Technical Manual TELLIN-USAU Universal Signaling Access Unit

Technical Manual
TELLIN-USAU Universal Signaling Access Unit Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Network Development and Requirement........................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Product Position................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Product Characteristics...................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.1 High-performance Link Access and Processing Capability .................................... 1-3
1.3.2 Supporting Multidevice Access ............................................................................... 1-3
1.3.3 Open Protocol Interface .......................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.4 High Reliability ........................................................................................................ 1-4
1.3.5 Supporting Centralized Network Management ....................................................... 1-5
1.3.6 Convenient Operation and Maintenance ................................................................ 1-5
1.3.7 Smooth Expansion .................................................................................................. 1-6
1.3.8 Convenient Upgrade ............................................................................................... 1-6
Chapter 2 Hardware System......................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 System Logical Structure ........................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 System Working Flow ............................................................................................. 2-6
2.1.3 Hardware Structure ................................................................................................. 2-7
2.1.4 Correspondence Between Functional Module and Hardware ................................ 2-8
2.2 Cabinets............................................................................................................................. 2-9
2.2.1 Physical Features.................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.2 Internal Components ............................................................................................. 2-10
2.2.3 Integrated configuration cabinet............................................................................ 2-11
2.2.4 Service Processing Cabinet .................................................................................. 2-13
2.3 Frames............................................................................................................................. 2-15
2.3.1 Physical Features.................................................................................................. 2-15
2.3.2 Basic frame ........................................................................................................... 2-15
2.3.3 Expansion Frame .................................................................................................. 2-17
2.4 Board ............................................................................................................................... 2-18
2.4.1 Introduction to Boards ........................................................................................... 2-18
2.4.2 SMU ...................................................................................................................... 2-19
2.4.3 WCCU/WCSU ....................................................................................................... 2-20
2.4.4 IFM ........................................................................................................................ 2-22
2.4.5 BSG....................................................................................................................... 2-23
2.4.6 ALU ....................................................................................................................... 2-24
2.4.7 UPWR ................................................................................................................... 2-26
2.4.8 SIU ........................................................................................................................ 2-27
2.4.9 HSC....................................................................................................................... 2-28
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2.4.10 CKI ...................................................................................................................... 2-29

2.4.11 EPI....................................................................................................................... 2-31
2.4.12 BFI....................................................................................................................... 2-32
2.5 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem ......................................................................... 2-33
2.5.1 BAM Server ........................................................................................................... 2-33
2.5.2 Workstation ........................................................................................................... 2-33
2.5.3 Alarm Box.............................................................................................................. 2-34
2.5.4 LAN Switch............................................................................................................ 2-34
2.6 Typical Configuration ....................................................................................................... 2-35
2.6.1 Broadband Signaling Access Configuration.......................................................... 2-35
2.6.2 Narrowband Signaling Access Configuration........................................................ 2-36
Chapter 3 Software System.......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Host Software .................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 OMC Software ................................................................................................................... 3-1
Chapter 4 Interfaces and Protocols............................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 External Interfaces ............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.1 Interfaces with SCP/SMC/HLR ............................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Interfaces with Signaling Network ........................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Interface Protocol Stack..................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 TDM-based Interface Protocol Stack ...................................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 IP-based Interface Protocol Stack .......................................................................... 4-2
4.2.3 Signaling Protocol ................................................................................................... 4-3
Chapter 5 Reliability Design......................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.1 Reliability Design Strategy ...................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Reliability Model ...................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.3 Reliability Specifications.......................................................................................... 5-3
5.2 Hardware Reliability Design............................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.1 Board-level Hot Standby Mode ............................................................................... 5-4
5.2.2 Mutual-aid Working Mode ....................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3 Power Reliability Design ......................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.4 Component Optimization Design ............................................................................ 5-5
5.3 Software Reliability Design ................................................................................................ 5-6
5.3.1 Protection Performance .......................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.2 Error-tolerance Capability ....................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.3 Data Security........................................................................................................... 5-7
5.3.4 Operation Security .................................................................................................. 5-8
5.3.5 Broadband Transmission Protocol Processing ....................................................... 5-8
5.3.6 Signaling Congestion Control.................................................................................. 5-8
Chapter 6 Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Authority Management....................................................................................................... 6-1
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6.1.1 Command Group..................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.2 Workstation Management ....................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.3 User Account Management..................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.4 Login Time............................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2 Data Storage Management................................................................................................ 6-3
6.2.1 Storage of BAM Database Data.............................................................................. 6-3
6.2.2 Storage of Host System Data.................................................................................. 6-3
6.3 Data Operation Management ............................................................................................ 6-4
6.3.1 Common Data Operation Procedure ...................................................................... 6-4
6.3.2 Data Operation Management Functions ................................................................. 6-4
6.4 Alarm Management ........................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4.1 Alarm Management System Architecture ............................................................... 6-6
6.4.2 Alarm Reporting Path.............................................................................................. 6-7
6.4.3 Alarm Category ..................................................................................................... 6-10
6.5 Performance Measurement ............................................................................................. 6-11
6.5.1 Basic Concepts ..................................................................................................... 6-11
6.5.2 USAU Performance Measurement System Structure........................................... 6-11
6.5.3 Measurement Function Types Supported............................................................. 6-12
6.5.4 Main Features ....................................................................................................... 6-12
6.6 Software Patch................................................................................................................. 6-13
6.6.1 Basic Concepts ..................................................................................................... 6-13
6.6.2 Architecture ........................................................................................................... 6-14
6.6.3 Main Features ....................................................................................................... 6-14
6.7 Remote Maintenance....................................................................................................... 6-15
6.7.1 Basic Principles for Remote Maintenance ............................................................ 6-15
6.7.2 Requirements for Hardware and Software Configuration ..................................... 6-16
Chapter 7 Networking and Application ....................................................................................... 7-1

7.1 Networking in Narrowband Signaling System ................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Networking in NGN ............................................................................................................ 7-2
7.3 USAU Signaling Networking Mode .................................................................................... 7-3
7.3.1 2-Mbps Link Networking Mode................................................................................ 7-3
7.3.2 64-Kbps Link Networking Mode .............................................................................. 7-3
7.3.3 Mixture Networking Mode (2-Mbps Link and 64-Kpbs Link) ................................... 7-4
7.3.4 Mixture Networking Mode (2-Mbps Link, 64-Kpbs Link and TCP/IP) ..................... 7-4
7.3.5 Mixture Networking Mode (ANSI and ITU-T) .......................................................... 7-4
Chapter 8 Performance Specifications ....................................................................................... 8-1

8.1 Performance Specifications for Integrated Equipment ...................................................... 8-1
8.2 Reliability Specifications .................................................................................................... 8-2
8.3 Physical Features .............................................................................................................. 8-2
8.4 Power Features.................................................................................................................. 8-3
8.5 Electrical Features ............................................................................................................. 8-3
8.6 Environment Condition Requirement................................................................................. 8-4
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TELLIN-USAU Universal Signaling Access Unit Error! Style not defined.Error! Style not defined.
Chapter 1 Overview
This chapter introduces the market background and requirement of the USAU
products from the respects of network development and demand. It also describes the
features of the USAU products.
1.1 Network Development and Requirement

The development of The Third Generation (3G) network and Next Generation
Network (NGN) leads the network into the trend of multinetwork integration,
diversified requirement and personalized development. Meanwhile, the opening of
international telecom market makes the competition between telecom carriers stiff. So,
the carriers have clear requirements for the integration of different networks from the
aspects of cost-effectiveness, network reutilization and service innovation.
The network integration trend raises high requirement to Intelligent Network (IN)
products. The IN products need to not only satisfy the service demands on the
existing narrowband networks but also meet development requirements of broadband
networks.
The Signaling Access Unit (SAU) produced by Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. can be
used as the signaling access unit of some equipment on the IN to convert the
signaling protocols between the communication equipment. The network
development requires that the SAU can support both the Time Division
Multiplex-based (TDM-based) narrowband No.7 Signaling (SS7) but also the Internet
Protocol-based (IP-based) broadband signaling network.
1.2 Product Position

To meet the requirements of network development, Huawei launches the uniform
signaling access platform for IN products, that is, the Universal Signaling Access Unit
(USAU).
The USAU is based on the Open Standards Telecom Architecture (OSTA) platform,
supporting the narrowband SS7 and broadband Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN)
protocol. It has higher signaling link processing capability and integration than the
traditional SAU and provides more powerful signaling access capability for Service
Control Point (SCP), Home Location Register (HLR) and Short Message Center
(SMC).
The position of USAU in the network is shown in Figure 1-1.
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SCU
TCP/IP
LAN
SCP
TCP/IP
SAU
NO.7/SIGTRAN
IP/SS7
NO.7/SIGTRAN NO.7/SIGTRAN
SSP/IP SSP
SCP: Service Control Point

SCU: Service Control Unit
SSP/IP: Service Switching Point/ Intelligent Peripheral
STP: Signaling Transfer Point
LAN: Local Area Network
Figure 1-1 Position of USAU in the network
Note:
SCP consists of SCU and SAU (USAU in this networking). SCU is the host of SCP, implementing
service control function and service data function.
The USAU can be used as the SAU of Home Location Register (HLR) and Short Message Center
(SMC). The location of HLR and SMC is that of SCP in Figure 1-1.
In the actual networking, USAU is often used as the signaling access unit of SCP. The description in
this manual takes SCP as an example.
Figure 1-1 illustrates the application of USAU in two kinds of network.

Narrowband SS7: The USAU connects SSP/IP/STP through SS7 and connects
SCU through Ethernet interface. The USAU transparently transfers the
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) user part of the uplink No.7
signaling on SSP/IP/STP to SCU for processing and the TCAP user part of the
response message delivered from SCU to SSP/IP/STP. In this way it realizes the
intelligent interaction between SCU and SSP/IP/STP.
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IP network: The USAU connects SSP/IP/STP through IP network and connects

SCU through Ethernet interface. The USAU transparently transfers the TCAP
user part of the uplink SIGTRAN on SSP/IP/STP to SCU for processing and the
TCAP user part of the response message delivered from SCU to SSP/IP/STP. In
this way it realizes the intelligent interaction between SCU and SSP/IP/STP.
Note:
On the IP network, SSP/IP in Figure 1-1 can be Softswitch and STP can be Signaling Gateway (SG).
1.3 Product Characteristics

1.3.1 High-performance Link Access and Processing Capability
Compared with the traditional SAU, the USAU has the link accessing capability with
higher performance. In case of full configuration it can provide 104 2-Mbps links or
1664 64-Kbps links.
The USAU provides high-performance link processing capability. When it processes
the long message (with the average 120 bytes) of IN service, the bidirectional load of
each 64 Kpbs signaling link is not less than 0.4 Erl in normal case and in case of fault,
it is not less than 0.8 Erl. The bidirectional load of each 2 Mbps signaling link is not
less than 0.2 Erl in normal case, and in case of fault, it is not less than 0.4 Erl. In case
of processing IP-based SIGTRAN, the overall performance of the equipment can
forward 60 000 TCAP operations per second.
1.3.2 Supporting Multidevice Access
As the uniform signaling access platform, the USAU provides the signaling access
function not only for SCP but also for SMC and HLR. In addition, the USAU supports
not only networking with SCP, SMC and HLR separately but also connecting the same
SAU by HLR, SCP and SMC simultaneously.
1.3.3 Open Protocol Interface
The USAU connects with SSP/IP/STP through standard protocol interface, satisfying
various networking requirements of different carriers. The signaling protocol stack of
the interface is illustrated in Figure 1-2.
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ANSI-TCAP ITU-TCAP
ANSI-SCCP ITU-SCCP
ANSI-MTP3 ITU-MTP3 M3UA
ANSI-MTP2 ITU-MTP2 SCTP
IP
ANSI-MTP1 ITU-MTP1
MAC
Figure 1-2 Structure of USAU signaling protocol stack
The USAU supports the Signaling Control Transmission Control (SCTP) and MTP3
User Adaptation Protocol (M3UA) of the IP-based SIGTRAN broadband protocol
groups. Of them, M3UA is the adaptation layer of MTP3, which is used when USAU
works on the NGN network.
1.3.4 High Reliability
The USAU adopts the high-reliability design, which is represented in the following
aspects:
It adopts hot standby, load-sharing and redundancy configuration design for the
widely-used components (including power modules and functional boards).
It improves the reliability of components, boards and power modules.
It reduces the defects of software and optimizes the protection performance of
the system software.
The fault-tolerance design improves the error-tolerance capability of system
software.
It adopts advanced system fault detection and isolation technologies, improving
the maintainability of the system.
It employs various data operations and storage protection measures to ensure
the reliability of data storage.
It supports the signaling congestion control, avoiding the system breakdown due
to overload.
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1.3.5 Supporting Centralized Network Management
The USAU can be accessed by iManager M2000/N2000/I2000.

iManager M2000/N2000/ I2000 is the centralized operation and maintenance system
of Huawei. It is the Element Management System (EMS) in the Telecommunication
Management Network (TMN) model, which can operate and maintain different types
of Network Elements (NEs) in a centralized way.
The USAU connects with M2000/N2000/I2000 through the Man-Machine Language
(MML) interface provided by Back Administration Module (BAM), and it connects with
the upper-level Network Management System (NMS) through Common Object
Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) provided by M2000/N2000/I2000.
1.3.6 Convenient Operation and Maintenance
The USAU provides convenient and practical operation & maintenance functions as
follows:
Flexible and diversified management modes. The USAU operation &
maintenance system adopts distributed structure on Client/Server basis,
supporting the operation and maintenance of multiple local terminals and remote
maintenance.
Visualized graphical user interface (GUI). The USAU operation & maintenance
system provides the user interfaces with unique navigation tree technology. In
this way, both MML characteristics and GUI advantages are realized: it is
visualized, simple and quick to operate, easy to access NMS, and easy to
memorize. In addition, the system provides graphical operation interface and
equipment panel view, which facilitate the operations.
Excellent performance measurement capability. The USAU system adopts lists
and graphics to analyze and display the performance data, supporting realtime
monitoring of performance data and background collection of performance data.
In addition to performance statistics indices specified in the related standards,
the system also provides customized performance measurement capability for
carriers’ specific requirements.
Realtime fault management capability. The USAU receives and displays network
equipment fault report in the realtime mode. It provides not only realtime audible
and visible alarms monitoring capability through the topology map, alarm panel,
alarm box, and so on, but also fault management system with detailed fault
announcement and hierarchical filtration to enable maintenance personnel to
make a fast diagnosis of fault cause and take measures to resume normal
services.
Supporting online software patch, online debugging, and dynamic data setting.
Complete signaling tracing, interface tracing and message explanation
capabilities.
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1.3.7 Smooth Expansion
The USAU supports smooth expansion:

The hardware adopts modular overlap structure design. The expansion of
processing frames in the mode of building blocks (frames are interconnected
through LAN Switch) meets increasing capacity requirements of customers.
Processing capability satisfies expansion requirement. The Busy Hour Call
Attempt (BHCA) of USAU is up to 39,000,000, with enough space reserved for
future service expansion, which can satisfy the increasing demand on service.
1.3.8 Convenient Upgrade
The USAU has the simple, secure and convenient upgrade operation features.
Easy to operate. The USAU installer provides Windows-style interfaces for
customers and easy-to-use wizard for operators, and supports default settings
applicable to most cases. Therefore, operators can install, upgrade and recover
the system easily. The design of programs is relatively independent of that of
data in the USAU, so that the configuration information of the pervious version
can be inherited to the upgraded version.
Safe to upgrade. During the upgrade, the USAU installation program backs up
the system database in multiple modes for several times to ensure system
security. Besides, the USAU installer backs up the loading file of the old version,
ensuring that the loading file can be restored to the old version in case of error in
the new version loading. When the upgrade fails, the installation program
restores the system into the status before upgrade.
Online upgrade function without interrupting the network service. The separate
upgrade tool provided by the system can ensure upgrade efficiency and security.
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Chapter 2 Hardware System
This chapter introduces the system logical structure and hardware structure of USAU
and their corresponding relationship. It focuses on the physical features and
configuration of the hardware.
The configuration methods of service cabinet and service frame take the pure
narrowband application and pure broadband application as an example, excluding the
combined configuration, for the sake of the description of basic configuration method.
The actual configuration may vary with different requirements. Please follow the final
configuration scheme of the office in the actual situation.
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 System Logical Structure
The logical structure of USAU is divided into service processing subsystem and
operation & maintenance subsystem by function, with the overall structure shown in
Figure 2-1.
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System
support
Broadband module
interface Equipment
distribution management
FE interface unit 业务处理
WCCU
元（单SPC）
MG unit
SG (IFM ) (SM U)
iM anager
N2000/M 2000/I2000
TCP/IP
SCP TCP/IP TCP/IP

LAN Switch and cPCI BUS BAM
SMC
HLR
TCP/IP Serial
port
External SCTP
（）
clock Clock unit
Processing unit
source
CKI
（）
BSG
WS WS ALM
Narrowband HW M TP2
业务处理
单）
E1 interface WCSU
SS7 processing
元（SPC
interface unit
(EPI) unit (CPC)
Signaling Signaling bottom Service

interface layer processing processing
module module
Operation and
module
Service processing maintenance
subsystem subsystem
MG:Media Gateway CKI: Clock Interface Unit
SG:Signaling Gateway BSG: Broadband Signaling Gateway
IFM:IP Forward Module EPI: E1_Pool Interface Unit
SMU: System Management Unit BAM: Background Administration Module
WCCU: Calling Control Unit WS:Work Station
WCSU: Calling control Unit andSignaling process Unit ALM:Alarm Box
Figure 2-1 USAU system logical structure
The service processing subsystem includes service processing frames and

interconnecting devices between frames (core LAN Switch), implementing signaling
access and processing and fulfilling the function of the main equipment of USAU.
The operation & maintenance subsystem includes BAM, WS and ALM, implementing
the operation and maintenance to the service processing subsystem.
The following description details the composition and function of the two subsystems.
I. Service processing subsystem
As shown in Figure 2-1, the service processing subsystem consists of four functional
modules, system support module, interface module, signaling bottom layer
processing module, service processing module, and communication bus.
1) System support module
System support module implements the functions of software/data loading,
management and maintenance for devices and inter-board communications. It mainly
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comprises System Management Unit (SMU), System Interface Unit (SIU), Hot-Swap
and Control Unit (HSC) and core LAN Switch. The main functions of each part are as
follows:
As the main control board of service frame, the SMU can complete such
functions as loading and controlling all devices in the system, configuring data
and controlling working status.
The HSC board connects the shared resource buses in the left and right frames,
controls the hot-swap of board and switches the Ethernet buses in the frame.
The HSC is configured and maintained directly by SMU through shared resource
bus and it has no CPU.
The core LAN Switch implements the interconnection between the service
frames and interconnection between the service frame and maintenance
subsystem.
2) Interface module
The interface module provides various physical interfaces to meet the system
networking requirements, including E1_Pool Interface Unit (EPI), IP Forward Module
(IFM) and Back Insert FE Interface Unit (BFI) board. The main functions of each board
are as follows:
The EPI implements E1 frame processing and line interface functions, and
interworks with the signaling bottom layer-processing module through internal
HW cable.
The IFM provides 10 Mbps/100 Mbps Ethernet interfaces through BFI board.
The IFM implements broadband signaling access and distributes the signaling to
the Broadband Signaling Gateway Unit (BSG) for SCTP message processing
according to the strategy.
3) Signaling bottom layer processing module
The module provides bottom layer signaling protocol processing functions. It includes
the MTP2 processing unit of the Wireless Call Control and Signaling Process Unit
(WCSU) and BSG.
The MTP2 processing unit of the WCSU, CPC subboard, processes SS7 MTP2
layer messages over narrowband E1 and transfers them to the protocol
processing module above the MTP3 layer of WCSU.
The BSG implements SCTP broadband signaling protocol processing, and
distributes the messages to WCCU for processing through Ethernet bus.
4) Service processing module
The service processing module consists of Widely Call Control Unit (WCCU) or
Wireless Call Control and Signaling Process Unit (WCSU).
The difference between WCCU and WCSU is that WCSU has an MTP2 processing
unit, CPC subboard, which the WCCU does not have. Except the MTP2 processing
unit of WCSU, WCCU/WCSU is mainly responsible for controlling the signaling
message above MTP3 (including MTP3, M3UASCCP and application layer) required
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by the service feature and processing the IN service, and then transferring the
processed message to service node, for example, SCU, in the TCP/IP bearing mode
through embedded MEM module.
5) Communication bus
In the USAU system, the communication bus includes shared resource bus, Ethernet
bus, H.110 bus and master/slave serial port bus. The specifications and functions of
these buses are shown in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 USAU bus specification and function
Bus Specification Function

Shared resource Used for loading, data backup for active/standby board,
2 Gbps
bus management and maintenance.
All service processing units use Ethernet as the

Double-star form:
Ethernet bus communication channel for inter-board services to ensure
100 Mbps
that system-processing flows are unified and smooth.
Used to complete switchover between front/back active
H.110 bus 4096 timeslots
boards and standby boards.
The primary node System Management Unit (SMU)
Master/slave serial
38.4 Kbps manages backboards and monitoring boards through
port bus
master/slave serial port bus.
II. Operation and maintenance subsystem
The operation and maintenance subsystem is the communication bridge between

USAU and user. It provides the operation and maintenance function of USAU and the
interface with iManager M2000/N2000/I2000 to realize the USAU network
management.
The operation and maintenance subsystem consists of BAM Server (BAM for short),
WS, ALM, LAN Switch and HUB, with the diagram shown in Figure 2-2.
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Service processing subsystem
LANSwitch (Active) TCP/IP LANSwitch (Standby)
TCP/IP TCP/IP
BAM
Serial
TCP/IP
port
HUB iManager
M2000/N2000/I2000
TCP/IP TCP/IP
ALM WS1 WS2
Figure 2-2 USAU operation and maintenance subsystem
1) BAM Server (BAM)

BAM is the core of USAU operation and maintenance subsystem, functions as the
communication bridge among user, operation and maintenance subsystem and
service processing subsystem. BAM includes several functional modules such as
alarm management module, performance management module and configuration
management module which fulfils uniform operation, maintenance and management
over the operation and maintenance subsystem.
2) Work Station (WS)
The USAU WS and BAM Server form the Server/Client operation and maintenance
mode. They provide the operation and maintenance interface for user, through which
the user can fulfill such functions as MML command operation, data configuration,
equipment maintenance, fault monitoring, subscriber management and performance
management.
3) Alarm box (ALM)
The alarm box generates centralized audio and visual alarm for USAU in case of
external environment deterioration. It will generate an audio and visual alarm
indication for each fault status.
The USAU alarm box adopts HUAWEI common alarm box, namely, GM12ALMZ
alarm box. For details about the hardware of alarm box, see Common Alarm Box
User Manual.
4) LAN Switch and HUB
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The USAU adopts Quidway 3526 LAN Switch of Huawei as the interconnecting
equipment between frames and BAM Servers, performing data communication
between all components. The LAN Switches implement dual planes of
communication channels between components.
The network communication among BAM, WS and iManager M2000/N2000/I2000 is
fulfilled by HUB.
2.1.2 System Working Flow
The main function of USAU is to process the signaling access. This section deals with
the working flow of signaling access processing.
The USAU provides two kinds of external signaling interface for external.
Time Division Multiplex (TDM) interface is used for TDM No.7 signaling access.
Fast Ethernet (FE) interface is used for IP-based No.7 signaling access.
The location of two interfaces is illustrated in Figure 2-3.
TDM
EPI CPC WCSU
FE WCCU
BFI IFM BSG （Signaling processing on
or abov e MTP3 lay er）
Figure 2-3 USAU external interface
I. Flow of processing the TDM interface signaling access
The E1 interface of EPI provides TDM PCM interface, accessing 64 Kbps timeslot or 2
Mbps timeslot. The timeslot is the physical timeslot of narrowband No.7 signaling
processing.
The flow of processing the TDM interface signaling access is as follows:
1) The EPI processes the messages of Message Transfer Part Layer 1 (MTP1),
extracts the signaling timeslots and transmits them to the CPC (which is pinched
on the WCSU) through the internal HW line.
2) The CPC processes the message of Message Transfer Part Layer 2 (MTP2) link
layer.
3) The CPC transfers the message to the higher-layer message processing unit of
WCSU through PCI bus for WCSU to continue processing the message of MTP3
and higher layer user.
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II. Flow of processing the FE interface signaling access
The FE interface of BFI provides 10 Mbps/10 Mbps Ethernet interface, through which
the No.7 signaling over IP accesses the USAU.
The flow of processing the FE interface signaling access is as follows:
1) The BFI receives the IP signaling messages and then transfers the messages to
the IFM through fixed connection between frond and back boards.
2) The IFM processes messages of Media Access Control (MAC) layer and then
distributes the messages to the corresponding BSGs through the Ethernet bus.
This is IP signaling message distribution on layer 1.
3) The BSG processes the SCTP message and M3UA message.
4) The BSG implements layer 2 distribution (higher level distribution), and
distributes messages of MTP3 or above to higher layer signaling processing
modules on the WCCU through Ethernet bus.
2.1.3 Hardware Structure
The USAU hardware are divided into three layers: cabinet (or rack), frame and board.
Different kinds of special functional boards (or server) constitute a service frame and
the combination of various service frames forms a cabinet.
This section introduces in brief the overall structure of USAU hardware. For details
about the hardware physical features and the configuration, see the sequent sections.
I. Cabinet
The USAU cabinets are divided into two types by function, namely, integrated
configuration cabinet and service processing cabinet.
II. Frame
In terms of configuration, the USAU frames are divided into basic frame and
expansion frame. In terms of bandwidth, the USAU frames are divided into
narrowband frame and broadband frame.
Thus, the USAU frames fall into four types:
Pure narrowband basic frame
Pure broadband basic frame
Pure narrowband expansion frame
Pure broadband expansion frame
The boards configured for the four cases are somewhat different.
III. Board
The USAU boards mainly refer to the boards in the basic and expansion frames,
which are the functional boards contained in the service processing subsystem such
as SMU, SIU, HSC, WCCU/WCSU, EPI, BSG, IFM, BFI, ALU, CKI and UPWR.
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2.1.4 Correspondence Between Functional Module and Hardware
The correspondence between USAU functional modules/subsystems and

abinet/frame/board is shown in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2 Correspondence between functional modules and board/frame/cabinet
Module (or
Subsystem Related board Related frame Related cabinet
component)
The service processing

cabinet provides four
SMU, SIU, HSC and ALU are service frames (including
Service SMU, SIU, the basic or expansion frames basic frame and expansion
System support of broadband or narrowband. frame).
processing HSC, ALU, CKI
module
subsystem and UPWR CKI is the basic frame of Integrated configuration
narrowband. cabinet provides one basic
frame and one expansion
frame.
IFM and BFI are broadband

Interface IFM, BFI and basic frames.
module EPI EPI is basic and expansion
frames of narrowband.
Signaling lower CPCs pinched

BSG is basic and expansion
layer processing on BSG and
frames of broadband.
module WCSU
WCCU is basic and expansion

Service frames of broadband.
WCCU and
processing
WCSU WCSU is basic and expansion
module
frames of narrowband.
BAM and LAN Switch are

