FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

B.Tech V semester (Autonomous) IARE R-16

By
Mr. S. Devaraj
Assistant Professor

Ms. Ch.Ragha Leena

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad- 500 043
S.No COURSE OBJECTIVES
I Introduce basic concepts of finite element methods including
domain discretization, polynomial interpolation and application
of boundary conditions.
II Understand the theoretical basics of governing equations and
convergence criteria of finite element method.
III Develop of mathematical model for physical problems and concept
of discretization of continuum.
IV Discuss the accurate Finite Element Solutions for the various field
problems
V Use the commercial Finite Element packages to build Finite Element
models and solve a selected range of engineering problems

2
COS COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1 Describe the concept of FEM and difference between the FEM
with other methods and problems based on 1-D bar elements and
shape functions.
CO2 Derive elemental properties and shape functions for truss and
beam elements and related problems.
CO3 Understand the concept deriving the elemental matrix and solving
the basic problems of CST and axi-symmetric solids
CO4 Explore the concept of steady state heat transfer in fin and
composite slab
CO5 Understand the concept of consistent and lumped mass models
and solve the dynamic analysis of all types of elements.

3
 UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

4
CLOS COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
CLO1 Describe the basic concepts of FEM and steps involved in it.
CLO2 Understand the difference between the FEM and Other
methods.
CLO3 Understand the stress-strain relation for 2-D and their field
problem.
CLO4 Understand the concepts of shape functions for one dimensional
and quadratic elements, stiffness matrix and boundary
conditions

CLO5 Apply numerical methods for solving one dimensional bar

problems

5
 Introduction

Introduction to FEM:
 Stiffness equations for a axial bar element in local co-ordinates
using Potential Energy approach and Virtual energy principle.

 Finite element analysis of uniform, stepped and tapered bars

subjected to mechanical and thermal loads.

 Assembly of Global stiffness matrix and load vector.

 Quadratic shape functions.

 Properties of stiffness matrix

6
 Axially Loaded Bar – Governing Equations and
Boundary Conditions

o Differential Equation
d  du 
 EA( x)   f ( x)  0 0 x L
dx  dx 

o Boundary Condition Types

 Prescribed displacement (essential BC)

 Prescribed force/derivative of displacement (natural BC)

7
 Axially Loaded Bar –Boundary Conditions

Examples

 Fixed end

 Simple support

 Free end

8
 Potential Energy

Elastic Potential Energy (PE)

 Spring case
PE  0

1 2
PE  kx
2

 Axially loaded bar

Unreformed: PE  0
deformed: 1
L
PE   Adx
20

1 T
 Elastic body PE  
2V
σ εdv

9
 Potential Energy

 Work Potential (WE)

f: distributed force over a line
P: point force
u: displacement

 Total Potential Energy

L L
1
   Adx   u  fdx  P  uB
20 0

 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy

For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible
displacement fields, those corresponding to equilibrium extremize
the total potential energy. If the extremum condition is a
minimum, the equilibrium state is stable.

10
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz Approach

 Example:

 Step 1: assume a displacement field u   aii x  i  1 to n

i

 f is shape function / basis function

 n is the order of approximation

 Step 2: calculate total potential energy

11
 Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz Approach

 Example:

 Step 3: select ai so that the total potential energy is minimum

12
 Galerkin’s Method

 Example:

Seek an approximation so
d  du  d  du~  
 f ( x)  0
V i  dx 
 EA( x )  w  EA ( x )  f ( x ) dV  0
dx  dx  dx  
ux  0  0
u~ x  0  0
du
EA( x ) P du~
dx x  L EA( x ) P
dx x  L

 In the Galerkin’s method, the weight function is chosen to be

the same as the shape function.

13
 Galerkin’s Method

 Example:

du~  du~ dwi du~

L
d  
L L

V  dx 
wi  EA( x )   f ( x ) dV  0   EA( x) dx   wi fdx wi EA( x) 0
dx   0
dx dx 0
dx 0

14
FEM Formulation of Axially Loaded Bar – Governing Equations

 Differential Equation
d  du 
 EA( x )   f ( x)  0 0 x L
dx  dx 

 Weighted-Integral Formulation
L d  du  
0
w  EA( x)   f ( x) dx  0
 dx  dx  

 Weak Form
L
 dw  du    du 
L
0     EA( x)   wf ( x) dx  w EA( x) 
0 
dx  dx    dx  0

15
Approximation Methods – Finite Element Method

 Example:

 Step 1: Discretization

 Step 2: Weak form of one element

x2
 dw  
x2
du   du 
x  dx 
 EA( x )
dx


 w( x ) f ( x ) 

dx  w( x )

EA( x )
dx
 0
 x1
1

 dw  
x2
du 
x  dx 
 EA( x )   w( x ) f ( x ) dx  wx2 P2  wx1 P1  0
1
dx  

16
 Approximation Methods – Finite Element Method

 Example (cont):

 Step 3: Choosing shape functions- linear shape functions

u  1u1  2u2

x x x  x1 1 1 
1  2 ; 2  1  ; 2 
l l 2 2


2
x  x1   1; x    1l  x1
l 2

17
 Approximation Methods – Finite Element Method

 Example (cont):

 Step 4: Forming element equation

x
u2  u1 
x2 x 2
1 2
EA EA
 Let w  1, weak form becomes   l  EA  l dx  x 1 f dx  1P2  1P1  0 u1  u2   1 f dx  P1
x1 1
l l x1

u2  u1 
x2 x x
 Let w  2, weak form becomes 1 2
EA EA 2

l 
x1 
EA 
l 
 dx   2 f dx  2 P2  2 P1  0
x1

l
u1 
l
u2   2 f dx  P2
x1

 x2 
 1  fdx 
EA  1 1  u1   x1   P1   f1   P1 
         
l  1 1  u2   x2   P2   f 2   P2 
  2 fdx 
 x1 

18
 Approximation Methods – Finite Element Method

 Example (cont):

 Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Approach 1:  1 1 0 0 u   f  I
1
 P1I 
1
I

      
E I AI  1 1 0 0 u   f   P2I 
I I

Element 1:       
2 2

lI  0 0 0 0  0   0   0 
 
0 0 0 0  0   0   0 

0 0 0 0  0   0   0 

E II AII 0 1 1 0 u1II   f1II   P1II 
Element 2:       
l II 0 1 1 0 u2II   f 2II   P2II 
 
0 0 0 0  0   0   0 

0 0 0 0  0   0   0 

E III AIII 0 0 0 0   0   0   0 
Element 3:      
l III 0 0 1 1 u1III   f1III   P1III 
 
0 0 1 1  u2III   f 2III   P2III 

19
 Approximation Methods – Finite Element Method

 Example (cont):

 Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Assembled System:

 E I AI E I AI 
 lI  I 0 0 
l
 I I 
  u1   f1   P1   f1   P1 
I I
 E A E I AI E II AII E II AII
 l I lI
 II
l
 II
l
0        I II   I
u2   f 2   P2   f 2  f1   P2  P1 
II 

  
III III        II
  
III   II III 
 0 E II AII E II AII E III AIII E A  u3   f 3   P3   f 2  f1   P2  P1 
 II  III  III
 l II  u4   f 4   P4   f III   P III 

l l l  2   2 
III III 
 0 E III AIII E A 
0  III
 l l III 

20
 Approximation Methods

 Example (cont):

