GROUP A-4

M ARSLAN ASHRAF SP15-CHE-063

SANAULLAH KHAN SP15-CHE-055

SYED WJAHAT ALI SP15-CHE-067

SHAHBAZ ALI SP15-CHE-045

Comments or improvements:
CRYSTALLIZATION
Refers to a solid-liquid separation process in which solid particles are formed within a homogenous phase.
It can occur as:
I. formation of solid particles in a vapor
II. formation of solid particles from a liquid melt
III. formation of solid crystals from a solution

The process usually involves two steps:

I. concentration of solution and cooling of solution until the solute concentration becomes greater than its
solubility at that temperature
II. solute comes out of the solution in the form of pure crystals

Crystal Geometry
A crystal is highly organized type of matter, the constituent particles of which are arranged in an
orderly and repetitive manner; they are arranged in orderly three-dimensional arrays called SPACE LATTICES.
Supersaturation
Supersaturation is a measure of the quantity of solids present in solution as compared to the quantity that is in
equilibrium with the solution.
Crystallization cannot occur without supersaturation. There are 5 basic methods of generating
supersaturation
a. EVAPORATION – by evaporating a portion of the solvent
b. COOLING – by cooling a solution through indirect heat exchange
c. VACUUM COOLING – by flashing of feed solution adiabatically to a lower temperature and inducing
crystallization by simultaneous cooling and evaporation of the solvent
d. REACTION – by chemical reaction with a third substance
e. SALTING – by the addition of a third component to change the solubility relationship

Crystallization Mechanism
There are two basic steps in the over-all process of crystallization from supersaturated solution:

NUCLEATION.
i. Homogenous or Primary Nucleation – occurs due to rapid local fluctuations on a molecular scale in a
homogenous phase; it occurs in the bulk of a fluid phase without the involvement of a solid-fluid interface
ii. Heterogeneous Nucleation – occurs in the presence of surfaces other than those of the crystals such as the
surfaces of walls of the pipe or container, impellers in mixing or foreign particles; this is dependent on the
intensity of agitation
iii. Secondary Nucleation – occurs due to the presence of crystals of the crystallizing species.
CRYSTAL GROWTH – a layer-by-layer process
a. Solute diffusion to the suspension-crystal interface

b. Surface reaction for absorbing solute into the crystal lattice.

Types of Crystal Geometry

i. CUBIC SYSTEM – 3 equal axes at right angles to each other
ii. TETRAGONAL – 3 axes at right angles to each other, one axis longer than the other 2
iii. ORTHOROMBIC – 3 axes at right angles to each other, all of different lengths
iv. HEXAGONAL – 3 equal axes in one plane at 60° to each other, and a fourth axis at a right angle to this plane
and not necessarily at the same length
v. MONOCLINIC – 3 unequal axes, two at a right angle in a plane, and a third at some angle to this plane
vi. TRICLINIC – 3 unequal axes at unequal angles to each other and not 30°, 60°, or 90°
vii. TRIGONAL – 3 unequal and equally inclined axes

Classification of Crystallizer
i. May be classified according to whether they are batch or continuous in operation
ii. May be classified according on the methods used to bring about supersaturation
iii. Can also be classified according on the method of suspending the growing product cry
 Forced circulation crystallizer (MSMPR Crystallizer)
Forced circulation crystallizer uses to get better crystal growth rate and to keep crystals in suspension throughout
the crystallization zone.
Process
 In heat exchanger, feed slurry is firstly introduced.
 After that pumped to main body. At the top surface of slurry, vaporization takes place. Nucleation is done
close to the bottom of the body.
 Crystals are then separated and removed.
 Solvent, that is vaporized, is condensed and returned to the crystallizer body.

ADVANTAGES
 Least expensive.
 Gives large range of crystals.
 Particle deposits on body walls are reduced due to high circulation rate.

DISADVANTAGES
 Control of crystal size is difficult.

Draft Tube Baffle Crystallizers

PRINCIPLE
DTB, which provide high control of particle size as unwanted particles are separated and removed by using gravitational settling
and then recycled back to the crystallizer and the larger crystals with maximum possible recovery of the crystals are obtained.
HOW IT WORKS? DESIGN
Draft tube is the main part of the crystallizer body. Draft tube behaves like a baffle to control circulation of the magma.
Downward directed propeller agitator is used to give a manageable circulation in crystallizer. There is an added circulation
system driven by a circulation pump, contains the heater and feed inlet. Product slurry is removed through an outlet near the
bottom of the conical lower section. Equipped with an elutriation leg below the body to classify the crystals by size by sending
it to the filter and centrifuge. Baffle settling zone is used to remove fines. Mother liquor is recycled back
WORKING
DTB crystallizers consist of 2 different volumes. In the baffled region, gravitational settling is used to separate out larger
crystals from fines ones. The larger size crystals are settled between the baffle and draft tube and are being removed in the
product slurry. Fines are then recirculated after being re-dissolved within a heat exchanger. The evaporated solvent is then
condensed, cooled, and returned to the region of active crystallization. DTB crystallizers circulation rates: 1 to 4 times/min
Total residence time of 4 to 6 hours.
ADVANTAGES
 Lower operating cost
 Larger operating cycles Producing large singular crystals
 Minimum space requirement
 Narrow crystal size distribution for easier drying and less caking.
DISADVANTAGES
 It is not suitable for high density slurry because it can’t effectively handle it.

