Tefiloh Sefas Yisroel (Rallis Wiesenthal)

dpyd zenil dltz
mifpky` w"w bdpnk
miixewnd fpky` ixecq gqep

mixge`nd miwcwcnde milikynd dxefpvd iyeaiy `ll
,oyid 'fpky` bdpn' xefià xzeia daeygd dlidwd zepexg`d mipyd ze`na dzid oiinc hxetwpxt zlidw
el oi`y swida mifpky`d mipey`xd ibdpn lr dèyd cr dxny ef dlidw .dipnxb axrn-mexca xnelk
oi`nd lr hxetwp`xt w"wn df xecqa zeltzd ibdpn aex !dtexi` lka zxg` dlidw meya rixe g`
crend lege ,yceg y`x ,leg ini ly zeltz ellkp eae :dixg` zekledd fpky` zeldw x`ye
ozlgzn minid oze`l :zekixvd zeltz x`y mre :gqt crend lege zekq
:el ie`xd enewne excq lr lkd u"yd zxfgl od ldwdl od :oteq cre
:e`vnp `l mixeciqa miptl xy` zeltz x`y mre
inl mixèan mifpky`l micgeind mibdpn
zeize` eice xiipae :mda iwa epi`y
ipir xy`k iteid cv lr
:mixyin dpifgz mièxd
zxkfdl
.'d 'c 't bxeaned cà w"w
1335 - 1942
In Memory Of The Bad Homburg Kehilloh
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:m«k¤ i ¥ l`«l¥ mi ¦ cw§ m¬¤zi¦id«§ e¦ i®¨ ev§ nÎl
:l`hprfiee dyn ‡x oa uxid dnly axd ici lr dbene xceqn

by Rabbi Rallis Hermann Wiesenthal
(:fh zekxa 'nb) !Epi«zFa£̀
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_______________________________________________
ycwen df xeciq
:epevxk jpevx dyriy ick ,jpevxk epevx dyr' ,xne` did èd"
"':jpevx iptn mixg` oevx lhaiy ick ,epevx iptn jpevx lha
'c dpyn ,'a wxt zea` zkqn
zenyp ielirle xkfl

izxen in` ixen ia` ipec`
d"r xrtiy mdxa` za zicedi zex zxn l"f l`hprfiee dnly 'x oa dyn 'x
Marga Schiffer Günter Wiesenthal
t"xz a` mgpn h"k orcièea zclep d"txz fenz 'h n"ctta clep
d"qyz hay g"k ebwiya zxhtp c"pyz hay e"h ebwiya xhtp
izpwf ipwf
d"r jixnr edil` 'x za dhr zxn l"f l`hprfiee dyn 'x oa dnly 'x
Herta Emmerich Sally [Rallis] Wiesenthal
a"pxz oeiq c"k bxeaned càa zclep `"nxz fenz h"k bxeaned càa clep
d"nyz a` mgpn `"i orhprncra zxhtp b"yz elqk e"h ebìihp`qa xhtp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
dxwid izgtyn ceakl
izy`
'igzy oeqpiax mdxa` za dpg dwax zxn
Rebbetzin Rebecca Ann Robinson
ipa
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa edil` dyn 'ad
Johnathan Caleb Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa xra mz awri 'ad
Jesse Nathaniel Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa miig lèi mdxa` 'ad
Benjamin Ethan Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa oxd` dcedi wgvi 'ad
David Samuel Wiesenthal
":mglÎywan
« erxf
À e a®fr«p wićv izi`xÎ`le« izpwÅ¬ f̈Îmb iziÀid | xr³p"
d"k ,f"l mildz
“Consecrated on November 9th 1866 in the spirit of tolerance, racial hatred

destroyed it (the synagogue) on November 9th 1938.” Friedrich Hofmann 1960
_______________________________________________
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:mipey zexewnn hwln xeciqd
micgeine mixwi mixyi miyp`n
l"f l`hprfiee dnly 'x oa dyn 'x ixen ia`
*
l"vf iwvrxeh dyn oiic ixene iax
(fpky` zyxen oekn) `"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen
The Machon Moreshes Ashkenaz Website: www.moreshesashkenaz.org
(milyexi oexeyi zcr w"w ofg) y"enr oncixt l`kin axd
The K’hal Adas Yeshurun Jersusalem Website: www.KAYJ.net
(oriee w"wc dlidwd ax) i"p xrhqiinted xfril` dnly axd
miwdaene miwiecn miixewnd mifpky` mixecqe mixefgnn gqep
1720 (`d xrc o` bxeaned w"wn) mixetikd meie dpyd y`xl xefgn
1722 (`d xrc o` bxeaned w"wn) milbx ylyl xefgn
1722 (oiinc hxetwpxt w"wn) 'dpyd lkn xefgn'
1868 (xra onbilf) 'l`xyi zcear' xeciq
1884 (miidlcx) 'dxexa dty' xeciq
1909 (miidlcx) “Gebete den Israeliten” 'zn` zty' xeciq
1988 wxì èp oexeyi zcr ldw w"w ly mibdpn hewl 'oexeyi ibdpn'
1989 (xìexa ikcxn) daev mx` xzk ly dxeqnde gqepd it lr miaezk miìap dxez
1992 gwexl dlitzd xeciq iyexit
`fiinxbn dcedi x"a xfrl` epaxl
1995 (eh`vel miig dyn iax) 'l"gnx xefgn'
2004 (odk cec) 'edil` xef`' xeciq
2010 (fpky` zyxen oekn) 'mifpky` w"w bdpnk dlitz' xeciq
2013 (oeneleq ail dix` oa dnly mdxa`) n"ctt w"w zeltz ibdpn 'xceqnd zldw ixac'
* TURETSKY, RABBI/DAYAN MORRIS (MOSHE) (22 January 1922-13 September 1993) Having attended grammar
school in his native Manchester, he graduated in Oriental Studies at the University of Manchester, received
a PhD at the University of Leeds, and in 1949 obtained dkinq at the Manchester Yeshiva. (He also received
zekinq from l"vf qiee awri wgvi oiic (1902-1989) author of the 'wgvi zgpn' and l"vf otypixb dnly ongp axd
(1878-1961). He was (1952-1959) Rabbi of Sunderland Hebrew Congregation in Sunderland and (1959-1970)
Rabbi at the Central Vilna Synagogue in Leeds, where he served on the oic zia. From (1970-1984) he was
Rabbi at the Western Synagogue, and then, until 1991, of the New West End Synagogue. A distinguished
Talmudic scholar, he contributed to the London’s Jewish Chronicle newspaper, and was involved in updating
the Singer’s Prayer Book for the centenary of its first edition. He combined his ministry of the Synagogue
with teaching at Jews College, where he took the course for Rabbinical Ordination. His pupils,
myself included, adored him and held both him and his scholarship in the very highest respect.
_______________________________________________
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fpky` ibdpn iyxy
lecbd oerny epiax gqepd dfa elltzde oi`lr oifx it lr zeè ze` lk cqiizp fpky` gqepy ,ig` mkl erc"
lèny epiaxe gwexd xfrl` epiaxe mdicinlze zetqezd ilra eipa lke i"yxe oeyxb epiaxe mleyn epiaxe