 Step 5: Assembling to form system equation

Approach 2: Element connectivity table

kije  K IJ

21
 Approximation Methods

 Example (cont):

 Step 6: Imposing boundary conditions and forming condense

system E A E A
I I II II
E A  II II

 I  II  0 
Condensed system:  l l l II  u2   f 2   0 
 II II
E A E II AII E III AIII E A      
III III

  l II l II

l III
 III   u3    f 3    0 
l
  u4   f 4   P 
 E III AIII E A 
III III

 0  III 
 l l III 

22
 Approximation Methods

 Example (cont):

 Step 7: solution

 Step 8: post calculation

du d d d1 d
u  u11  u22   u1 1  u2 2   E  Eu1  Eu2 2
dx dx dx dx dx

23
 Summary - Major Steps in FEM

 Discretization

 Derivation of element equation

• weak form
• construct form of approximation solution over one element

• derive finite element model

 Assembling – putting elements together

 Imposing boundary conditions

 Solving equations

 Post computation
24
 Linear Formulation for Bar Element

 P1   f1   K11 K12  u1 

       
P2   f 2   K12 K 22  u2 

 di d j 
x2 x2

where K ij   EA dx  K ji , f i   i f dx

x1  dx dx  x1

1 1 2 1

x=x2
x=x1 x

25
 Higher Order Formulation for Bar Element

u(x)  u11 (x)  u2 2 (x)  u3 3 (x)

u(x)  u11 ( x )  u2 2 ( x )  u3 3 ( x )  u44 ( x )

u(x)  u11 ( x )  u2 2 ( x )  u3 3 ( x )  u44 ( x )         unn ( x )

26
Natural Coordinates and Interpolation Functions

x1  x2
x
Natural (or Normal) Coordinate:   2
l/2

 1  1
1   , 2 
2 2
   1   1
1  ,  2    1  1,  3 
2 2
9  1  1
1           1,  2 
27
  1   1   1
16  3  3 16  3

3  
27
  1   1   1,  4  9   1   1    1 
16  3 16  3  3

27
 Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element

 P1   f 1   K 11 K 12 K 13   u1 
      
 P2    f 2    K 12 K 22 K 23  u2 
P   f  K K 33   
 3   3   13 K 23  3
u

 di d j   di d j  2
x2 1
where Kij   EA   dx   EA   d   K ji
x1  dx dx  1  d d  l
x2 1
l
and f i   i f  dx   i f  d , i, j  1, 2, 3
x1 1
2

1 3
2

=-1 =0 =1

28
 Quadratic Formulation for Bar Element

   1   1
u(  )  u11 (  )  u2 2 (  )  u3 3 (  )  u1  u2   1  1  u3
2 2

   1   1
1  ,  2    1  1,  3 
2 2
x1  x2
x l d 2
  2 d   dx 
l /2 2 dx l

d1 2 d1 2  1 d2 2 d2 4 d3 2 d3 2  1

  ,   ,  
dx l d l dx l d l dx l d l

29
 UNIT-2

ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES AND BEAMS

30
CLOS Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1 Derive the elemental property matrix for beam and bar
elements.
CLO 2 Solve the equations of truss and beam elements
CLO 3 Understand the concepts of shape functions for beam element.
CLO 4 Apply the numerical methods for solving truss and beam
problems

31
 INTRODUCTION

Finite Element Analysis of Trusses:

 Stiffness equations for a truss bar element oriented in 2D plane

 Finite Element Analysis of Trusses

 Plane Truss and Space Truss elements

 Methods of assembly

32
Arbitrarily Oriented 1-D Bar Element on 2-D Plane

33
Relationship Between Local Coordinates and Global
Coordinates

 u1   cos  sin  0 0  u1 

 v  0   sin  cos  0   v1 
 1   0
   
 2   0
u 0 cos  sin   u2 
v2  0  0 0  sin 

cos   v2 

34
Relationship Between Local Coordinates and Global Coordinates

 P1   cos  sin  0 0   P1 
  
 0   sin  cos  0 0  Q1 
   
 P2   0 0 cos  sin    P2 
 0   0 0  sin 

cos   Q2 

35
Stiffness Matrix of 1-D Bar Element on 2-D Plane

1 0 1 0
 0
 
K ij 
AE  0
L  1
0 0
0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0

 P1  cos   sin  0 0   cos  sin  0 0  u1 

Q   sin  cos  0   sin  cos  0   v1 
 1 
 
0
cos   sin 
 
K ij  0
cos 
 
sin   u2 
 P2   0 0   0 0
Q2   0 0 sin  cos  
 
 0 0  sin 

cos   v2 

 P1   cos 2  sin  cos   cos 2   sin  cos   u1 

Q    
 1  AE  sin  cos  sin 2   sin  cos   sin 2    v1 
   
 P2  L   cos   sin  cos  cos 2  sin  cos   u2 
2

Q2  
 sin  cos   sin 2  sin  cos  sin 2   v2 

36
 Arbitrarily Oriented 1-D Bar Element in 3-D Space

z
2 P2 , u2
ax, bx, gx are the
Direction Cosines of the
gx- y bar in the x-y-z
bx-
coordinate system
1 ax-
P1 , u1 x

 P1  a x bx g x 0 0 0   P1 
 u1  a x bx g x 0   u1    
0  Q1 
0 0
 v  0  a by g y 0 0 0   v1   Q 1  0  a y by g y 0 0
 1   y  R1  0  a z bz g z 0 0 0   R1 
 w1  0  a z bz g z 0 0 0   w1     
     2  0
P 0 0 ax bx g x   P2 
 2  0
u 0 0 ax bx g x   u2 
Q2  0  0 0 0 ay by g y  Q2 
 v2  0   0 0 0 ay by g y   v2      
      R2  0   0 0 0 az bz g z   R2 
w2  0  0 0 0 az bz g z  w2 
37
 Stiffness Matrix of 1-D Bar Element in 3-D Space

z
2 P2 , u2  P1  1 0 0 1 0 0   u1 
 
 Q 1  0 
0
 0 0 0 0 0   v1  0 
 R1  0  AE  0 0 0 0 0 0   w1  0 
gx-     
bx- y  P2  L  1 0 0 1 0 0   u2 
Q2  0  0 0 0 0 0 0  v2  0 
    
1 ax-  R2  0   0 0 0 0 0 0   w 2  0 
P1 , u1 x

 P1   a x2 axbx a xg x  a x2 axbx  a x g x   u1 
Q    
 1  axbx b x2 b xg x axbx  b x2  b x g x   v1 
 R1  AE  a x g x b xg x g x2  a xg x  b xg x  g x2   w1 
    
 P2 L   a 2
x axbx  a xg x a x2 axbx a x g x   u2 
Q2   a b  b x2  b xg x axbx b x2 b x g x   v2 
   x x  
 R2    a x g x  b xg x  g x2 a xg x b xg x g x  w2 
2

38
 Matrix Assembly of Multiple Bar Elements

 P1  1 0 1 0 u1 
Q   0  v1 
 1  AE  0 0 0
 Element I    
 P2  L  1 0 1 0 u2 
Q2    
0 0 0 0   v2 