 Frequent flushing to remove deposits on wall of body.

GROWTH RATE:

𝐸
𝐺 = 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑒 𝑅𝑇 × 𝑆 𝑔 i
Where

G=Growth rate
𝑘𝑔 =Growth rate constant
E=activation energy of growth rate
S=Supersaturation
𝑗
T=314 K R=8314 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝑘
𝑗 ii
E=10400 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
……………………………. Page 1621(1)

Calculating Supersaturation Value:

𝐶 ° −𝐶 iii
𝑆= 𝐶°

Calculating 𝐶 ∗
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 ∗ = 𝛼𝑇 + 𝛽iv………………………page 235(2)
Put values in equation:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 ∗ = [(2.25 × 10−2 ) × (314)] + (−0.424)
𝑔
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 ∗ = 6.641 𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙

Calculating C
1 1
𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶 𝑆 𝑚 (𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 )3 ………………………. page 235(2)
v
Where
u = crystal size
v=particle size actual
so 𝐾𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜

𝐾𝑐 = 0 , 𝐶 = 0vi

Putting values in eq of supersaturation:

106.646
𝑆 = 106.646 = 1

So, finding G values:

𝐸
𝐺 = 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑒 𝑅𝑇 × 𝑆 𝑔

−𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝑬 𝒖𝒎
𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 × 𝒆𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒×𝟑𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝒔

Nucleation Rate:

Equation Used: 𝐵 = 𝐾𝑛 × 𝐺 1.14 × 𝑀𝑡 1.17

−𝐸
𝐵 = 𝐾𝑛 × 𝑒 𝑅𝑡 × 𝑆 𝑏 × 𝑀𝑡 1.17 vii…………………………page 1618(1)
Here
𝐾𝑛 =Nucleation Rate Constant
S =Supersaturation
𝑀𝑡 =Magma Density
Magma density:
𝑀𝑡 = 6 × 𝑘𝑣 × 𝜌𝑐 × 𝑛° × 𝜎 4

𝑘𝑣 = Volume shape factor for cubic =1viii

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑐 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 1357 𝑚3 ix

𝑛 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑘𝑣 for cubic =1
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑐 =1357 𝑚3
Substitute 𝑀𝑡 in nucleation rate equation:
We get
−𝑬
𝑩 = 𝑲𝒏 × 𝒆 𝑹𝒕 × 𝑺𝒃 × (𝟔 × 𝒌𝒗 × 𝝆𝒄 × 𝒏° × 𝝈𝟒 )𝟏.𝟏𝟕
Range of Dominant size of Product:400-1000 𝜇𝑚
Assume Dominant size of Product: 400 𝜇𝑚
𝐿𝑑=3×𝜎 x
400𝜇𝑚 = 3 × 𝜎
𝜎 = 133.4𝜇𝑚
Put all values in equation:

−𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏
𝑩 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖 × 𝒆𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒×𝟑𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟒 × (𝟔 × 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕 × × 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 )𝟏.𝟏𝟕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟑
𝟏
= 𝟖. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. 𝒔

Calculating Magma density:

𝑀𝑡 = 6 × 𝑘𝑣 × 𝜌𝑐 × 𝑛° × 𝜎 4

𝟖. 𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝒈𝒄𝒓𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑴𝒕 = 𝟔 × 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟕 × × 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟒𝟕𝟗. 𝟖 ≈ 𝟒𝟖𝟎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Holding Time or Residence Time:

𝑳𝒅 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟗𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝝉= xi = = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = × 𝟏𝒉𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝒉𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟔 × 𝟔𝟎
𝟑𝑮 𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏

Volume of Solution or Suspension:

Basis: 1hr
𝐵𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛 = 663.48 𝑘𝑔
Solvent used=Methanolxii
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑝𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 50
𝑚3
It means
50𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑃𝐴 = 1 𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
1𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑃𝐴 = 0.02 𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
663.48 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑃𝐴 = 663.48 × 0.02 𝑚3 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 13. .26 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 791
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 791 × 13.26 𝑚3 = 10488.66 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑡 = 480
𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
480
𝐶𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = × 663.48 = 601𝑘𝑔
480 + 50
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑃𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑟 = 809.53 − 601𝑘𝑔 = 208.53𝑘𝑔
208.53
𝑀𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = 4.17𝑚3
50
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4.17 × (1135 − 50) = 4524𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 10488.66 − 4524 = 5964𝑘𝑔
208.53
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑉 = 4.17 + = 4.37𝑚3
1020
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 ( 𝑉) = 4.17 × 0.836 = 3.486 𝑚3

Volume of Crystallizer

3 4𝑉
𝐷𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = √ xiii
𝜋

3 4 × 3.486
𝐷𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = √ = 1.65 𝑚
𝜋
𝐷 0.1 × 𝐷
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛45( − )
2 2
1.65 0.1 × 1.65
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛55 ( − ) = 1.06 𝑚
2 2
3
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
2
𝐻 3
= = 𝐻 = 1.5𝐷 = 2.475 𝑚
𝐷 2
Add 1.25 space above the Boiling for disengaged of Droplet:
𝐻 = 2.475 + 1.25 = 3.725 ≈ 3.75 𝑚
𝐷2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 = 𝜋 × × 1.5 × 𝐷 = 5.289 𝑚3
4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 = 0.2616 × 𝐷3 = 1.17 𝑚3
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑽𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟗 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕
= 𝟔. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟑

Allowable velocity:

Calculating Density of vapor:

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑚/𝑀𝑤 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝑤 × 𝑃
𝜌=
𝑅×𝑇
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 41℃ = 385 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 760 − 385 = 375 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 0.49 𝑎𝑡𝑚
32 × 0.49 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= = 0.59 3
0.0821 × 320 𝑚
5964 𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 1.01 × 104
0.59 ℎ𝑟

Using Souder-Brown Equation to determine the allowable Velocity of the Vapor without risking entrainment.
𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣
𝑈𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 × ( )xiv
𝜌𝑣
𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑣 = 0.04
𝑠
1020 − 0.59 𝑚
𝑈𝑣 = 0.04 × ( ) = 1.66
0.59 𝑠
Area required for Evaporation:
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑣 × 𝐴

𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝑨= = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝟐
𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

Mechanical Design of Vessel

 Thickness of Cylindrical Shell:
𝑁
𝑃𝑖 = 0.50 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0.05
𝑚𝑚2

𝑁
𝐷𝑖 = 1.65 𝑚 = 0.05
𝑚𝑚2
Formula for calculating Thickness of Shell:
𝑃𝑖 × 𝐷𝑖
𝑒=
2𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖
Where f is design stress taken from table in book:
𝑵
𝒇 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝒎𝟐

Put all values in equation:

0.05 × 1650
𝑒= = 0.305𝑚𝑚
2 × 135 − 0.05

Try of Doomed End

𝑁
𝑃𝑖 = 0.50 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0.05
𝑚𝑚2
As 10 % above for pressure
𝑁
𝑃𝑖 = 0.50 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 0.055
𝑚𝑚2

𝑁
𝑅𝑐 = 1.65 𝑚 = 0.05
𝑚𝑚2

Knuckle radius is 6% of R
𝑁
𝑅𝑘 = 1.65 × 0.06 𝑚 = 0.099
𝑚𝑚2

1 𝑅𝑐 1 1.65
𝐶= [3 + √ ] = [3 + √ ] = 1.78
4 𝑅𝑘 4 0.099

𝑃𝑖 × 𝑅𝑐 × 𝐶
𝑒=
2𝐽𝑓 + 𝑃𝑖 (𝐶 − 0.2)
J is taken by 1 there will be no joint in Head
 0.055 × 1.77 × 1650
𝑒= = 0.54 𝑚𝑚
2 × 135 + 0.05(1.77 − 0.2)

Try of Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝑖 × 𝐷𝑖
𝑒=
2𝑓 − 0.2𝑃𝑖

Putting values in equation

0.055 × 1650
𝑒= = 0.33612
2 × 135 − 0.2 × 0.055

So Ellipsoidal head would more probably be the most economical.

 ADIABATIC FIXED BED REACTOR DESIGN
Selection of the type of the reactor
Choice of reactor (Batch, CSTR, or PBR)
Selection of the reactor type for a given process is subjected to a number of considerations:
 Temperature and pressure of the reaction.
 Need for removal or addition of the reactants and products.
 Required pattern of the product delivery.
 Catalyst use consideration such as requirement for solid catalyst particle and contact with fluid reactants and
products.
 Relative cost of the reactor.

Some guideline for the reactor selection is:

 For conversion up to 90%, the performance of five or more CSTRs connected in series approaches to that of
PFR.
 Batch reactors are best suited for small scale production, very slow reactions or those requiring intensive
monitoring and control. For large operations CSTR or PER is used.
 CSTRs are used for slow liquid phase and slurry reactions. For gas phase reactions PER is more preferable.
 For endothermic reactions the plug flow reactor is used. For exothermic reaction that has a large temperature
raise during the reaction, recycle reactors are the best choice.
 For small Cp ⁄-∆Hr mixed flow reactor is used. For large Cp ⁄-∆Hr plug flow reactor is best choice.

Since our reaction is the gaseous phase and exothermic reaction so the choice is the tubular reactor.
Selection of the bed
Use of the catalyst requires modifications to basic reactor design to fixed bed reactors, moving bed reactors or fluidized bed
reactors.
Fixed bed reactors
These are used in the heterogeneous catalyst reactions and pressure drop across the bed is small. The design of the fixed bed
reactor is very easy as compared to the moving bed and fluidized bed reactors. Their size is also compact as compared to
other fluidized bed and moving bed reactors. The energy requirement is also small because no amount of energy is needed as
in fluidized bed and moving bed required to fluidize or move the bed.
Fluidized bed reactor
These are the reactors with a gas phase working fluid that requires gas flow around and across the fine particles at a rate
sufficient to fluidize the particles suspended within the reactor. Since the catalyst bed has to be fluidized so the energy
requirement in these reactors is large. Pressure drop is also large as compared to the fixed bed reactors because the pressure is
dissipated to fluidize the bed. The volume of the reactor required is also large as compared to fixed bed reactor, because the
void spaces between the fluidized beds occupy the more volume.