èxale uxè miny mda e`xapy zeize` rcei did envr ipta cg` lk xy` ,ciqgd dcedi 'x epae ìapd
ohw xac zepyl eal e`ln xy` èd ine .eixage r"xl enk zeilr mdl dide miirahd lk zepyle zenler
(`pxnewn wifii` wgvi 'x) "?xe` `ln èd xy` df gqepn
,milbc 'c yiy enk' xne` did l"f [wgvi iax ifpky`d] i"x`d (a:a xacna) 'm ¨½ a£̀ ziá¥ §l Æz `§a F³l§bCÎl
¦ r© Wi´`¦ '"
bedpl elbca x`yi lke .ìilh` ,ìipelhw ,fpky` ,cxtq - mibdpn dfià 'iwelg l`xyia zezik 'c yi jk
(yecwd d"lyd - uiaxed mdxa` oa diryi axd - miig jxc) "':miig miwl` ixac elè el` ,ebdpn
mixeciq ly maex gqep .[eicinlz icinlz `le] mnvr mixiyid - eicinlz zwzrd i"r `"rif 'wd h"yrad epixen
xdefd xn`n i"tr fpky` ilaewn bdpn èdy sqen zyecwa "xzk"l hxt] oencwd fpky` gqep èd dl`
fpky` iciqg zea` zxeqnn dpiy `le cala df gqep lltzd yecwd h"yrady gkene rceike [icewt 'xt
èd egqepe ,execa `le gqepd epiy mwlg eicinlz icinlz wxe ,eini seqa mipexg`d zlaw zehytzd awr
."y"r [fpky` gqep ède] eced mcew xn`y jexa azkp h"yrad ly dltz xeciq"... ,xxeand mipencwd gqep
(aeh my lrad zia) (`"r gn sc icedid ze`ltp xtq seqa miwicv zia qexhpew)
We the descendants of Ashkenaz (German Jewry), have zxeqn ixnyn zeidl epikf ,fpky` ipa ,epgp`
merited to be the guardians of the ancient Torah llba z`f yehil zeyx epl oi` .dnecwd dxezd
tradition. We do not have permission to abandon this
for the convenience of ‘being like everybody else’ (there rcin df lr yi) "mlek enk zeidl" ly zegepd
is important material on this in the book ‘Gedolei bdpn xnyn lr zexecd ilecb' xeaiga aeyg
HaDoros Al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz’). I will suffice mihehivd cgà dt wtzq` .('fpky`
here with one of the famous citations of The Rosh z` lawl oìny y"`xd epiax ly minqxetnd
(Rabbeinu Osher) who declined to accept the tradition ezgtyn mr ig da cxtq ux` zxeqn
of the Jews of Spain, where he resided with his family
and students: .eicinlze
“I hold firmly to our tradition and the legacy of our epizea` zlawe eply zxeqnd z` wifgn ip`
forefathers, may their memory be for a blessing, the mdl dyexi dxezd dzidy ,fpky` inkg l"f
sages of Ashkenaz, to whom the Torah was an epizea` zlaw oke ,oaxgd zenin mdizea`n
inheritance from their ancestors from the days of the
destruction of the Temple, and also the tradition of our .z`fd ux`d ipa zlawn xzei ,ztxva epizeax
ancestors and Rabbis the sages of France, more so than .'k i"q ,'k llk, y"`xd z"ey
the tradition of those of this land [Spain].” (Responsa of
The Rosh 20:20) jiyndl epizeax ecitwd mipexg`d zexeca mb
Also in later generations, our Rabbis were insistent on len herin zcnr jezn mb ,fpky` zxeqn z`
continuing the tradition of Ashkenaz (Germany), despite ixen xteq mzgd cirdy itk ,zevx` x`y ipa
their position of then being (numerically) a minority xyè ,ytp igep miyecwd izeaè ixiage izeaxe
among the greater mass of European Jewry as a whole, ax mci jxazi 'cl dlidz ...epcer miig dnd
as the Chasam Sofer testified: it lr mbdpn aex ...md miaehe milecbe ,mdl
"My holy teachers and Rabbis and colleagues and holy ,`peaa mixt` iaxe ,lèi iaxe ...oe`b mxnr ax
ancestors, of blessed memory, as well as those who still ,bxeaphexn m"xdne ,i"yxe ,zetqezd ilrae
live with us….blessings to HaShem Yisborach, their mdibdpn ...dfa jix`` dne ,xehde y"`xde
hands were great and powerful and they are great and exn`p eixac ik ,`"nx znkqdn daxd mipeyn
fine…..…most of their customs are according to R. mecwd mbdpn epiy `l mde ,ìplet bdpn lr
Amram Gaon…and R. Yoel, and R. Ephraim in Bonn,
and the masters of the Tosefos, and Rashi, and Maharam .'i ,i"q zeycgd q"zg z"ey .df liaya
MiRothenburg, and the Rosh and the Tur, and what shall
I continue on about this……... their customs are lk hrnk ebdpe e`hazd dl` mixac gexa
different to a large degree from the conclusions of the mdiwqtn miheq `l epè ,fpkyày epizeax
Ramo, because his words were stated according to the
tradition of Poland, and they (the Ashkenazim/Germans) zxeqnd lr xenyl migny `l` ,mdizebdpde
did not change their pre-existing customs due to this.” zekfk epnvrl z`f mièxe ,efd zihpze`d
(new responsa of Chasam Sofer 10) .dlecb
Almost every Sage in Ashkenaz expressed and axd epixen z`n
conducted themselves in a similar manner, and we do
not deviate from their Halachic rulings and customs; `"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa
rather we are happy to watch over this authentic
tradition, and regard this for ourselves as a great
privilege.
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mipiprd okez
xwead znkyd
3 ..................................................................................................xgyd zekxa
9 .......................................................................zepaxwd xcqe dxezd zekxa
leg ini
14 ........................................................................................zilhd ztihr xcq
15 ............................................................................................oiltz zgpd xcq
16 ..................................................................................................dxnfc iweqt
31 ..................................................................................dizekxae rny zìxw
38 .......................................................................................legl dcinr zixgy
48 .......................................................................................... mit` zlitp xcq
