.

TERM PAPER
OF
MECHNANICS
PHY 101

TOPIC: TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM AND FLYWHEEL

SUBMITTED TO: MR. DEEPAK BASAND RAI

SUBMITTED BY : MOHIT KUMAR
ROLL NO: RB4003B47
REGN NO: 11007585
ACKNOWLEGMENT

No work of significance can be claimed on a

result of an individual Effort and same holds
true further for this project as well, for
through it carries my name the energy of
many have contributed in no small measure in
completion of this project.
I am very thankful to my friend and our
teachers “DEEPAK BASAND RAI” who
help me to make this project.

MOHIT KUMAR
CONTENTS:
1. TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM:
INTRODUCTION

2. Disc And Rim Flywheels

Examples.

3. Flywheel
4. Flywheels-Function need and Operation
5. BASIC ANGULAR RELATIONSHIPS
6. TORQUE – ANGLE DIAGRAMS
7. GEARED SYSTEMS
• Some Examples:
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM: INTRODUCTION

Turning Moment Diagrams with particular reference to Engines and Flywheels

In any machine there is at least one point where energy is supplied and at least one other point from which
energy is delivered. In an ideal machine no energy would be lost and these two would be equal. In practice this
state of affairs does not exist since it is inevitable that some energy is absorbed in over coming friction at the
various joints, couplings and bearings. The ratio of energy out to energy in is known as The Mechanical
Efficiency of the machine. In addition over a given interval of time, the kinetic and potential energies of each
link will change so that either some of the energy supplied will be absorbed increasing the total energy (Kinetic
and potential) of the moving parts, or alternatively the energy supplied will be supplemented by a decrease in
the total energy of the moving parts. It should be stressed that over the time taken for the machine to complete
one cycle, the net change of energy for each moving part is nil since at the end of the cycle each part is in the
same position and has the same speed as at the beginning of the cycle. However during the cycle the input of
energy or the load on the machine may vary considerably. In most cases this fluctuation is kept to a minimum
by the use of a flywheel

The driving torque produced by a reciprocating engine fluctuates during any one cycle. The manner in which
it varies depends upon the type of engine, number of cylinders, the characteristics of the flywheel etc. It can
usually be assumed that the resisting torque due to the load is constant and when > the engine will be
accelerating and vice versa.

If there are N complete cycles per minute and the engine speed is n r.p.m. Then the power transmitted is:-

(1)

(2)
For any period during which the area cut off on the turning moment diagram represents "excess

energy" , which will go to increase the speed of the rotating parts.

(3)

(4)
Where I is the moment of inertia of the flywheel and rotating parts and and are the maximum and
minimum speeds during one cycle.
 (5)
This can be re-written to include the mean speed as:-

(6)
The coefficient of fluctuation of speed is:-

(7)

This is usually expressed as a percentage variation from the mean. i.e.

In simple cases is given by the area of one "loop" intercepted between and but for multi-cylinder
engines a further analysis is necessary (See Example 5)

Disc And Rim Flywheels

The purpose of a flywheel is to absorb energy when the supply of energy to a machine exceeds the requirement
and to provide energy when there is a deficit.
A body when it rotates behaves as if all of its mass were concentrated in a ring at a distance k from the axis of
rotation. The radius k is known as The Radius of Gyration of the body. The product is known as the
Moment of Inertia of the body and given the symbol I.
For a solid disc of diameter D

(8)
For a ring or rim of diameters D and d

Examples.

The workings can be seen by clicking onto the button.

Example 1:
The mean speed of an engine mis 250 r.p.m. The maximum fluctuation of energy generated in the
engine is 850 ft.lb. and the resisting torque is constant. Determine the moment of inertia of the
flywheel required to keep the speed within the range 1% above to 1% below the mean speed. State
clearly the units in which the moment of inertia is expressed.
 It is desired to reduce the coefficient of speed fluctuation by one fifth by bolting a plain cast-iron
ring to the side of the flywheel. The ring is to have an outside diameter of 3ft. 4in. and an inside
diameter of 2ft. 8in. and to be made of material which weighs 0.28 lb./cu.in. Find the width of the
required ring. (U.L.)

Example 2:
The variation in turning moment with crank angle for a six-cylinder engine is shown in the diagram
(a). The flywheel is equivalent to a mass of 32 lb. concentrated at a radius of 1 ft. and the mean
speed of rotation is 1200 r.p.m. Sketch the speed crank-angle curve over a revolution and estimate
the difference between the maximum and minimum speeds.