Moving bed reactor

These units are fluid reactors used where the fluid contain solid particles that can be separated from the suspension fluid.
Mostly suitable for liquid phase reactions or where the slurry travels through the reactor. Moving bed reactors are not
preferred for the gas phase reactions. In these reactors the pressure drop is the greater among all.
From above points we see that the suitable reactor for our process is fixed bed tubular reactor, with the reaction occurring in
the tubes and the heat exchanging material flowing outside the tubes.
Design step for reactor
Standard design steps for the reactor are given below:
 Collect together all the kinetic and thermodynamic data on the desired reaction and the side reactions (if
present). The kinetic data required for reactor design will normally be obtained from laboratory or pilot plant
studies. Values will be needed for the rate of reaction over a range of operating conditions: pressure,
temperature, and flow-rate and catalyst concentration.
 Collect the physical property data required for the design.
 Identify the predominant rate-controlling mechanism: kinetic, mass or heat transfer.
 Choose a suitable reactor type, based on experience with similar reactions, or from the laboratory and pilot
plant work.
 Make an initial selection of the reactor conditions to give the desired conversion and yield.
 Size the reactor and estimate its performance. Exact analytical solutions of the design relationships are rarely
possible; semi empirical methods based on the analysis of idealized reactors will normally have to be used.
 Select suitable materials of construction.
 Make a preliminary mechanical design for the reactor: the vessel design, heat-transfer surfaces, internals and
general arrangement.
 Cost the proposed design, capital and operating, and repeat steps 4 to 8, as necessary, to optimize the design.

The design of the reactor must satisfy the following requirements:

Chemical factors:
The design must provide sufficient residence time for the desired reaction to proceed to the required degree of conversion.
Mass transfer factors:
For example with heterogeneous reactions the reaction rate may be controlled by the rates of diffusion of the reacting species;
rather than the chemical kinetics.
Heat transfer factors:
Removal or addition of the heat of the reaction.

Safety factors:
The confinement of hazardous reactants and products, and the control of the reaction and the process conditions

DESIGN CALCULATION
The reaction occurring in Adiabatic Fixed Bed reactor is heterogeneous reaction, the reactants are in liquid phase and the
catalyst is in solid phase. The process is continuous. Since the Adiabatic Fixed Bed reaction is endothermic reaction so heat
 will be not be generated.

Figure 0-1: Adiabatic Fixed Bed Reactor

 Performance equation for the reactor:

The performance equation for the fixed bed reactor is:

XA dX A
W = FAo *
o -rA
Where W is the weight of the catalyst, FAo is the flow rate of the acetone and phenol, rA is the rate of the reaction. The
weight of the catalyst is found from this performance equation.
Catalyst Selection:
Density of catalyst = 610 kg/m3
Void fraction (Porosity) = 0.4

Feed to reactor
stream inlet Molecular Kg/hr Kmol/hr Mol fraction
weight

#1 Acetone 58.08 168.78 2.9059 0.282

phenol 94.113 693.13 7.364 0.71

Since the rate equation is

k(CaCp^2-(1/KE)*Cb*Cw
ra =
(1+Ka^2*Ca^2+KpCp+KwCw)^4
OPERATING CONDITION
T=348K
Po=410 kPa
P=378 kPa

PARAMETER EVALUATION

-
k=Aexp−Ea/RT
A=24600exp(-E/RT)
Ea=-20500 kcal/mol
R=8.314
T=343K
k=24600^exp(-20500/8.314*343)
(REF)
k=20.5
REACTION
ACETONE+PHENOL BISPHNOL+WATER
Rate of reaction on depends on the single reactant

LIQUID PHASE Endothermic CATALYTIC

REACTION REACTION

CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATIONS
CAo CA=Cao(1-X) kmol/m3
CA1 (At 0% Conversion) 0.5 kmol/m3
CA2 (At 9.7% Conversion) 0.4515 kmol/m3
CA3 (At 19.4% Conversion) 0.403 kmol/m3
CA4 (At 29.1% Conversion) 0.3545 kmol/m3
CA5 (At 38.8% Conversion) 0.31 kmol/m3
CA6 (At 48.5% Conversion) 0.2575 kmol/m3
CA7 (At 58.2% Conversion) 0.209 kmol/m3
CA8 (At 67.92% Conversion) 0.1605 kmol/m3
CA9 (At 77.6% Conversion) 0.112 kmol/m3
CA10(At 87.3% Conversion) 0.0635 kmol/m3
CA11(At 97% Conversion) 0.015 Kmol/m3
At 97% conversion

CALCULATION OF RATES AT GIVEN CONCENTRATIONS

Ra 1.673717 kmol/m3.(s)
rA 0.42352 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -0.31779 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -0.7602 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.00482 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.16995 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.2473 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.27906 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.28153 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.26521 kmol/m3.(s)
rA -1.23701 kmol/m3.(s)

TRAPEZOIDAL FORMULA APPLICATION

TABLE FOR TRAPEZOIDAL FORMULA
X (CONVERSION) FAo/-rA (m3) 1/-rA (m3.s)/kmol
0% 0.998 -0.59747
9.7% 1.009 -2.36109
19.4% 1.071 3.146755
29.1% 1.138 1.315435
38 % 1.209 0.995203
48.5% 1.286 0.854736
58.2 % 1.368 0.807135
67.9% 1.457 0.781821
77.6% 1.554 0.780316
87.3% 1.658 0.79038
97% 1.772 0.8084
 DATA (PROPERTIES)
REFERENCED BY US PATENT
Density of amberl yst 15dry Catalyst (kg/m3)
610
Pore Volume of Catalyst
0.60 cc/g or 0.00060 m3/kg