 P2   1  3 1 3  u2 
Q    
 2  AE  3 3 3  3   v2 
 Element II      
P
 3 4 L  1 3 1  3 u3 
 
Q3   3 3  3 3   v3 

 Element III  P1   1 3  1  3  u1 

Q    
 1 AE  3 3  3  3   v1 
     
P
 3 4 L  1  3 1 3  u3 
 
Q3   3  3 3 3  v3 
39
 Matrix Assembly of Multiple Bar Elements

 P1  4 0 4 0 0 0 u1 
Q  0 0 0 0 0 0  v1 
 1 
 Element I  P2  AE  4 0 4 0 0 0 u2 
    
Q2  4 L  0 0 0 0 0 0   v2 
 P3  0 0 0 0 0 0 u3 
    
Q3   0 0 0 0 0 0  v3 

 P1  0 0 0 0 0 0  u1 
Q  0 0 0 0 0 0  v 
 1   1 
 Element II  P2  AE 0 0 1  3 1 3  u2 
    
Q
 2 4 L  0 0  3 3 3  3   v2 
 P3  0 0  1 3 1  3  u3 
    
Q3  0 0 3 3  3 3   v3 

 P1   1 3 0 0  1  3  u1 
Q    
 1  3 3 0 0  3  3   v1 
 Element III  P2  AE  0 0 0 0 0 0  u2 
    
Q2  4 L  0 0 0 0 0 0   v2 
 P3   1  3 0 0 1 3  u3 
    
Q3   3  3 0 0 3 3   v3 
40
 Matrix Assembly of Multiple Bar Elements

 R1   41 0 3 4 0 1  3   u1 
S    
 1 0  3 03 0 0  3  3   v1 

 R2  AE   4 0 41 0 3 1 3  u2 

    
S
  2 4 L  0 0 0 3 03 3  3  v2 
 R3   1  3 1 3 1 1 3  3   u3 
    

 3
S    3 3 3 3 3 3 3  3  
v3 


Apply known boundary conditions

 R1  ?   5 3 4 0 1  3   u1  0 
S 0   
 1   3 3 0 0  3  3   v1  ? 
 R2  F  AE   4 0 5  3 1 3   u2  ? 
    
 S2  ?  4 L  0 0  3 3 3  3  v2  0 
 R3  ?   1  3 1 3 2 0  u3  0 
    
 S 3  ?    3 3 3 3 0 6   v 3  0 
41
 Solution Procedures

 R2  F   4 0 5  3 1 3   u1  0 
S 0   
 1   3 3 0 0  3  3   v1  ? 
 R1  ?  AE  5 3 4 0 1  3   u2  ? 
    
 2S  ?  4 L  0 0  3 3 3  3  v2  0 
 R3  ?   1  3 1 3 2 0  u3  0 
    
 S 3  ?    3 3 3 3 0 
6   3
v  0 

 R2  F   4 0 5  3 1 3   u1  0 
S 0   v  0 
 1   3 3 0 0  3  3  1 
 3  u2  
4 FL
 R1  ?  AE  5 3 4 0 1 
    5 AE 
 S2  ?  4 L  0 0  3 3 3  3   v2  0 
 R3  ?   1  3 1 3 2 0   u3  0 
    
 S 3  ?    3 3 3 3 0 6   v 3  0 
42
 Recovery of axial forces
 P1  1 0 1 0  u1  0   4 
Q     v 0   5
Element I  1  AE  0 0 0 0  1   0 
   4 FL   F 4 
 P2  L  1 0 1 0 u2 
5 AE   5 
Q2   
0 0 0 0 v  0   0 
 
 2 

 4 FL   1 
 P2   1  3 1 3  u2   5 
Q    
5 AE  3 
Element II I  2  AE  3 3 3  3  v  0   5 
    2   F  
I  P3  4 L   1 3 1  3  u  0   1 
 3 5

Q3   3 3  3 
3  v  0   3 
 3  
 5 


 P1   1 3  1  3  u1  0  0
Q      
 1  AE  3 3  3  3   v1  0  0
Element III       
 P3  4 L   1  3 1 3 u3  0 0

Q3   3  3 3 3  v3  0  0
 Stresses inside members

4F
Element I 
4F 4F 5A
P1   P2  
5 5

3
1 Q3  F
P3  F 5
5

Element II 3
Q2  F
5
1
P2  F
5

Element III
 Finite Element
Finite ElementAnalysis
Analysis ofofBeams
Beams

 Hermite shape functions

 Element stiffness matrix

 Load vector

 Problems
 Bending Beam
y
Review
M M
x

Pure bending problems

y
 Normal strain: x  

Ey
 Normal stress:  x  


 Normal stress with bending moment:   x ydA  M

1 M 1 d2y
 Moment-curvature relationship:  M  EI  EI 2
 EI  dx
My
 Flexure formula: x   I   y 2dA
I
 Bending Beam

Review

Relationship between shear force, bending moment and

transverse load:
dV
q dM
Deflection:
dx V
dx
d4y
EI 4  q
dx

Sign convention:
 Governing Equation and Boundary Condition

 Governing Equation
d 2  d 2 v( x) 
 EI
2  2
  q( x)  0, 0<x<L
dx  dx 
 Boundary Conditions
dv d 2v d  d 2v 
v? &  ? & EI 2  ? &  EI 2   ? , at x  0
dx dx dx  dx 
dv d 2v d  d 2v  dv
v? &  ? & EI 2  ? &  EI 2   ? , at x  L
dx dx dx  dx  dx
Essential BCs – if v

{
or is specified at the boundary.

Natural BCs – if v or is specified at the boundary.

d 2v d  d 2v 
EI 2  EI 2 
dx dx  dx 
48
Weak Form from Integration-by-Parts ----- (2nd time)
x2 x2
x2
d w  d v 
2 2
 d  d v2
dw  d v 2
0    2  EI 2   wq dx w  EI 2    EI 2 
x1 
dx  dx   dx  dx  x dx  dx  x
1 1

d w  d v  
x2 x2
 dw 
2 2
0    2  EI 2   wq dx   wV  M
x1 
dx  dx    dx  x1

49
  d 2 w  d 2v  
x2 x
 
2
dw
0    2  EI 2   wq dx   wV  M
x1 
dx  dx    dx  x1

Q1  V x1 , Q2  M x1  , Q3  V x2 , Q4  M x2 

x2
 d 2 w  d 2v   dw dw
x  dx 2  EI dx 2   wq dx  w( x1 )Q1  w( x2 )Q3  dx 1 Q2  dx 2 Q4
1 
50
 Ritz Method for Approximation

n
Let v( x)   u j j ( x) and n  4
j 1

u1  v x1 ; u2  ; u3  vx2 ; u4 
dv dv
;
dx x  x1 dx x  x2
x2
 d 2w  4 d 2 j  
  wq dx  w( x1 )Q1  w( x2 )Q3  dw Q2  dw Q4
x  dx 2  EI  uj
dx 2 
 dx 1 dx 2
1  j  1 
 Let w(x)= fi (x), i = 1, 2, 3, 4
 d 2  d 2 j  
  i q  dx  i ( x1 )Q1  i ( x2 )Q3  di Q2  di Q4
x2 4
 EI  u j
 dx 2

