress in the steel should remain below 0.60fy to avoid plastic deformation
under sustained or cyclic loads. By maintaining the specified stress in the concrete at service,
the stress in the FRP jacket will be virtually zero. The jacket is only stressed when the concrete
is strained above cr the rate of the transverse expansion becomes large.*
8.4 Increase in Shear Capacity

Because the FRP jacket provides additional strength in the transverse direction, the shear
strength is improved as well. Similar to the shear strength of beams wrapped with transverse
FRP reinforcement, the shear capacity of a FRP wrapped column may be determined from
Equation (8-10). The 85% multiplier is the same as that used for computing the shear capacity of
a beam section (see Chapter 7) and is intended to account for the novelty of this strengthening
technique.
Vn = Vc + Vs + 0.85Vf (8-10)
The contribution of the FRP jacket to the shear capacity may be determined from Equation (8-
11).8
π
Vf = nt f Rf fu h (8-11)
2
Because the FRP jacket completely encases the column, the reduction factor, R, can be
computed from Equation (8-12).
0.005
R= (8-12)
ε fu
This factor is the same as that given for a beam wrapped entirely with transverse FRP
reinforcement (see Chapter 7). This factor also remains consistent for the limit imposed on the
jacket acting as confinement. As stated previously, the value of this factor is chosen to limit the
transverse strain in the concrete so that aggregate interlock is maintained.
8.5 Further Considerations

The following observations are presented to help the designer make an educated judgement as
to the applicability of FRP confinement to a specific project.
*
The stress levels indicated are not intended to be “Allowable” stresses. These values are only to insure
that damage to the column under service loads is avoided.
05/30/02 8-9
8.5.1 Strengthening
Columns may require retrofit due to a number of circumstances such as changes in load
requirements, design/construction deficiencies, physical damage, corrosion or other durability
problems, etc. Depending on the circumstance, the condition of the existing concrete may range
from excellent to very poor. The following considerations should be made depending on the
condition of the existing concrete and the reason for the retrofit.
1) If the existing concrete is damaged then subsequently repaired (by epoxy injection for
instance), the designer may consider reducing the nominal compressive strength of the concrete,
f’c depending on the extent of the damage. This reduced compressive strength may be
incorporated into the design methods presented in this chapter.
2) If there is an active corrosion problem, the source of the corrosion must be
investigated and the problem corrected before any strengthening work is commissioned. This is
especially critical considering that the FRP jacket will hide visual signs of corrosion.
3) Similarly, other durability related concerns such as the presence of efflorescence or
exudation, any form of chemical attack, and non-structural cracking should be addressed and
corrected prior to strengthening.
8.5.2 Existing Reinforcement

For columns with high, existing steel reinforcement ratios, the effect of the confining jacket may
be limited due to decreased volumetric expansion of the concrete in the column. In the absence
of further study, it is suggested to use FRP confinement only in columns with reinforcement ratios
lower than ρg = 0.03.
Similarly, the presence of existing spirals or ties may effect the volumetric expansion of the
column. Further research into this topic is required for an adequate assessment of the effect of
the presence of spirals or ties.
8.5.3 Size Effect

The procedures outlined in this chapter do not imply a restriction on the column diameter
(although the reinforcement ratios for large columns may result in excessive jacket thickness that
may become economically restrictive). However, the effect of the confining jacket may be
reduced or may be non-existent in very large diameter columns. Until further research is
available, it is suggested to use the methods provided in this chapter only for columns with a
diameter smaller than 72 inches.
8.5.4 Seismic Retrofit

Future editions of this manual will contain specific guidelines on the use of FRP jacketing for
seismic retrofits. Topics that remain to be addressed are the effect of cyclic loading, the
formation of plastic hinges, and a quantitative assessment of the ductility improvements afforded
by the FRP jacket.
8.6 Example Problem
8.6.1 Increasing the ultimate load capacity of a column

A 16” diameter circular column with 10-#7 bars was originally designed to carry a factored axial
load of 570 kips and a factored moment of 134 kip-ft. The column has 1.5” of clear cover and #3
spiral transverse reinforcement. Design the number of plies of CF 130 needed to be able to
support a 20% increase in factored loads. The concrete and steel properties are f’c = 5000 psi, fy
= 60,000 psi.
8-10 05/30/02
• Compute the factored axial force and bending moment for the 20% live load increase
Pu = 1.2( 570kips ) = 684k

