Data-Gathering Instrument Example 1:

The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies of School Managers:

Basic for the Formulation of the Human Relation Intervention Program
(Cristobal, 2003)

The data gathered to answer the specific questions were drawn by sets of questionnaires, documents, division reports and other
school records.
The questionnaires used were composed of two sets. The first set was for the school managers, it is composed of three parts. First
part was to find out the personal profile, attainment, work values, home atmosphere, home management styles, and level of
religiosity, hobbies, human virtues, health condition and involvement in civic and religious organization. Second set assessed the
awards received by the teachers and students national, regional and district level.

Part 3 assessed the Intrapersonal competency of school principals, which is subdivided into six major variables: Locus of Control,
Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self monitoring, risk taking and type “A” personality. These variables were based from the book of
Stephen Robbin (1996), entitled Organizational Behaviors. Each variable has a minimum of ten indicators.

Part B of the third part assessed the Interpersonal competencies of school managers which is composed of five variables: role in
management, learning and training, understanding and motivating teachers and positive attitude and problem solving techniques.
These variables were based from the book of Ernesto Appodaca (1997) entitled, Human Relations for Supervisors. This was
composed 60 items, 10 per variable.

A parallel questionnaire was designed for the secondary school teachers.

Data-Gathering Instrument Example 2:

Extent of Participation of Nursing Students in Infection Control Practices at the Neo-Natal Intensive Care Unit
(NICU):
Basis for Enhanced RLE Supervisory Program (Quiazon 2007)

The study used a questionnaire as the primary researched instrument. Padua (2001) defined a questionnaire as a list of planned
written questions related to a particular topic with space provided for the responses to each questions. The questionnaire is commonly
used in normative survey and in the measurement of attitudes and opinions (Good, 1991).

In other words, the questionnaire is the best instrument that can supply the necessary information to complete a research study as it
is commonly used in behavioural research in social research (Calderon & Gonzales, 2005).

Two sets of questionnaires were prepared: the first part is for the student respondents and another for the clinical instructors. The
student’s questionnaire included the respondents profile namely: age, gender, civil status and types of hospital assigned. The
second part deals with infection control practices in the NICU. The CI’s questionnaire was similar with student-respondents except
that this not contains the questions on the profile of the student-respondents.

Data-Gathering Instrument Example 3:

Management by Culture of Kapampangan School Managers in Selected Universities

And Colleges (dela Cruz, 2002)

The study called for the development and use of instruments to measure the application of Management by Cultures. These
instruments are the following:

a. Personal Data Sheet- includes the personal attributes of the respondents and other relevant information vital to the study. It
includes the following variables: age, sex, civil status, highest educational attainment, managerial position and experiences and
duration of stay in Pampanga.

b. Questionnaire
1. Managerial Practices- to determine the respondent, a five point scale was used from greater extent, great extent, less
extent, lesser extent and does not practice.

2. Kapampangan Managerial Traits- this includes the top ten desirable and ten undesirable managerial traits.

c. Interview Schedule – this method was used to check (to verify) the accuracy of the impression the researcher gained through
observations.

Data-Gathering Instrument Example 4:

 Correlates of English Performance of Second Year Students in Selected High School Congressional District II,
Nueva Ecija (Valenton, 2009)

The main instrument in data-gathering is the survey questionnaire. For the student questionnaire it was divided into three parts,
namely, social demographic characteristics, home factors, and school factors.

The first part of the students’ questionnaire was designed to elicit information on students’ age, sex, parents’ highest educational
attainment, parents’ occupation, monthly family income, extra-curricular activities, favorite subject, and ambition in life and study
habits. The second part was intended to inquire about their home factors in terms of availability of reading materials, language and
dialect spoken and exposure to media and technology. Finally, the last part gathered data on school factors about the exact count of
the school’s instructional and non-instructional resources.

On the other hand, the teachers’ questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely, professional competencies, teaching methods,
and school facilities. The first part comprised a checklist and questions regarding teacher’s age, sex, highest degree earned in a field
of specialization, present position, length of teaching experience, and English related seminar/trainings. The second part was an
evaluation checklist concerning their perceptions on the frequency and effectiveness of teaching methods and approaches they use in
teaching English.

Secondary data like the NAT results, average English grades, and inventory of school resources and facilities were obtained with
permission from official records at the school office.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

1. The most frequently used data collection methods are: individual interviews, group interviews, observations, and
questionnaires.
2. Individual Interviews are conversations designed to obtain specific information. Interview schedules are the tools used for
interviewing. It can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
3. Group Interviews are discussion among several respondents simultaneously. Topic guides are used to facilitate group
interviews and keep them on track while giving respondents room to discuss.
4. Observation is an immersive method of collecting information or data on natural phenomena or behaviour as it is occurs.
Observation guides or checklists are instrument used to facilitate observations.
5. Surveys or questionnaires are the most commonly used instrument in research, and are made of a list of planned written
questions or statements of a particular topic. They are both a method and an instrument, and can be structured or
unstructured.