THE INCORPORATED SOCIETY OF PLANTERS

ISP MANAGEMENT (M) SDN BHD

CERTIFICATE IN PLANTATION MANAGEMENT (CPM)

CPM 66

ASSIGNMENT

SUBJECT : BASIC PLANT SCIENCE

NAME : MUHAMAD ZULHELMI BIN MUSTAFA

INDEX NUMBER : 039

LECTURER NAME : DR. ALHAGANANTHAN GANAPATHI

MARKS : /40
1) OIL PALM

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is a plant of the Palmae family that is now an
important crop in Malaysia and several other countries around the world. Palm
oil is made up of two species, namely the Arecaceae or palm family used for
commercial agriculture in the production of palm oil as well as American Type
(Elaeis oleifera) oils that originate from Central and South America and are
less commercialized. This author will be writing oil palm plantations based on
information from his reading and experience in agriculture for almost 30 years.

Mature palm trees have a single trunk and grow up to 20 meters high. The
leaves are a compound leaf whose young leaves are straight on both sides of
the main leaf as if they were feathers and reached 3 to 5 meters in length.
Young trees produce about 30 leaves a year, with mature trees over 10 years
producing about 20 leaves. The flowers are dense clumps. Each flower is
small, with three sepals and three petals. The fruits take 5 to 6 months to ripen
from the flowering period. It is composed of a rich and oily outer layer
(pericarp), with a single seed (coral) which is also rich in oil. Compared to his
brother, coconut, palm oil does not produce buds. Its propagation is through
the sowing of the seeds.
 PEST & DISEASES

Common and Picture Symptoms Control

scientific names

Beetle  Adult beetles dig Cultural practices:

Oryctes rhinoceros into the shoots
Coleoptera: and eat soft  break down the
Scarabaeida tissues of coconut tree with
coconut. symptoms of
attack and cut it
 as the leaf into pieces and
grows, the burn it.
coconut leaves
form a fan.  farm clearing to
remove breeding
 Severe attacks ground Cover
can cause water crops to reduce
to leak into the attacks
excavated hole
and expose the  Biological
top of the red Control: Green
beetle attack. Muscardin
Fungus
(Metarrhizium
anisopliae)
Butterfly Artona  The larvae feed  Control injection
Artona catoxantha on the coconut of sticks with
Lepidoptera : leaves from the monocrotophos
Zygaenidae bottom and leave (azordrin or
traces of food metamidophos
streaked on the (tamaron)) at a
leaves. rate of 5-10ml /
tree.
  the leaves look
like a burning  if the larvae are
effect about to form
pupae, they are
discouraged
because they are
less effective.
Caterpillars  The larvae eat  Control
Setora nitens the leaves from injections of
Lepidoptera : the edges or sticks with
Limacodidae middle to monocrotophos
translucent and (azordrin) or
leave a dent in metamidophos
the leaves. (tamaron) to
Adults do not 5-10ml / tree
damage trees.
PEST
leaf spots  attacks occur  distanced
Curvularia when the tree is seedlings in the
Maculans young especially nursery so that
in the nursery there is
Helminthosporium ventilation and
incurvatum  The leaf spots the situation is
are brown or not too moist.
Pestaliopsis oval-shaped
palmarum spots and are  spraying captive
surrounded by a fungicides,
yellow curve on Benomyl
the leaf. Mancozeb and
Maneb
Stem Bleeding  The sign of an  clean the
Thielaviopsis attack is a red attacked tissue.
paradoxa liquid flowing out destroy the
of the tree trunk. attacked part of
the tree.
 attacks usually
on weak trees  treat with
Bordeaux Blend
adhesive.
Burrowing nematode  yellow leaves  Avoid planting
Radopholus sp. bananas in the
 an area
orange-colored
injury to the root  remove the roots
causes root rot outside the
seedlings before
 stumps transplanting
them into the
fields

 planted
Crotolaria juncea
between rows

 sprinkle
carbofuran
before planting
USES OF OIL PALM

Palm oil, extracted from fruit, is used in the production of soaps, cosmetics,
candles, biofuels and grease lubricants, as well as in the production of tinplate
and iron sheets. From seeds, palm kernel oil is used in the manufacture of
edible products such as margarine, ice cream, chocolate confections, cookies
and bread, as well as many pharmaceutical products.

2) RUBBER

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae

and is an important member of the genus Hevea. This tree is economically
important because produce like latex can be collected and is a major source of
natural rubber. Rubber is a plant that can survive in the tropics and needs
rainfall of 180 cm - 250 cm a year. It also requires temperatures between 25 -
30 degrees Celsius. The suitability of the elevation of the rubber-floor level for
cultivation of rubber is 500 meters. The higher the rubber is grown, the lower
the yield and fitness growth. Suitable soil requirements for rubber cultivation
are types of loam that have good drainage, irrigation, not flooding and fertile
soil. A rubber tree is a type of perennial tree and its height can reach 18 meters.
The economic life of a rubber tree is between 20 and 30 years. Rubber trees
produce latex (native rubber) which is important in the tire industry and other
rubber-based industries. In addition, the wood is of the hard half type and can
be used as furniture. In the meantime, rubber trees can produce white or
yellow latex produced in latex ducts on the bark, especially on the outer floem.
The channel runs up the tree trunk by a turn to the right which always forms 30
degrees on the horizon. Rubber trees up to 5-6 years old can be scratched
with scratches made orthogonal to the latex duct. With just enough depth to
take latex without affecting the growth of the tree. Older trees produce more
latex. Originally grown only in the Amazon, the rubber plant is an important
crop in Malaysia where demand has increased since 1839 and has driven
economic growth.
 PEST & DISEASES

