Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(Hal 1019-1020)
INTRODUCTION
Anaemia is a condition where the number of red blood cells is reduced, and/or the
concentration of haemoglobin in the cells is reduced, with the result that the oxygen
tranport throughout the body is also reduced.
Anaemia is brought about by a deficieny of certain essential minerals, vitamins, and
basic foods in the nutrition, such as, ion, vitamin Bi2. folic acid, and protein.
The normal range of haemoglobin in the non-gravid female, is 12-14 g/100 ml.
During pregnancy the haemoglobın level should not go below 12 g/100 ml. The World
Health Organisation (WHO) has stated that the haemoglobın index should not drop
below 11 g/dl and the condition must be treated if lower than 10,5 g/dl in pregnancy.
(1 dl = 100 ml.)
Anaemia is important in pregnancy for the following reasons:
1. The anaemia ofien preccdes the pregnancy as a result of menorrhagic states, of multiparity
and/or ol poor nutition.
2. Pregnancy ggravates an existing anaemia.
3. Labour and puerperal complications may have extremely serious effects upOn an anaemíc
women.
4. In poorly developed countries, the incidence of anaemia is high and pregnant women are
ofien very anaemic or hare greatly depleted iron stores.
MIDWIFERY/NURSING MANAGEMENT
ANTENATAL CARE
The education of the patient in the antenatal period is very important. The midwife must find
time to interview patients with problems so that these can be solved, their fears allayed. and
support, reasurence and encouragement given.
It is important that these women understand their condition, the causes and the
treatment, so that they can co-operate fully with the medical and nursing staff.
SPECIFIC ADVICE
HEALTH EDUCATION IS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE IN PREVENTING
ANAEMIA
The specific advice that the midwife must impart will include:
1. Diet
The patients must be taught which foodstuffls contain sources of iron. They must be
taught how to prepare the food correctly so that the iron is not destroyed or lost. They
are encouraged to grow their own food, especially those high in iron content. They given
ideas on low budget meat cuts. The Importance of fresh vegetables, fruit and of eating
wholewheat bread instead of white bread. must be stressed. If possible, the whole family
should be Involved In talks on nutrition. Study the diet of the family and work out a Suitable
diet for them!
2. Medication (tablets)
It is important that the patients understand the reasons for taking their medication, and how to
take it, and they should also know the side-effects. If they have any of the side-effects, they
are told to continue taking the tablet, but the report the side-effects to the clinic. If the woman
complains of black stools and constipation, the midwife will know that she is taking her
tablets.
The patients are told to take the tablets with meals, otherwise nausea vill develop.
They are also told NOT to take the tablels with fea or brown bread, because tea and brown
bread prevent the absorptlon of the iron.
It is important to encourage tlhe petients to continue taking the tablets while they are
breastfeeding, and up to 4 months after the delivery, to enable them to replenish their iron
stores.
(hal 1029-1030)
3. General health
The importance of attending the antenaal clinic REGULARLY for checkups is stressed. The
woman is encouraged to rest each day and to get fresh air and sunshine daily. She is asked
about her sleep patterns aud is advised on how to improve these.
4. Worm infestatlon
Education is required concerning the inode ol infectior. with parasites. The treatment is
carefully explained as is the importance of taking the medication. Thelr home conditions are
investigated ard they are given advice and help on how to improve these where necessaiy and
where possible.
5. Infectlons
Patients suffering fronı malaria and/or bilharzia tueed tc have the conditions explained to
them in language tuiey can understand The treatment is explained to them and they are
warned about re-infection. The whole tanily stould ie involved in the treatment and
prevention of further infection.
6. The need for hospital delivery
If the treatment is commenced ioo late to oring about a marked improve ment in the condition
of anaemla, or if the woman's general health and condition are poor, or if there are any other
complications, the wom an should deliver in hospital. The reasons for the hospital delivery
must be care fully e xplained and the dangers of not complying be stressed. The midwife
should fin i out if the woman has fears about delivering in hospital, and she should then do
everytlhirg she can to allay chese fears, so that the woman's co-operation is ensured. he whoe
family should also be included in this. (See also Advice To The Pregnant Woman-- Pa:t 2.