M u = 1.2(135k ⋅ ft ) = 162k ⋅ ft
To use the non-dimensional interaction diagrams given in Appendix A, the following values must
be calculated:
• Compute the existing steel reinforcement ratio
A s 6.0 in 2
ρg = = = 0.03
A g 201in 2
• Compute the diameter of the circle defining the reinforcement centroid
γh = 16 in − 2(1.5 in ) − 2(3 / 8 in ) − (11 / 8 in ) = 10.875 in
γh 10.875 in
γ= = = 0.68
h 16 in
• Find the factored unit axial force and bending moment
Pu 684 kips
= = 3.40 ksi
Ag 201in 2
in
162 k ⋅ ft ⋅ 12
Mu ft = 0.60 ksi
=
Agh 201in ⋅ 16 in
2
With these values, the required FRP reinforcement ratio may be determined from the non-
dimensional interaction diagrams given in Appendix A.
From Figure A.8 (γ = 0.6, ρg = 0.03): ρf = 0.003
From Figure A.10 (γ = 0.9, ρg = 0.03): ρf = 0.0015
From linear interpolation, if γ = 0.68 then ρf = 0.0026
• Compute the required jacket thickness
ρ f h 0.0026 ⋅ 16 in
nt f = = = 0.010 in
4 4
• Compute the required number of plies
0.010 in
n= = 1.6 plies ∴ Use 2 plies
in
0.0065
ply
Thus, 2 plies of CF 130 will be adequate to allow a 20% increase in factored loads.
05/30/02 8-11
8.7 References
1
MacGregor, J.G. (1997) Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, 939 pg.
2
Nanni, A. and Bradford, N. (1995), “FRP Jacketed Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression,”
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 115-124
3
Samaan, M.; Mirmiran, A.; and Shahway, M., “Modeling of Concrete Confined by Fiber
Composites,” submitted
4
Mander, J.B.; Priestley, M.J.N.; and Park, R. (1988), “Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for
Confined Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, pp. 1804-
1826.
5
Imran, I., and Pantazopoulou, S.J. (1996), “Experimenal Study of Plain Concrete Under Triaxial
Stress,” Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 589-601.
6
ACI Committee 440 (1996), “State-of-the-Art Report on FRP for Concrete Structures,” ACI440R-
96, Manual of Concrete Practice, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 68 pg.
7
ACI 318 (1995), “Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI 369 pg.
8
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. (1995), Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous
Carbon Fiber Jackets, Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, 56 pg.
8-12 05/30/02
Chapter 9 Other Applications
9.1 CLAMPING THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF EXISTING

REINFORCEMENT 9-2
9.1.1 Notation 9-2
9.1.2 Basic Theory 9-2
9.1.3 Quantifying the Reduction in Development Length 9-3
9.2 REFERENCES 9-4

Chapter 9 Other Applications
9.1 Clamping the Development Length of Existing Reinforcement

The MBrace System can be used to clamp the concrete along the development length of existing
steel reinforcement in tension to reduce the development length of this reinforcement.1 This is
particularly useful in retrofitting existing columns in which inadequate lap splices were used in the
original construction. The analysis of the MBrace System used for this purpose is similar to
utilizing the area of transverse steel reinforcement to reduce the development length of bars in
tension.
9.1.1 Notation
f'c = Nominal compressive concrete strength of unconfined concrete (psi)
ffe = Effective stress in the FRP fibers (psi)
k1 = Multiplier on the reduction factor, R, to account for various concrete strengths
Ktr = Transverse reinforcement factor (modified to reflect contribution of FRP)
Ktr,f = Transverse reinforcement factor due to transverse FRP reinforcement
Ktr,s = Traditional transverse reinforcement factor due to transverse steel
reinforcement
Le = Effective bonded length of the FRP transverse strip (in.)
n = Number of plies of FRP reinforcement with fibers oriented in the transverse
direction that intersect a potential splitting failure plane
nb = Number of existing longitudinal bars being developed
R = Reduction factor on the ultimate strength of FRP based on the bond
mechanism
sf = Spacing of transverse FRP strips (in.)
wf = Width of one strip of transverse FRP reinforcement (in.)
εfu = Ultimate elongation (strain) of the FRP fibers (in./in.)
9.1.2 Basic Theory

As steel reinforcement embedded in concrete is pulled in tension, the deformations on the steel
bar produce an outward radial pressure on the surrounding concrete. This pressure may produce
splitting cracks in the concrete if sufficient development length is not provided.
FRP reinforcement may be used to wrap the concrete section transversely and thus reinforce
these splitting cracks. It is recommended to wrap the section entirely where possible, particularly
for columns. However a “U” wrap may also be used to clamp a beam section.
9-2 05/30/02
Chapter 9 ⎯ Other Applications
Potential
Splitting
Failure
Potential
FRP “U” Wrap Splitting
Reinforcement Failure
Full FRP Wrap

(a) (b)
Figure 9.1 – FRP reinforcement used to clamp the development length of

longitudinal bars. (a) A “U” wrap used for a beam section (b) A full
wrap used for a column section.
9.1.3 Quantifying the Reduction in Development Length