54...........................................................................dizekxae dxez xtq z`ved
65 ...................................................................................................mei ly xiy
71 ..............................................................................................................ixy`
72 ..........................................................................................legl dcinr dgpn
79 ............................................................................................mit` zlitp xcq
82 ..................................................................................................zelrnd xiy
83 ..................................................................................dizekxae rny zìxw
88 .........................................................................................legl dcinr ziaxr
94 .................................................................................................xnrd zxitq
96 .................................................................................dhnd lr rny zìxw
zay
99 ..............................................................................................................oiaexr
100 .......................................................................aeh meile zayl zexp zwlcd
101 ......................................................................................................zay zlaw
108 ......................................................aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
112 ......................................................crend leg zayle zayl dcinr ziaxr
117 ...................................................................................................oiwilcn dna
119 ...............................................................................zqpkd ziaa yeciw xcq
126 ...................................................................aeh meie zay lill yeciw xcq
129 ......................................................................aeh meile zayl dxnfc iweqt
146 ....................................................................................................ig lk znyp
148 ......................................................aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
156 .....................................................crend leg zayle zayl dcinr zixgy
162 ...........................................................................................dxez xtq z`ved
174 ......................................................................................................owxt mewi
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mipiprd okez
178 .........................................................................................dxez xtq zqpkd
180 ........................................................................................zayl dcinr sqen
189 ...........................................................................................zayl cegid xiy
191 .....................................................................................................ceakd xiy
195 .........................................................aeh meie zayl xwea ly yeciw xcq
196 .............................................................................................oeivl àe ixy`
199 ..........................................................................dizekxae dxez xtq z`ved
203 ........................................................crend leg zayle zayl dcinr dgpn
208 ......................................................................................................iytp ikxa
211 ......................................................................................................zea` iwxt
225 .............................................................................zepibpa gvpnl jexa cecl
227 ............................................................zay i`venl dizekxae rny zìxw
232 ......................................................................... zay i`venl dcinr ziaxr
242 ......................................................................................zqpkd ziaa dlcad
244 ..................................................................................................dpald zkxa
246 ...........................................................................................ziaa dlcad xcq
micren
251 .........................................................................................................lld xcq
257 .........................................................yceg y`x zaye yceg y`xl sqen
263 .....................................................................................milbx yelyl zeltz
266 ....................................................................................................alel zlihp
267 ..................................................................................................ci zpzn xcq
268 ......................................................crend lege milbx yelyl dcinr sqen
274 ....................................................................................myb zltze lh zltz
276 ...........................................................................................mitk zìyp xcq
279 .................................................................................................zepryed xcq