x1 
i
 j 1 dx 2 
 dx 1 dx 2
  

51

 
 i
 di
Q1  
 dx

 
Q2  i

 di
Q3  
 dx
  4
Q4    K iju j qi
  j 1

x1 x2
 x1   x2  

x2
 d 2i d 2 j  x2

where K ij   EI  2 dx and qi  i qdx

x
 dx dx 2 
x1   1

52
 Ritz Method for Approximation


 
 1 x1
 d1

 dx



 
1 x2
 d1

 dx



  x1   x2  
  Q1   K11
 
 2
 x1
 d2

 dx



 
2 x2
 d2

 dx

  Q   K
K12 K13 K14  u1   q1 
K 24  u2  q2 
 x1   x2   2  K 22 K 23
       
21


 
 3 x1
 d3

 dx



 
3 x2
 d3

 dx
  Q3   K 31

  Q   K
K 32 K 33 K 34  u3  q3 

K 44  u4  q4 
x2   4   41 K 42 K 43
  x1   

 
 4 x1
 d4

 dx



 
4 x2
 d4

 dx



  x1   x2  


53
 Selection of Shape Function


 
 1 x1
 d1

 dx



 
1 x2
 d1

 dx



  x1   x2  
  1
 
 2
 x1
 d2

 dx



 
2 x2
 d2

 dx

  0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Interpolation
  x1   x2 

Properties

 
 3 x1
 d3

 dx



 
3 x2
 d3

 dx
  0
 
  0
0
0
1
0
0
1

  x1   x2 


 
 4 x1
 d4

 dx



 
4 x2
 d4

 dx



  x1   x2  


Q1   K11 K12 K13 K14  u1   q1 

Q   K K 24  u2  q2 
 2   12 K 22 K 23
    
Q3   K13 K 23 K 33 K 34  u3  q3 
Q4   K14 K 24 K 34

K 44  u4  q4 

54
 Derivation of Shape Function for Beam Element
Local Coordinates

v ( )  u11  u22  u33  u44

dv( ) d1 d2 d3 d4
and  u1  u2  u3  u4
d d d d d

dv1 dv2
where u1  v1 u2  u3  v2 u4 
d d

Let i  ai  bi  ci 2  d i 3

Find coefficients to satisfy the interpolation

properties.
55
 Derivation of Shape Function for Beam Element

In the global coordinates:

l dv1 l dv2
v( x)  v11 ( x)  2 ( x)  v23 ( x)  4 ( x )
2 dx 2 dx

  x  x1 
2
 x  x1  
3

 1  3   2  
  x2  x1   x2  x1  
  
2 

 1  
  
2
 x  x  1 
 x x 
x x1
 
 2  l
1
 1

 
2
2 3 
  
 3   3 x  x1   2 x  x1    
4    x2  x1  x x  
 2 1
 
2   x  x1 
2
x  x1  
 l x  x1  x  x   x  x  
 
  2 1  2 1 
56
 Element Equations of 4th Order 1-D Model

Q1   q1   K11 K12 K13 K14  u1 

Q  q   K K 24  u2 
 2   2   12 K 22 K 23
     
Q3  q3   K13 K 23 K 33 K 34  u3 
Q4  q4   K14 K 24 K 34

K 44  u4 

x2
 d 2i d 2 j  x2

where K ij   EI  2 dx  K ji and qi  i qdx

x
 dx dx 2 
x1   1

57
Element Equations of 4th Order 1-D Model

Q1   q1  6 3L 6 3L   u1  v1 
Q   q   3L 2 L2  3L L2   u   
 2   2  2 EI    2 1
    3 
Q3   q3  L  6  3L 6  3L u3  v2 
Q4   q4   2 
 3L L2
 3L 2 L  u4   2 

x2

where qi   i qdx
x1

58
Finite Element Analysis of 1-D Problems - Applications

Example 1.

Governing equation:
d 2  d 2v 
 EI 2   q( x)  0
2 
0 x L
dx  dx 
Weak form for one element

 d 2 w d 2v 
x2

where   EI 2 2
 wq 
dx  w x1 Q1 
dw
Q2  w x2 Q3 
dw
Q4  0
x1  
dx dx dx x1 dx x2

Q1  V ( x1 ) Q2  M ( x1 ) Q3  V ( x2 ) Q4  M ( x2 )

59
 Finite Element Analysis of 1-D Problems

l dv1 l dv2
 Approximation function: v ( x )  v11 ( x )  2 ( x )  v23 ( x )  4 ( x )
2 dx 2 dx

  x  x1 
2
 x  x1  
3

 1  3   2  
  x2  x1   x2  x1  
  
2 
1   x  x1
  
2
x  x1 1   
 2  l  x2  x1  
  2 3 

 3   3  x  x   x  x  
1
  2 1

4    x2  x1  x x  
 2 1
 
2   x  x1 
2
x  x1  
l  x  x 
1 
 
  
  x2  x1  x2  x1  

60
 Finite Element Analysis of 1-D Problems

Finite element model:

Q1  6 3L 6 3L   v1 
Q   3L 2 L2  3L L2   
 2  2 EI    1 
  3
Q3  L  6  3L 6  3L v2 
Q4   2 
   2 
2
 3L L 3 L 2 L

Discretization:

61
 Matrix Assembly of Multiple Beam Elements

Q1I  6 3L 6 3L 0 0 0 0   v1 
 I
Q2 
3L 2 L2 3L L2 0 0 0 0  1 
  
Q3I   6 3L 6 3L 0 0 0 0   v2 
 I   
Element I Q4  2 EI 3L L2 3L 2 L2 0 0 0 0   2 
  3  
0  L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v3 
0   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   3 
   
0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v4 
0    
  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  4 

 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  v1 
 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 
    
Q1II  0 0 6 3L 6 3L 0 0   v2 
 II    
Element II Q2  2 EI 0 0 3L 2 L2 3L L2 0 0  2 
 II   3  
Q3  L 0 0 6 3L 6 3L 0 0  v3 
Q4II   
0 0 3L L2 3L 2 L2 0 0 3 
   
 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v4 
 0   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  4 
62
 Matrix Assembly of Multiple Beam Elements

 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v1 
 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1 
    
 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v2 
    
 0  2 EI 0   2 
Element III  III   3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
Q1  L 0 0 0 0 6 3L 6 3L   v3 
Q2   
III
0 0 0 0 3L 2 L2 3L L2  3 
 III   
Q3  0 0 0 0 6 3L 6 3L   v4 
Q4III   
0 0 0 0 3L L2 3L 2 L2   4 

 P1   6 3L 6 3L 0 0 0 0   v1 
M   3L 2 L2  3L L2 0 0 0 0  1 
 1   
 P2   6  3L 66  3L  3L 6 3L 0 0   v2 
    
 M 2  2 EI   3L L2  3L  3L 2 L2  2 L2  3L L2 0 0   2 
  3  0  
 P3  L 0 6  3L 66  3L  3L 6 3L   v3 
M 3   
 0 0 3L L2  3L  3L 2 L2  2 L2  3L L2  3 
   