The development length of bars in tension reinforced with transverse FRP wraps may be
determined in the traditional fashion presented in ACI 318 Section 9.3.32. The effect of the FRP
reinforcement may be accounted for by introducing a new transverse reinforcement index, Ktr.
K tr = K tr ,s + 0.85K tr ,f (9-1)
The first term, Ktr,s, is the traditional transverse reinforcement factor given in ACI 318 Section
12.2.4 for transverse steel reinforcement. The second term is a new transverse reinforcement
factor for transverse FRP reinforcement. The 85% reduction factor is meant to account for the
novelty of this strengthening technique.
The transverse FRP reinforcement factor may be computed based on the general principles
presented in Chapter 7. The expression for this factor is similar to that for steel and is given by
Equation (9-2).
A tf f fe
K tr ,f = (9-2)
1500 ⋅ s f n b
Where the area of transverse FRP reinforcement may be computed by the following expression.
A tf = nt f w f (9-3)
In this expression, “n” is the total number of plies which cross a potential plane of splitting along
the longitudinal steel being developed and wf is the width of the FRP strip. Note that, similar to
shear strengthening, the width of the strip and the spacing of the strips, sf, should be equal for a
continuous FRP wrap.
05/30/02 9-3
The effective stress in the sheet, ffe, is dependent on the bond mechanism of the FRP to the
concrete. This variable is quantified similarly to the effective stress for shear strengthening given
in Chapter 7.
f fe = Rf fu (9-4)
⎧ k1 L e 0.005
⎪⎪ 468ε ≤ ε for " U" wraps
R=⎨ fu fu
(9-5)
0.005
⎪ for Full wraps
⎪⎩ ε fu
Where,
⎛ f′ ⎞
2/3
k1 = ⎜ c ⎟ (9-6)
⎝ 4000 ⎠
Effective lengths, Le, are given for various fiber reinforcement systems in Chapter 7. Alternately,
the value of R for “U” wraps may be determined from tables given in Appendix A with df/dfe equal
to 1.0.
With the modified transverse reinforcement factor, the basic tension development length
expression given in ACI 3182 as Equation 12-1 may be used to compute the development length.
9.2 References
1
Seible, F. and Innamorato, D. (1995), Earthquake Retrofit of Bridge Columns with Continuous
Carbon Fiber Jackets, Report to Caltrans, Division of Structures, La Jolla, CA, 56 pgs.
2
ACI 318 (1995), “Building Codes and Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI 369 pgs
9-4 05/30/02
Chapter 10 Details of Reinforcement
10.1 GENERAL 10-2

10.1.1 Notation 10-2
10.1.2 General Detailing Guidelines 10-3
10.2 BOND AND DELAMINATION 10-3

10.2.1 Cover Tension 10-3
10.2.2 Beam Shear 10-4
10.2.3 Interfacial Shear and Peeling 10-4
10.2.4 Planar Surface Irregularities 10-5
10.2.5 Mechanical Anchorage 10-6
10.3 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH 10-6
10.4 SPLICES 10-7

10.4.1 Beams 10-7
10.4.2 Columns 10-8
10.5 CUTOFF POINTS 10-8
10.6 REFERENCES 10-10

Chapter 10 Details of Reinforcement
10.1 General
This chapter is presented to offer guidance in finalizing the design of an MBrace® strengthening
system. Full structural capacity of the FRP sheets will depend on the design, the type of
structure, and the quality and soundness of the concrete substrate.
Similar to designing traditional reinforced or prestressed concrete members, the procedure for
designing FRP flexural reinforcement involves the following steps:
• Determine the amount of FRP required at critical sections based on the analysis procedures
given in Chapter 6
• Determine the development length of the laminate
• Find the required length of the laminate based on development lengths and allowable cut-off
points
• Detail any additional anchorage and splices if required
• Insure that the general detailing guidelines given in Section 10.1.2 are met
For FRP reinforcement used for shear strengthening or column wrapping the only detailing
necessary is determining splice dimensions and locations and insuring that the general detailing
guidelines are met.
10.1.1 Notation
f'c = Nominal compressive concrete strength of unconfined concrete (psi)
fct = Direct tensile strength of concrete determined by in-situ pull-off tests (psi)
n = Number of plies of FRP reinforcement with fibers oriented in the hoop
direction
Mcr = Moment to cause cracking of the concrete section (lb.-in.)
Mu = Design moment under factored loads (lb.-in.)
V = Shear force in the concrete section
τ = Interfacial bond stress between the FRP and the concrete substrate (psi)
l df = Length required to develop the ultimate strength of the FRP laminate in tension
(in.)
10-2 05/30/02
Chapter 10 ⎯ Details of Reinforcement
10.1.2 General Detailing Guidelines

The following list provides general guidelines for detailing FRP reinforcement. Many bond-related
failures may be avoided by following these recommendations.
• Do not turn inside corners
• Provide a minimum ½” radius when the sheet is wrapped around outside corners
• Inject all cracks prior to FRP installation
• Do not use externally bonded reinforcement on a concrete substrate with a nominal
compressive strength, f’c, less than 2000 psi
Additionally, some standard details for FRP reinforcement are contained in Appendix B.
10.2 Bond and Delamination

Because of shear transfer mechanisms and local regions of tension at the interface between the
concrete and the FRP, delamination before ultimate design strength may be encountered. The
cause of this phenomenon is complex. However, schemes can be implemented to avoid this
situation.
The weak link in the concrete/FRP interface is the concrete. The soundness and tensile strength
of the concrete substrate will limit the overall effectiveness of the FRP bonded to it. It is important
to recognize the possible types of delamination failure. The basic types of delamination are1:
1) Cover tension
2) Beam shear
3) Interfacial shear
4) Planar surface irregularities
It is important to realize that delamination typically occurs at loads significantly higher than
service loads.
10.2.1 Cover Tension