Operation and integrated configuration
BAM, WS, ALM cabinet.
maintenance – –
and LAN Switch
subsystem ALM and WS are placed
alone.
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2.2 Cabinets
The USAU has two types of functional cabinet, namely, integrated configuration
cabinet and service processing cabinet. The integrated configuration cabinet is
mandatory, while the service processing cabinet is configured according to the
deployment capacity. The full configuration is one integrated configuration cabinet
and two service processing cabinets.
The appearance of cabinet adopted by the USAU is N68-22.
This section first introduces the physical features of N68-22 cabinet, then the internal
components of common cabinet and finally the details about the structure and
configuration of the integrated configuration cabinet and service processing unit.
2.2.1 Physical Features
The USAU adopts N68-22 cabinet, with the physical feature described below:
I. N68-22 cabinet dimensions
The N68-22 cabinet includes rack, front/back/side panel, top cover, bottom plate, air
filter, and so on. The external dimension of cabinet is 600 mm (Width) × 800 mm
(Depth) × 2200 mm (Height). The height of the cabinet space which can be used is 46
U (1 U = 44.45 mm).
II. N68-22 cabinet features
The N68-22 cabinet is rolled steel assembled cabinet with each part connected by
screw, which has simple structure and powerful versatility. It has such features in
appearance and installation design:
Both the top and bottom of the cabinet have holes for cabling. You can select
upward cabling or downward cabling according to the actual situation. In case
the installation is conducted on cement floor, the downward cabling mode cannot
be adopted. There is a rodent-proof cover at each cabling hole for covering the
cables out of the hole, preventing dust and rodent from entering the cabinet. The
cable ties at the pillars of cabinet are used to tie the cable going out from the
hole.
The mount angles at the pillars are used to install the fixed service frame and
other internal components. The cabinet can be installed with modules of different
depths by changing the installation location of the mount angle. The back pillars
of the cabinet have grounding bar for grounding the internal components and
interconnecting the grounding cable between cabinets.
By adopting N800 supports and slide rails, N68-22 cabinet can be installed on
the equipment room covered with ESD-preventive floor. In the equipment room
without ESD-preventive floor, N68-22 cabinet is installed on the cement floor of
the equipment room directly and is fixed with expansion bolts.
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Technical Manual
The front/back panels of the cabinet are double swing doors for saving
installation space and easing equipment operations. The side panel adopts
hanging structure for the sake of installation.
The front and back panels and the bottom plate have many small air holes on it,
with the air filter within them. The cabinet has good heat dissipation and
ventilation performance by using the front-to-back and bottom-to-top ventilation
mode.
2.2.2 Internal Components
The top of N68-22 cabinet is equipped with power distribution frame. The cabinet has
such internal mechanical parts as air deflector and cabling trough. Other internal
plug-in unit includes service frame, server, mouse, keyboard, LCD, switcher, LAN
Switch, and so on. This section introduces the common mechanical parts, including
power distribution frame, air deflector and cabling trough. The service frame, server
and LAN Switch are introduced in the related sections.
I. Power distribution box
In the N68-22 cabinet the power distribution frame is installed on the top of the cabinet,
which meets the IEC297 specifications, that is, 2 U in height, 420 mm in depth and
power consumption less than 50 W.
The power distribution box on N68-22 inputs -48 V power and allocates the power to
functional frames. The input to power distribution frame is two channels of -48 V
power. After the lightening protection and overcurrent protection, the power
distribution box exports six channels of -46 V power to provide the working power for
the functional frames of cabinet. Meanwhile, the power distribution box detects the
input power voltage and the output power status and gives alarm signal when
necessary.
The six power switches SW1–SW6 on the power distribution frame panel control the
six channels of -48 power output by power distribution frame. The correspondence
between the switches and the control components is illustrated in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3 Correspondence between the cabinet components and the control switches
Cabinet type Component Switch controlling it

BAM SW3 and SW4
LAN Switch0 SW3
Integrated configuration LAN Switch1 SW2

cabinet KVM switcher SW4
Basic frame 0 SW4 and SW5
Expansion frame 1 SW5 and SW6
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Technical Manual
Cabinet type Component Switch controlling it
Service processing Expansion frame 3 SW3 and SW4

cabinet 1 Expansion frame 4 SW2 and SW3

Service processing Expansion frame 7 SW3 and SW4

cabinet 2 Expansion frame 8 SW2 and SW3
II. Air deflector
The air deflector is used to provide the air-out ducts for the frames under it and air-in
ducts for those frames above it. The air deflector realizes the front-to back ventilation
mode. The air deflector is 2 U high and it is installed in the invariable position in the
cabinet.
III. Cabling trough
The cabling trough is more than 1 U high, installed under the LAN Switch, providing
the cabling channel for the cable out from the front panel of LAN Switch to meet the
requirement of cabling at the back of the cabinet.
2.2.3 Integrated configuration cabinet
I. Cabinet composition
The structure of the integrated configuration cabinet is shown in Figure 2-4.
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Technical Manual
Power distribution frame (Slide) 2U
Expansion frame 1 (Slide) 9U
Air deflector (Slide) 2U
Basic frame 0 (Slide) 9U
Air deflector (Slide) 2U

Nonstandard blank panel 1U
LCD/Switcher/Keyboard/Mouse (Slide) 1U
LAN Switch1 1U
Cabling trough (Slide) 1U
LAN Switch0 1U
Cabling trough (Slide) 1U
Blank panel 3U
Blank panel 1U
BAM Server (Broaded slide) 1U
Blank panel 2U
Blank panel 2U
Blank panel 2U
Blank panel
3U
Blank panel 2U
Figure 2-4 Structure of integrated configuration cabinet
II. Configuration description
The configuration of integrated configuration cabinet follows the principles:

In integrated configuration cabinet, except expansion frame 1, all other
components must be configured in fixed position.
Expansion frame 1 is configured according to the deployment capacity, and its
installation position is fixed.
If no expansion frame 1 is configured, the corresponding position should be
configured with blank panel.
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Technical Manual
2.2.4 Service Processing Cabinet
I. Cabinet composition
You can configure two service processing cabinets at most, with the structure shown
in Figures 2-5 and 2-6 respectively.
Power distribution box (standard slide) 2U
Expansion frame 5/Basic frame 5 (standard slide) 9U
Air deflector (standard slide) 2U
Expansion frame 4(standard slide) 9U
Blank panel 2U
Figure 2-5 Structural diagram of service processing cabinet 1
Power distribution box (standard slide) 2U
Expansion frame 7(standard slide)

9U
Blank panel 2U
Figure 2-6 Structural diagram of service processing cabinet 2
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II. Configuration description
The service processing cabinet is configured according to the actual user's capacity.
Generally the configuration follows the principles:
In case of pure narrowband application, frame 5 is for narrowband expansion
frame and expansion frame 9 is not configured. You can configure one
narrowband basic frame and eight narrowband expansion frames for USAU at
most.
In case of pure broadband application, frame 5 is for broadband basic frame and
expansion frame 9 can be configured. You can configure two broadband basic
frames and eight broadband expansion frames for USAU at most.
The number of frames configured is determined by the deployment capacity, and
all frames are installed from bottom to top.
If the cabinet is configured with less than four frames, the left positions should be
installed with blank panels.
Caution:
Generally the USAU service processing cabinet configuration follows the previous principles. The actual
configuration may vary with the different requirements of offices. Please follow the final configuration
scheme of the office in the actual situation.
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Technical Manual
2.3 Frames
2.3.1 Physical Features
The USAU service frames are mainly configured in the service processing frame,
which are divided into basic frame and expansion frame by configuration.
The USAU service frame has the following physical features:
The frame is 19 inches wide and 9 U high. It adopts front/back board structure
and unified back cabling mode.
The frame has 21 slots, numbered from 0 in turn from left to right. In case of full
configuration, 17 front boards can be configured.
The frames are numbered from bottom to top, ranging frame 0 through 9. The
frame number can be set with the DIP on SIU. The SMU reads the DIP on SIU to
get the frame number. For the correspondence between SIU DIP and frame
number, refer to Table 2-13.
2.3.2 Basic frame
I. Basic frame function
The basic frame provides such external interfaces as Building Integrated Timing
Supply (BITS) clock interface, E1 interface and IP interface and performs the
integrated service processing function.
II. Basic frame configuration
The basic frame configuration is divided into two cases, pure broadband application
and pure narrowband application.
The typical configuration of pure broadband basic frame is shown in Tables 2-4 and
2-5. That of pure narrowband basic frame is illustrated in Tables 2-6 and 2-7.
Table 2-4 Front board view of pure broadband basic frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
W W W W W W
S S I I B B B B A P P
C C C C C C
M M F F S S S S L
C C C C C C
U U M M G G G G U W W
U U U U U U
R R
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Technical Manual
Table 2-5 Back board view of pure broadband basic frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
S H S H B B P P
I S I S F F
U C U C I I W W
R R
Table 2-6 Front board view of pure narrowband basic frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
W W W W W W W W A
S S P P
C C C C C C C C L
M M
S S S S S S S S W W
U U U
U U U U U U U U
R R
Table 2-7 Back board view of pure narrowband basic frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
E E E E E E S H S H E E C C
P P
P P P P P P I S I S P P K K
I I I I I I U C U C I I W W
I I
R R
III. Configuration description
The basic frame configuration follows the principles:

Basic frame 0 in integrated configuration cabinet and basic frame 5 (in case of
broadband application) in service processing cabinet have respective fixed
installation numbers and positions.
Basic frame 0 is mandatory and basic frame 5 (in case of broadband application)
is optional.
In case of narrowband application, basic frame 0 needs to be configured with
CKI board and other frames are unnecessary. In case of broadband application,
both basic frames 0 and 5 require no CKI board but IFM board.
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2.3.3 Expansion Frame
I. Basic function
When the capacity of basic frame cannot satisfy the requirement, you need to
configure expansion frame. The expansion frame and basic frame process the
service together.
II. Expansion frame configuration
The expansion frame configuration is divided into two cases, pure broadband
application and pure narrowband application.
The typical configuration of pure broadband expansion frame is shown in Tables 2-8
and 2-9. That of pure narrowband expansion frame is illustrated in Tables 2-10 and
2-11.
Table 2-8 Front board view of pure broadband expansion frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
W W W W W W W W
S S B B B B A P P
C C C C C C C C
M M S S S S L
C C C C C C C C
U U G G G G U W W
U U U U U U U U
R R
Table 2-9 Back board view of pure broadband expansion frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
S H S H P P
I S I S
U C U C W W
R R
Table 2-10 Front board view of pure narrowband expansion frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
W W W W W W W W W W W W A
S S
C C C C C C C C C C C C L P P
M M
S S S S S S S S S S S S W W
U U
U U U U U U U U U U U U U
R R
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Table 2-11 Back board view of pure narrowband expansion frame
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
U U
E E E E E E S H S H E E E E E E P P
P P P P P P I S I S P P P P P P
I I I I I I U C U C I I I I I I W W
R R
III. Configuration description
The expansion frame configuration follows the principles:

In case of narrowband application, eight expansion frames 1–8 can be used at
most, In case of broadband application, eight expansion frames 1–4 and 6–9 can
be used at most.
Expansion frame number and position in the integrated configuration cabinet and
service processing cabinet are unchangeable.
The expansion frames should be configured according to the number and
position.
2.4 Board
2.4.1 Introduction to Boards
The boards configured in the USAU frames are listed in Table 2-12.
Table 2-12 USAU board list
Board Frame Remark

WCSU Basic frame and expansion frame Front board, working in backup mode
WCCU Basic frame and expansion frame Front board, working in backup mode
BSG Basic frame and expansion frame Front board

IFM Basic frame and expansion frame Front board, working in backup mode
SMU Basic frame and expansion frame Front board, working in backup mode
ALU Basic frame and expansion frame Front board
UPWR Basic frame and expansion frame Front/back board, working in 2+2 backup mode
EPI Basic frame and expansion frame Back board
BFI Basic frame Back board
HSC Basic frame and expansion frame Back board
SIU Basic frame and expansion frame Back board
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Board Frame Remark
CKI Basic frame Back board, working in backup mode
2.4.2 SMU
I. Function
The SMU is a front board and it is installed in slots 6 and 8. It functions as the main
control unit of the unit frame, mainly performing the following functions.
Configuring the shared resource bus and managing its status
Communicating with the interface board through the shared resource bus
Managing all boards in the service processing frame and feeding back their
status to the background
Communicating with the background through the Ethernet interface
Implementing the system loading and management function
The SMU adopts 1+1 backup working mode.
II. Technical specifications
Category Parameter Specification Remarks

Provides RJ45 sockets for panels, with
Interface RS232 serial port 1 hot-swappable protection, used for
debugging.
RS422
Provides physical interfaces together with
master/slave serial 1
the SIU.
port
Asynchronization
Connects with the monitoring board in the
serial port for TTL 1
fan frame.
level
Power
14 W
consumption
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III. Indicator
Indicator position Function Status description

When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the board
FAIL indicator Fault indicator
is reset or faulty.
Blinking frequency for loading program: 4 Hz

Blinking frequency for normal running of active board:
RUN indicator Running indicator 0.5 Hz
Blinking frequency for normal running of standby board:
0.25 Hz
When the indicator lights up, it indicates that domain A's

DOMA Bus domain indicator
SMU controls the shared resource bus.
When the indicator lights up, it indicates that domain B's
DOMB Bus domain indicator
SMU controls the shared resource bus.
Network interface The indicator is always on as long as the physical
LINK
connection indicator connection is normal; otherwise it is off.
If the indicator blinks, it indicates that some data are
Network interface
ACT being received or transmitted. The frequency of blinking
data traffic indicator
indicates the volume of data traffic
When the board is plugged into a frame, if the blue
indicator lights up, it indicates that the board has
touched the backplane and the spanner can be pulled
on/under the front panel to ensure that the board is
Plug-in indicator Plug-in indicator completely plugged into the system backplane.
While pulling the board out, pull the spanner on/under
the front panel and the blue indicator lights up. At this
time, it is allowed to pull the board out.
IV. DIP and jumper
There is one reset DIP (RST) used for resetting the board.
2.4.3 WCCU/WCSU
I. Function
As a front board, the WCCU/WCSU mainly implements the processing of protocols

such as MTP2 and MTP3.
The WCCU/WCSU adopts 1+1 backup working mode.
The only difference between WCSU and WCCU is that the WCSU can process the
narrowband signaling MTP2 message, while the WCCU does not support the
function.
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Technical Manual
Category Parameter Specification Remark
Call processing
Function 700,000 BHCA
capability
Number of 64-Kbps
32 Only available for WCSU
links
Number of 2-Mbps
2 Only available for WCSU
links
Provides RJ45 sockets for panels,

Interface RS232 serial port 1 with hot-swappable protection,
used for debugging
Power
22 W
consumption
III. Indicator

When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the board is
reset or faulty.