If the crank-angle base can now be assumed to be a time base and also the speed changes to be
linear with time, estimate the angle through which the crank advances and falls back relative to an
imaginary crank rotating uniformly at the mean speed.

Example 3:
A machine runs at a mean speed of 300 r.p.m. The torque required by the machine increases
uniformly from 500 lb.ft. to 2000 lb.ft. whilst the shaft turns through , remains constant for the

next , decreases uniformly to 500 lb.ft for the next and then remains constant for the next

. This cycle is repeated during each revolution. The power is supplied by a constant torque
motor and the fluctuation in speed is to be limited to of the mean speed.
Find (a) The horse power of the motor. (b) The moment of inertia of a suitable flywheel to be fitted
to the machine shaft.
Example 4:
An engine has three single-acting cylinders, the cranks are spaced at to each other. The crank
effort diagram for each cylinder consists of a triangle having the following values

Find:- (a) The mean Torque

(b) The moment of inertia of the flywheel in to keep the speed within
(U.L.)

Example 5:
The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a scale of 1 to 5000
lb.ft. vertically and 1 in. to horizontally, the intercepted areas between the output torque curve
and the mean resistance line, taken in order from one end are :- -0.52, +1.24, -0.92, +1.4, -0.85,
+0.72, -1.07 sq.in. when the engine is running at 800 r.p.m.
If the weight of the flywheel is 1200 lb. and the total fluctuation from the maximum to minimum
speed does not exceed 2% of the mean speed, what is the minimum value of the radius of gyration.
(U.L.)
Example 6:
The torque exerted on the crankshaft of an engine is given by the following equation:-

(42)
where is the crank-angle displacement from the inner dead-centre. Assuming the resisting torque
to be constant, determine:-
(a) The horse-power of the engine when the speed is 150 r.p.m.
(b) The moment of Inertia of the flywheel if the speed variation is not to exceed of the
mean speed.
(c) The angular acceleration of the flywheel when the crank has turned through from the inner
dead-centre. (U.L.)
The use of flywheels to smooth out the rotation of machines
subjected to an erratic torque. This is a problem with machines such as piston engines,
gas compressors, reciprocating pumps and press tools where the torque on the shaft
goes through a cyclic change. For example when a press tool goes through the
pressing stage, the motor would tend to slow down and then during the idle stage it
will tend to speed up. Flywheels are used to smooth out the motion and keep the
variations in shaft speed to within acceptable limits.
Flywheel
A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorbs mechanical
energy and serves as a reservoir, storing energy during the period
when the supply of energy is more than the requirement and releases
it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the
supply.
Flywheels-Function need and Operation
The main function of a fly wheel is to smoothen out variations in the
speed of a shaft caused by torque fluctuations. If the source of the
driving torque or load torque is fluctuating in nature, then a flywheel is
usually called for. Many machines have load patterns that cause the
torque time function to vary over the cycle. Internal combustion
engines with one or two cylinders are a typical example. Piston
compressors, punch presses, rock crushers etc. are the other systems
that have fly wheel.
Design Approach There are two stages to the design of a flywheel. First, the amount of
energy required for the desired degree of smoothening must be found and the (mass) moment
of inertia needed to absorb that energy determined. Then flywheel geometry must be defined
that caters the required moment of inertia in a reasonably sized package and is safe against
failure at the designed speeds of operation. Design Parameters Flywheel inertia (size) needed
directly depends upon the acceptable changes in the speed. Speed fluctuation The change in
the shaft speed during a cycle is called the speed fluctuation and is equal to

ωmax-ωmin
Fl = ω max − ω min

BASIC ANGULAR RELATIONSHIPS

A flywheel is essentially a device for storing angular kinetic energy for which the
formula is
K.E. = I 2/2
I is the moment of inertia given by the formulae I = Mk2 .
is the angular velocity in rad/s.
k is the radius of gyration in metres.
M is the mass of the wheel.
For a plain disc I = MR /2 where R is the outer radius. 2

When a rotating body changes speed, the angular acceleration is related to the
moment of inertia and the applied torque by the formula T = Ia.

a is the angular acceleration in rad/s2.