For externally bonded FRP reinforcement using sheet materials, the cover tension delamination
condition starts developing at the location of flexural cracks and propagates towards the laminate
end2. This is different from the case of bonded steel plates where the delamination usually starts
at the plate end due to stress concentration and propagates toward the centerline of the beam3.
Because the reinforcing steel essentially acts as a bond breaker in a horizontal plane, the
reduced area of bulk concrete pulls away from the rest of the beam. This situation is illustrated in
Figure 10.1.
The use of over-wraps has been shown to lessen the effect of cover tension delamination. Over-
wraps are highly efficient if distributed over the length of the member. If the over-wrap is simply
added at the at the FRP curtailment, its function is simply to add a safety device.
05/30/02 10-3
Cover
Tension
Failure
FRP CL
Figure 10.1 – Delamination caused by tension failure of the concrete

cover
10.2.2 Beam Shear

Beams which are over reinforced for moment will fail by either shear or a combination of flexural
and shear. Typical behavior is governed by shear cracking near the high shear region. As the
shear cracks open, local displacements along the tension face cause a delamination of the FRP,
Figure 10.2. The delamination typically initiates at the shear crack and propagates toward the
support. This situation has been identified in steel plate bonding as well. A check of the repaired
beam with increased loads with respect to the nominal shear capacity of the beam will likely avoid
this situation.
Figure 10.2 – Delamination caused by beam shear cracks
10.2.3 Interfacial Shear and Peeling

Previous research on steel and FRP bonded plates has demonstrated that the interfacial shear
and out-of-plane tension (peel) distribution in the vicinity of the plate end to be significantly
different than the average stress distribution4, Figure 10.3. In situations where peel is the true
failure mode, the difference between the local peak stresses and the average stress partially
explains delamination.
In the case of the curtailment zone for externally bonded FRP sheets, the stress distribution
shown in Figure 10.3 may not be highly relevant due to the relative small thickness of adhesive
and laminate. However, existing practice is to taper multiple sheets of FRP at 6 inches/ply.
10-4 05/30/02
End of FRP Centerline of beam
Interfacial Shear Stress, τ
Tension
Normal Stress, σ
Distance along FRP

Compression
Figure 10.3 – Interfacial shear and normal stress (peel) distributions

along the length of a bonded FRP laminate
10.2.4 Planar Surface Irregularities

Because the MBrace sheet FRP can follow the contour of most concrete surfaces, it is important
to fill low spots and grind high spots flat. If the FRP follows the contour of a hole, snap-through
phenomenon caused by beam curvature can create a localized delamination. In the case of the
FRP sheets “bridging” over protrusions (such as concrete filling formwork knotholes), the resulting
behavior is similar to the beam shear case on a much smaller scale. Proper surface preparation
and use of MBrace® Putty are the keys to avoiding these types of delaminations. Figures 10.4
and 10.5 illustrate what to avoid.
“Snap-through” forces
FRP
Figure 10.4 – Snap-through behavior of FRP bonded to contour
FRP
Figure 10.5 – FRP bridging over a protrusion
05/30/02 10-5
10.2.5 Mechanical Anchorage

It is not recommended to use the MBrace® System with mechanical anchorage. Because of
complications regarding fastener shear out, corrosion, fiber crushing from fastener bearing stress,
durability of fiber ends after drilling and significantly increased installation costs, use of
mechanical fastening systems requires rigorous design and analysis.
10.3 Development Length

The development length of externally bonded FRP in tension is based on an assumed bond
stress distribution and the maximum tensile stress in the FRP. An appropriate bond stress
distribution for FRP bonded to cracked concrete is a triangular distribution starting at 0, ramping
up to the direct tensile strength of the concrete, and ramping down to 0. This stress distribution is
assumed to act over the development length of the FRP. This assumption for bond stress
distribution has been commonly used for bonded steel plates5 and is appropriate for FRP. Its
validity has been confirmed in recently conducted tests using 4,000 psi concrete and MBrace®
CF 130.
The tensile capacity of the in-situ concrete may be determined by approximation using a multiple
of the square root of the nominal compressive strength or it may be determined directly by
performing direct pull-off tests on the concrete substrate to which the FRP is to be installed.
By equating the force developed in the sheet at ultimate to the area of the bond stress
distribution, Equations (10-1) and (10-2) result.
l df f t
= fu f (10-1)
n 3 f c′
l df 2 ⋅ f fu t f
= (10-2)
n f ct
10.4 Splices
Splices are often required for constructability and geometric reasons. Although MBrace® fibers
are delivered in rolls containing several hundred feet of continuous material, the installer is
typically only capable of handling sheets in 6 to 8 ft lengths.* For most strengthening projects, it
therefore becomes necessary to incorporate splices. Furthermore, in cases where a section is to
be completely wrapped with the sheet (such as shear strengthening or column wrapping), splicing
is necessary to maintain continuity of the laminate. The recommended method of splicing
MBrace® laminates is simple lap splicing.
If the splice runs parallel to the direction of the fibers, the sheets being spliced may be butted
against one another. All of the design procedures assume that no force transfer exists in the
direction perpendicular to the fibers. Therefore, no overlap is required.
Full tensile capacity of the MBrace® CF 130 and CF 530 carbon fiber sheets are developed
within a 2-inch lap splice. However, for additional safety and application convenience, a 4 inch lap
splice is typically used. Design tensile capacity of the MBrace® EG 900 glass fiber is developed
within 6 inches.
*
6 to 8 ft is a conservative length that all installers can manage; however some installers are capable of
handling sheets in excess of 25 ft. The designer is encouraged to consult the contractor involved in the
installation for more specific guidance.
10-6 05/30/02
For splices in the non-load carrying direction (90° to the longitudinal fibers), butting the sides of
the sheets will be sufficient. For some applications where sheets wider than 20 inches are
required (e.g. slabs), it may be prudent to detail the sheets with a space between each sheet
instead of continuous butt joints. The space between the sheets will allow the substrate to
“breath” in case moisture vapor transmission (MVT) is a concern. Preventing equilibrium of MVT
may cause blistering of the FRP sheets.
10.4.1 Beams
Similar to lap splicing steel reinforcement, splices should be made away from areas of highest
stress in the sheet (e.g., mid-span for positive moment strengthening) where possible. Where
more than one splice is required, splices should be staggered. This includes splices for multiple
ply sheets. Each fiber layer in the multiple ply laminate should be spliced at a different location.
Splices of sheets that are butted together or spaced evenly along the transverse direction should
be spliced at staggered locations as well.
Stirrup web reinforcement placed transverse to the longitudinal axis of the beam should
continuous. If a splice is necessary, the splice location should be on the bottom face of the beam.
10.4.2 Columns
Lap splices along the circumference of a column are treated the same as on the tension face of
beams. For round columns, a 4-inch lap splice for carbon fiber and a 6-inch lap splice for glass
fiber is typically sufficient. For columns under 10 inches in diameter, more rigorous analysis is
required of the hoop and radial stresses. This analysis is beyond the scope of this manual.
Splices of FRP jackets for columns should be staggered along the height of the column.
10.5 Cutoff Points