 P4   0 0 0 0 6  3L 6  3 L   v4 
  
M 4   0 0 0 0 3L L2  3L 2 L2   4 


63
 Solution Procedures

Apply known boundary conditions

 P1  ?  6 3L 6 3L 0 0 0 0   v1  0 
 M ?   3L 2 L2  3L L2 0 0 0 0  1  0 
 1    
 P2  ?   6  3L 12 0 6 3L 0 0   v2  0 
    
 M 2  0  2 EI  3L L 2
0 4 L 2
 3 L L2
0 0   ? 
 3
2
 0 
 3P  ?  L 0  6  3L 12 0 6 3L  v3  0 
 M3  0   2 
 
  3  ? 
2 2
 0 0 3L L 0 4 L 3 L L
 
 4
P   F  0 0 0 0  6  3L 6  3L v4  ? 
 M 4  0   2 
   4  ? 
2
 0 0 0 0 3 L L 3 L 2 L

 M2  0   3L L2 0 4 L2  3L L2 0 0   v1  0 
M 0  2  
  1  0 
2 2
 3   0 0 3L L 0 4 L 3 L L
 P4   F  0 0 0 0  6  3L 6  3L v2  0
   2  
 M 4  0  2 EI    2  ? 
2
 0 0 0 0 3 L L 3 L 2 L
  3 6  
 P  ?  L 3L 6 3L 0 0 0 0  v3  0 
 
1
 M1  ?   3L 2 L  3L L
2 2
0 0 0 0  3  ? 
   6  3L 12  
 2P  ?  0 6 3L 0 0   v4  ? 
 

 P3  ?    0 0  6  3L 12 0 6 3L   4  ? 

64
 Solution Procedures

 M2  0   3L L2 0  3L 4 L2 L2 0 0   v1  0 
M 0  2 
  
 3   0 0 3L 0 L 2
4 L 2
 3 L L  1 0

 P4   F  0 0 0 6 0  3L 6  3L v2  0
   2  
 4
M  0  2 EI  0 0 0 3L 0 L 2
 3 L 2 L  3v  0 
  3 6  
 P1  ?  L 3L 6 0 3L 0 0 0   2  ? 
 
 M1  ?   3L 2 L  3L
2
0 L 2
0 0 0  3  ? 
   6  3L 12   
 2P  ?  6 0 3L 0 0  4 v  ? 
 
 P3  ?   0 0  6  12  3L 0 6 3L   4  ? 

 M2  0  4 L2 L2 0 0   2  ?   P1  ?   3L 0 0 0   2 
 2   L2
M 0
 3  2 EI  L 4 L2  3L L2  3  ?  M  ?
 1  2 EI 0 0 0  3 
 3   

     

   3  0 3L 0 0   v4 
 P2  ?  L
P
 4 F  L 0 3L 6 3L v
 4  ?
 M 4  0 
 2 
 3L 2 L   4  ?    
 0 L2
 P3  ?   3L 0  6 3L   4 

65
Shear Resultant & Bending Moment Diagram

66
 UNIT-3

CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

67
 Course Learning Outcomes

CLOS Course Learning Outcomes

CLO 1 Derive the element stiffness matrices for triangular elements
and axi- symmetric solids and estimate the load vector and
stresses.
CLO 2 Formulate simple and complex problems into finite elements
and solve structural and thermal problems
CLO 3 Understand the concept of CST and LST and their shape
functions.

68
 Introduction

 Computation of shape functions for constant strain triangle

 Properties of the shape functions

 Computation of strain-displacement matrix

 Computation of element stiffness matrix

 Computation of nodal loads due to body forces

 Computation of nodal loads due to traction

 Recommendations for use

 Example problems

69
 Finite element formulation for 2D

 Divide the body into connected to each other through special

points (“nodes”)

u 1 
v 
 1
u 2 
 
v 2 
d 
u 3 
v 3 
 
u 4 
v 
 4

70
 u (x, y)  N1(x, y) u1  N 2(x, y) u 2  N3(x, y) u 3  N 4(x, y) u 4
v (x, y)  N1(x, y) v1  N 2(x, y) v 2  N3(x, y) v3  N 4(x, y) v 4
u 1 
v 
 1
u 2 
 
u (x, y)   N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0  v 2 
u    
v (x, y)   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  u 3 
v 3 
 
u 4 
uNd v 
 4

71
TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN EACH
ELEMENT
Approximation of the strain in element ‘e’

u (x, y) N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 4 (x, y)

x   u1  u2  u3  u4
x x x x x
v (x, y) N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 4 (x, y)
y   v1  v2  v3  v4
y y y y y
u (x, y) v (x, y) N1(x, y) N1(x, y)
g xy    u1  v1  ......
y x y x

72
 x 
 
   y 
g xy 
 
u 1 
v 
 N1(x, y) N 2(x, y) N 3(x, y) N 4(x, y)  1 
 0 0 0 0  u 2 
 x x x x  
     v 2 
 0
N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y)
 
1 2 3 4
0 0 0
 y y y y  u 3 
 N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) N (x, y) 
 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
 v 3 
 y x y x y x y x  u 
  4 
B v 
 4

ε Bd

73
 Summary: For each element

 Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions

uNd
 Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement

ε Bd

 Stress approximation   DB d

 Element stiffness matrix matrix

k   e B D B dV
T
V

f   e N X dV   e N T S dS
T T
 Element nodal load vector
V
  ST

  
f f
b S

74
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST) : Simplest 2D finite element

 3 nodes per element

 2 dofs per node (each node can move in x- and y- directions)

 Hence 6 dofs per element

75
 The displacement approximation in terms of shape functions is

u (x,y)  N1u1  N 2 u2  N3u3

v(x,y)  N1v1  N 2 v 2  N3v 3
u1 
v 
 1
u (x, y)   N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u 2 

u    
 v (x, y)   0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3  v 2 
u 3 
 

v 3 

u 21  N 26 d 61

N 0 N2 0 N3 0
N 1
0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 
76
 Formula for the shape functions are
a1  b1 x  c1 y
N1 
2A
a  b x  c2 y
N2  2 2
where 2A
a3  b3 x  c3 y
N3 
2A

1 x 1 y1 
A  area of triangle  det 1 x 2 y 2 
1
2
1 x 3 y 3 
a1  x 2 y 3  x3 y 2 b1  y 2  y 3 c1  x3  x 2
a 2  x3 y1  x1 y 3 b2  y 3  y1 c 2  x1  x3
a3  x1 y 2  x 2 y1 b3  y1  y 2 c3  x 2  x1
77
 Properties of the shape functions

 The shape functions N1, N2 and N3 are linear functions of x and y

1 at node ' i '

Ni  
0 at other nodes

78
 . At every point in the domain

N
i 1
i 1
3

N
i 1
i xi  x
3

N
i 1
i yi  y

79
 Geometric interpretation of the shape functions, at any point
P(x,y) that the shape functions are evaluated

A1
N1 
A
A2
N2 
A
A3
N3 
A

80
 Approximation of the strains
 u 
 x 
 x   
   v 
  y    Bd
y
g   
 xy   u v 
 y  x 
 

 N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 

 0 0 0 
 x x x 
N1(x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 
B 0 0 0
 y y y 
 N (x, y) N (x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 2 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) N 3 (x, y) 
 1 1

 y x y x y x 
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
  0 c1 0 c 2 0 c3 
1
2A
c1 b1 c 2 b2 c3 b3 
81
 Inside each element, all components of strain are constant: hence
the name Constant Strain Triangle.