282 .................................................................................dax `pryed lil oewiz
282 .......................................................................dax `pryedl zepryed xcq
288 .........................................................................................zenyp zxkfd xcq
300 ...........................................................................................zereay lil oewiz
301 .........................................................................................dpyd y`x zeltz
303 .....................................................................................................jilyz xcq
304 ..........................................................................................xtey zriwz xcq
307 ..............................................................................dpyd y`xl sqen zltz
313 ....................................................................................................epkln epia`
315 ............................................................xetk mei axrl zeklne dxtkd xcq
316 .................................................................................................ixcp lk zltz
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mipiprd okez
318 ........................................................dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz
324 ........................................................................mixetkd meia zenyp zxkfd
325 ...................................................................................xetk meil sqen zltz
331 ..................................................................................xetk meil dlirp zltz
335 ..........................................................................................................zecn b"i
336 .....................................................................................................dkepg xcq
338 ......................................................................................................mixet xcq
zekxa
340...............................................................................................................eppiad
340 ........................................................................................dxvwd oefnd zkxa
341 ............................................................................................oefnd zkxa xcq
346 ...................................................................................yly oirn dkxa xcq
347 .....................................................................................................zekxa xcq
miigd lbrn
349 .............................................................................................dlin zixa xcq
353 ..............................................................................................yiixw leg xcq
354 ................................................................................................oad oeict xcq
355 ............................................................................................jxcd zltz xcq
356 .........................................................................oièyipe oiqexi` zkxa xcq
357 ...........................................................................................zekxa ray xcq
zegny ipipr
359 ........................................................................................................diel xcq
366 .........................................................................................la`d ziaa dlitz
368 ..................................................................................la` ziaa oefnd zkxa
369 ....................................................................................................opaxc yicw
370 ......................................................................... zilbp` zeizeà mezi yicw
dxezd zìxw
371 ...............................................iyinge ipyle zaya dgpnl zeiyxtd xcq
399 ...........................................................................yceg y`xl dìxwd xcq
399 .........................................................................xeaiv ziprzl dìxwd xcq
400 ...................................................................................xeaiv ziprzl dxhtd
400 ....................................................................................dkepgl dìxwd xcq
403 ....................................................................................mixetl dìxwd xcq
403 ...................................................................gqt crend legl dìxwd xcq
406 ..........................................................................aà dryzl dìxwd xcq
406 ....................................................................................aà dryzl dxhtd
408 ..................................................................zekq crend legl dìxwd xcq
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Table Of Contents
A Tribute To The Bad (Pronounced Bahd) Homburg Kehilloh
A Brief History Of The City Of Bad Homburg And It’s Jewish Residents II
Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012 - XIX
Memorial For Bad Homburg Rabbonim And Chazzonim XXV
The Commemoration Plaque for Bad Homburg’s Jewish Soldiers Slain In World War I XXVI
A Memorial to Bad Homburg Jews Deported From The City In 1942-1943 XXVII