Chapter 4.3.)
Obstetric and midwifery management
Labour
Together with the STANDARD NURSING CAI E OFA WOMAN IN LABOUR, the
following
specific care is given:
1. Intravenous therapy must be crected, but the patient must: not be over hydrated,and
pulmonary oedemu must be watched for.
2. Blood is taken for cotupatiblility in care o need. particularly if the anaenila issevere.
3. Try to avoid episiotomies and e:cessive blocd loss.
4. These patients are a very poor ar anaesthetis risk and therefore operative proceduresshouid
be avoided if possible.
Third stage
1.The third stage of labour must e actively managed: that is, the administration intramuscular
Syntome trine (intravenous in arn emergency) is given to controlpossible haemorrhage. The
plasenta must be expelled by controlled cord traction.
2. Syntocinon 5 IU intravenously and 5 IC iratramuscularly can be given.. This is
analternative regime.
Puerperium
1. The AIMS are basically to control infection and to control anaemía.
2. These patien ts are at risk of wound dehiscence, as anaemia lowers resisterice to infections.
3. These patient are usually very a pathe tic in the puerperium, particularly if
severelyanaemic, therefore, they require understanding, encouragement and empathyfrom the
nursing stalf.
4. A nourishing diet is a nccessity for these patien ts.
5. Encourage breastfeeding
6. Home follow-up is necessary:
-Investigate home conditlions.
-Try to improve the quality of l fe. Social services can be contacted in this regard.
-Treat for wormi infections, malarla and bilharzia. The whole family will require healty
educaton from the community backiup service.
TERJEMAHAN
(hal 1019-1020)
PENDAHULUAN
Anemia adalah suatu kondisi di mana jumlah sel darah merah berkurang, dan / atau
konsentrasi hemoglobin dalam sel berkurang, dengan hasil berupa oksigen tranportasi ke
seluruh tubuh juga berkurang.
Anemia disebabkan oleh kekurangan mineral esensial tertentu, vitamin, dan makanan
dasar dalam nutrisi, seperti, ion, vitamin Bi2. asam folat, dan protein.
Kisaran normal hemoglobin pada wanita yang tidak hamil, adalah 12-14 g / 100 ml.
Selama kehamilan, kadar hemoglobin tidak boleh di bawah 12 g / 100 ml. Dunia Organisasi
Kesehatan (WHO) telah menyatakan bahwa indeks haemoglobın tidak boleh turun di bawah
11 g / dl dan kondisinya harus diobati jika lebih rendah dari 10,5 g / dl pada kehamilan. (1 dl
100 ml.) Anemia penting dalam kehamilan karena alasan berikut:
1. Anemia ofien mendahului kehamilan sebagai akibat dari kondisi menoragik, multiparitas
dan / atau kekurangan gizi.
2. Kehamilan memperburuk anemia yang ada.
3. Komplikasi persalinan dan nifas mungkin memiliki efek yang sangat serius pada wanita
anaemik.
4. Di negara-negara yang kurang berkembang, angka kejadian anemia cukup tinggi dan
wanita hamil sering menderita anemia atau toko besi sangat habis.
KLASIFIKASI ANEMIA
1. Anemia defisiensi besi.
2. Anemia anemia defisiensi asam folat - anemia megaloblastik.
3. Haernoglobinopathies.
- Anaernia sel sabit.
- Thalassaemia.
4. Anemia karena kehilangan darah dan / atau inleksi sekunder dan / atau hemolisis.
5. Anemia aplastik.
PENDEKATAN KHUSUS
PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN ADALAH KEPENTINGAN UTAMA DALAM
MENCEGAH ANEMIA
Nasihat khusus bidan yang harus diberikan kepada pasien meliputi:
1. Diet
Para pasien harus diajari orang bodoh mana yang mengandung sumber zat besi.
Mereka harus diajari bagaimana menyiapkan makanan dengan benar didorong untuk
menanam makanan udang mereka, terutama yang tinggi kandungan zat besi. Mereka
memberikan gagasan tentang pemotongan daging dengan anggaran rendah.