ADIABATIC FIXED REACTOR (PBR)

TEMPERATURE (INLET)(To) 343 K
TEMPERATURE (OUTLET)(T) 444 K
PRESSURE (INLET)(Po) 410.325 kPa
PRESSURE (OUTLET) (P) 378 KPa
OVERALL CONVERSION (X) 97 % of Acetone
MOLAR FLOW RATE OF ACETONE (FAo) 168.78 kmol/hr
MOLAR FLOW RATE OF ACETONE (FAo) 0.04688 kmol/s
DENSITY OF ACETONE 784 kg/m3
MOLAECULAR WEIGHT OF ACETONE 58 kg/kmol
CATALYST
R (IDEAL GAS CONSTANT) 0.00831446 kPa(m3)/mol.K
R (IDEAL GAS CONSTANT) 0.001985878 kcal/ K.mol
MOLE FRACTION OF ACETONE 0.282 mol fraction
MASS FLOW RATE OF FEED 3.56 kg/s
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF FEED 0.2579 m3/s

Weight of catalyst is
XA dX A
W = FAo *
o -rA
where
X A dX
o -rAA = Area under the curve
Area under the curve is found by applying Trapezoidal rule
Applying trapezoidal rule,
-

0.97−0
= 𝑥 (1.673717+2(0.423532)+2(0.31779)+2(0.7602)+2(1.00482)+2(1.16995)+2(1.2473)+2(1.27906)+2(1.28153)+2(
2

1.26521)+ 1.23701)

Weight Of Catalyst= Volume x Density Of Catalyst

W=4546.1 Kg

VOLUME OF REACTOR

Volume Of Reactor= Weight Of Catalyst/(Density Of Catalyst*(1-Porosity)

Porosity=0.4 (Ref)
Porosity=Pore Volume Of Catalyst / Total Volume Of Catalyst
VOLUME OF REACTOR 12.42 m3

SPACE TIME OF REACTOR

Space Time Of Reactor= Volume Of Reactor/Volumetric Flow =0.17 h

SPACE VELOCITY OF REACTOR

Space Velocity Of Reactor= Volumetric Flow/Volume Of Reactor= 5.59 h-1

CALCULATION OF STRUCTURAL DATA (HEIGHT AND DIAMETER)

L/D Ratio= 3 (Optimum Range = 2-5 for PBR)
Volume= л/4d^2*l
L=3D
Volume= (3л/4)d^3
Diameter= ((4 x v)/3*л) ^ 1/3
Diameter =1.38m (4.52ft)

Length =3D= 4.14m (13.57ft)

HEIGHT OF REACTOR
Height of the reactor is equal to the height of the tubes plus 20% allowance
H=(4.14+(2x0.2(4.14)) = 5.8m

CALCULATION OF THICKNESS OF CYLINDER AND ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

𝐏𝐢 𝐃𝐢
е= 𝟐𝐟−𝐏𝐢

e= Thickness (m)
Pi= Internal Pressure (kPa)=1.1 x 410.325= 451.3575kPa
Di= Internal Diameter (m)=1.38m
THICKNESS FOR CYLINDERICAL 0.00560m 5.60 mm
SECTION (m)
CLOSURE SELECTION OF ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
𝐏𝐢 𝐃𝐢
е= 𝟐𝐉𝐟−𝟎.𝟐𝐏𝐢

J= Fully radiographed 100%

ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD CLOSURE 0.00259m 2.59 mm

(m)

PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION

For the fixed bed reactor to operate economically the pressure drop along the length of the reactor should be less than the
10% of the operating pressure. The pressure drop along the length of the packed bed is calculated by using the Ergun
equation. The Ergun equation is:

∆P = Pressure drop along the length of reactor

z= Length of reactor
μ = Viscosity of the feed
G = Mass velocity
ρ = Feed density
Dp = Diameter of the particle
φ = Porosity
g = Gravitational acceleration
Parameter evaluation

ɸ (POROSITY) 0.4
(Dp) DIAMETER OF
CATALYST PARTICLE 0.005 m

DENSITY OF ACETONE 784.6 kg / m3

DENSITY OF WATER 1.271 kg / m3

VISCOSITY OF WATER Ƞ=A+BT+CT2

254.78 micropoise
0.0000254784 kg / m.s
VISCOSITY OF ACETONE 0.21 micropoise
0.0000021 kg / m.s

AVERAGE VISCOSITY OF
FEED 0.0000128442 kg / m.s

AVERAGE DENSITY OF
FEED 0.928 kg / m3

Mw (AVERAGE
MOLECULAR WEIGHT) 76 kg / kmol

MASS VELOCITY (G) 2.3911946 kg / m2s

VELOCITY OF FEED 0.0030499 m/s
Re 645.2109233 LAMINAR

PRESSURE DROP
(ΔP) 8112.25 Pa
PRESSURE DROP
Kpa
OR (ΔP) 8.1125
OR

The pressure drop is in appropriate range and within 10% of the Operational pressure
Specification Sheet
 Reactor
ID number: R-100
Design data
Type Fixed Bed
Position Vertical
Material of construction Stainless steel
Weight of catalyst (kg) 4546.4
Diameter of Reactor (m) 1.38
Height of Reactor (m) 5.8
Volume of Reactor (m3) 6.18
Pressure Drop(kpa) 8.112