A Tribute To Jews Who Originated From Bad Homburg Who Died In Churban Europe XXVIII
The Bad Homburg Minhag XXIX
The Torah Legacy From The Land Of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands

1. The Migration of Torah Tradition from the Land of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands X
2. Types Of Customs XV
3. The Boundaries Of Minhag Ashkenaz XX
4. The Significance Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXI
5. Polish Customs In The Ramo’s Writings XXIV
6. Guardians Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXV
7. The Community Of Frankfurt - Stronghold Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXVII
8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts) XXX
Jüdisch - Deutsch
German-Jewish Words And Phrases XXXIV
Vom Geistlichen Stand - Spiritual Terms XL
Piyutim
The Recitation Of Piyutim XLI
Piyut Curiosities by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Kaganoff XLIV
Various Ashkenazic Customs

iepikd sk L
ziaexrn siew L
y"ixd zgz gzt shg LI
Payos/Beard LI
_______________________________________________
Table Of Contents
Swaying During Tefilloh LII
Ashkenazic Tradition LII
Nitel Nacht LIII
The Titles Chover and Moreinu LIV
Yekke or Jecke - The German Jew LIV
Placement Of The Omud And The Almemor (Bimoh) LV
Collecting Tzedokoh LVI
dltzd iptl zeywae zelitz LVI
ziaxre dgpn ipnf LVI

The Definition of Oren LVI
The Spinholz Sabbath LVII
Four Methods Of Reciting Tehillim LVIII
The Proper Way To Wear A Tallis LIX
A Tallis And Hat On One’s Head During Tefilloh LX
The Sharing of Sephardic And Ashkenazic Customs LXII
Minhag Reinus [Rhine] and Minhag Österreich [Austria] LXIII
Various Sefiroh Customs

The Sixteen Customs Of Sefiroh Mourning Observance LXVI
Minhag Ashkenaz And Recent Lag B’Omer Innovations LXVIII

The Make Up Of Kaddish and Borachu By The Individual LXIX
The Development Of Kaddish Yosom - Fundamentals And History LXVIII
The Contemporary Confusion about the Kaddish after Kerias HaTorah LXXVII
Further Comments About The Form And Function Of The Kaddish LXXVIII
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb xtq LXXX
The Pronunciation Of The “ChOulom” Vowel LXXXII

The Proper Recitation Of The Shem HaShem LXXXVI
aei` ,ilyn ,mildz ixtqa minrhd LXXXVII
A Brief History Of German Jews In Chicago, Illinois LXXXIX
MY Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions XCV
_______________________________________________
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
(fn:gk mixac) 'a®ä¥l aEh́§aE dg̈§nU¦ A§ Li ¤½ l¡
` í̈i§Îz¤̀ ÆŸc§a©¸ r̈Î`«l x³¤W £̀ z©gY©À ' ...x©n`¨ dp̈z©
§ n ax"
©
(ì oikxr zkqn) "!dxi¦ ¨ W d¤f x¥nF` i¥ed¡ ?aä¥l aEh§aE dg̈§nU¦ A§ ...¤W dc̈Far© ì¦d Ffi¥̀
In addition to the halachic prohibition of changing early ,minecw mipebip iepiy ly izkldd xeqi`d caln
melodies, brought down in the Ramo Orach Chaim 619,
,h"ixz 'iq g"e` `"nxa dkldl àend
there is a qualitative difference between the niggunim of
fpky` ipa ly mipebipd oia izeki` lcad yi
Bnei Ashkenaz and the 'chazonus' of Eastern Europe and
Chassidic song.
.ziciqg dxiye zitexi` gxfn 'zepfg' mipebipl
A. Among us the repetition of words in tefilloh is strongly milin zlitk xeng oteà dxq`p eplv` .`
prohibited. In Eastern European Chazonus they are not cinz `l dtexi` gxfn ly zepfga .dlitza
always particular on that. .jk lr micitwn
B. Our song almost always is carefully matched to be in dn`zd lr dcitwn cinz hrnk eply dxiyd .a
harmony with the words of the tefilloh. In other songs,
mizrl ziciqgd dpibpa .dlitzd ly milinl
very often there is no connection between the melody
milind oial oebipd oia xyw oi` ,ce`n zeaexw
and the words.
iciqg oebip edyfi` mye dt èvnl ozip i`ce

Certainly it is possible to find, in places, a Chassidic song
that is exemplary even according to our demanding ,zeifpky`d zeyixcd itl mb 'xcedn' èdy
standards. However, once such niggunim are allowed in dl` mipebipl lbx zqixc ozpizy rbxa la`
our synagogues, there would descend upon them various mipebip mb mdil` excgi ,eply zqpkd izaa
others as well, including truly problematic ones,
.xeaive ofg lk ly enrh itl ,miiziirae mipey
according to the tastes of individual chazonim and
mipebipn rpndl ce`n ievx 'belt `l' meyn
congregations. For the reason of 'lo ploog' (not
differentiating between similar-appearing things to afford .epizea` mdn erpnpy itk ,dl`
extra protection), it is very desirable to refrain from
these songs, as our forefathers refrained from them. miti mdn ,mipebip itl` fpky` zyxena yi
mzeida oiicr elvep `ly ,xzeia mixètne
There are, in the Ashkenazic heritage, thousands of mewna .zegcip zehlwdae miez ixtqa mipenh
songs, some exceedingly nice and beautiful, that haven't
epilr zlhen ,zihqiletet dwifena ynzydl
been put to use yet, being hidden in books of musical
notation and isolated recordings. Instead of using the
z` zeigdle dpyeil dxhr xifgdl zixqen daeg
currently popular music, there is a moral obligation upon .eply `ltpd ilwifend xve`d
us to return the crown to its place and to revive our
wondrous musical heritage. axd epixen z`n
`"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa
_______________________________________________
eaeh dn dltz
Ñ
The “ ” symbol denotes where the ofg/dltz lra begins his recitation aloud within a paragraph.
(The placement of this symbol and some of the text punctuation is based upon the xceqnd zldw ixac.)