In lieu of a more detailed analysis, the following general guidelines for the location of cut-off
points for the laminate may be used to avoid failures at the termination of the laminate.
• For continuous beams, a single ply laminate should be terminated 6” beyond the inflection
point (point of zero moment resulting from factored loads). For multiple ply laminates, the
termination point of the fiber layers should be tapered. The outermost ply should be terminated
6” beyond the inflection point. Each successive ply should be terminated an additional 6” beyond
the inflection point. For example if a 3-ply laminate is required, the ply directly in contact with the
concrete substrate should be terminated at least 18” past the inflection point (Figure 10.6). These
guidelines apply for positive and negative moment regions.
• For simply supported beams, the same general guidelines apply, however the plies should
extend past the point on the beam corresponding to the cracking moment, Mcr, under factored
loads instead of the inflection point.
• Similar to steel reinforcement, the FRP laminate must extend at least its development length
from the point of maximum stress in the sheet.
05/30/02 10-7
M=0
M = Mu
(a) Continuous Beam
M = Mcr
M = Mu
(b) Simply Supported Beam
6” 6” 6” ≥ l df
Figure 10.6 – Graphical representation of the guidelines for allowable

termination points of a 3-ply FRP laminate
10-8 05/30/02
10.6 References
1
Blaschko, M., Niedermeier, R., and Zilch, K. (1998) “Bond Failure Modes of Flexural Members
Strengthened with FRP,” Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Composites in Infrastructure, Tucson, AZ, Vol. 1, pp. 315-327.
2
Arduini, M., A. Di Tommaso, and A. Nanni, "Brittle Failure in FRP Plate and Sheet Bonded
Beams," ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 94, No. 4, July-Aug. 1997, pp. 363-370.
3
Roberts, T.M. and Haji-Kazemi, H. (1989) “Theoretical Study of the Behavior of Reinforced
Concrete Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded Steel Plates,” Proceedings of the
Institute of Civil Engineers, Part 2, Vol. 87, No. 9344, pp. 39-55.
4
Malek, A., Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. (1998) “Prediction of Failure Load of R/C Beams
Strengthened with FRP Plate Due to Stress Concentrations at the Plate End,” Structural
Journal, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 95, No. 1, January-February 1998, pp. 142-152
5
Brosens, K. and Van Gemert, D. (1997) “Anchoring Stresses Between Concrete and Carbon
Fibre Reinforced Laminates,” Non-metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Vol. 1, October 1997, pp. 271-278.
05/30/02 10-9
Chapter 11 Engineering Specifications
MBrace® Composite Strengthening System
Standard Specification
THE SPECIFICATION INFORMATION BELOW IS INTENDED FOR USE BY ARCHITECTS,