1. Green, D. (2008). Perry's chemical engineers' handbook. New York [etc.]: McGraw-Hill.

2. Edgar, T. (2008). Perry's chemical engineers' handbook. 1st ed. [New York]: McGraw-Hill.

3. Fogler, H. Scott. (1999). Elements of chemical reaction engineering. Upper Saddle River, N.J.
:Prentice Hall PTR,

4. Fixed-Bed Reactors. “Gerhart Eigenberger, Institut flir Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, Universitiit

Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany”
5. Perrys Chemical Engineer’s handbook Volume 8s
6. https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB9292239.htm

4.1 Heat Exchanger

Heat exchanger is an important equipment used in almost every chemical industry. A heat exchanger is an
effective equipment used for heat transfer from one medium to another. They were extensively used in
different in power plants and in both petrochemical and petroleum industry.

4.1.1 Heat exchanger Classification

There are many configurations of heat exchangers available for different heat transfer operations. Heat
exchangers can be classified on the basis of their basic operation, flow arrangement and etc.

Classification according to transferal process.

Classification according to construction.
Classification according to flow arrangement.
Classification according to heat transfer method.

Figure 2. Heat Exchanger Classification [xv].

4.1.2 Tubular heat exchangers

Tubular heat exchangers are made of circular tubes. Tubular heat exchanger are primarily used for liquid to
liquid. These heat exchanger are also used when the operating temperature or pressure is high or we have
fouling fluids in our system. Following are the classification of such kind of heat exchanger:

4.1.2.1 Double pipe heat exchangers

A double pipe heat exchanger contains of one pipe concentrically inside another large diameter pipe. The
major use of double pipe heat exchangers is for sensible heat and cooling of process fluids, where the small
heat transfer areas are required.

Figure 3. Heat exchanger (Double pipe) [xvi].

4.1.2.2 Shell and tube heat exchangers

Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically made of round tubes mounted in cylindrical shell with a tube
axis parallel to that of shell. One fluid flows inside the tubes, while other fluid flows across and along the
tube. This type of exchanger were majorly used in petroleum, petrochemical and fertilizer industry. For an
effective heat transfer, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to the use of many tubes.

Figure 4. Shell and tube heat exchanger [xvii].

4.1.2.3 Spiral tube type heat exchangers

Spiral tube type heat exchanger contains of spirally wounded coils placed in a shell or a vessel in a
refrigeration systems. Spiral tube type heat exchangers were most suitable and recommended for the thermal
expansion and clean fluids.

Figure 5.Spiral Tube Type Heat Exchanger [xviii].

4.1.3 Selection of Shell and tube exchanger

The BPA is flammable, corrosive in nature. Shell and tube heat exchanger is excellent for handling
flammable and corrosive fluids. So, we select shell and tube exchangers because:

It is less expensive and providing maximum heat transfer surface per given surface and tube size.
It provides multi-tube flow arrangement.
Shell and tube exchanger is able to handle high operating temperature.
Floating end allow for differential thermal expansion between shell and the tubes. Moreover, tube bundles
can be easily repaired and replaced.
This configuration gives a large surface area in a small volume.

When designing the shell and tube exchanger, we will careful about some guidelines:
The corrosive fluid should be placed at tube side.
The fluid most likely to be cause fouling is placed at tube side.
The tubes should made from a corrosion resistant material. This is much less expensive than having a shell
made from this material, if corrosion occurs, only the tubes needs to be replaced.
Usually, the hotter fluid is placed at tube side, and the cooler fluid usually placed at shell surrounding the
tubes.
 4.1.4 Design of a Heat Exchanger

The flow rates for both the fluids were calculated by applying material balance.

We design the heat exchanger by following the steps:

Table 1. DesignData for Heat Exchanger.

Sr. Properties BISPHENOL A Water

1. Inlet temperature (°C) 170 166.8

2. Outlet temperature (°C) 40 200

3. Flow rates (kg/hr) 867.13 1000

4. Specific heat (J/kg °C) 2184 4630

5. Density (kg/m3) 1200 971.8

6. Thermal conductivity 0.19 0.628

(W/m°C)

7. Viscosity (mNs/m2) 0.25 0.355

4.1.4.1 Fluid placement

As, we have Bisphenol A – water system and we are going to cool the BPA using water . As ,BPA will
place at TUBE side and water will placed at SHELL side.

Heat duty

For Bisphenol A For Water,

Q = m Cp ∆T Q = m Cp ∆T

Q = 68387W m =1000 kg/hr

4.1.4.2 Tube Selection

As in our system, we are using water services for bisphenol A . Choose 1inch at outer diameter and .01338m
as inner diameter. Selecting 8BWG and assuming square pitch having pitch (Pt=1*1/4 inch).