Blinking frequency for normal running of active board: 0.5
RUN indicator Running indicator Hz
0.25 Hz
indicator lights up, it indicates that the board has touched
the backplane and the spanner can be pulled on/under the
front panel to ensure that the board is completely plugged
Plug-in indicator Plug-in indicator into the system backplane.
While pulling the board out, pull the spanner on/under the
front panel and the blue indicator lights up. At this time, it is
allowed to pull the board out.
IV. DIP and jumper
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Technical Manual
Caution:
In the course of routine equipment maintenance, to reset the specific board, run the RST BRD command
in the maintenance console. It is recommended not to use the RST switch manually to reset the board.
2.4.4 IFM
I. Function
The IFM is a front board. It mainly functions in receiving and transmitting IP packets,
processing Media Access Control (MAC) layer messages, and providing the IP
interface for system networking together with the back BFI.
The IFM adopts 1+1 backup working mode.

IP packet transfer
Function 32000 bps/pair
capability
Provides RJ45 sockets for panels,

Interface RS232 serial port 1 with hot-swappable protection, used
for debugging
Power consumption 16 W
III. Indicator
The indicator is always on as long as the

Network interface connection
LINK indicator physical connection is normal; otherwise it is
indicator. Two are available.
off.
When the indicator is blinking, it indicates that
Network interface data traffic some data are being received or transmitted.
ACK indicator
indicator. Two are available. The frequency of blinking indicates the
volume of data traffic.
When the indicator lights up, it indicates that
the board is reset or faulty.

RUN indicator Running indicator Blinking frequency for normal running: 0.5 Hz
Blinking frequency for standby board: 0.25 Hz
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When the board is plugged into a frame, if the
blue indicator lights up, it indicates that the
board has touched the backplane and the
spanner can be pulled on/under the front
panel to ensure the board is completely
Plug-in indicator Plug-in indicator plugged into the system backplane.
While pulling the board out, pull the spanner
on/under the front panel and the blue
indicator lights up. At this time, it is allowed to
pull the board out.
IV. DIP and jumper
2.4.5 BSG
I. Function
As a front board, the BSG is mainly used to process the IP packets after the IFM level
1 distribution and processing, implement processing of signaling transmission
protocols (such as SIGTRAN and MTP), and perform level 2 distribution of IP packets
to corresponding service processing units for transaction layer/service layer
processing.
Capability of processing
Function 3500 bps M3UA over SCTP
SCTP packets per second
Used for debugging; provides RJ45
Interface RS232 serial port 1 sockets for panels; provided with
hot-swappable protection.
Power
16 W
consumption
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Technical Manual
III. Indicator

reset or faulty.

Blinking frequency for normal running of active board: 0.5
RUN indicator Running indicator Hz
0.25 Hz

indicator lights up, it indicates that the board has touched
the backplane and the spanner can be pulled on/under the
front panel to ensure the board is completely plugged into
Plug-in indicator Plug-in indicator the system backplane.
While pulling the board out, pull the spanner on/under the
front panel and the blue indicator lights up. At this time, it is
allowed to pull the board out.
IV. DIP and jumper
2.4.6 ALU
I. Function
The Alarm Unit (ALU) is a front board, and it is installed in slot 17. It performs the
following functions:
Monitoring the fault and in-position of back board
Connecting with the SMU by the differential serial port, reporting the collected
information and accepting the command from SMU to control indicators
Checking the temperature in cabinets and sending related information to the
SMU through differential serial port
Collecting and logically integrating fault detection signals and in-position signals
of four power modules and reporting them as the working status of the power
system to the SMU
Reporting error information and lighting up fault indicator when the temperature
sensor cannot work normally.
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When board J5 and board J7 are
configured with short-circuiting modules,
the serial port is used as RS422 serial
port to connect with the SMU. When
Interface RS232 serial port 1
board J6 and board J7 are configured with
short-circuiting modules, the serial port is
used as RS232 serial port provided on the
front panel.
Power
2W
consumption
III. Indicator
Indicator Status description

Function
position Red Green Off
Failed to
Board running The board is
RUN indicator communicate with Normal running
indicator faulty.
SMU
Back board 0 The board is not in

00 The board is faulty. Normal running
status indicator position.





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Indicator Status description

Function
position Red Green Off

Back Slot power The power module
The power module is
UPWR module status Normal running is not in position
faulty.
indicator (back).
Back Slot power The power module

The power module is
UPWR module status Normal running is not in position
faulty.
indicator (back).
IV. DIP and jumper
2.4.7 UPWR
I. Function
The Secondary Power Unit (UPWR) is a front/back board, providing power supply for
boards in the unit frame.
The UPWR adopts 2+2 backup working mode.

The output currents for these
Voltage Input voltage -36 V – -76 V voltages are 50 A, 40 A, 8 A
and 4 A respectively.
Output voltage 3.353 V, 5 V and ±12 V
Indication interface for

Interface power output failure and 1
power boards in position
Power
30 W
consumption
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Technical Manual
III. Indicator

When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the
FAIL indicator Power fault indicator
power module is in faulty status.
Power normal When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the
RUN indicator
indicator power module works normally.
IV. DIP and jumper
None
2.4.8 SIU
I. Function
The SIU is a back interface board for the SMU, with the following main functions:
Providing the SMU with Ethernet interface. It is configured correspondingly to the
SMU one by one.
Implementing level conversion for two asynchronization serial port signals from
the front board and providing physical interfaces for three asynchronization serial
ports.
Implementing level conversion and physical interface for 8 kHz synchronization
reference clock.
Performing frame ID identification function through setting DIP.
The SIU adopts 1+1 backup working mode.

10/100 Mbps Ethernet
Interface 2 Connected with the HSC
interface
Implements RS485 level conversion for
asynchronization serial port signal from
system boards; provides two physical
RS485 interface 2
interfaces for the asynchronization serial
port to connect with the power
distribution monitoring system.
Power
4W
consumption
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III. Indicator
None
IV. DIP and jumper
S3, an 8-bit DIP, is provided for setting unit frame IDs. The corresponding setting table
is shown in Table 2-13.
Table 2-13 SIU settings and the corresponding frame IDs
Position of DIPFrame ID 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 on on on on on on on on
1 on on on on on on on off
2 on on on on on on off on
3 on on on on on on off off
4 on on on on on off on on
5 on on on on on off on off
6 on on on on on off off on
7 on on on on on off off off
8 on on on on off on on on
9 on on on on off on on off
2.4.9 HSC
I. Function
The HSC is a back board, with the following main functions:

Connecting the shared resource buses in the left half frame and the right half
frame
Controlling board hot-swappability
Switching Ethernet buses in the frame
Controlling board power-on
Providing two pairs of heartbeat detection interfaces for the system
board/hot-swap control unit
Providing a 10/100 Mbps compatible Ethernet connection between the active
system board and the standby one
Providing six FE interfaces for the external
The HSC adopts 1+1 backup working mode.
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10/100 Mbps Ethernet
Interface 6 Provided from the front panel
interface
III. Indicator

When the indicator lights up, it indicates that domain
DOMA Bus domain indicator
A's SMU controls the shared resource bus.
When the indicator lights up, it indicates that domain
DOMB Bus domain indicator
B's SMU controls the shared resource bus.
There are six LINK indicators. The indicator is always

Network interface
LINK on as long as the physical connection is normal;
connection indicator
otherwise it is off.
There are six ACT indicators. When the indicator

blinks, it means some data are being received or
Network interface transmitted. The blinking frequency indicates the
ACT
data traffic indicator volume of data traffic. That it blinks fast means the
data traffic is heavy, otherwise it means the data traffic
is low.
IV. DIP and jumper
None
2.4.10 CKI
I. Function
As a back board, the Clock Interface Unit (CKI) is installed in the basic frame of
integrated configuration cabinet and each occupies two slots: slots 15 and 16, and
slots 13 and 14. It provides levels 2 and 3 standard synchronization clock for system
networking and provides stable and accurate clock signals for the system.
The CKI adopts 1+1 backup working mode.
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Provides the clock signals meeting the
requirements of BELLCORE
Function
GR-1244-CORE level 2 clock and
ITU-T G.812 Type II clock.
Supports the SSM function meeting
ITU-T G.781.
External synchronization clock
interface meets the requirements of
ITU-T G.703 and ITU-T G.704
template.
2 MHz or 2-Mbps
Connected with BITS
Interface clock input 1
Clock
interface
E1 line clock 2 EPI provides the line
1
MHz input clock input
8 kHz clock output
RS422
interface, providing
differential 16
clock source for the
interface
EPIs in various frames
Power
16 W
consumption
III. Indicator

reset or faulty.

Blinking frequency for normal running of active board:
RUN indicator Running indicator 0.5 Hz
0.25 Hz
When the indicator lights up, it indicates the active board
Active/standby is being used.
ACT indicator
status indicator When the indicator lights up, it indicates the standby
board is being used.
IV. DIP and jumper
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2.4.11 EPI
I. Function
The EPI serves as a back board for the WCSU, with the main functions as follows:
Providing narrowband signaling physical interfaces for the WCSU. It is
configured correspondingly to the WCSU one by one
Implementing transfer of system clock and enabling clock synchronization
function in a frame
Working with the front board WCSU to realize switchover between an active
device and a standby device through H.110 bus
Working with the front board WCSU to realize 1+1 backup of E1 data
The EPI adopts 1+1 backup working mode

Used for connecting with narrowband
Interface E1 interface 8
signaling networks
8 kHz system
clock input 2 Used for connecting with the CKI
interface
2 MHz clock input
2 Provides clock extracted by line for the CKI
interface
Power
4W
consumption
III. Indicator

When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the board
FAIL indicator Board fault indicator
is in faulty status.
Board running When the indicator lights up, it indicates that the board
RUN indicator
indicator is in normal status.
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IV. DIP and jumper
DIP Function DIP choice

Trunk cable
S1 75 ohm coaxial cable: eight bits of DIP being all ON
selecting DIP
125 ohm twisted pair: eight bits of DIP being all OFF
For 75 ohm coaxial cable, the non-balanced connection
S2 (receiving) Connection mode mode is adopted, which is that the sending end is
S3 (transmitting) selecting DIP grounded but the receiving end is not grounded. The
eight bits of S2 and S3 are all ON.
For 120 ohm twisted pair, the balanced connection mode
that the sending end is not grounded and the receiving
end is also not grounded is usually adopted. The eight
bits of S2 and S3 are all OFF.
Board hardware
S4
reset DIP
Used for debugging
S5
and testing
2.4.12 BFI
I. Function
The BFI is a back interface board for the IFM, processing the messages of IP physical
layer to implement the external physical interface for the IFM. It is configured
correspondingly to the IFM one by one.
The BFI adopts 1+1 backup working mode.
10/100 Mbps
Interface 1 None
Ethernet interface
Power
4W
consumption
III. Indicator
None
IV. DIP and jumper
None
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2.5 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

The hardware of operation and maintenance subsystem include BAM, WS, ALM, LAN
Switch, and so on.
This section deals with the hardware configuration and technical specification of the
components.
2.5.1 BAM Server
The hardware configuration of BAM Server is shown in Table 2-14.
Table 2-14 Hardware configuration of BAM server.
Component Configuration
CPU Two PIII 1-GHz or higher CPUs

CACHE 512 KB
Memory Four 256-MB memories
FDD One 1.44-MB FDD
CD-ROM 1
Hard disk Two 36-GB hard disks

PCI RAID Card 1
Adaptive network adapter Three 10/100 Mbps adaptive network adapters
2.5.2 Workstation
The hardware configuration of WS is shown in Table 2-15.
Table 2-15 Hardware configuration of WS
Component Configuration
CPU PIV 1.7-GHz or higher

Memory 512 MB
Hard disk 40 GB
FDD 1
CD-ROM 1
Integrated video adapter 1
Integrated network adapter 1
Integrated audio adapter 1
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2.5.3 Alarm Box
The USAU alarm box adopts Huawei common alarm box, namely, the GM12ALMZ
alarm box. For the details about the hardware of alarm box, see Common Alarm Box
User Manual.
2.5.4 LAN Switch
The USAU adapts Quidway 3526 LAN Switch (product of Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.) as the equipment interconnecting the system frames and server, with the
technical specifications shown in Table 2-16.
Table 2-16 LAN Switch technical index
Technical parameter Specification

MAC address 16 K MAC and 16 K IP address table
Buffer size 6 MB
Forwarding mode Store-and-forward
Error tolerance design CPU

Network and flow control L2/L3 switching
Support IEEE 802.3x (full duplex)

Flow control
Back pressure flow control (semi duplex)
VLAN 802.1Q 4K VLANs
Spanning Tree
Category service
Priority IEEE 802.1p

IEEE 802.1d, IEEE 802.1p, IEEE802.1Q, IEEE
Standard supported 802.3u, IEEE 802.3x and RFCHgmpgmp
Specifications
10/100BASE-TX: 100-m class 3, class 4 and class
5 shielded/non-shielded twisted pair
Maximum cable length 100BASE-FX : 2,000 m (meter) of 62.5/1.25 µm
multimode optical fiber
10 µm single-mode optical fiber: 15,000m
UL 1950/CSA22.2-950; IEC 950; EN60950(CE);
Security specification
AS/NZ 3260
FCC Part 15, Subpart J, Class A;