,mcw ipn zlaewnd zifpky`d diibda milltzn
.zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd2 .Ou [g]o ,E`¨` 1mlegd z` mibed ,wecwcd illk it lr oke
.zepexb zeize`k ze` ebde s"l`l o"ir oiae s"kl z"ig oia fpky` ipa elicad dycgd zrd iptl
à mÏ©we§ i©g K¤ln«¤ à Li«¤pẗ§l i¦p £̀ dcFn
¤ xikn oa` dyn iax
:L«z¤ p̈En¡
` dÄx© à dl̈§ng¤A§ izn̈§ ¦ W¦p i¦A Ÿx«§©f¡gd¤W
¤
dlitz 3 2 1
:xnìe hrn dgyi zqpkd zial qpkiy iptl
:L«z¤ `¨ x¦
§iA§ Lè
À W §ẅÎl©ki«d¥ Îl¤̀ d¤eg£ Y«© W
§ ¤̀ L®¤zi¥a `Fá¨` LC§
èq © ax́§A i¦p £̀«e© g:d mildz
:xnìe d`xiae zgpa qpkie
:W¤bx§
«Ä K¬¥Nd© §p mi ¦À l¡
` zi¬¥aA§ eh:dp
:xnì zqpkd zial qpkiy
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Li ¤ pèMW§ n¦ a ® r«£©i Li¤l ¨ `« EaHÎd© ¬ n d:ck xacna
:L«z¤ `¨ x¦
§iA§ LèÀ W §ẅÎl©ki«d¥ Îl¤̀ d¤eg£ Y«© W
§ ¤̀ L®¤zi¥a `Fá¨` LC§ èq © ax́§A i¦p £̀«e© 4 g:d mildz
:LcFa§
«¤ M o¬©MW § n¦ mFw§À E L®¤zi¥A oFŕ§n iY§ ¦ ad© ¨ À̈i«i§ g:ek
:i¦ r iï§Îi¥pt§ ¦l à dk̈x§èa ¤̀ à dr̈x§«¨k ¤̀§e à d¤eg£ Y© W § ¤̀ i¦p £̀«e©
:Lr§
«¤Wi¦ z¬¤n`¡A«¤ i¦p¥pÀ r£¹ L®¤
C§qg© Îax§ Ä mi¬¦ l¡
` oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥ ï¿i§ | Ļ§lÎi´z¦ «N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e© ci:hq
il dcirè epnr oicdc heyt l"p 'd oirk oi`xew mifpky`d epgp`y 'gd zìxw l"f a"k 'iq une` sqei xtqa 1.
.fexgl 'ge 'd 'inrt dnk exag 'iphiit dnke . . . r"dg` i`venl 'gd exag miwcwcndc `cg 'ipn`p micr 'b
zn`d 'ietx s"kk z`xwp dpi` 'gdy gikedl dvex dfay . . . '` fexgl 'ke 'g exagy mewn meya epivn `l . . .
(sqei o`vk bdep) .dpick oixew ep` oi` 'ietx 'kd daxc` ik .'inrhn e`le ez`
The mipniz pronounce a z"lc without a ybc as a “DH” (as in “these”, “those”), and a e"iz without
a ybc as a “TH”(as in “tooth”, “worth”). It seems that the tradition of these pronunciations were
lost in fpky`, since they are not utilized either in the German or Yiddish languages. This could
explain why there is also no “W” sound (that the letters e"ie and z"ia sound identical).
(sqei o`vk bdep) .o"itl`l oipiir oia yixtdl jixvy d"kwe b"p 'iq miig gxeà àede (:ck dlibn) `xnba exn` 2.
1. The dyn dhn (gpwzz oniq) addresses the times one should oren (daven)
[see pg LVI in the back of this xecq for further explanation] earlier, even by a few minutes.
À mdxa`
They are alluded to in the weqt: 'xwaa ¹ mķyie'
` aà dryz , a dìxa dpyd y`x, the day mankind was created.
x dax, the big fast, xetk mei. d dax `pryed, m dlibn, the day of mixet.
.'myd mya' epiid ,'orn`p qrh`b oi`' :dpeknd dnkyd ,minid x`yn xzei zixgyl minikyn xetk mei ly bg exqà
,aleld zerah z` mixiqn dltzd iptl dax `pryeda
.zeycga aleld cb` ly zeaxrd z` mitilgn ,dpeilrd zrahd z` zegtle
2. According to fpky` bdpn, all zekxa are said aloud in synagogue, in order to answer on`, ogly)
a 'q 'e oniq jexr. The xeaiv usually recites zekxa before the dltz lra begins, so that the xeaiv
be attentive to the zekxa and respond properly. There is an oipr to respond with ninety one
on`’s every day. If one is accustomed to enter synagogue with the three zeze` - ,oilitz ,ziviv
dfefn (l"fix` bdpn), it is still important to punctual in order to properly respond on`, (even if
one has already said xgyd zekxa).
3. The `"nx ('h 'iq 'v 'q g"` r"y), states that those areas which do not have a oipn
should nevertheless recite zixgy and ziaxr at the same time as the xeaiv.
'L®¤zi¥A oFŕ§n i¦Y§ad© `¨ 'cÀ ' ,ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ ẅC§ `d̈§l zir¦ n̈W§ C¦ oëi¥M ,`ŸW¦
§ pM§ i¥aA§ `p̈i¥Nv© nE
§ `z̈i¥aA§ `p̈qi
§ xB̈¦ iè©d£ Wix¥n¥ ,i¥IA© `© xn© `¨ 4.