Pentingnya sayuran segar, buah, dan makan roti gandum daripada roti, harus
ditekankan. Jika memungkinkan, seluruh tubuh harus dilibatkan dalam nutrisi.
Pelajarilah diet orang-orang yang lemah dan buatlah diet yang cocok untuk mereka!
agar setrika tidak hancur atau hilang. Mereka adalah
2. Obat (tablets)
Penting bahwa para putlents menekankan alasan-alasan untuk meminum obat mereka,
dan bagaimana cara meminumnya, dan mereka juga harus mengetahui efek-efek
samping. Jika mereka memiliki efek samping, mereka pergi ke klinik. Jika wanita
telah berbaring dengan kaki tangan dan sembelit hitam, bidan akan tahu bahwa dia
sedang minum tablet. diperintahkan untuk cortinue taling lablets, tetapi untuk
melaporkan efek samping.
Pasien disuruh mengambil tablet dengan makanan, jika tidak mual akan
berkembang. Para pasien Mereka juga diminta untuk TIDAK meminum tablet dengan
fea atau roti cokelat, karena teh dan roti cokelat mencegah penyerapan zat besi.
Penting untuk mendorong pasien untuk terus minum tablet saat mereka
menyusui, dan hingga 4 bulan setelah melahirkan, untuk memungkinkan mereka
mengisi kembali adalah toko zat besi mereka.
(hal 1029-1030)
3. Kesehatan umum
Pentingnya menghadiri klinik antena secara teratur untuk pemeriksaan. Wanita itu
didorong untuk beristirahat setiap hari dan mendapatkan udara segar dan sinar matahari
setiap hari. Dia ditanya tentang pola tidurnya. Aud disarankan untuk memperbaiki ini.
4. Cacing Infestasi
Pendidikan diperlukan mengenai mode infectior. dengan parasit. Perawatan dijelaskan
dengan seksama kondisinya seperti pentingnya minum obat. Rumah mereka diselidiki
dan mereka diberi saran dan bantuan tentang cara memperbaikinya jika perlu dan di
mana mungkin.
5. Infeksi
Pasien yang menderita malaria dan / atau bilharzia mebutuhkan untuk memiliki kondisi
yang dijelaskan kepada mereka dalam bahasa mereka diperingatkan tentang infeksi
ulang. Seluruhnya harus dilibatkan dalam memahami. Perawatan dijelaskan kepada
mereka dan pengobatan serta pencegahan infeksi lebih lanjut.
6. Kebutuhan akan pelayanan rumah sakit
Jika perawatan dimulai juga terlambat untuk membawa perbaikan yang nyata dalam
kondisi anaemla, atau jika kesehatan dan kondisi umum wanita itu buruk, atau jika ada
komplikasi lain, wanita harus melahirkan di rumah sakit. Alasan untuk persalinan di
rumah sakit, Anda harus sepenuhnya dijelaskan dan bahaya tidak patuh ditekankan.
Bidan harus memberi tahu saya jika wanita itu takut akan melahirkan rumah sakit, dan
dia harus melakukan segala yang dia bisa untuk menghilangkan ketakutan ini. jadi itu
kerja sama wanita terhambat. dia yang keluarga juga harus dimasukkan dalam ini.
(Lihat juga Nasihat Kepada Wanita yang Menyiarkan - Bagian 2, Bab 4.3.)
1. AIMS pada dasarnya untuk mengendalikan infeksi dan untuk mengendalikan anemia.
2. Patogen ini berisiko luka dehiscence, karena anemia menurunkan infeksi resisterice.
3. Pasien ini biasanya sangat menyedihkan di masa nifas, khususnya jika mengalami
anemia berat, oleh karena itu, mereka memerlukan pemahaman, dorongan dan empati
dari stal keperawatan.
4. Diet bergizi adalah kebutuhan bagi pasien ini.
5. Dorong menyusui.
6. Diperlukan tindak lanjut di rumah:
- Selidiki kondisi rumah5
- Coba tingkatkan kualitas hidup. Layanan sosial dapat disiasati dalam hal ini.
- Obati cacing di bagian malaria dan bilharzia. Semua keluarga akan membutuhkan
Pendidikan kesehatan dari layanan cadangan komunitas.