EN55022(CISPR:1993), Class A; VCCI Class A
Electro magnetic compatibility
ITE; C-tick; IEC 1000-4-2; IEC 1000-4-3; IEC
1000-4-4; IEC 1000-4-5
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Technical parameter Specification
10/100BASE-TX: RJ-45
Interface type 100BASE-FX: SC
Console management interface: RJ-45
10/100 Mbps adaptive network interface 24

100BASE-Security specification FX interface 2
Console interface 1
Weight 4 kg
2.6 Typical Configuration

The typical system configuration falls into two cases, that is, broadband signaling
access and narrowband signaling access.
2.6.1 Broadband Signaling Access Configuration
The number of WCCUs and other boards are worked out according to the service
traffic requirement. In case of PPS service, each pairs of WCCUs can process 200
Call Attempts Per Second (CAPS). Call Attempt Per Second (CAPS) indicates the
number of calls processed by SCP every second.
Table 2-17 takes the PPS service as an example to illustrate the typical configuration
of broadband signaling access, including cabinet, frame and board.
Table 2-17 Broadband signaling access configuration
Service Number Number of Number

traffic of basic expansion of WCCU SMU SIU ALU HSC BSG IFM BFI UPWR
(CAPS) frames frames cabinets
600 1 0 1 6 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 4
1400 1 1 1 6+8=14 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 8
4400 2 4 2 14+24+6=44 12 12 6 12 24 4 4 24
7600 2 8 3 44+32=76 20 20 10 20 40 6 6 40
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2.6.2 Narrowband Signaling Access Configuration
The number of WCSUs and other boards are worked out according to the number of
links. Each pair of WCSUs can process two 2-Mbps signaling links or thirty-two
64-Kbps signaling links. One 2-Mbps signaling link equals sixteen 64-Kbps signaling
links.
Table 2-18 illustrates the typical configuration of narrowband signaling access.
Table 2-18 Narrowband signaling access configuration
Number Number of Number

Number of
of basic expansion of WCSU SMU SIU ALU HSC EPI CKI UPWR
links
frames frames cabinets
8 2- Mbps links
or 128 64-Kbps 1 0 1 8 2 2 1 2 8 2 4
links
20 2-Mbps links
or 320 64-Kbps 1 1 1 8+12=20 4 4 2 4 20 2 8
links
68 2-Mbps links
or 1088 1 5 2 8+60=68 12 12 6 12 68 2 24
64-Kbps links
104 2- Mbps
links or 1664 1 8 3 8+96=104 20 20 10 20 104 2 40
64-Kbps links
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Chapter 3 Software System
This chapter describes the USAU software composition, which help reader better
understand the USAU working principle. The software composition and the functions
are related to the system logical structure and no detains are given here.
The USAU software includes two parts, namely, host software and Operation &
Maintenance Center (OMC) software.
3.1 Host Software

The host software contains three parts, namely, system support software, service
software and operation & maintenance software. The main functions of each part are
as follows:
System support software provides the basic support for the system running with
bottom layer functions such as the operating system support, Board Support
Package (BSP), system loading, system start management, system internal unit
communication, equipment management and environment monitoring.
Service software is a software module that implements the basic network
function of USAU, including signaling interface management, signaling
transmission and service processing.
The operation & maintenance software provides for USAU such functions as
configuration management, maintenance test, fault management and log
management. In addition it provides the communication interface with OMC software.
3.2 OMC Software

The OMC software of USAU provides such operation & maintenance functions as
fault management (for example, alarm and maintenance test), configuration
management, performance management, security management, log management
and loading management over the host. It also provides several operation &
maintenance modes, including local maintenance, remote maintenance, and
centralized NM maintenance, improving the system maintainability.
The OMC software includes BAM software, Graphic User Interface (GUI) software
and network management interface software.
The BAM software provides operation, maintenance and management for
equipment.
The GUI software provides graphical operation & maintenance interface.
The NM interface software provides the USAU with the interface management
function to access iManager M2000/I2000/N2000.
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Chapter 4 Interfaces and Protocols
This chapter deals with the external interfaces of USAU and the protocol stack
structure adopted by each interface. Besides, it introduces in brief the protocols
adopted by USAU.
4.1 External Interfaces

The interfaces of USAU to the adjacent network entities are shown in Figure 4-1.
SCU/SMC FAM/
HLR FAM
TCP/IP
USAU
SCP/SMC/HLR
TDM TDM FE FE
SSP/IP STP SoftSwitch SG
Figure 4-1 USAU external interfaces
4.1.1 Interfaces with SCP/SMC/HLR
The interface between USAU and SCU/SMC FAM/HLR FAM adopts the TCP/IP bear
protocol and the application protocol adopts internal protocol.
4.1.2 Interfaces with Signaling Network
The USAU can access narrowband SS7 and IP-based broadband SS7, so the
signaling interface has two types, namely, TDM-based signaling interface and
IP-based signaling interface.
The TDM-based signaling interface adopts E1 physical interface, which can access
64-Kbps signaling link and 2-Mbps signaling link.
The IP-based signaling interface adopts 10/100 Mbps Ethernet FE interface.
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4.2 Interface Protocol Stack

The interface application protocol adopted between USAU and SCP/SMC/HLR is
internal protocol. No description to the protocol stack is given here.
The interface between USAU and signaling network adopts standard protocol. The
protocol stack falls into TDM-based interface protocol stack and IP-based interface
protocol stack.
4.2.1 TDM-based Interface Protocol Stack
The structure of TDM-based interface protocol stack is shown as the shadow part in
Figure 4-2.
ANSI-TCAP ITU-TCAP
ANSI-
ITU-SCCP
SCCP
IP
ANSI-MTP1 ITU-MTP1
MAC
Figure 4-2 TDM-based interface protocol stack
4.2.2 IP-based Interface Protocol Stack
The IP-based protocol stack is shown in Figure 4-3.
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ANSI-TCAP ITU-TCAP
ANSI-SCCP ITU-SCCP
IP
ANSI-MTP1 ITU-MTP1
MAC
Figure 4-3 IP-based interface protocol stack
4.2.3 Signaling Protocol
The USAU signaling protocol system includes such protocols as MTP, IP, SCTP,
M3UA, SCCP and TCAP, with the function described below:
MTP is the traditional SS7 protocol based on TDM, guaranteeing the reliable
transferring of signaling message. It falls into three levels, namely, signaling data
link level (MTP1), signaling link function level (MTP2) and signaling network
function level (MTP3).
The IP is the transmission bottom of broadband SS7, providing connectionless
datagram transmission mechanism. IP protocol is point-to-point protocol and the
critical issue is routing. It provides the same IP datagram to the upper level, thus
eliminating the frame difference to upper level protocol.
The SCTP is traffic control transmission protocol, providing the realtime, reliable
and connection-oriented packet service. In the USAU, SCTP serves as the
signaling bearer for M3UA.
M3UA is IP-based No.7 MTP3 user adaptation layer. It provides the primitive
communication service for the MTP3 users on IP network and TDM network,
realizing the interconnection between TDM SS7 and IP SS7.
The SCCP is a supplementary function level of user part in ITU-T SS7 and
meanwhile it provides a supplementary function for MTP. The SCCP provides
data connectionless and connection-oriented services. The connectionless
service indicates that the user part can transfer signaling messages through
signaling network without establishing signal connection before. In this case, the
data of a user part can be quickly transferred to another user part on the
signaling network. In the IN service and mobile network service, many kinds of
data need to be transferred to the signaling network with this high speed, such as
data about the IN subscriber account query and mobile subscriber authentication.
The connection-oriented service is to transfer the control information between
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SCCPs before the user part transfers data, thus to implement signaling network
maintenance and management.
The TCAP is the interface to the communication network services provided by
ITU-T SS7, such as mobile network service and IN service. The TCAP provides
such session capability as information request and response to these network
services. It is a public specification, unrelated to specific application. The
application part realizes the message transferring through the interface provided
by TCAP. For example, the Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)
implements functions through TCAP such as SCP database registration and
data query, while the Mobile Application Part (MAP) locates the mobile
subscriber through TCAP. In the USAU, TCAP user includes CAMEL Application
Part (CAP), MAP and INAP protocols.
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Chapter 5 Reliability Design
This chapter first summarizes the overall strategy of USAU reliability design, reliability
model and reliability index. Then it details the reliability design adopted by USAU in
the aspects of hardware and software.
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Reliability Design Strategy
The reliability design of USAU system lies in two aspects: hardware reliability design
and software reliability design.
The overall strategy of hardware reliability design:
It adopts hot standby mode, load-sharing mode and redundancy configuration
for system components (including power modules and functional boards).
It improves the reliability design of components, boards and power modules.
The overall strategy of software reliability design:
It reduces the defects of software and optimizes the protection performance of
the system software.
It optimizes the error-tolerance design, which improves the error-tolerance
capability of system software.
It adopts sophisticated system fault detection and isolation technologies,
improving the maintainability of the system.
It employs various data operations and storing protection measures to ensure
the reliability of data storage.
It supports the signaling congestion control, avoiding the system breakdown due
to overload.
5.1.2 Reliability Model
The USAU reliability model described in this section is based on the pure
broadband/narrowband typical configuration of basic frame, which is applicable for
expansion frame.
I. Reliability model in case of pure broadband typical configuration:
The front and back views of the typical configuration of USAU pure broadband basic
frame are shown in Tables 2-4 and 2-5 respectively. The relevant board configuration
correspondence is shown in Tables 5-1.
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Table 5-1 Board configuration correspondence in the typical configuration of USAU pure broadband
basic frame
Board Quantity Remark

WCCU 6 1+1backup
BSG 2 1+1 backup

IFM 4 1+1 backup
BFI 4 1+1 backup
SMU 2 1+1 backup

SIU 2 1+1 backup
HSC 2 1+1 backup

ALU 1 No backup
UPWR 4 2+2 backup and load-sharing
According to Table 5-1, you can get the reliability model of USAU pure broadband
configuration, as shown in Figure 5-1.
WCCU WCCU WCCU BSG SMU IFM IFM
WCCU WCCU WCCU BSG SMU IFM IFM
UPWR UPWR SIU HSC BFI BFI
UPWR UPWR SIU HSC BFI BFI
Figure 5-1 Reliability model in case of USAU pure broadband typical configuration
II. Reliability model in case of pure narrowband typical configuration:
The front and back views of the typical configuration of USAU pure narrowband basic
frame are shown in Tables 2-6 and 2-7 respectively. The relevant board configuration
correspondence is shown in Tables 5-2.
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Table 5-2 Board configuration correspondence in the USAU basic frame
Board Quantity Remark

WCSU 8 1+1 backup
EPI 8 1+1 backup

SMU 2 1+1 backup
SIU 2 1+1 backup
HSC 2 1+1 backup

CKI 2 1+1 backup
ALU 1 No backup
UPWR 4 2+2 backup and load-sharing
According to Table 5-2, you can get the reliability model of USAU pure narrowband
configuration, as shown in Figure 5-2.
WCSU WCSU WCSU WCSU SMU UPWR UPWR
WCSU WCSU WCSU WCSU SMU UPWR UPWR
EPI EPI EPI EPI HSC SIU CKI
EPI EPI EPI EPI HSC SIU CKI
Figure 5-2 Reliability model in case of USAU pure narrowband typical configuration
5.1.3 Reliability Specifications
Table 5-3 lists the reliability specifications of USAU equipment.
Table 5-3 Reliability specifications of USAU equipment
Parameter Specification
Repair rate 0.3%

Usability A 99.99983%
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 53 years

Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) 48 minutes
Downtime 0.89 minutes/year
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Note:
MTBF is the reciprocal of fault ratio, that is, MTBF = 1/fault ratio.
Usability A = MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR)
Downtime = 525600 × (1– A) mins/yr
5.2 Hardware Reliability Design

The USAU hardware adopts such reliability design methods as hot standby mode,
load-sharing mode and redundancy configuration for system components (including
power modules and functional boards), guaranteeing the reliable running of the
system.
For details about the methods adopted for the components, see Section 5.1.2,
“Reliability Model.”
5.2.1 Board-level Hot Standby Mode
The board-level hot standby mode is the most widely adopted reliability design in
communication equipment.
In the USAU products, the significant boards and physical channels are in the 1+1
backup or n+1 backup. For example, the significant boards, SMU, IFM, BSG, CCU,
HSC and EPI, are in 1+1 backup; the 100 Mbps Ethernet interface provided by the
system for the external are distributed on the back boards of two active/standby IFM
boards, namely, in 1+1 backup mode.
The active/standby configuration enhances the reliability of system running. When the
active component gets faulty, the USAU can smoothly switch over to the active one
through the switchover mechanism, thus to guarantee the normal operation of
services.
5.2.2 Mutual-aid Working Mode
The mutual-aid work is also called load sharing. In this working mode, two or more
hardware units bear the relevant functions in normal operation. When one hardware
unit gets faulty, the other units fulfill the task of the faulty unit in the precondition of
guaranteeing a certain performance index, for example, call loss.
Each pair of BSGs on the USAU are in active/standby mode, but the two BSGs work
in the load-sharing mode.
In the internal communication, the physical communication paths between two
USAUs also work in the load-sharing mode. Normally, the internal communication
traffic of system is distributed on each path averagely. Once one physical path
becomes abnormal, the system will shift its traffic to other paths.
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The load-sharing mode makes the best of the system physical performance in normal
operation and guarantees the normal operation of system when abnormity occurs.
The specific load-sharing method is worked out by the algorithm provided by system.
5.2.3 Power Reliability Design
The USAU power can adopt the following reliability designs:

Protection of power supply against over current and over voltage, automatic
adjustment and protection of internal temperature for power supply, and
independent power protection device
Distributed power supply scheme and high frequency DC/DC secondary power
supply for frame or functional module, which is highly efficient and reliable
N+1 backup design
Power-on/Power-off protection for board, avoiding the effect of instant current.
5.2.4 Component Optimization Design
Besides the system-level reliability design methods, including backup, load-sharing

and redundancy configuration, adopted for board, power, and so on, the USAU
components also adopt optimization design to further improve the system reliability.
I. Derating design
This design aims at the weak part. It makes the components composing the electronic
equipment bear the stress (power stress and thermo stress) less than the designed
rating value, so as to improve the reliability by retarding the parameter degradation
and increasing the work life. The derating design includes the derating to power stress
and thermo stress.
II. Component selection, control and normalization
The selection and use of components are critical for component reliability. The
component type, model and manufacturer are selected according to the product
reliability requirement for USAU. The replaceability and normalization of component
are very significant in the selection. The number of components can be reduced by
component normalization and reliability module analysis, thus to improve the system
reliability.
III. Protection against over current and over voltage
Both board +5V/-48V power input and external interface (for example, E1 interface)
adopt the protection against over current and over voltage, with the measure meeting
the ITU-I G703 Appendix B and the relevant specifications.
IV. Electro magnetic compatibility design
The USAU component adopts the necessary electro magnetic design.
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The electro magnetic design guarantees that the restricted degradation will not occur
to the equipment due to the electro magnetic emission from other equipment in the
same electro magnetic environment and such degradation will not occur to other
equipment, branch system and system either due to the equipment itself.
5.3 Software Reliability Design

The USAU software reliability design lies in protection performance, error-tolerance
capability, system fault detection/isolation technology, data operation/storage
protection measure, signaling processing capability and signaling congestion control.
5.3.1 Protection Performance
The key of improving the system protection performance is to reduce the software
defects. The USAU system has restrict software development specifications in the
product demand analysis, system design and test, thus to ensure the development
standardization and software reliability, and to reduce software defects.
5.3.2 Error-tolerance Capability
The software error-tolerance capability refers to the self-healing capability of the

system. That is, when an error occurs to he system, the system can monitor and
process it in time, thus to avoid the deterioration or even breakdown to the system.
The error-tolerance capability of the USAU system software lies in:
I. Scheduled check for key resources
The long-time occupation check mechanism is adopted for the software resources in
the system. If the resource hanging occurs due to software abnormity, the check
mechanism can ensure the hung resource release and the output of logs and alarms.
II. Backup switchover mechanism
In case of serious fault, the system resets the related USAU components and starts
the switchover mechanism. After the restart, the system can output the reset reason,
print and output the relevant materials. The system cannot interrupt over 30 seconds
in case of low-level reloading and it cannot interrupt over 3 minutes in case of
highest-level reloading.
III. Task monitoring
During the software running, there is an output channel for various internal errors of
software and partial hardware errors, that is, monitoring process. The monitoring
process can monitor the task running status, process the abnormity of system and
report it to the external.
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IV. Alarm processing mechanism
The USAU provides various alarm processing mechanisms. One is built-in mode,
which guarantees the system status and timely fault alarming with indicators on the
panel and buzzer. The other is centralized alarming mode, which generates alarms to
user in a centralized way through the local operation and maintenance subsystem, in
this way the user can process alarms in time with the operation terminal.
V. Data check
This operation is conducted at the scheduled time or driven by events to check the
data consistency between FAM and BAM. It can restore the data consistency in a
selective way and output the logs and alarms at the same time.
VI. Operation log information saving
The system records the operations conducted in a certain period and stores the
records into the system operation log. For the unknown errors, you can locate the
problems through the operation log or restore the data operation to the normal status.
5.3.3 Data Security
The USAU provides strict data protection mechanism, including:

The boards with data configured are provided with strict realtime software
backup function. If the active board crashes, the standby one becomes active
and the board program and data on it take effect at once.
The important system configuration data are backed up in the FLASH memory.
When restarting, the system can get the backup data from the FLASH memory to
quickly start.
The BAM uses SQL Server to store the data. The BAM database adopts
hierarchical management authorities for operators, and meanwhile it provides
reliable automatic scheduled backup function (the backup can be conducted
manually).
During the process of carrying out the MML command, the system checks the
consistency and dependency of data in the data tables to guarantee the legality
of the data.
The BAM conducts the CRC to the foreground host data periodically. If the BAM
detects that the data between FAM and BAM are inconsistent, it will
automatically initiate data setting procedure to the FAM. If the data sending fails
for several stipulated times, the system will generate an alarm to prompt the
operator to restore data as soon as possible.
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5.3.4 Operation Security
The USAU guarantees high security for system operation, including:

It implements hierarchical management for the operator and maintenance
console authorities. In the USAU operation and maintenance system, only after
both operator's authority and maintenance console authority meet requirement
can an MML command be carried out.
All important operations are recorded in the operation log, which facilitates the
locating and tracing to the historical operation.
It provides proper prompts and alarms to prevent the operator from
misoperation.
It checks for the legality of the configuration by operator. The illegal configuration
may fail.
The operation and maintenance terminal provides lock function. If the terminal
has no operation for a long time, the system will automatically lock it to prevent
unauthorized people from operating it.
5.3.5 Broadband Transmission Protocol Processing
The USAU adopts active/standby mode and load-sharing mode for the broadband
transmission protocol processing.
The USAU accesses the IP network through the FE interface provided by the
IFM board. The system can be configured with several pairs of IFM boards to
share the load of FE interface. The IP can bear SCTP.
SCTIP over IP provides multi-home function. Once SCTP connection can use
two local IP addresses and remote IP addresses to realize the backup of
endpoint IP address. If the active endpoint IP address is unavailable, the standby
endpoint IP address can be used to keep the normal SCTP connection.
Several SCTP connections can adopt active/standby mode or load-sharing
mode. Once a connection gets faulty, the signaling can be switched over to other
connection.
The M3UA over SCTP also provides signaling route load-sharing function. One
destination signaling point can be connected by several signaling routes.
5.3.6 Signaling Congestion Control
The USAU supports SS7 congestion control function, including MTP2 congestion
processing, MTP3 congestion processing and SCCP congestion processing.
The congestion processing procedures of the three protocol layers are similar. The
following takes the SCCP congestion processing as an example:
1) When SCCP receives MTP-Status (congestion) primitive message, it sets the
congestion status of the signaling point.
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2) At the congestion, the SCCP must reduce the messages sent to MTP according
a certain rule.
3) When the user message is refused by SCCP due to SCCP congestion, the
SSCP needs to return the message to user through TCAP.
4) When Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP) operation is refused due to
the SCCP congestion, all components of the sessions of the TCAP component
will be refused.
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Chapter 6 Operation and Maintenance
The USAU has powerful operation and maintenance functions. This chapter details
the USAU operation and maintenance functions in such aspects as authority
management, data storage management, data operation management, alarm
management, performance measurement, software patch management and remote
maintenance.
6.1 Authority Management

The USAU operation and maintenance subsystem is a multiuser system. To ensure
safe and convenient usage of the system, different operators and workstations are
assigned with different levels of authorities.
In the operation and maintenance subsystem, only after both operator and
workstation have the proper authorities, can the system carry out the corresponding
command.
This authority management mode features that a user cannot perform all operations
on all workstations even though he is a superuser. Usually, workstations are
geographically distributed; therefore, this mechanism can provide centralized control
for important commands based on decentralized management, thus ensuring system
safety without the loss of flexibility.
6.1.1 Command Group
Command group is a basic unit of authority setting. One command may belong to one
or more command groups. When an operator or workstation has the authority of the
command group, he has the authority to carry out all commands contained in this
group on this workstation.
There are 66 command groups in the USAU OMC System, namely, G_0–G_63, and
two special command groups, G_SYS and G_GUEST. The superuser and the user
GUEST respectively own the two special command groups. G_0 to G_9 are ten
preset command groups, to which most commands of the system have been
allocated according to their different functions. Each command group contains a large
number of commands, and the operators belonging to this command group all have
the authority to carry out these commands. However, the commands related to
authority and login cannot be allocated to the 64 command groups from G_0 to G_63,
and only the superuser of the system has the authority for these commands. The user
with the authority of the G_SYS command group is called superuser. Similarly, the
workstation with the authority of the G_SYS command group is called
super-workstation. In the system, there may be multiple super-workstations, but there
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should be only one superuser. The default name of superuser is set during system
installation, and it cannot be modified. The superuser can set his password only.
Super-workstation can be set during system installation or by superuser authorizing
the workstation with G_SYS command group with the Add WS command. This allows
superuser to control the whole system on any super-workstation, thus facilitating
system management. All operations related to authority management, such as
modifying user/workstation authority, modifying commands in command group and
modifying user login time can be done only by the superuser. This ensures the
centralized management of users by the superuser and prevents confusion of
authority management.
Contrary to G_SYS, G-GUEST is the command group of the lowest authority. The
operator or workstation only authorized with G_GUEST command group can carry out
five commands related to user or workstation itself.
6.1.2 Workstation Management
A workstation refers to the computer currently used by an operator when sending

commands. If a workstation has not been registered, it can only be used as a
workstation of G_GUEST level. In this case, only the commands of this level can be
carried out. By default, BAM is a super-workstation (that is, a workstation owning
G_SYS command group).
Workstation management includes adding/deleting workstation, setting/querying
workstation information, and setting workstation alarm output switch. Only the super
user of the system can perform management of adding/deleting workstation and
setting workstation information.
6.1.3 User Account Management
The USAU OMC system uses ID, rather than user name, to uniquely identify a user. A
new user account may has the same name and attributes with a deleted account,
whose authority will not be passed to the new user with the same name. This
eliminates the possibility of using invalid or deleted account to log in to the system.
Besides, user password is stored in the database after encryption. Its security can be
ensured by the security mechanism of the database and password encryption
algorithm, thus effectively preventing attack to user password.
6.1.4 Login Time
The USAU OMC system can be configured to allow operators to log in to the system
only in specified period. An operator can execute the commands contained in
authorized command group only when he logs in to the system at allotted time.
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6.2 Data Storage Management

The USAU system data mainly fall into BAM database data and host system data.
6.2.1 Storage of BAM Database Data
The BAM uses SQL Server to store the data. Through the BAM data management
program, hierarchical management for database operation authorities of operators
can be realized.
The BAM data can be backed up automatically and periodically. When some
important data are modified, manual backup also can be performed.
6.2.2 Storage of Host System Data
The host system data refer to the data on boards. The USAU boards are classified
into two types: data backup in FLASH memory and no data backup in FLASH
memory.
1) Boards with data backup on FLASH
SMU and WCCU/WCSU belong to this type.
After the data are loaded to the BIOS successfully, it will automatically back up data
into Flash memory. When the system is powered on, according to the BAM soft switch
it can be chosen to reload data from the BAM or directly read system data from the
Flash memory on this board.
When the BAM carries out data setting, the active board's backup program module
will automatically back up the changed static data to the active board's Flash memory
or standby board's memory database. Moreover, the standby board's backup
program will automatically synchronize its changed memory database to its Flash
memory.
2) Boards without data backup on FLASH
Some boards can bear large volume of data, for example, the BSG board stores the
relevant data of all gateways, and its data volume is much larger than that of the
FLASH memory provided by board. This board has no backup of system configuration
data on FLASH. The board needs to be loaded with data from BAM each time of start.
When the data are set for the host system, the data are set for both active and standby
boards simultaneously and it is unnecessary to load the data to the standby board
from the active one.
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6.3 Data Operation Management

6.3.1 Common Data Operation Procedure
The common data operation procedure is shown below:

The operator performs data operation through MML on workstations.
The MML service on BAM analyzes the command, configures the management
service, stores the modified data into the BAM database and converts the format.
The Exchange service program on BAM sends the converted data to the host
data management system.
This system will update the data of service modules to guarantee the data
security.
The data files sent to the host include DB_?.DAT, where ? indicates module number
(that is 2–252), and different service processing modules are loaded with different
data files.
6.3.2 Data Operation Management Functions
Functions about data operation management include data format conversion, data
setting, CRC, data backup, and automatic format setting.
I. Data format conversion
Data format conversion means that the BAM converts the format of Operation &
Maintenance-oriented data received from workstation to the data that can be
processed by Service Processing Module. The operator can convert some or all
modified data as required. Only after conversion can data be loaded to Service
Processing Module. This operation is needed in the following three cases:
The operator forces to regenerate data file.
While executing the commands to add, delete and modify data from the MML,
the data management console will automatically start format conversion to
update data file.
After receiving the format conversion command from the performance
measurement console, the BAM will perform format conversion and write the
converted data to the data file of the corresponding module.
II. Data sending
Data sending is to send the data with the format converted from the BAM to the
corresponding modules of the host.
After the data in the BAM are modified, data sending should be implemented. The
time of data sending is related to the connection status between the BAM and host,
and the formatting switch. When the BAM is connected with the host, data sending will
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be automatically conducted once the data in the BAM are modified. Otherwise, data
sending will not be automatically implemented until they are connected.
Data sending operation will be enabled in two cases:
The BAM will automatically perform the data sending operation after the
commands for adding, deleting and modifying data are carried out.
It is realized by means of directly issuing the data sending command, which is a
forced sending operation.
All data sets come from data files. The data management console supports multiple
clients to perform configuration operations simultaneously. In addition, operators can
send some or all data to the specified modules depending upon the requirements (For
example, when data setting times out or CRC proves that data are inconsistent).
III. CRC
To ensure the consistency of data in the BAM (background) and the host system, the
USAU operation and maintenance system enables the CRC function to check the
consistency of BAM data and host data.
CRC procedure
1) The BAM initiates check request to host data periodically (the data check is
conducted in single data table form).
2) The CRC is to check for the consistency between the data tables of the BAM
database and those of the host system.
3) When the BAM detects any inconsistency, it will initiate data sending request to
the host system.
4) If the times of data sending failure exceeds the limit, the BAM will generate alarm
automatically. At this time, operators could make data consistent by sending or
loading data.
IV. Data backup
To ensure the security of data, the system provides the function to back up BAM,
registry files and configuration files to the specified directory. In case of system failure,
the operator can restore the system by using the backup database files and
configuration files. Data backup can be implemented in two ways:
Automatic backup
The system data are backed up when the traffic is relatively low. When the system is
carrying out the backup command, it will not accept any service command request.
Manual backup
There are two ways to manually back up system data. One way is to implement
backup with the MML commands and the other is to use the database management
utility to back up database directly.
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V. Automatic format conversion during BAM restart
There may be unfinished data format conversion and data sending tasks when the
BAM is shut down improperly (for example, power failure). When the BAM restarts,
the system will check if there are any unfinished tasks and will automatically continue
these tasks.
6.4 Alarm Management