 Element stresses (constant inside each element).

  DB d

82
IMPORTANT NOTE:

 The displacement field is continuous across element boundaries

 The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element

boundaries

83
 Element stiffness matrix

k   e B D B dV
T
V

Since B is constant
t=thickness of the element
A=surface area of the element

k  B D B e dV  B D B At
T T
t=thickness of the element
V
A=surface area of the element

84
Element nodal load vector

f   e N X dV   e N T S dS
T T

V
  ST

  
f f
b S

85
Element nodal load vector due to body forces

f b   e N X dV  t  e N X dA
T T
V A

t N X dA 
 f b1x   Ae
1 a

 f  t  e N1 X b dA 
 b1 y   A 
 f b 2 x  t  e N 2 X a dA
fb   A 
 f b 2 y  t Ae N 2 X b dA
 f b3 x   
  t Ae N 3 X a dA
 f b 3 y   
t Ae N 3 X b dA 

86
EXAMPLE:
If Xa=1 and Xb=0

t N X dA 
 f b1x   Ae
1 a
  
  
tA 
dA   Ae 1   3 
t N dA
 f  t  e N1 X b
 b1 y   A   0  0
 f b 2 x  t  e N 2 X a dA t N dA  tA 
fb   A    Ae 2    3 
 f b 2 y  t Ae N 2 X b dA  0  0
 f b3 x     t N dA   tA 
  t Ae N 3 X a dA  Ae 3   
 f b 3 y     0   3 
t Ae N 3 X b dA

0
87
Element nodal load vector due to traction

  e N T S dS
T
f S ST

EXAMPLE:

 t
T
f e
N T S dS
S l1 3 along 13

88
 Element nodal load vector due to traction

Example
f S  t
T
e
N T S dS
l 23 along 2 3

f S2 x  t  N 2 along 23 (1) dy

l 23e
1
1
 t    2 1  t
 2
2
Similarly, compute
f S2 y  0
f S3 x  t
f S3 y  0

89
 Recommendations for use of CST

 Use in areas where strain gradients are small

 Use in mesh transition areas (fine mesh to coarse mesh)

 Avoid CST in critical areas of structures (e.g., stress concentrations,

edges of holes, corners)

 In general CSTs are not recommended for general analysis

purposes as a very large number of these elements are required

for reasonable accuracy.

90
Example

Thickness (t) = 0.5 in

E= 30×106 psi
n=0.25

(a) Compute the unknown nodal displacements.

(b) Compute the stresses in the two elements.

91
Realize that this is a plane stress problem and therefore we need to
use
 
 1  0  3.2 0.8 0 
D
E
 1 0   0.8 3.2 0  107 psi
1  2  1    
0 0   0 0 1.2
 2 

Step 1: Node-element connectivity chart

Node x y
ELEMEN Node Node Node Area
T 1 2 3 (sqin) 1 3 0
1 1 2 4 3 2 3 2
2 3 4 2 3 3 0 2
4 0 0

Nodal coordinates
92
Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the elements

Recall
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0  b1  y2  y3 b2  y3  y1 b3  y1  y2
B   0 c1 0 c2 0 c3 
1
with c1  x3  x2 c2  x1  x3 c3  x2  x1
2A
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 
For Element #1: 2(2) y1  0; y2  2; y3  0
x1  3; x2  3; x3  0

b1  2 b2  0 b3  2
Hence
c1  3 c2  3 c3  0
4(3) 1(1)
 2 0 0 0 2 0 
(local numbers within brackets) Therefore
B   0  3 0 3 0 0 
(1) 1
6
 3 2 3 0 0  2
For Element #2:
 2 0 0 0 2 0
B   0 3 0  3 0 0
( 2) 1
6
 3  2  3 0 0 2
93
Step 3: Compute element stiffness matrices

(1) T (1) T
k  At B D B  (3)(0.5)B
(1) (1) (1)
DB
0.9833  0.5  0.45 0.2  0.5333 0.3 
 1.4 0.3  1.2 0.2  0.2 
 
 0.45 0 0  0.3
   10 7

 1.2  0.2 0 
 0.5333 0 
 
 0.2 
u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4
 ( 2) T ( 2) T
 At B D B  (3)(0.5)B
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
k DB
0.9833  0.5  0.45 0.2  0.5333 0.3 
 1.4 0.3  1 .2 0.2  0.2 
 
 0.45 0 0  0.3
   10 7

 1 .2  0 .2 0 
 0.5333 0 
 
 0.2 
u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2
Step 4: Assemble the global stiffness matrix corresponding to the
nonzero degrees of freedom

u3  v3  u4  v4  v1  0

Hence we need to calculate only a small (3x3) stiffness matrix

 0.983  0.45 0.2 u
K   0.45 0.983 0  107 1u2
 0.2 0 1.4  v2
u1 u2 v2

96
Step 5: Compute consistent nodal loads

 f1 x   0 
   
f   f 2 x   0 
f  f 
 2y   2y 

f 2 y  1000  f S2 y

The consistent nodal load due to traction on the edge 3-2

3
f S2 y   N 3 3 2 (300)tdx
x 0
3
 (300)(0.5)  N 3 3 2 dx
x 0
3 x
 150  dx
x 0 3

3
x  9
2
 50    50    225 lb
 2 0  2
97
Hence f 2 y  1000  f S2 y
 1225 lb

Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal

loads Kd  f

 0.983  0.45 0.2 u1   0 

   
107   0.45 0.983 0  u2    0 
 0.2 0 1.4     
v2   1225
Solve to get
 u1   0.2337  10 in 
4

   4 
 2 
u  0 . 1069  10 in 
v   0.9084  10  4 in 
 2  
98
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements
In Element #1

 DB d
(1) (1) (1)

With
 u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4 
(1) T
d

 0.2337 104 0 0.1069 104  0.9084 104 0 0 
Calculate

  114.1 
 (1)   1391.1 psi
  76.1 
99
 In Element #2

 ( 2 )  D B( 2 ) d ( 2 )
With

 u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2 
( 2)T
d

 0 0 0 0 0.1069 104  0.9084 104 
Calculate

 114.1 
 ( 2)   28.52  psi
 363.35
Notice that the stresses are constant in each element

100
 Axi-symmetric Problems

Definition:
A problem in which geometry, loadings, boundary conditions and
materials are symmetric about one axis.