From kern table 10

4.1.4.3 LMTD Calculation

Consider counter current flow,

(T1−t2)−(T2−t1)
LMTD = T1−t2 ,
ln( )
T2−t1

T1 - Hot acid inlet temperature ; t1 - cold water inlet temperature

T2 - hot acid outlet temperature ; t2 - cold water outlet temperature

∆Tln = LMTD = 76.8°C

Correction of mean temperature ∆Tm

∆Tm = Ft × ∆Tln

∆Tm - Actual log mean temperature

Ft - Correction factor.
 𝑇 −𝑇 (𝑡 −𝑡 )
R = (𝑡1−𝑡2) S = (𝑇2 −𝑡1 )
2 1 1 1

R = 0.4092 S = 0.722

Assuming 1 shell and 2 tube passes,

Correction Factor can be calculated by using Kern equation:

20.449
Ft =
20.925

Ft = 0.95

As, Ft is greater than 0.75 which means our heat exchanger is thermally suitable and we should use 1-2 pass
heat exchanger.

∆Tm = Ft × ∆Tln

∆Tm = 72.96°C

4.1.4.4 Overall heat transfer coefficient(U)

Firstly we assume U = 500 W/m2 C as an initial estimate (From Coulson Volume 6)

Now, we have design equation

Q = U × A × ∆Tm

Calculating Area (A) from this equation we get,

68380
A = (500)∗72.96

A = 1.87 m2
Number of tubes and tube size

Choose 0.015875 m as tube outer diameter and 0.0133858m as tube inside diameter. Assuming that length
of tubes is 10ft (3.048 m).

Area of 1 tube = π × l × do

Area of 1 tube = π ∗ 3.048 ∗ 0.15875

Area of 1 tube = 0.1519 m2

1.87
Number of tubes= Nt = 0.1519

Number of tubes= Nt = 12.32 =16Nos

Let no of tubes passes be 4. Use 1*1/4 inch triangular pitch.

From kern table no 8 page no 842

4.1.4.5 Bundle and Shell Diameter

Bundle diameter for 1.25 inch triangular pitch
K1=0.175
N1=2.285

Nt 1
Db= do (K1)n1

16
Db= 15.875 (0.175)1/2.285 = (115 mm)
 Figure 6. Bundle Diameter Clearance [1].

Use a fixed and U-tube head type in above figure, bundle diametrical clearance is 15mm. Shell diameter,
Ds = 115+ 15 = 130mm ..
The value of n1 and K1 is obtained from table below:

Table 4. Constants for Bundle Diameter [1].

There are two major design techniques proposed by two major scientists are existing for designing of shell
and tube heat exchangers namely Kern and Bells method. The Kern method is used for the calculation of
heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop. Assuming that there is no leakages and bypasses.

4.1.4.6 Tube side heat transfer coefficient

π π
Tube cross sectional area = 4 × di2 = 4 × 0.0133852 = 1.404 × 10-4 m2

Tube per pass = 16/4

Total flow area = (16/4) (1.404 × 10-4) = 5.62*10^-4 m2

1000/3600 kg
Fluid mass velocity = 5.62∗10^−4 = 494.24 m2 s

Density of water at 80°C = 971.8 kg/m3

494.24
Fluid linear velocity = = 0.5 m/s
971.8

ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝜇
= .023 × 𝑅𝑒^.8 × 𝑃𝑟 0.33 × ( )0.14
𝑘 𝜇𝑤

Viscosity of fluid = .355 mNs/m2

Thermal conductivity of fluid = 0.628 W/m°C

ρ×u×di
Re = μ

971.8×0.5×0.013385
Re = = 18635
.355×10−3

Cp×μ 4186×.355 ×10−3

Pr = = =2.36
k 0.628

𝜇
Neglect (𝜇𝑤)0.14
So, hi = 3740 W/m2°C

hio=hi*ID/OD=3153 W/m2°C

4.1.4.7 Shell –side heat transfer coefficient

Choose 25% segmental baffle cut

Pt /do=1.25

Ds=220mm Bs =Ds/5=44mm

(Pt−do)Ds lb
Cross flow area = = 1.94*10^-3 m2
Pt

867.13/3600
Mass velocity = Gs = = 124.16 kg/m2sec
1.94∗10^−3

For triangular pitch,

1.1
Equivalent diameter = de = do ( Pt 2 − 0.907 do2 )

de = 0.0114 m

G×de 124.16×0.0114465
Re = = = 568.4
μ 0.25 ×10−3

Cp×μ 4.18×103 ×0.7191 ×10−3

Pr = = = 2..874
k 0.19

Figure 8. Shell–Side Heat Transfer Factor [1].

 Choose 25% baffle cut,

From above figure, we get

Jh = 1.95*10^-2

k μ
hs= de × jh × Re × Pr 0.33 × (μw)0.14

𝜇
Neglect (𝜇𝑤)0.14

hs = 260 W/m2°C

Viscosity correction factor

Estimate wall temperature

Mean temperature difference = 193.4 – 105 = 88.4° C

𝑈 500
Across water film = ℎ𝑠 × ∆𝑇 = 260.11 × 88.4 = 170°C

Wall mean temperature = 193.4 – 170 = 23.4 °C

0.25
(.355)0.14 = 0.9520

New hs = 0.9520 (260.11)

hs = 247.67 W/m2°C

Overall coefficient:

Thermal conductivity = 50 W/m2 °C

Taking the fouling coefficient from table below. For organic as heat transfer

Fluid and value is 5000 W/m2 °C.

Sea water have 2000 W/m2 °C.

Table 5. Fouling Factor [1].