(.hk dlibn 'nb) .`ŸW¦ § pM§ i¥aA§ `p̈qi
§ xB̈¦ iè©d£
_______________________________________________
2
xgyd zekxa zixgy
xgyd zekxa 3 2 1
4
.micgein mipebipa mipievn miniae mx lewa 'mler oec`' obpn dltz lrad .'mler oec`'a dligzn xeaivd zlitz
.ygla eze` mixne` ,dxeaw iptl opin xa yi leg meia melye qg m` (.ygla mixne` xira opin xa yi m`)
The additional hyphens and lines are from the 'dpyd lkn xefgn' 1722 (n"ctt) '? lìxab oa` dnly
:`x§
ä¦p xi¦vi§ÎlM̈ mxÎ« ¤ h¤ A§ à K©ln̈ x¤W £̀ ml̈Fr oFc£̀ 6 5
:`ẍ§w¦p Fn§W K¤ln«¤ i©f£̀ à lM FvÎ§tg¤a§ dÜr© £p zr§¥l
:`xFp ¨ Kl§nÎ¦i FC©a§l à lM©d zFl§kM¦ ixÎ£ ¥ g`«© e§
:dx¨¨`Î§tz¦ A§ d¤id§ i¦ Èd§e à d¤Fd Èd§e dïd̈ Èd§e
:dxi«
¨ A¦ Î§gd© §l Fl | li¦Wn§ d© §l à i¦pW¥ oi¥̀§e cg̈¤̀ Èd§e
:dx§ ÜO¦ Î©de§ frd̈ Fl§e à zi¦lk§ z© i¦lA§ zi¦W`x¥ i¦lA§
:dxv̈
¨ zr§ ¥A i¦la§ g¤ xEv§e à i¦l £̀FB i©ge§ i¦l ¥̀ Èd§e
:`ẍ§w ¤̀ mFi§A i¦qFM zp̈§n à i¦qFpÎn̈E i¦Q¦p Èd§e
:dxi¨ rÎ¨
¦« è§ o©Wi¦` zr§ ¥A à i¦gEx ci¦wt§ `© FcÎï§A
:`xi¦¨ ` `l§e i¦l ip̈Îc£̀ à i¦zÏÎ¦e§B i¦gExÎm¦re§
(.'`xi` `le il ip-c`' :milina cxei oebipde ,zcgeind oebipa xne` dltz lrad mixvnd oiaa)
.zegilq o`k mixne` (daeyz ini zxyre lel` ini) zegilqd inia
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'mici zlihp lr' zkxa z` mixne` (daeyz ini zxyre lel` ini) zegilq inia
1. There are various mibdpn in regard to where one of the miza ilra, or the yny leads zekxa and
`xnfc iweqt from a) `yiinxee bdpn from the dltz lra cenr, b) n"ctt bdpn from his seat,
c) dixbpede cpled ibdpn from the xrnrnl` (dnia).
2. According to fpky` bdpn (h 'q e"n oniq `"nx), miweqt said mipepgz jxca or for dxiny, may be said
before dxezd zekxa. The bxeaphexn m"xdn had a dlaw from ciqgd dcedi 'x, to recite the weqt,
l`xyi rny upon leaving home before zixgy. (g"nx 'q u"ayz :xewn)
3. The xe` ixe`n (cinlz of the dix` zb`y, the ax of Metz) writes that some individuals stand
for xgyd zekxa. The ycgd gnwd hwl (a ax in Amsterdam, formerly from Hungary), writes
that the bdpn is to stand while responding on` in synagogue to the xgyd zekxa.
- crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,mi`xep mini oebip - dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`x ,zay ,leg - micgein mipebip 4.
- mixet ,'xev fern' oebip - dkepg ini ,dxez zgny zetwd oebip - dxez zgny ,(llda mireprpd oebip) zekq oebip
.cgein oebip - yceg y`x ,'zencw`' zligz oebip - zeray ,'èd xic`' oebip - crend leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet ipebipn cg`
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .(lhiw) 'qpbx`q' yael epi` ofgd dax `pryeda
5. mler oec`’s authorship and origin are uncertain. It is often attributed, as least tentatively,
to lìxab oa` dnly (1021-1058), who is known for his Hebrew poetry, but there is no solid
evidence apart from the quality of this hymn and the language appears to be older. It has also
been attributed to oe`b i`d ax (939-1038) and even to the Talmudic sage i`kf oa opgei oax.
Although its diction indicates antiquity, it did not become part of the morning liturgy until
the fifteenth century.
,exne` epa i`d iaxe oe`b `xixy axy ,ciqgd i"x mya ,`"l 'iq (l"yxdn ly ecinlz) 'dyn dhn' xtqa `zi` 6.