Axi-symmetric Analysis

x  r cos  ; y  r sin  ; z  z
• quantities depend on r and z only
• 3-D problem
• 2-D problem

101
Axi-symmetric Analysis

102
 Axi-symmetric Analysis – Single-Variable Problem

1   u (r , z )    u (r , z ) 
  11
ra    22
a   a00u  f (r , z )  0
r r  r  z  z 

Weak form:
 w  u  w  u  
0     a11    22  00
a  a wu  wf ( r , z )  rdrdz
e 
r  r  z  z  
  wqn ds
e

u (r , z ) u (r , z )
where qn  a11 nr  a22 nz
r z

103
Finite Element Model – Single-Variable Problem

u   u j j where  j ( r , z )   j ( x, y )
j

Ritz method: w  i
n

Weak form  ij j i i
K e e

j 1
u  f e
 Q e

 i  j i  j 
where K    a11
e
 a22  a00i j  rdrdz
r r z z
ij
e  

fi e   i frdrdz
e

Qie   i qn ds
e
104
 Single-Variable Problem – Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer:
1   T (r , z )    T (r , z ) 
  rk  k   f (r , z )  0
r r  r  z  z 

Weak form
 w  T  w  T  
0    k  k   wf (r , z )  rdrdz
e 
r  r  z  z  
  wqn ds
e

where T (r , z ) T (r , z )
qn  k nr  k nz
r z

105
3-Node Axi-symmetric Element

T (r , z )  T11  T22  T33

r2 z3  r3 z2 
1 
1 r z   z  z 
 2 3 
2 Ae  r r 
 3 2 

r3 z1  r1 z3 
2 
1 r z  
 z3  z1 
2 Ae  r r 
 1 3 

r1 z2  r2 z1 
3 
1 r z  
 z1  z2 
2 Ae  r r 
 2 1 

106
4-Node Axi-symmetric Element

T (r , z )  T11  T22  T33  T44

      
1  1   1   2  1  
 a  b  a b
   
3  4  1  
ab  ab

107
Single-Variable Problem – Example

Step 1: Discretization

Step 2: Element equation

 i  j i  j 
Kije    r r z z  rdrdz
  
e

fi e   i frdrdz Qie   i qn ds
e e

108
 Review of CST Element

Constant Strain Triangle (CST) - easiest and simplest finite element

 Displacement field in terms of generalized coordinates

 Resulting strain field is

 Strains do not vary within the element. Hence, the name

constant strain triangle (CST)
•Other elements are not so lucky.
•Can also be called linear triangle because displacement field
is linear in x and y - sides remain straight.
109
 Constant Strain Triangle

 The strain field from the shape functions looks like:

– Where, xi and yi are nodal coordinates (i=1, 2, 3)

– xij = xi - xj and yij=yi - yj
– 2A is twice the area of the triangle, 2A = x21y31-x31y21

 Node numbering is arbitrary except that the sequence 123 must

go clockwise around the element if A is to be positive.

110
 Constant Strain Triangle

 Stiffness matrix for element k =BTEB tA

 The CST gives good results in regions of the FE model where

there is little strain gradient

• Otherwise it does not work well.

111
 Linear Strain Triangle

Changes the shape functions and results in quadratic displacement

distributions and linear strain distributions within the element.

112
 Example Problem

Consider the problem we were looking at:

I  0.113 /12  0.008333 in 4

M c 1 0.5
   60 ksi
I 0.008333

  0.00207
E
ML2 25
   0.0517 in.
2EI 2  29000  0.008333
113
 UNIT-4

STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS

114
CLOS Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1 Understand the concepts of steady state heat transfer analysis
for one dimensional slab, fin and thin plate.
CLO 2 Derive the stiffness matrix for fin element.
CLO 3 Solve the steady state heat transfer problems for fin and
composite slab.

115
 Thermal Convection

Newton’s Law of Cooling

q  h(Ts  T )

h: convective heat transfer coefficient ( W m2  C o )

116
 Thermal Conduction in 1-D

Boundary conditions:

 Dirichlet BC

 Natural BC

 Mixed BC

117
 Weak Formulation of 1-D Heat Conduction
(Steady State Analysis)

Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction

d  dT ( x ) 
   ( x ) A( x )   AQ ( x )  0 0<x<L
dx  dx 

Weighted Integral Formulation

 d  
L
dT ( x ) 
0   w( x )     ( x ) A( x )   AQ ( x )  dx
0  dx  dx  

Weak Form from Integration-by-Parts

L
 dw  
L
dT   dT 
0     A   wAQ  dx  w   A 
0 
dx  dx    dx 0
118
Formulation for 1-D Linear Element

T T
f1 ( x)   A , f 2 ( x)  A
x 1 x 2

T (x)  T11 (x)  T22 (x)

x2  x x  x1
1 ( x )  , 2 ( x ) 
l l

119
 Formulation for 1-D Linear Element

 Let w(x)= fi (x), i = 1, 2

2  x2  di d j   2
x

0  T j    A   dx    i AQ  dx  i ( x2 ) f 2  i ( x1 ) f1 
j 1  x1  dx dx   x1
2
  KijT j  Qi  i ( x2 ) f 2  i ( x1 ) f1 
j 1

 f1  Q1   K11 K12  T1 

       
 f 2  Q2   K12 K 22  T2 

d 
 di j 
x2 x2
dT dT
where Kij    A   dx, Qi   i AQ  dx, f1    A , f2   A
x1  dx dx  x1
dx x1 dx x2
120
 Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element

 f1  Q1  A  1  1 T1 
       
 f 2  Q2  L  1 1  T2 

x2
dT dT
where Qi   i AQ  dx, f1   A , f2   A
x1
dx x  x1 dx x  x2

121
 1-D Heat Conduction - Example

A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure

below. The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air
temperature is 50oCwith a convection coefficient of h = 10 W(m2.K).
Find the temperature alongthe composite wall.

1  70W  m  K  ,  2  40W  m  K  ,  3  20W  m  K 

t1  2cm, t2  2.5cm, t3  4cm

122
Thermal Conduction and Convection- Fin

Objective: to enhance heat transfer

Governing equation for 1-D heat

transfer in thin fin
d  dT 

 c A   AcQ  0
dx  dx 

2h(T  T )  dx  w  2h(T  T )  dx  t 2h(T  T )   w  t 

Qloss  
Ac  dx Ac

d  dT 

 c A   Ph T  T   AcQ  0
dx  dx 

where P  2w  t
123
 Fin (Steady State Analysis)

Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction

d  dT ( x ) 
   ( x ) A( x )   Ph T  T   AQ  0 0<x<L
dx  dx 

Weighted Integral Formulation

 d  
L
dT ( x ) 
0   w( x )     ( x ) A( x )   Ph(T  T )  AQ( x )  dx
0  dx  dx  
Weak Form from Integration-by-Parts
L
 dw  
L
dT   dT 
0     A   wPh (T  T )  wAQ  dx  w   A 
0 
dx  dx    dx 0