Common and Picture Symptoms Control

scientific names

White root disease is  The root will be  method of cutting

the most common covered by a with a drainage
disease caused by fungal mycelium ditch.
the fungus in the form of
Rigidoporus white thread that  identify the
lignosus. attaches to the diseased tree by
root surface. performing leaf
check every
 the body of the three months.
fruit is orange in
color at the top
and the red one
below is at the
base of the
 rubber stump.

Black Scar disease  Black Scar  spray or sweep

disease often with fungal toxins
attacks the containing
turret. metallic active
ingredients such
 the disease as Ridomil 25WP
occurs and at a
spreads in the concentration of
rainy season. 0.8% twice a
week until
 the disease can recovered.
also spread to
other trees  Other fungal
through a blade. toxins containing
This fungal oxycyclic and
infection will mankozeb
damage the skin mixtures such as
over the thighs. Sandofan M or
oxycyclic
 The symptoms of mixtures and
the disease are propinebs such
that there is a as Fruvit at a
weakening of the concentration of
skin and that 0.6% may also
when it is be used to treat
scraped it the disease.
appears black
stripes on the  Soak the blade
woody parts. into a fungus to
prevent infection
 the skin will from tree to tree
 break if there are through the
frozen latex in it. blade.

Colletotrichum leaf  Colletotrichum  spraying with

disease gloeosporioides Daconil or
fungal infections Antracol (0.2%)
on very young every five or
leaves cause seven days until
frizz, shrinkage the leaves
and turn black become green
and eventually can control the
fall off. overall leaf
disease.
 Infections in
older leaves
damage some of
the leaves where
the ends and
edges of the
leaves become
black.

 The spots that

appear and the
holes in the
center are the
hallmarks of the
disease
USES OF RUBBER TREE

Tires and pipes are the biggest consumers of rubber, followed by general rub
ber products. Hoses, belts, matting, flooring, medical gloves and much more a
re other important uses of rubber. In many products and industrial application
rubber is also used as adhesives.

3) COCONUT

Coconut is a perennial plant that can live up to 100 years and can reach a
height of up to 30 meters depending on the variety and is available in all tropics.
Yet almost 90% of coconut plants are found in the Asia-Pacific region. Known
for its variety of uses or so-called 101 uses, coconut or English is known as
coconut (Cocos nucifera L) from the palm family (Arecaceae).

The origin of coconut trees is still a debate for some, but it is said to have
existed for over 15 million years. Coconut trees are abundant in coastal areas
or rivers as they spread through water. However, for commercial crops, it is
best grown in open field, High quality coconut tree with leaf buds (pinnate)
about 4-6 m long, with leaflets (pinnae) over 60-90 cm, old shoots fall off the
trunk slippery. Coconut fruits are green or yellow when they are young and turn
to brownish brown when mature and light.

Coconut is propagated through seeds that are left to germinate in the nursery
before being transferred to the farm. For tall coconuts it is relatively slow and
flowering after 6-10 years and can live up to 100 years. The low-cut coconut
blooms after 3 years and can live up to 70 years. Among the popular varieties
in Malaysia are Coconut MAWA, MATAG Coconut and Pandan Coconut
(Perfume). All parts of the coconut can be utilized and one coconut can
produce up to 75-100 coconuts a year.
 PEST & DISEASES

