Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sharad Srivastava
MBA 2nd Year (2012-2014) - 12810076
Table of Content
Definition, Features and Need of the Microfinance
Evolution of Microfinance in India
Difference between Microcredit vs. Microfinance
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)
Self Help Group (SHG) and Joint Liability Group (JLG)
Channels for Microfinance
Regulatory Framework – Priority Sector Lending, Malegam
Committee Recommendations, Regulators
Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis of 2010
Data about Microfinance India
Microfinance: Definition
“Microfinance is an economic development tool whose
objective is to assist the poor to work their way out of
poverty. It covers a range of services which include, in
addition to the provision of credit, many other services
such as savings, insurance, money transfers,
counselling, etc.” – Reserve Bank of India
Oct 02, 1975 – Prathama bank (first RRB) came into existence.
NBFC-MFIs
NGO-MFIs, Cooperatives and Section 25
Companies
8%
SHG-Bank Linkage
Model
NBFC
34%
58%
Others
Source: RBI
Outstanding Loan Portfolio as on 31-Mar-
2011
SHG-Bank Linkage Model
The SHG-Bank Linkage Model was pioneered by NABARD in 1992.
Under this model, women in a village are encouraged to form a Self
help Group (SHG) and members of the Group regularly contribute
small savings to the Group. These savings which form an ever
growing nucleus are lent by the group to members, and are later
supplemented by loans provided by banks for income-generating
activities and other purposes for sustainable livelihood promotion.
The Group has weekly/monthly meetings at which new savings come
in, and recoveries are made from members towards their loans from
the SHGs, their federations, and banks. NABARD provides
grants, training and capacity building assistance to Self Help
Promoting Institutions (SHPI), which in turn act as facilitators/
intermediaries for the formation and credit linkage of the SHGs.
SHG-Bank Linkage Model
Model 1: In this model, the bank itself acts as a Self Help
Group Promoting institution (SHPI). It takes initiatives in
forming the groups, nurtures them over a period of time
and then provides credit to them after satisfying itself
about their maturity to absorb credit.
SHG-Bank Linkage Model
Model 2: In this model, groups are formed by NGOs (in
most of the cases) or by government agencies. The
groups are nurtured and trained by these agencies. The
bank then provides credit directly to the SHGs, after
observing their operations and maturity to absorb credit.
While the bank provides loans to the groups directly, the
facilitating agencies continue their interactions with the
SHGs. Most linkage experiences begin with this model
with NGOs playing a major role. This model has also
been popular and more acceptable to banks, as some of
the difficult functions of social dynamics are externalized.
SHG-Bank Linkage Model
Model 3: Due to various reasons, banks in some areas
are not in a position to even finance SHGs promoted and
nurtured by other agencies. In such cases, the NGOs act
as both facilitators and micro- finance intermediaries.
First, they promote the groups, nurture and train them
and then approach banks for bulk loans for on-lending to
the SHGs.
Progress of SHG-Bank Linkage Model
450
393.75
400 363.4
350 Amt in Rs. Hundred Crore
312.21
300
250
205.85
200 165.35
145.48
150
100 70.1665.5182.17
50
0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
The NBFC-MFI will hold not less than 85% of its total assets (other than
cash and bank balances and money market instruments) in the form of
qualifying assets.
There are limits of an annual family income of Rs. 50,000 and an individual
ceiling on loans to a single borrower of Rs. 25, 000.
Not less than 75% of the loans given by the MFI should be for income-
generating purposes.
Malegam Committee Recommendations
The Sub-Committee has recommended that bank lending to NBFCs
which qualify as NBFC-MFIs will be entitled to “priority lending”
status. With regard to the interest chargeable to the borrower, the
Sub-Committee has recommended an average “margin cap” of 10
per cent for MFIs having a loan portfolio of Rs. 100 crore and of 12
per cent for smaller MFIs and a cap of 24% for interest on individual
loans. It has also proposed that, in the interest of transparency, an
MFI can levy only three charges, namely,
Processing fee
Interest and
Insurance charge
Malegam Committee Recommendations
The Sub-committee has made a number of recommendations to mitigate the
problems of multiple-lending, over borrowing, ghost borrowers and coercive
methods of recovery. These include:
A borrower can be a member of only one SHG or a Joint Liability Group
JLG.
Not more than two MFIs can lend to a single borrower.
There should be a minimum period of moratorium between the disbursement
of loan and the commencement of recovery.
The tenure of the loan must vary with its amount.
A Credit Information Bureau has to be established.
The primary responsibility for avoidance of coercive methods of recovery
must lie with the MFI and its management.
The Reserve Bank must prepare a draft Customer Protection Code to be
adopted by all MFIs.
There must be grievance redressal procedures and establishment of
ombudsmen.
All MFIs must observe a specified Code of Corporate Governance.
Regulators in Indian Microfinance
The NBFC-MFIs are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India.
The insurance products offered by NBFC-MFIs come under the
purview of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA).
The pension products offered by NBFC-MFIs come under the
purview of Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority
(PFRDA).
Section 35(6) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, empowers
NABARD to conduct inspection of State Cooperative Banks
(SCBs), Central Cooperative Banks (CCBs) and Regional Rural
Banks (RRBs). In addition, NABARD has also been conducting
periodic inspections of state level cooperative institutions such as
State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks
(SCARDBs), Apex Weavers Societies, Marketing Federations
etc., on a voluntary basis.
Currently very little or no regulation to not-for-profit organizations.
Proposed Microfinance Bill recommends RBI to be sole regulator for
Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis of 2010
The state of Andhra Pradesh experienced a impressive expansion of
microfinance operations from the 1990s into the 2000s, becoming
known as the „Mecca of Microfinance‟ in India.
One government official quipped that, “The money lender lives in the
community, at least you can burn down his house. With these companies, it
is loot and scoot.”
Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis of 2010
In response, the Andhra Pradesh government clamped down on
MFIs. The government passed and ordinance and later Andhra
Pradesh Microfinance Institutions (Regulation of Money Lending) Act
2010, effectively shutting down all private sector microfinance
operations.
The main rationale was that these MFIs are using SHG to expand
their borrowers through predatory lending, charging usurious interest
rates and using weekly recovery system, recovery agents and
coercive techniques.
Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis of 2010