When an increase in torque occurs, the flywheel will speed up and absorb energy. The
greater the moment of inertia, the more energy it will absorb. The result is that it
speeds up less than it would do with a smaller moment of inertia. When the torque
decreases, the flywheel will slow down but the inertia of the system will limit the
amount it slows.
When a torque is applied to a body and it rotates, the work done is the product of
torque T Nm and angle radian.
Work = T
This leads us on to torque – angle diagrams otherwise known as turning moment
diagrams.
TORQUE – ANGLE DIAGRAMS
Consider a graph of torque against crank angle for a typical 4 stroke engine
The complete cycle takes two revolutions divided into four equal strokes. One
revolution is 2p radians so it takes 4p radians to complete the cycle. Only the red part
of the diagram represents energy given out (the power stroke). The induction,
compression and exhaust strokes require negative torque as energy is required to do
these. If the machine is to be a successful engine, the area of the red part must be
larger than the areas of the grey parts giving a positive mean torque. The area above
and below the mean line must be equal by definition of mean. The area of the
rectangle formed between the mean and zero must be the work output of the engine
per cycle.

The total work done is angle x torque so in this case we have

W = Tm x 4p = net area (Anet)
Tm = Anet/4p

GEARED SYSTEMS
If a load is driven through a gear box, the affect of the inertia is dramatically altered.
Consider a motor coupled to a load through a speed changing device such as a gear
box. In this case we shall ignore damping and the inertia of the gears
Some Examples:
1. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 30 cm, and a stroke of 45 cm, and the length
of connecting rod is 75 cm. The weight of reciprocating parts is 135 kg. When the piston is at
quarter stroke and is moving downwards, the net pressure on it is 6 kg/cm2.If the speed of the
engine is 250 rpm, find the turning moment on the crank-shaft.
Solution
D = 30 cm
2r = 45 cm
r = 22.5 cm
L = 75 cm
L 75
n = = =3.3333
r 22.5

∆ P = 6 kg/cm2
N = 250 rpm
T=?
x = 1/4 × 45 = 11.25 cm
 sin 2 θ 
x =r 1 −cos θ + 
 2n 

 (1 −cos 2 θ 
11.25 =22.5 1 −cos θ + 
 2 ×3.3333 

6.6666 −6.6666 cos θ +1 −cos 2 θ

0.5 =
6.6666
3.3333 =67.6666 −6.6666 cos θ −cos 2 θ

− 4.3333 =−6.6666 cos θ −cos 2 θ

cos θ =0.5966 (or) cos θ = −7.2632 (impossibl e)

θ = 53.3732
 sin2 θ 
CF = r sin θ +
 2n  
 sin2 ×53.3732 
= 22.5 sin53.3732 + 
 2 ×3.3333 
=21.289 cm
=0.2129 m
2
=22.5 ×
2π ×250  cos 53 .3732 +
cos( 2 ×53 .3732 ) 

 60 
 
 3.3333 

 cos 2 θ 
a = rω 2 cos θ +
 n  
−2
a =7
867
.28
73 cm s
−2
=7
8.6
729 m
s
 W
1
P =ΔPA − a +W
1
g
π 2 135
=6 × ×30 − ×78.6729 +135
4 9.81
=3293.4955 kg

T =P ×CF
=3293.4955 × 0.2129 =701.1852 kg

2. An engine has three single acting cylinders, the crank being spaced 120 apart for each
cylinders, the crank effort diagram consists of a triangle.

Angle (degree) 0 60 180 180 to 360

Torque (kg-m) 0 20 0 0

Find (a) the mean torque and (b) the moment of inertia of the flywheel necessary to keep the
speed within 180 ± 3.
Solution

T
N1 =180 + 3 = 183 rpm
N2 = 180 – 3 = 177 rpm
N −N 183 −177
1 2
Ks = = =0.0333
N 180

W.D/cycle =3 ×1/2 ×π ×20 =94.2478 kg.m

W.D/cycle
Tm = =15 kg.m
2π
 x20
=
60 120

x = 10

b 60
=
5 10

b = 30
δ E = ½ × 2 × 30 × 5 = 150/57.3 kg m = 2.6178 kg m

δ E = I ω 2 Ks
2
=I ×
2π ×180 
2.6178  ×0.0333
 60 
2
I =0.2213 kg ms

1
REFERENCES:

1. Harbola K. Manoj, Engineering Mechanics, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.,2010

2. Halliday D., Resnick R., Walker J., Fundamental of Physics, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
7th , 2007.
3. www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/u4l1b.cfm
• Impulse of a force and momentum