Common and Picture Symptoms Control

scientific names
Red palm weevil  The larvae (grub)  The cuttings
i. Rhynchophorus feed on the need to be
ferrugineus shoots and destroyed by
Coleoptera : cause the tree to planting or
Curculionidae die. burning and
killing the larvae
ii. Rhynchophorus  The symptoms and adults.
Vulneratus do not appear at
the beginning of  Avoid injury to
Coleoptera : the attack and the palm stem
Curculionidae are only noticed
after the attack is  cleaning the
severe. area, cutting off
invaded trees
 the attacking and guarding
shoots become them from
rot and are easily wounds,
 retracted. especially
horned beetle
attacks.
Butterfly Artona  The larvae feed  Control injection
Artona catoxantha on the coconut of sticks with
Lepidoptera : leaves from the monocrotophos
Zygaenidae bottom and leave (azordrin or
traces of food metamidophos
streaked on the (tamaron)) at a
leaves. rate of 5-10ml /
tree.
 the leaves look
like a burning  if the larvae are
effect about to form
pupae, they are
discouraged
because they are
less effective.
Caterpillars  The larvae eat  Control
Setora nitens the leaves from injections of
Lepidoptera : the edges or sticks with
Limacodidae middle to monocrotophos
translucent and (azordrin) or
leave a dent in metamidophos
the leaves. (tamaron) to
Adults do not 5-10ml / tree
damage trees.
PEST
leaf spots  attacks occur  distanced
Curvularia when the tree is seedlings in the
Maculans young especially nursery so that
in the nursery there is
Helminthosporium ventilation and
incurvatum  The leaf spots the situation is
are brown or not too moist.
Pestaliopsis oval-shaped
palmarum spots and are  spraying captive
surrounded by a fungicides,
yellow curve on Benomyl
the leaf. Mancozeb and
Maneb
Stem Bleeding  The sign of an  clean the
Thielaviopsis attack is a red attacked tissue.
paradoxa liquid flowing out destroy the
of the tree trunk. attacked part of
the tree.
 attacks usually
on weak trees  treat with
Bordeaux Blend
adhesive.
Burrowing nematode  yellow leaves  Avoid planting
Radopholus sp. bananas in the
 an area
orange-colored
injury to the root  remove the roots
outside the
seedlings before
transplanting
them into the
fields
  planted
Crotolaria juncea
between rows

 sprinkle
carbofuran
before planting

USES OF RUBBER TREE

Among the various uses of coconuts include;

 coconut stems can be processed into wood for the construction and
furniture industry.
 Coconut leaves can be made into food wrappers such as ketupat and
others.
 coconut oil can be a broom.
 coconut coatings can be made of choir and coconut fiber.
 coconut shells can be procssed into activated charcoal, fuel in the
manufacture of mosquito repellents and handicrafts.
 coating can be made of rotting materials and compost in agriculture.
 The oil is processed to produce cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
 coconut oil is also processed for the production of virgin coconut oil (VCO)
and de-coco.

3) Three cover crops

a) Calopogonium mucunoides
This plant comes from the Fabaceae family of four species namely C.
caeruleum, C. mucuniodes, C. galactiodes and C. velutinum. The plant
originated in West India and the South American Tropics and was brought to
Southeast Asia around 1900. The Calopogonium plant is a type of tree that
sprouts or climbs around. Its growth rate is fast enough to have enough water
on fertile soil. These calopogonium crops are suitable for many types of soil
especially moist soils with annual rainfall over 1,250 mm per year. Soil with pH
4.5 to 5.6 is ideal for this plant with good drainage system. The plant is also
resistant to dry and hot weather conditions but if it is too long a tree will die. It is
easy to adjust to the environment to get sunlight.

b) Mucuna bracteata

Mucuna bracteata (Mb) is a ground cover species from Kerala, South India
and introduced in the country in 1991. Mucuna bracteata belongs to the family
Leguminouceae. There are other species of the same genus Mucuna
cochinchinensis (Mc). Mucuna bracteata are commonly grown in the palm
plantation at an early stage to improve soil fertility, reduce soil erosion due to
rainfall and conserve the environment.
c) Centrosema pubescens

Centrosema pubescens comes from the family Fabaceae. These plants are
also known as 'Butterfly pea', 'Centro' in Australia, 'Jetirana' in Argentina and
Brazil and 'Campanilla' in Colombia. Suitability of cover crops is an area in the
tropics with an average rainfall of 800 - 1,700 mm per year. In addition, a lot of
sunlight is ideal for this bean plant. It is resistant to drought because it has a
deep rooted system. Flood resistance is also a simple category. Centrosema is
best grown on many soil types from clay to sand with soil pH between pH 4.9 -
pH 5.5 ideally.

Use of Cover crops :

1. Reduce soil erosion

2. Maintain soil moisture
3. Increase the content of organic matter in the soil

4) Six Different types of weeds & Control

a) Monocotyledon

 Ottochloa nodosa
Family : Poaceae
Common name : Slender panic grass
Habitat : Grow in open and wet areas. Ground covers in
plantation crops.

 Paspalum conjugatum
Family : Poaceae
Common name : Buffalo grass
Habitat : Common grass in plantation. Grow well in open
areas and under shade. Dominant ground cover in
immature plantings prone to periadic floading.
 Paspalum scrobiculatum
Family : Poaceae
Common name : Bull Paspalum
Habitat : Grow well in open cultivated areas, nurseries,
inter-row cover and roadsides.
b) Dicotyledon

 Phaseolus lathyroides
Family : Fabaceae
Common name : Phasey bean
Habitat : Grow in open areas, waste ground and replantings.

 Stylosanthes gracilis
Family : Fabaceoe
Common name : Stylo
Habitat : Grow in open areas, waste ground and roadsides.
 Clitoria ternatea
Family : Fabaceae
Common name : Butterfly pea
Habitat : Grow in open areas.

Herbicides % a.i. Dilution rate Weeds

Glyphosate IPA 41% 40 ml / 18L water  Ottochloa nodosa

 Paspalum
 conjugatum
 Paspalum
scrobiculatum
Triclopyr 32.1% 60 ml / 18 L water  Phaseolus
lathyroides
 Stylosanthes
gracilis
 Clitoria ternatea