124
 Formulation for 1-D Linear Element

Let w(x)= fi (x), i = 1, 2

2  x2  di d j   2
x

0  T j     A i j  dx    i  AQ  PhT  dx
 Ph
j 1  x1  dx dx   x1
 i ( x2 ) f 2  i ( x1 ) f1 
2
  KijT j  Qi  i ( x2 ) f 2  i ( x1 ) f1 
j 1

 f1  Q1   K11 K12  T1 

      
 f 2  Q2   K12 K 22  T2 

 di d j 
x2 x2

where Kij     A i j  dx , Qi   i  AQ  PhT  dx,

 Ph
x1  
dx dx x1

dT dT
f1    A , f2   A
dx x  x1 dx x  x2
125
 Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element

 f1  Q1    A  1 1 Phl 2 1  T1 

           
 f 2  Q2   L  1 1  6 1 2  T2 

x2
dT dT
where Qi   i  AQ  PhT  dx, f1    A , f2   A
x1
dx x  x1 dx x  x2

126
 Time-Dependent Problems

In general ux, t 

Two approaches:

ux, t    u j j x, t 

ux, t    u j t  j x

127
 Model Problem I – Transient Heat Conduction

u   u 
c   a   f  x, t 
t x  x 
Weak form:

 w u u
x2

0  a  cw  wf dx  Q1w( x1 )  Q2 w( x2 )
x1 
x x t 

 du   du 
Q1   a  ; Q2  a 
 dx  x1  dx  x2

128
 Transient Heat Conduction

w  i x 
n
let: ux, t    u j t  j x  and
j 1

 w u u
x2

0  a  cw  wf dx  Q1w( x1 )  Q2 w( x2 )
x1 
x x t 

K u M u  F

ODE!

i  j
x2 x2

K ij   a dx M ij   ci j dx
x1
x x x1
x2

Fi   i fdx  Qi
x1
129
 Time Approximation – First Order ODE

 bu  f t  u 0  u0
du
a 0t T
dt
Forward difference approximation – explicit
t
uk 1  uk   f k  buk 
a
Backward difference approximation - implicit

t
uk 1  uk   f k  buk 
a  bt

130
 Stability Requirement

2
t  tcri 
1  2a max

where K  M u  Q

Note: One must use the same discretization for solving the
eigenvalue problem.

131
 Transient Heat Conduction - Example

u  2u
 2 0 0  x 1
t x

u
u0, t   0 1, t   0 t 0
t

ux,0  1.0

132
 UNIT-5

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

133
CLOS Course Learning Outcomes
CLO 1 Understand the concepts of mass and spring system and derive
the equations for various structural problems
CLO 2 Understand the concept of dynamic analysis for all types of
elements.
CLO 3 Calculate the mass matrices, Eigen values, Eigen vectors, natural
frequency and mode shapes for dynamic problems.

134
 DYNAMIC EQUATIONS

For many structural system, the approximation of linear structural

behavior is made in order to convert the physical equilibrium
statement, to the following set of second order linear differential
equation
𝑀𝑢(𝑡)
ሷ 𝑎 +𝐶 𝑢(𝑡)
ሶ 𝑎 +𝐾𝑢(𝑡)𝑎 = P(t)
Stiffness and flexibility stiffness matrix
Consider a uniform elastic spring subjected to a load P. This
Structure obeys Hook’s law. If a force P is applied to a spring fixed.
At one end, to produce a displacement then the linear force
displacement is u.
P = ku
K = fP

135
 Stiffness and flexibility stiffeness matrix

P = ku
K = fP
• K is called the stiffeness of the spring
• f is called the flexibility of spring

Suppose the uniform elastic spring has nodal points and 2 at its
ends, and that the forces at these points are 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 with
corresponding displacements 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 .

136
 Elemental spring

 From equilibrium considerations

𝑃1 = 𝑘(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )
𝑃2 = −𝑃1 = 𝑘(𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )
 It is convenient to show the above in matrix form as follows
𝑃1 𝑘 −𝑘 𝑢1
=
𝑃2 −𝑘 𝑘 𝑢2
 Simple system consisting of just two springs

137
The system is in equilibrium

𝑃1 +𝑃2 +𝑃3 = 0

𝑃1 = 𝑘1 (𝑢1 -𝑢2 )

𝑃2 = 𝑘2 (𝑢3 -𝑢2 )

𝑃2 = −𝑘1 𝑢1 + (𝑘1 +𝑘2 )-𝑘2 𝑢3

138
The equations written in matrix form

𝑃1 𝑘1 −𝑘1 0 𝑢1
𝑃2 = −𝑘1 (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ) −𝑘2 𝑢2
𝑃3 0 −𝑘2 𝑘2 𝑢3

𝑃 = 𝐾 𝑢
• P vector of external nodal loads acting on the structure

• K structural stiffness matrix

• u – overall nodal displacement vector

139
 Mass Matrices

 The elemental mass matrix which is always symmetrical, is a

matrix of equivalent nodal masses that dynamically represent the
actual distributed mass of the element.

 The element mass matrix is defined as

𝑀 = ‫ 𝑁 𝑇]𝑁[𝜌 𝑣׬‬dV

140
 Dynamic equations

 The force equlibrium of a multi degree of freedom lumped mass

system
𝑃(𝑡)𝑖 +𝑃(𝑡)𝐷 + 𝑃(𝑡)𝑠 = 𝑃(𝑡)
•Vector of inertia forces acting on the node masses 𝑃(𝑡)𝑖
• Vector of viscous damping or energy dissipation forces 𝑃(𝑡)𝐷
• A vector of internal forces carried by the structure 𝑃(𝑡)𝑠
• Vector of externally applied loads 𝑃(𝑡)
 For many structural systems the approximation of linear structural
behavior is made in order to convert the physical equlibrium
statement, to the following set of second order linear differential
equation
𝑀𝑢(𝑡) ሶ 𝑎 +𝐾𝑢(𝑡)𝑎 = 𝑃 𝑡
ሷ 𝑎 + 𝐶 𝑢(𝑡)
141
 Vibration analysis

When loads are suddenly applied or when the loads are of a variable
nature, the mass and acceleration effects come into the picture. If a
solid such as an engineering structure is deformed elastically and
suddenly released. It tends to vibrate about its equilibrium position.
This periodic motion due to the restoring strain energy is called free
vibration. The number of cycles per unit time is called frequency. The
maximum displacement from the equilibrium position is the
amplitude.
• Equation for damped forced vibration
𝑀𝑢(𝑡) ሶ +𝐾𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑃 𝑡
ሷ + 𝐶 𝑢(𝑡)
• If there is no damping the equation become
𝑀𝑢(𝑡)
ሷ + 𝐾𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑃 𝑡
• Free undamped vibration equation 𝑀𝑢(𝑡) ሷ + 𝐾𝑢(𝑡) = 0
142
• The free undamped vibration equation is linear and homogeneous.
Its general solution is a linear combination of exponentials. Under
matrix definiteness conditions the exponentials can be expressed as
a combination of trignometric functions: sines and cosines of
argument 𝜔𝑡.

• A compact representation of such functions is obtained by using the

exponential form 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝑢 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑣𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

Replace 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

𝑀𝑢(𝑡)
ሷ + 𝐾𝑢(𝑡) = 0
143
 The Vibration Eigen problem

 The time dependence to the exponential is segregated

(−𝜔2 𝑀 + 𝐾)𝑣𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 =0
 Since is not identically zero, it can be dropped leaving the
algebraic condition
(−𝜔2 𝑀 + 𝐾)𝑣 = 0
 Because v cannot be the null vector this equation is an algebraic
Eigen value problem in 𝜔2 .The Eigen values 𝜆𝑖 =𝜔𝑖 2 are the roots
of the characteristic polynomial be index by I
det 𝐾 − 𝜔𝑖 2 𝑀 =0

 Dropping the index I this Eigen problem is usually written as

𝐾𝑣 = 𝜔2 Mv
144
145
146
147
148