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Waste biomass gives off gases naturally when it rots. If this happens in a
place where there’s no oxygen, such as food waste buried deep within
landfill, it can generate methane which is a much stronger greenhouse
gas than carbon dioxide. Instead of allowing methane to vent into the
atmosphere, breaking it down in a sealed tank allows it to be captured
and burnt. Burning methane leaves you with carbon dioxide and water,
which are better for the environment.
Energy crops
Energy crops are grown specifically for generating energy. So, unlike
capturing methane from waste, there isn’t an argument that burning them
reduces greenhouse gases which would have been given off anyway.
However, energy crops can still be low carbon if they are managed
sustainably. For example, when energy crops are burnt, equivalent crops
should be planted that will absorb the same amount of carbon that was
released by burning.
The high cost of energy mix is the main underlying reason behind the
power crisis. The main fuel for the local power industry is natural gas
however due to the continued depletion of this source and demands
elsewhere the power generation companies are now dependent on
furnace oil which is relatively expensive.
The way out of this crisis is to look for fuel sources which are cheap
and abundantly available within the country. This description and
requirement is fulfilled by bio mass resources which have been largely
ignored in the past and are also available in sufficient quantities to tackle
the energy crisis prevailing in the country.
Agricultural Residues
Wheat straw, rice husk, rice straw, cane trash, bagasse, cotton sticks are
some of the major crop residues in Pakistan. Sugar cane is a major crop
in the country and grown on a wide scale throughout Pakistan. During
2010-2011, the area under sugarcane cultivation was 1,029,000 hectares
which is 4% of the total cropped area.
Sugarcane trash which constitutes 10% of the sugar cane is currently
burned in the fields. During the year 2010-11, around 63,920,000 metric
tons of sugarcane was grown in Pakistan which resulted in trash
generation of around 5,752,800 metric tons. As per conservation
estimates, the bioenergy potential of cane trash is around 9,475 GWh per
year.
Cotton is another major cash crop in Pakistan and is the main source of
raw material to the local textile industry. Cotton is grown on around
11% of the total cropped area in the country. The major residue from
cotton crop is cotton sticks which is he material left after cotton picking
and constitute as much as 3 times of the cotton produced.
Majority of the cotton sticks are used as domestic fuel in rural areas so
only one-fourth of the total may be considered as biomass energy
resource. The production of cotton sticks during 2010-2011 was
approximately 1,474,693 metric tons which is equivalent to power
generation potential of around 3,071 GWh.
Cotton sticks constitute as much as 3 times of the cotton produced.
Animal Manure
Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer of milk. The cattle and
dairy population is around 67,294,000 while the animal manure
generation is estimated at 368,434,650 metric tons. Biogas generation
from animal manure is a very good proposition for Pakistan as the
country has the potential to produce electrical energy equivalent
to 23,654 GWh
Turbine principle
What is turbine
A turbine is a rotating part which converts kinetic energy of a
working fluid into useful mechanical energy and/or electrical
energy. Simple, right? Well, nothing is simple when you go
deeper.
There are set of blades mounted on a rotor which helps in
extracting energy from the moving fluid. The efficiency of
turbines depend on the design of the blades.
Different applications need different designs & designing them
isn’t a layman’s job.
The 4 types of turbines are
1. Water turbines
2. Steam turbines
3. Gas turbines &
4. Wind turbines
1. Impulse type
2. Reaction type
Types of water turbines with Francis being most widely
used.
Impulse type turbines
Reaction turbines
Gas turbines
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turbojet
4. Turboshaft
5. Ramjet
The above mentioned are open cycle gas turbines where the
exhaust gases are let directly into atmosphere. The other type
i.e closed cycle gas turbines where the exhaused are reused
again for reheating are used in powerplants.
Wind turbines