The USAU alarm management system can detect and report the equipment fault or
abnormity in real time, generate audio/visual alarm through ALM, display the alarm
information on the alarm terminal and give the alarm processing suggestion for the
maintenance personnel to process the problem quickly.
6.4.1 Alarm Management System Architecture
The alarm management system mainly consists of the fault detection subsystem and
alarm generation subsystem.
I. Fault detection subsystem
It monitors the operating status of devices through various ways such as hardware
detection and software detection, and reports fault information in time.
Hardware detection is implemented by each board, with the following contents:
Operating status of this board (normal/abnormal; active/standby)
(Multi-)frame synchronization/loss of synchronization
Remote fault
Clock status
Channel fault
Online/offline
The software detection can find logical errors that cannot be detected through
hardware detection, and its contents mainly include:
Self-loop test for board
CRC
Frame format check
Memory check
Data consistency check
II. Alarm generation subsystem
The subsystem collects fault information and handles it, then generates detailed
alarm information in various tables accordingly and displays it to the alarm terminal to
alert the maintenance engineers.
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The alarm generation subsystem includes OMC module, Exchange module, host
device module, alarm server (including alarm application module, alarm processing
module and DB), MML server, alarm GUI, and alarm box. The structure of alarm
generation subsystem is illustrated in Figure 6-1.
Alarm server
OMC module Alarm Client
Alarm application MML server

module
Exchange module MML Client
Alarm processing
module
Equipment
Alarm box
module
DB
Figure 6-1 Architecture of alarm generation subsystem
The alarm generation subsystem can process two kinds of alarm:

Alarms from the OMC modules, called internal alarms
Alarms from the host device modules, called device alarms
The internal alarms provide ways to detect the internal faults of operation and
maintenance subsystem and the device alarms help to locate faults at the equipment.
The internal alarms are sent directly to the alarm server, while the device alarms are
sent to the alarm server through the Exchange module.
The alarm server consists of two parts, the alarm application module and alarm
processing module. The procedure of processing alarm server is as follows:
1) The alarm application module receives the source alarms and transfers them to
alarm processing module.
2) The alarm processing module performs various legality checks, for example,
repeated alarm check and information check, and then it updates the database.
3) After the database is updated, the alarm information is sent back to the alarm
application module.
4) The alarm application module reports the alarm information to MML WS, alarm
GUI and alarm box through the MML server.
6.4.2 Alarm Reporting Path
I. Hardware alarm reporting path
All the USAU boards are intelligent. They can monitor the status, running conditions
and external interfaces, indicate operating status through indicator, and report
abnormities to superior devices.
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Figure 6-2 illustrates the USAU hardware alarm report path, which takes broadband
signaling access as an example.
BAM
LAN
S
M
U
Shared
resource bus
W
B I
C
S F
C
G M
U
H LAN S Basic frame 0 S LAN H

S M M S
C U U C
Shared
resource bus ...... Shared
resource bus
W W
B I B I
C C
S F S F
C C
G M G M
U U
Expansion frame 1 Expansion frame 9
Figure 6-2 Hardware Alarm Reporting Path
The alarm reporting paths of USAU basic frame and expansion frame are different.
1) Alarm reporting path of basic frame
Alarm reporting path of the front board of basic frame (except ALU and UPWR):
After collecting the alarm information of front board through shared resource bus,
the SMU reports the alarm to BAM through Ethernet.
Alarm reporting path of the back board of basic frame: The statuses of the back
boards (HSC, SIU and BFI) without processor are collected by the corresponding
front boards and reported to SMU through shared resource bus; the statuses of
the back boards (EPI and CKI) with processor are directly reported to SMU
through the serial port bus of backplane. After receiving the information of back
board, the SMU reports it to BAM through Ethernet and meanwhile it delivers the
information to ALU through serial port bus. The ALU drives the indicators on the
backplane to indicate the work status of back boards.
Alarm reporting path of the power board of basic frame: The ALU collects the
status signals of the power modules through backplane and drives the indicators
on the corresponding panel to indicate the status of the power module.
Meanwhile, the ALU reports the power module status information to the SMU
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through the serial port bus, and the SMU generates alarm to BAM through
Ethernet.
Note:
The board statuses indicated by ALU include Unplugged, Normal and Faulty.
The ALU indicators do not display the status of the two front UPWR boards but that of the two back
UPWR boards.
2) Alarm reporting path of expansion frame

Alarm reporting path of the front board (except ALU and UPWR) of expansion
frame: After the SMU of expansion frame collects the alarm information of its
front board through shared resource bus, it sends the alarm information to the
SMU of basic frame through expansion frame HSC, LAN Switch, basic frame
HSC and shared resource bus of basic frame. Then, the SMU of basic frame
generates alarm to BAM through Ethernet.
Alarm reporting path of the back board of expansion frame: The statuses of the
back boards (HSC, SIU and BAI) without processor in the expansion frame are
collected by the corresponding front boards and reported to the SMU of the
frame through shared resource bus; the statuses of the back boards (EPI and
CKI) with processor in the expansion frame are directly reported to SMU of the
expansion frame through the serial port bus of backplane. The SMU of the
expansion frame deliveries the status information of back boards to the ALU of
this frame through serial port bus. The indicators on the backplane of the
expansion frame ALU indicate the statuses of board, including Unplugged,
Normal and Faulty. Meanwhile, the SMU of expansion frame sends the alarm
information to that of the basic frame through expansion frame HSC, LAN Switch,
basic frame HSC and shared resource bus of basic frame. Then, the SMU of the
basic frame reports the alarm information to BAM through Ethernet.
Alarm reporting path of the power board of expansion frame: The ALU of
expansion frame collects the status signals of the power modules of expansion
frame through backplane and drives the indicators on the corresponding
backplane to indicate the status of the power module. Meanwhile, the ALU
reports the power module status information to the SMU of expansion frame
through the serial port bus. Then, the SMU of expansion frame sends the alarm
information to that of the basic frame through expansion frame HSC, LAN Switch,
basic frame HSC and shared resource bus of basic frame. Then, the SMU of the
basic frame reports the alarm information to BAM through Ethernet.
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II. Software alarm reporting path
Software alarm information includes the information of incoordination of signaling

procedure between local exchange and peer exchange, circuit status change due to
operation on peer exchange, service processing failure information, CPU overload
information.
Both host software and OMC software can generate software alarm information.
Alarms generated by host software modules (such as signaling processing module
and call control module.) are sent to alarm module, which will forward them to the
BAM alarm service module. Alarms generated by the BAM are processed directly by
the BAM alarm service module.
6.4.3 Alarm Category
I. Alarm levels
According to the severity, the USAU alarms are classified into the following four
levels:
Critical alarm: refers to the system-featured alarms on fault and event that may
make the system down, such as the faults on SMU, HSC and clock unit.
Major alarm: refers to the alarms on fault and event, which may affect the
board/line in a certain area, such as interface board fault and communication link
fault.
Minor alarm: refers to the alarms on ordinary fault and event that describe the
working state of boards or lines, such as board reset and PCM alarm.
Warning alarm: refers to the warnings that will not affect system performance,
such as switchover alarm.
II. Alarm types
According to the alarm property, the USAU alarms are classified into three types:
Fault alarm: refers to the alarm generated due to hardware equipment fault or
abnormity in some important functions.
Recovery alarm: refers to the alarm generated when the faulty equipment or
abnormal function recovers to normal. It is in one-to-one correspondence to the
fault alarm.
Event alarm: refers to the prompts or fault alarms that do not have corresponding
recovery alarms.
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6.5 Performance Measurement

The performance measurement is called traffic statistics or traffic measurement,
which aims at the objects related to traffic and system running such as trunk, signaling
and equipment host. The measurement result can be used in network management
and optimization for improving network performance.
6.5.1 Basic Concepts
The performance statistics includes three basic elements: measurement specification,

measurement object and measurement time.
Measurement specification: It refers to the values collected for a certain
measurement, such as the times of call attempts and outgoing call attempts. The
measurement specification is also called measurement body.
Measurement object: refers to the physical or logic entity involved in the
performance measurement, such as the exchange system, a circuit group, a cell,
an office direction, and a destination.
Measurement time: refers to the time elements involved in performance
measurement, such as measurement start time and end time.
6.5.2 USAU Performance Measurement System Structure
The USAU performance measurement system structure is shown in Figure 6-3.
Response processing module

Receiving module
Response signal
Response frame
Distribution module Service processing module Transmitting module
Command
and result frame
Figure 6-3 Structure of performance measurement module
The USAU performance measurement module falls into the five functional
submodules:
Receiving Module: reads the received data and notifies the distribution module
that there are frames in the buffer list.
Distribution Module: gets the frames from the buffer list, and distributes them
according to the frame sources and frame types.
Service Processing Module: executes the corresponding service functions
according to the data frames received.
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Response Processing Module: searches for the waiting task. If the

corresponding task exists, it will add the response frame to the corresponding
buffer list and then tell the corresponding waiting task to receive the response
frame.
Transmitting Module: gets the frames from the buffer list and sends them to the
shared memory.
6.5.3 Measurement Function Types Supported
To find the needed measurement specification quickly, and enable the convenient and
effective operations of performance measurement, the performance measurement
specifications are classified according to measurement purposes. The measurement
specifications for the same measurement purpose form one measurement unit, and
several measurement units with similar measurement purposes form a measurement
function type. The task registration of the performance measurement system is
organized according to measurement function types.
The USAU performance measurement system includes such types of statistic
function as global component measurement and signaling and interface task
measurement.
6.5.4 Main Features
I. Support for flexible measurement specification operation
Support for free combination of measurement specifications: The operator can

select any measurement specifications of the same measurement function type
for the same measurement object, and register them in the same measurement
task.
Support for customized measurement specifications: On the basis of the
measurement specifications provided by the host, the operator can define
measurement specifications by means of mathematical expressions. The
operation numbers of the mathematical expressions can be constant values,
measurement period, or measurement specifications provided by the Host.
II. Support for flexible measurement object selection
When selecting measurement object, the operator can select All or Object 1 or
Object 2, thus facilitating flexible task management.
III. Support for flexible measurement time setting, and realtime measurement
feature
Supporting 3 time segments in a day. Measurement period can be defined by

day, week or month, with the range of 1 to 100 days. For example, one
measurement task set is executed at 9:00–11:00, 13:00–16:00 and 20:00–21:00
on Saturdays and Sundays.
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Supporting the measurement period from 1 minute to 24 hours.

After measurement tasks are registered, their measurement periods can be
modified.
IV. Other functions and features
Support for realtime measurement: For both call times and traffic, the realtime
scanning method on meter and traffic is adopted to enable the realtime
measurement of call times and traffic. Scanning accuracy of 1 millisecond and 1
second for traffic measurement ensures the correctness of measurement.
Support for data dictionary function. Measurement types, measurement entities
and measurement objects are described in the data dictionary, thus ensuring
maintainability and scalability.
By means of the re-registration mechanism, tasks will not be lost during
switchover or reloading operations. All re-registration processes are transparent
to the operator.
Self-healing mechanism is available. For example, if the equipment time
changes greatly, it can make relative recovery after self-check to avoid the
suspension of tasks.
Support for measurement task activating and deactivating.
6.6 Software Patch

The USAU provides online software patch function. The maintenance personnel can
install the software patch online as required to restore the corresponding host
software without influencing the normal service running. The usage of software patch
avoids frequently upgrading the host software.
6.6.1 Basic Concepts
Basic concepts
Patch: A segment of executive codes used to correct the software defects in the
system.
Patch No.: For each software defect, there is a patch. It is allocated with a serial
number, ranging from 1 to 200.
Patch area: A space in the system memory reserved specially for patches.
General patch: A patch used to solve the problems common to all offices using
the same basic version.
Special patch: A patch used to solve the problems specific to certain offices.
Patch file: All patch files for the same basic version.
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6.6.2 Architecture
The USAU software patch system includes three parts: patch creation tools, BAM
patch management module and host patch management module.
I. Patch creation tools
The patch creation tools are used to organize one or more patches to create a patch
file for a certain software version. The creation of patch file is completed offline.
II. BAM patch management module
The BAM patch management module is a part of BAM software. Its main functions
include:
Providing operators with command interface for managing and maintaining
patches
Maintaining module patch configuration table and module patch status table to
keep them consistent with those in host devices according to related patch
operation commands of the operator and returned information from devices.
Sending patch file to foreground patch management module
Creating corresponding patch report file
Providing function of checking patch status
III. Foreground patch management module
The foreground patch management module is a part of host software. Its main
functions include:
Maintaining module patch status table to keep it consistent with that in the BAM
Receiving patch file, and sending them to patch area after processing
Writing patch file to flash memory of the corresponding board
Restoring patch after system restart
Managing the patches of active and standby boards.
6.6.3 Main Features
I. A software patch based on a certain software version
The USAU software patch system adopts the principle of basic version plus patch.
That is, any patch has a basic version, which is only applicable to a certain basic
version.
II. Multiple patches composing a patch file
A patch file includes all the patches that have been patched for the same basic
version. The USAU patch is released in the form of patch file. The patch explanation
file is released with patch file. The patch explanation file describes the detailed
information of each patch, for example, the problems to be solved by this patch file.
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III. Simple operation
The operator only needs to carry out simple patch operation command on the MML
Client to install the patch online without influencing the normal system running.
Caution:
Because online software patching directly affects the operation of software in the system, only system
administrator can perform such operation.
IV. Self-healing function
In case system abnormity occurs, such as system power failure or restart, the patched
modules in the host can automatically restore to previous patched status without
manual intervention.
6.7 Remote Maintenance