 Uo=1/1.90475*10^-3

Uo=525.56 W/m2°C

As, we assumed overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 500 W/m2 °C as our first estimate. Our calculated
value (i.e. 525.26 W/m2 °C) is greater than assumed value.

Area required

68380
A = (525)∗72.96

A = 1.79 m2

4.1.4.8 Pressure drop – tube side

 Figure 9. Tube-Side Friction Factor [1].

From figure, we get

jf = 5.5 × 10−3

Np=4 L=3.048m Id=.013858m Ut=.5m/s

Density=971.8kg/m3

𝜇 0.14
( ) =1
𝜇𝑤

Neglecting the viscosity correction term

𝐿 𝜇 𝜌𝑢𝑡 2
∆Pt = 𝑁𝑝 [8 × 𝑗𝑓 × × (𝜇𝑤)−𝑚 + 2.5] ×
𝑑𝑖 2

3.048 𝜇 (971.8)∗0.52
∆Pt = 4 [8 × (5.5 × 10−3 ) × × (𝜇𝑤)−𝑚 + 2.5] ×
.0133858 2

∆Pt = 171.55pa=0.17kpa

4.1.4.9 Pressure drop – Shell side

Linear velocity = 0.103 m/s

 Figure 10. Shell-Side Friction Factor [1].

From figure, we get

jf = 8×10−2

Neglect viscosity correction

Ds L ρus2 μ
∆Ps = 8 × jf × de × lb × × (μw)−0.14
2

0.22 3.048 1200(0.103)2 μ

∆Ps = 8 × (8 × 10−2 ) × 0.01144 × 0.044 × × (μw)−0.14
2

∆Ps = 5423.97pa=5.42kpa

Both shell and tube pressure drops were lies in a limit of 10 psi. So that is why we have satisfactory operation.
According to kern, this is quite adequate design as we were assuming that there is no leakages and bypasses.
 Design of A Mixing Tank

Assumptions and Standards

Retention Time= Td = 30 min

Flow rate= Q = 6663 m3/ hr
Impeller Diameter =1/3 of Tank DiameterImpeller
height from bottom = Impeller Diameter Impeller
blade width = 1/5 of Impeller DiameterImpeller
blade length = 1/4 of impellerdiameter
 Liquid Height = Tank Diameter

Critical Disk Diameter =1/4 of Tank Diameter [11]

STEP#1

Volume of Tank

We have a relation for the volume i-e

V = Td * Q

V = 30 min * (663 / 60 m3/min)

V= 331.5m3

Assume two tanks of 165.75 m3 each are installed in parallel, we will calculate
the design parameters of only one tank which will be identical to the otherone.

STEP#2

Length to Dia Ratio

Ideally,

L/D=1
Now,

Volume= V= 𝜋𝑟2 * Length

As,

D=L
So,

165.75 m3 = (3.14) * (D2/4) *

(D) D3 = 25 *4/ 3.14

D= 5.95 m

STEP # 3

Dia Of Impeller

We have a relation for the diameter of impeller

Dia of Impeller = ( 1/3) * Dia of Tank

By Putting values in above equation we have,

Dia Of Impeller= 1.98 m

STEP # 4

Agitator Selection

As, we have

Viscosity Of Water = 0.92* 10-3 NS/ m2

Volume Of Tank = 165.75 m3
From the graph agitator is turbine type[12]
 rpm = 120

By converting minutes into seconds we will have

rps =2

STEP # 5

Agitator Power Consumption

Relation for the power number is given as,

P =K* ρ * N3 * D5

Reynolds Number

Re = (D2 *N *ρ)/ µ

Where,

D = diameter of impeller N
= rotations per second ρ=
density of wastewater
µ= viscosity of waste water
Putting values in above relation, we have

Re = (1.982 * 7 * 992)/(0.92 * 10-3 )

Re= 2.95* 107

 So, the region is Turbulent, as on high
Reynolds Numbers, Power Requirement for
turbulence region = P =K* ρ * N3 * D5
Where,
K= 1.65 (value for the turbine of six blades) [6]

= 1.65 * 992 * 23 * 1.35

P= 39.6 Kw

i Kinetic study of adductive crystallization of bisphenol-A By A. Alamdari ∗ , S. Shariat Nasab, A. Jahanmiri

ii
Kinetic study of adductive crystallization of bisphenol-A By A. Alamdari ∗, S. Shariat Nasab, A. Jahanmiri

Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

iii
Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

iv
Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

v
Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

vi
Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

vii
Kinetic study of adductive crystallization of bisphenol-A By A. Alamdari , S. Shariat Nasab, A. Jahanmiri
∗

viii
Characterization of Crystal Size Distribution by Angelo Chianese

ix
Bisphenol A Adduct under the influence of impurities byEhsan Eurfokan and almadari

x
Principle of mass transfer Binny K Dutta

xi
Principle of mass transfer Binny K Dutta

xii
US 6960697 patent
xiii
Basic design for Crystalization

xiv
Chemical Engineering Plant design 6th edition Richardson Coulson

[xv] perrey book edition 8th volume 8

[xvi] Kern,D.Q.,’’Process Heat Transfer’’,McGraw Hill Inc.,2000

[xvii] introduction to process Engineering and desighn tata McGraw hill

[xviii] chemical Engineering Desighn coulson and Richardson volume 6