ENGINEERS, OR OTHER SPECIFIERS IN DEFINING THE CRITERIA NEEDED TO SPECIFY
EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS.
SECTION 03720
EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP REINFORCEMENT
PART 1 GENERAL
1.01 SUMMARY
A. Section Includes:
1. Installation of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement applied by the wet lay-
up technique to concrete members.
2. Work Including:
a) Inspection of the structural members specified on the contract drawings to be reinforced with FRP.
Inspection shall check the location and inspect cracks and existing conditions of the concrete
substrate.
b) Furnishing of materials, labor, equipment and all items necessary for repair of existing concrete
members and strengthening by the application of externally bonded FRP reinforcement as
specified on the contract drawings and specifications, complete.
c) Cooperation and coordination with all other trades in executing the work described in the contract.
B. Related Sections:
1. Section [____]-[________]
2. Section [____]-[________]
1.02 REFERENCES
A. American Concrete Institute (ACI):
1. 440.2R-02 Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for
Strengthening Concrete Structures
2. 503R-93 Use of Epoxy Compounds with Concrete
3. 546R-96 Concrete Repair Guide
B. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
1. D 3039-93 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Resin Composites
1 Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement
MBrace Composite Strengthening System
®
2. D 4541-93 Standard Test Method for Pull-off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Tester
C. International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI):
1. #03730 Guide for Surface Preparation for the Repair of Deteriorated Concrete Resulting from
Reinforcing Steel Corrosion
2. #03732 Selecting and Specifying Concrete Surface Preparation for Sealers, Coatings, and
Polymer Overlays
3. #03733 Guide for Selecting and Specifying Materials for Repairs of Concrete Surfaces
1.03 SUBMITTALS
A. Product Information
1. Manufacturer’s product data sheets indicating physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of all
materials used in the FRP system.
2. Tensile properties of the composite material as determined by tensile testing in accordance with ASTM
D 3039. Ultimate tensile strength and rupture strain values shall be determined by subtracting three (3)
standard deviations from the average values of twenty (20) or more tensile tests.
3. Installation instructions, maintenance instructions, and general recommendations regarding each
material to be used.
4. Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all materials to be used.
B. Project Information
1. Working drawings detailing the type, locations, dimensions, number of layers, and orientations of all
FRP materials to be installed.
2. Any calculations prepared by or on behalf of the Contractor to determine the layout of the FRP
materials to be installed. All calculations shall be performed in accordance with the recommendations
of ACI 440.2R-02.
3. A quality control plan indicating the testing that will be performed to satisfy item 3.04 in this section
and identifying the party or parties responsible for this testing.
1.04 QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Manufacturer / Supplier Qualifications:
1. The Manufacturer / Supplier must specialize in the manufacturing of the products specified in this
Section with documented experience.
2. The Manufacturer / Supplier must have a minimum of 50 documented successful field installations.
3. The Manufacturer / Supplier must support a training program to instruct applicators in the installation
of the products specified in this Section.
B. Applicator Qualifications:
1. Applicator must be approved by the Manufacturer / Supplier.
2. A field representative who has completed the course of instruction (supported by the Manufacturer /
Supplier) in the installation of the products specified in this section must be present on site during
installation of the FRP system.

®
1.05 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A. Delivery: The products shall be delivered and stored in original, unopened containers. Containers must be
clearly marked with legible and intact labels listing the Manufacturer’s name, brand name, product
identification and batch number.
B. Storage
1. Stored fiber reinforcement and epoxies must be protected from dust, moisture, and chemical exposure.
2. Epoxies must be stored in areas with an ambient temperature between 50 and 75 °F (10 and 24 °C) and
away from direct sunlight, flame sources, or other hazards. Epoxy resins must be stored separately
from hardeners.
C. Handling:
1. The fiber reinforcement must not be handled roughly.
2. Consult the Manufacturer’s MSDS for specific handling hazards of resin components.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.01 MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS

A. The following Manufacturers and Products are considered to meet or exceed the requirements of
this specification and are acceptable for use.
1. MBrace® Composite Strengthening System supplied by BASF Building Systems, LLC; 889 Valley
Park Drive, Shakopee, MN 55379; Customer Service (800) 443-9517; Technical Service (800) 243-
6739; www.basfbuildingsystems.com.
B. Substitutions: The use of proprietary FRP systems other than those specified will be considered
provided the contractor submit the proposed substitution in writing to the owner’s engineer prior to
bidding the work. Proposed FRP systems must utilize carbon fiber as the primary fiber
reinforcement. Written proposals for substitution must include at a minimum the following:
1. Documented evidence that the Manufacturer of the proposed system meets the requirements of item
1.04(A) and 2.02 in this section.
2. All information required by item 1.03(A) in this section.
2.02 MATERIALS
A. FRP Composite System
1. All FRP composite systems must be proprietary systems consisting of all associated fiber
reinforcement and polymer adhesives/resins. FRP composites consisting of fiber reinforcement and
polymers provided by more than one Manufacturer are not allowed.
B. Fiber Reinforcement
1. The FRP composite system must utilize carbon fiber reinforcement as the primary fiber material
(primary structural component).
C. Protective Coatings
1. The FRP system shall be top coated with a coating approved by the FRP system supplier.