The USAU supports the remote maintenance function by remote dial-up. The system
is configured with remote access server, namely, dial-up server, which provides an
interface for maintenance personnel to access the remote maintenance equipment to
improve the system maintainability.
6.7.1 Basic Principles for Remote Maintenance
The networking of the remote maintenance system of the USAU is shown in Figure
6-4.
Remote maintenance
PSTN terminal
WS
Remote access
server
LAN
BAM WS WS
Figure 6-4 Remote maintenance system networking
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The remote maintenance system of the USAU mainly consists of remote access
server and remote maintenance terminal. The maintenance personnel can connect to
the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) by Modem with the remote
maintenance terminal (local computer), and dial up to the remote access server of the
to-be-maintained equipment (usually, the workstation). The maintenance personnel
can perform remote management and maintenance to the equipment on the network
by using the remote access service provided by Windows 2000 on the remote access
server.
6.7.2 Requirements for Hardware and Software Configuration
I. Requirements for hardware configuration
Remote access server

Generally, WS bears this function.
Remote maintenance terminal
It can be an ordinary maintenance client or a portable computer.
II. Requirements for software configuration
Remote access server

It adopts the operating system Windows 2000 Professional (installed with Service
Pack 3 or later), which needs to be installed with Routing and Remote Access
Service.
Remote maintenance terminal
It adopts Windows 2000, Windows NT or Windows 98 and needs to be installed with
dial-up network and USAU Client software. To conduct network management
operation on the remote maintenance terminal, for example, accessing multiple NEs
simultaneously, the network management client software is required.
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Chapter 7 Networking and Application
This chapter describes the networking and application of USAU in the narrowband
signaling system and Next Generation Network (NGN), as well as the networking of
different signaling links.
7.1 Networking in Narrowband Signaling System

The networking of USAU in the narrowband signaling system is illustrated in Figure
7-1.
SCU
TCP/IP
SAU
SCP
No.7
SS7
No.7 No.7 No.7
SSP/IP SSP/IP
... SSP/IP
Figure 7-1 Networking of USAU in narrowband signaling system
From the aspect of network functional entity, the USAU can function as a part of SCP
to bear the signaling access function. SCU is the Service Control Unit of SCP. The
USAU and SCU constitute the SCP network function entity.
The SCP provides No.7 signaling interface with SSP/IP through USAU. The
connection can adopt direct connection mode or quasi-direct connection mode
(transferring signaling through STP) according to the actual signaling networking.
Within the SCP, the USAU and SCU are connected through LAN, adopting the
TCP/IP-based internal communication protocol.
Note:
The USAU can serve as the signaling access unit of HLR and SMC. The location of HLR and SMC is that
of SCU in Figure 7-1. In the actual networking, the USAU is used as the signaling access unit of SCP
usually.
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7.2 Networking in NGN

The NGN is the service-driven network in the next generation, providing open service
structure, meeting the changeable service requirements of user, improving the overall
network competence and realizing the durative development.
The NGN consists of four network layers, namely, marginal access, core switch,
network control and service management. The USAU is the service management
layer in NGN.
The networking of USAU in NGN is illustrated in Figure 7-2.
SCU
TCP/IP
SAU
SCP
No.7/IP
SS7/IP
No.7/IP No.7/IP No.7/IP
Softswitch Softswitch ...

Softswitch
Figure 7-2 Networking of USAU in NGN
The networking of NSAU in the IN part of NGN is similar to that in the narrowband
signaling network. The difference is that the USAU owns the capability of IP network
signaling access besides the TDM signaling access capability.
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7.3 USAU Signaling Networking Mode

With different interface boards, the USAU can support TDM link and IP link
respectively. The TDM link over E1 includes two kinds of links, namely, 64 Kpbs and 2
Mbps. The IP link is TCP/IP link of 10/100 Mpbs.
Typical networking modes cover 2-Mbps link networking mode, 64-Kbps link
networking mode, mixture networking mode of 2-Mbps link and 64-Kpbs link, and
mixture networking mode of 2-Mbps link, 64-Kbps link and TCP/IP.
7.3.1 2-Mbps Link Networking Mode
If all offices connected with USAU adopt 2-Mbps link, the 2-Mbps link networking
mode can be employed.
The networking mode is shown in Figure 7-3.
USAU
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s STP STP
SSP SSP SSP SSP
Figure 7-3 2-Mbps link networking mode
7.3.2 64-Kbps Link Networking Mode
If all offices connected with SAU adopt 64-Kbps link, the 64-Kbps link networking
mode can be employed.
USAU
64Kbit/s 64Kbit/s
64Kbit/s 64Kbit/s STP STP
SSP SSP SSP SSP
Figure 7-4 64-Kbps link networking mode
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7.3.3 Mixture Networking Mode (2-Mbps Link and 64-Kpbs Link)
If the offices connected with SAU adopt two link modes, namely, 2-Mbps link and
64-Kbps link, the mixture networking mode of 2-Mbps link and 64-Kbps link is
employed.
USAU 64Kbit/s
STP4
64Kbit/s
2Mbit/s 2Mbit/s STP3
STP1 STP2
64Kbit/s 2Mbit/s
SSP SSP SSP SSP
Figure 7-5 Mixture networking mode of 2-Mbps link and 64 Kpbs link
7.3.4 Mixture Networking Mode (2-Mbps Link, 64-Kpbs Link and TCP/IP)
When the USAU is interconnected with signaling gateway and USAU soft switch
system, a mixture networking mode of 2-Mbps link, 64-Kpbs link and TCP/IP is
employed.
USAU
SG
64Kbit/s
2Mbit/s
SG
TCP/IP
TCP/IP 2Mbit/s 64Kbit/s
SG
SoftX3000
SoftX3000
SoftX3000
Figure 7-6 Mixture networking mode (2-Mbps link, 64-Kpbs link and TCP/IP)
7.3.5 Mixture Networking Mode (ANSI and ITU-T)
As both ITU-T No.7 MTP/SCCP/TCAP and ANSI No.7 MTP/SCCP/TCAP are

supported, the USAU can adopt the mixture networking of ITU-T SS7 equipment and
ANSI SS7 equipment in the previous networking modes, shown in Figure 7-7.
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USAU ANSI MTP/SCCP/TCAP

SSP/IP
ITU-T MTP/SCCP/TCAP
ITU-T MTP/SCCP
+ANSI TCAP
SSP/IP
STP
Figure 7-7 ANSI/ITU-T mixture networking mode
In this mixture networking, usually the complete set of signaling system conforms to
ANSI signaling specifications or ITU-T signaling specifications. However, some
network operators have special requirements, so in this case some devices adopt
ANSI specifications on the TCAP layer and the rest adopt ITU-T specifications.
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Chapter 8 Performance Specifications
This chapter gives an overall introduction to the USAU performance specifications

from the aspects of integrated equipment specifications, reliability specifications,
physical features, power features, electrical features and environment condition
requirements.
8.1 Performance Specifications for Integrated Equipment

Table 8-1 lists the performance specifications for integrated USAU equipment.
Table 8-1 Performance specifications for integrated USAU equipment
Call processing BHCA 39,000,000

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Internet
Supported bearer networking modes
Protocol (IP)
Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP),

CAMEL Application Part (CAP), Mobile Application
Supported standard signaling protocols
Part (MAP), MTP3 User Adaptation Protocol (M3UA),
and Internet Protocol (IP)
Number of supported signaling points 16

Maximum signaling bandwidth for outgoing
3 ×100 Mbps
calls
Number of supported 64-Kbps signaling links 1664
Number of supported 2-Mbps signaling links 104
8-1
Technical Manual
8.2 Reliability Specifications

Table 8-2 lists the reliability specifications of USAU equipment.
Table 8-2 Reliability specifications of USAU equipment
Repair rate 0.3%
Usability 99.99983%
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 53 years

Mean Time To Recovery (MTTR) 48 minutes
Pause time 0.89 minutes/year
8.3 Physical Features

The USAU physical features mainly refer to the technical parameters adopted by
cabinet, as shown in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3 USAU physical features (B68-22 cabinet)
N68-22 cabinet complying with the International

Cabinet standard
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 297
Width × Depth × Height: 600 mm × 800 mm × 2200

Cabinet dimension
mm
Weight of service integrated cabinet 400kg for full configuration

Weight of service processing cabinet 300 kg for full configuration
Height of available space in cabinet 46 U (1U = 44.45mm)
Leading-out mode of service integrated

Rear leading-out mode
configuration cabinet
Leading-out mode of service processing
Rear leading-out mode
cabinet
8-2
Technical Manual
8.4 Power Features

The USAU adopts -48 V DC power supply, with the allowable fluctuation of voltage
being -57 V through -4 V.
8.5 Electrical Features

The USAU electrical technical data mainly include power consumption data, as
shown in Table 8-4.
Table 8-4 USAU power consumption data
Power consumption Total power

Cabinets Equipment
(W) consumption (W)
Service module
Basic frame +
integrated 480 + 480 = 960 1340
expansion frame
configuration cabinet
Power distribution box 20

Two LAN Switches 2 × 30 = 60
LCD monitor 50
Back Administration
250
Module (BAM)
Service processing
Four expansion frames 4 × 480 = 1920 1940
cabinet
Note:
In view that the internal components in the cabinet are in active/standby mode, and that the equipment
would not work in full load mode, the power consumption of the cabinet is generally less than the total
value in Table 1-3.
8-3
Technical Manual
8.6 Environment Condition Requirement

The USAU environment condition meets the ETSI EUROPEAN ETS 300 019
specifications: equipment engineering -- environmental conditions and environment
test for telecommunications equipment.
According to the specifications of ETSI, the equipment environment condition falls
into running environment, transport environment and storage environment. This
section lists the equipment requirements for temperature, humidity, cleanness,
altitude and air pressure. For other requirements such as density for chemically active
materials and mechanical stress, see ETSI EUROPEAN ETS 300 019 specifications.
I. Temperature and humidity requirements
The temperature and humidity requirements for the USAU are listed in Table 8-5.
Table 8-5 Temperature and humidity requirements
Item Specification
Temperature 5 – 45oC
Long term
Humidity: 5 – 85%
Running environment
Temperature -5 – 55oC
Short term
Temperature and Humidity 5 – 95%
humidity for working
environment Temperature -40 – 70oC
Storage environment
Humidity 10 – 100%
Transport Temperature -40 – 70oC

environment Humidity 5 – 100%
II. Cleanness requirements
The USAU cleanness requirement is listed in Table 8-6.
8-4
Technical Manual
Table 8-6 Cleanness requirements
Item Specifications
Precipitable dust =1.5 mg/m2h
Running environment Suspending dust =0.2 mg/m3
Sand =30 mg/m3
Precipitable dust =20 mg/m2h
Storage environment Suspending dust =5.0 mg/m3
Sand =300 mg/m3
Precipitable dust =3.0 mg/m2h

Transport environment Suspending dust No requirement
Sand =100 mg/m3
III. Altitude and air pressure
The altitude and air pressure requirements for the USAU are listed in Table 8-7.
Table 8-7 Altitude and air pressure requirements
Item Specification
Altitude =5000m
Air pressure 70 – 106kPa
IV. Bearing capability of floor in the equipment room
The bearing capability of USAU equipment room is listed in Table 8-8.
Table 8-8 Bearing capability of floor in the equipment room
Item Specification
Floor bearing capability =600kg/m2
8-5

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TELLIN-USAU Universal Signaling Access Unit Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2 Hardware System......................................................................................................... 2-1

2.4.10 CKI ...................................................................................................................... 2-29

Chapter 3 Software System.......................................................................................................... 3-1

Chapter 4 Interfaces and Protocols............................................................................................. 4-1

Chapter 5 Reliability Design......................................................................................................... 5-1

Chapter 6 Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 Command Group..................................................................................................... 6-1

Chapter 7 Networking and Application ....................................................................................... 7-1

Chapter 8 Performance Specifications ....................................................................................... 8-1

1.1 Network Development and Requirement

1.2 Product Position

SCP: Service Control Point

Figure 1-1 illustrates the application of USAU in two kinds of network.

IP network: The USAU connects SSP/IP/STP through IP network and connects

1.3 Product Characteristics

1.3.2 Supporting Multidevice Access

1.3.3 Open Protocol Interface

ANSI-MTP3 ITU-MTP3 M3UA

ANSI-MTP2 ITU-MTP2 SCTP

Figure 1-2 Structure of USAU signaling protocol stack

1.3.4 High Reliability

1.3.5 Supporting Centralized Network Management

The USAU can be accessed by iManager M2000/N2000/I2000.

1.3.6 Convenient Operation and Maintenance

1.3.7 Smooth Expansion

The USAU supports smooth expansion:

1.3.8 Convenient Upgrade

Chapter 2 Hardware System

SCP TCP/IP TCP/IP

Signaling Signaling bottom Service

The service processing subsystem includes service processing frames and

I. Service processing subsystem

Table 2-1 USAU bus specification and function

Bus Specification Function

All service processing units use Ethernet as the

II. Operation and maintenance subsystem

The operation and maintenance subsystem is the communication bridge between

Service processing subsystem

LANSwitch (Active) TCP/IP LANSwitch (Standby)

ALM WS1 WS2

Figure 2-2 USAU operation and maintenance subsystem

1) BAM Server (BAM)

2.1.2 System Working Flow

Figure 2-3 USAU external interface

I. Flow of processing the TDM interface signaling access

II. Flow of processing the FE interface signaling access

2.1.3 Hardware Structure

2.1.4 Correspondence Between Functional Module and Hardware

The correspondence between USAU functional modules/subsystems and

Table 2-2 Correspondence between functional modules and board/frame/cabinet

The service processing

IFM and BFI are broadband

Signaling lower CPCs pinched

WCCU is basic and expansion

BAM and LAN Switch are

2.2.1 Physical Features

I. N68-22 cabinet dimensions

II. N68-22 cabinet features

2.2.2 Internal Components