®
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.01 EXAMINATION
A. Examine existing conditions to assess quality of concrete substrate, identify potential
obstructions, and verify dimensions/geometry shown on shop drawings.
3.02 PREPARATION
A. Environmental Conditions
1. Do not install FRP when the ambient temperature is below 40 °F (5 °C) or above 130 °F (55 °C). In
cold conditions, auxiliary heat may be applied to raise the ambient temperature to a suitable level.
Utilize clean heat sources for this purpose (e.g., electric or propane) that do not contaminate the
substrate with carbonation.
2. The presence of moisture inhibits the adhesion of the epoxies to the substrate. Do not install FRP
when surface moisture is present on the substrate or when rainfall or condensation is anticipated in the
work areas.
3. If water leakage exists through cracks or concrete joints, water flow must be stopped prior to FRP
installation.
B. Site Conditions
1. Maintain control of concrete chips, dust, and debris in each area of work. Clean up and remove such
material at the completion of each day of blasting.
3.03 INSTALLATION
A. Concrete Repair
1. Unsound areas of the concrete substrate (such as broken pieces, delaminated areas, etc.) must be
removed to reveal sound material. If present, materials with low compressive strength and elastic
modulus, like plaster, shall be removed from the substrate.
2. If corrosion of the existing steel reinforcement exists, the steel and concrete must be repaired before
installation of the FRP. Any deteriorated concrete or corroding reinforcing steel must be repaired per
ICRI Guideline #03730. DO NOT COVER CORRODING REINFORCING STEEL WITH FRP.
3. Voids in the concrete substrate must be filled. Large voids (greater than 0.50 in (500 mm) in depth)
may be filled with an appropriate repair mortar. The repair material shall be selected per ICRI
Guideline #03733 and the project requirements. If required, the bond strength of the repair material to
the existing concrete may be verified with pull testing per ASTM D 4541. Minimum direct pull-off
strength required is 200 psi (1.4 MPa).
4. Cracks in the concrete substrate greater than 0.010 in (0.25 mm) wide must be pressure injected with
epoxy or similar material approved by the Engineer of Record.
B. Surface Preparation
1. Prior to initiating surface preparation procedures, the Contractor shall first prepare a representative
sample area. The sample area shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements of this
Specification, and shall be used as a reference standard depicting a satisfactorily prepared substrate.
2. Uneven concrete surface irregularities (offsets) must be ground and smoothed to less than 0.04 in (1
mm).
3. When fiber reinforcement is run around outside corners or edges, these corners must be rounded to a
radius of no less than 0.5 in (15 mm). Application of fiber reinforcement around inside corners shall
be avoided. No detailing is required if fiber is run parallel to corners.
®
4. Bond-critical Applications: In bond-critical applications where the cross-section of the concrete
element is not completely encased by the FRP material, the surface the concrete substrate must profiled
using abrasive blasting and/or disc grinding to an minimum ICRI CSP 3 (refer to ICRI Guideline
#03732). Surface contaminates (laitance, surface lubricants, broken mortar pieces, paint coatings,
staining, etc.) must be removed by abrasive blasting and/or disc grinding. Dust generated from surface
grinding must be removed using a clean air blower or other suitable means. If the dust has been
removed by means of water washing, the surface must be thoroughly dried.
5. Contact-critical Applications: In contact-critical applications where the cross-section of the concrete
element is completely encased by the FRP material (e.g., column wrapping), surface preparation
should promote continuous intimate contact between the concrete surface and the FRP system.
Surfaces to be wrapped should, at a minimum, be flat or convex to promote proper loading of the FRP
system and the surface must be cleaned of dust, laitance, broken mortar pieces and other contaminates.
C. Mixing of Polymer Resins and Adhesives
1. Resins (including primers and fillers) shall be mixed according to the FRP system Manufacturer's
installation instructions. All resin components shall be at a proper temperature and mixed in the
Manufacturer’s prescribed mix ratio until there is a uniform and complete mixing of components.
Resin components are often contrasting colors, so full mixing is achieved when color streaks are
eliminated. Resins should be mixed for the Manufacturer’s prescribed mixing time and visually
inspected for uniformity of color.
2. Mixed resin that exceeds the pot life specified by the Manufacturer shall not be used.
D. Application of FRP System by the Wet Lay-up Technique
1. The application of the FRP system (including topcoats) should be performed in accordance with the
Manufacturer’s published installation instructions.
2. Primer: The FRP system primer shall be applied to all areas on the concrete surface where the FRP
system is to be placed. The primer shall be placed uniformly on the prepared surface at the
Manufacturer’s specified rate of coverage. The primer shall be allowed to cure per the FRP
Manufacturer’s installation instructions before applying subsequent materials.
3. Putty: The FRP system putty (or filler) shall be used only to fill voids in the substrate and smooth
surface discontinuities prior to application of other materials. Rough edges or trowel lines of cured
putty shall be ground smooth prior to continuing the installation. The putty shall be allowed to cure per
the FRP Manufacturer’s installation instructions before applying subsequent materials.
4. Fiber Reinforcement and Saturating Resin: The reinforcing fibers shall be placed with sufficient
saturating resin to achieve full saturation of the fibers. Sufficient saturating resin shall be prescribed
by the FRP system Manufacturer. The fiber reinforcement shall be pressed onto the concrete surface
to achieve intimate contact. Entrapped air between layers should be released or rolled out before the
resin sets.
5. Protective Topcoats: Coatings shall be applied in accordance with the Manufacturer’s
recommendations.
3.04 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A. A trained field supervisor shall observe all aspects of onsite preparation and material application
including surface preparation, resin component mixing, application of primer, application of resin
and fiber sheet, curing of composite, and the application of protective coatings.
B. Inspection for Voids/Delaminations
1. After allowing at least 24 hours for initial resin cure to occur, perform a visual and acoustic tap test
inspection of the layered surface. Other methods for detecting voids may be employed; all parties
concerned shall agree upon these methods prior to the submission of bids or proposals.
®
2. Voids requiring corrective action shall be marked and repaired in accordance with item 3.05 of this
section.
C. Bond Testing
1. For bond-critical applications, direct tension pull-off testing shall be conducted per ASTM D 4541 or
by using the method described in ISIS Standard Test Methods (1998). Bond testing is not required for
contact-critical applications.
2. Direct tension pull-off tests shall be conducted under the following test conditions:
a) The FRP system shall be allowed to cure a minimum of 24 hours before execution of the direct
tension pull-off test
b) The locations of the pull-off test shall be representative and on flat surfaces. If possible, pull-off
tests shall be conducted on areas of the FRP system subjected to relatively low stress during
service.
3. Test Frequency
a) Perform a minimum of one direct tension pull-off test per ______ of installed FRP (surface area).
THE TEST FREQUENCY CAN BE DETERMINED FROM THE FOLLOWING TABLE:
Total Area of FRP to be Installed Recommended Test Frequency

0 to 1000 ft2 (0 to 100 m2) 1 test per 500 ft2 (50 m2) of FRP
Over 10000 ft2 (1000 m2) 1 test per 3000 ft2 (300 m2) of FRP
b) Pull-off tests must be performed on each type of concrete substrate or for each surface preparation
technique used if variations in such conditions exist.
4. Conditions of Acceptance
a) The failure mode must be Cohesive failure within the concrete
b) The tensile bond strength must be in excess of 200 psi (1.4 MPa)
5. Repair the tested areas in accordance with Section 3.05 of this specification.
D. Report: The trained field supervisor shall submit a quality control report to the Engineer of
Record describing the inspection of the completed installation and detailing the results of the
bond testing.
3.05 REPAIR OF DAMAGED OR DEFECTIVE AREAS

A. Repair of delaminated areas of installed FRP reinforcement
1. Small delaminations less than 2 in2 each (1300 mm2) do not require corrective action, as long as the
total delaminated area is less than 5 % of the total laminate area and there are no more than 10 such
delaminations per 10 ft2 (1 m2).
2. Large delaminations, greater than 25 in.2 (16,000 mm2) shall be repaired by selectively cutting away
the affected sheet, reapplying primer and putty layers, and applying an overlapping FRP patch of
equivalent plies and fiber orientations.
3. Moderate delaminations less than 25 in.2 (16,000 mm2) may be repaired by filling the delamination by
low-pressure injection of the saturant or by the previous procedure specified for large delaminations.
®
B. Repair procedures for conditions that are not specifically addressed in this specification shall be
approved by the Owner’s representative.

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ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINES

BASF Construction Chemicals – Building Systems

1.1 SCOPE 1-2

1.2 PHILOSOPHY OF THE MANUAL 1-2

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL 1-2

1.2 Philosophy of the Manual

1.3 Organization of the Guide

• Auto-ignition temperature — temperature at which a material will

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 3-2

3.2 MATERIAL COMPONENTS 3-2

3.3 APPLICATIONS AND USE 3-4

3.4 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 3-4

3.5 REFERENCES 3-6

3.1 General Description

3.2 Material Components

2nd Resin Coat

1st Resin Coat

Figure 3.1 – Components of the MBrace®

3.2.1 MBrace® Primer

3.2.2 MBrace® Putty

holes or large areas of damage, the defective concrete area should be

3.2.3 MBrace® Saturant

3.2.4 MBrace® Fiber Reinforcement

of the fibers used in the

and epoxy resins are

provided in Chapter 4. 300

3.2.4.1 MBrace® Carbon Fibers

3.2.4.2 MBrace® Glass Fibers

3.2.4.3 MBrace® Aramid Fibers

3.2.4.4 Custom Fiber Architectures

3.2.5 MBrace® Topcoat, MBrace® ATX , and MBrace® Topcoat FRL

Figure 3.2 –Wabo® MBrace installation before and after the

3.3 Applications and Use

3.4 Installation Procedures

concrete repair and strengthening techniques, product information,

• Step 6: Application of MBrace® Fiber Sheet

4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4-2

4.2 COVERAGE 4-3

4.3 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES 4-4

4.4 FIBER SELECTION GUIDELINES 4-6

4.5 REFERENCES 4-8

Chapter 4 Technical Data

4.1 Physical Properties

Table 4.1 – Master Table of Physical Properties for MBrace® Resins

Table 4.2 – Temperature vs. Viscosity

50 °F (10 °C) 1,200 74,000 2,500

Table 4.3 – Temperature vs. Working Time

Table 4.4 – Typical Resin Coverage

4.3 Engineering Properties

Table 4.5 – Design Values for MBrace® Fibers

Figure 4.1 – Representative stress-strain curve from tensile test data,

The design numbers should be further reduced by appropriate factors depending if

Table 4.6 – Tension: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-6382

Table 4.7 – Flexure: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-7903

Table 4.8 – Compression: Neat Resin Properties ASTM D-6954

4.4 Fiber Selection Guidelines

5.1 GENERAL 5-2

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 5-2

5.3 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE 5-3

5.4 FIRE 5-3

5.4.2 Structural Fire Ratings 5-4

5.5 REFERENCES 5-4

5.2 Environmental Exposure