execiqa d"lyd k"ke ,zrnyp ezltzy el ghaen gaeyne d`p xiy èdy 'mler oec`' zltzd zra oieknd lk
xgyd zltz ik ,xgyd zltz iptl mler oec` xnel epwzy ,"mingxd xry" xeciq lra azke ."miny xry"
(:f zekxa) :oec` d"awdl `xwy oey`xd didy ,dpwz epia` mdxa`
_______________________________________________
3
xgyd zekxa zixgy
Ep«ẄC¦ èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` 13 ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb) 12 11 10 9 8 7
:m¦ic̈« ï z©li¦h§p lr© (milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad leg inia mixvnd oiaa) Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§
à dn̈§kg̈§A mc¨ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb) 14
¨`d̈Îz¤̀ x©vï x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
rE
© cï§
« e iElB̈ :mi¦lEl£g mi¦lEl£g à mi¦aẅ§p mi¦aẅ§p Fa `xäE ¨ elew z` jinpn dltz lrad
à m¤dn¥ cg̈¤̀ mz¥ Q̈¦i F` à m¤dn¥ cg̈¤̀ g© z«¥ R̈¦i m¦`W ¤ à LcFa§ «¤ k `¥Qk¦ i¥pt§ ¦l
`¥tFx ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ17 :16Li«¤pẗ§l cnr© § d§l x©Wt§ ¤̀ i¥̀ 15 lewa xne` dltz lrad
£le§ m¥Iw© z¦
:zFUr© £l ì¦lt§ n© E xÜÄÎlk̈ i¦lg«
.cinzd zyxt iptl cr dxezd zkxa mixne` oi`
.e"l 'iq dyn dhn azky enk fpky` bdpn oke .dpwzp ok ik
Dz̈`x§ ä dŸ©` :ì¦d dxFd§ ¨ h elew z` jinpn dltz lrad i¦A Ÿ«z© P̈¤W dn̈Ẅ§p à i© l¡ ` (:q zekxa 'nb)
à i¦PO«¤ n¦ Dl̈èH¦l ciz¦ r̈ dŸ©è§ à i¦Ax¦
§wA§ Dxè
ÖW © n§ dŸ©è§ à i¦A DŸ§gt© §p dŸ©` à DŸx© §vi§ dŸ©`
à Li«¤pẗ§l i¦p £̀ dcFn ¤ à i¦Ax¦ §wa§ dn̈ẄèPd© W
¤ o©n§fÎlM̈ :àl̈ ci¦zr̈¤l i¦A Dxi¦ ¨ fg£ d© §lE
:zFnẄèPd© ÎlM̈ oFc£̀ à mi¦Ur© £Od© ÎlM̈ oFAx¦ lewa xne` dltz lrad à i©zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ i© l¡ ` ï§i
:miz¥ ¦ n mixb̈§
¦ t¦l zFnẄ§p xi¦fg£ O© d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
.xgyd zekxa lka cenrl mibdepd yi .zekxad lk z` ygla envrl xne` ldwdn cg` lke 7.
milltznd cg` ,gqt ly iriay lil e` ,dax `pryed lil ,xetk mei lil lk cenil xg` e` zereay oewiz xg` 8.
.'miaeh micqg lneb' cr 'mici zlihp lr'n mx lewa zekxad z` xne` dlila oyi xy`
ezìxw 'it oieki d"a 'ied my exikfdae ,eiztya ìveny dn zelnd 'it oiekiy jixv zelitzde zekxad lka 9.
lrae siwzd èdy oieki micl` my exikfdae ,'idie 'ed 'id èdy ezaizka oieki mbe lkd oec` èdy zepcà
.mlk zegkd lrae zelkid
(mixehd lra) :zeny ipy dlery (:bp zekxa) jxand on xzei on` dperd lecb okle .ipc` d"ied ìxhniba on`
(.`r oiyeciw 'nb) z"i¥lC̈ s"¤l`¨ A§ `x¨w¦
§ pe§ i"d¥ c"EiA§ i¦p £̀ aŸk¦
§ p ,`x¨w¦
§ p i¦p £̀ aŸk¦
§ p i¦p £̀ W¤ M§ `¨l ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨
(sqei o`vk bdep) .el` zeny 'a 'iql ea eynye c"ei dzixgè dziy`x `vnz aelya i"pcè d"ied aezkzyk p"d d"d
'epeve' wiacdle ,eizevna zlna hrn wiqtdl xdfi 'epeve eizevna epycw xy`' dzlgzy dkxa lka] 10.
z`fd devnd epevy lr jk xgè ,llk jxca eizevna epycwy lr mikxan dlgza ik ,eixg`y dnl
.[ìdd zra miyery
.lewa dnizgd mr dnizgd iptly mipexg`d milnd xne` ,ygla dzvwn dltz lra xne`y dkxa lk] 11.
on` zeprle dnizgd oiadle renyl mal epzie ,dkxad mezgiy dnizgd iptl xak ldw ernyi ornl ,mrhde
[.g"q c"kw g"e` r"ey dpnn xidfdy ,dnezi diipr didz `ly ,ie`xk
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'mici zlihp lr' zkxa ofgd xne` dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 12.
13. Responding 'eny jexae èd jexa' upon hearing a dkxa, dates back to the fpky` iciqg. (y"`x)
14. The gqep of the dkxa was added by zyy ax and edited by `tt ax.
oi` on zxfbp dlnd ik sl`d zgz ixiva i`' .(miwized fpky` ixeciqa wixiga `le ixiva i¥̀ 15.
('c w"q 'e 'iq dxexa dpyn) '... z"ryae b"ntde h"dad k"k
(zldw ixac) .d"l 'iq dyn dhn azky enk fpky` bdpn ok .'zg` dry elit`' mixne` oiè 16.
17. xÜÄ lk̈ i¦lg« is the gqep of the mipey`x and the text in most ancient mixeciq.
_______________________________________________
4
xgyd zekxa zixgy
.oibexiql slgznd ,cgein oebipa mixne` 'gk sril ozepd' cre 'iekyl ozp xy`'n
(:q zekxa 'nb)
ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dler oebipa
:dl̈§i«l̈ oi¥aE mFi oi¥A oi¦ga§ d© §l dp̈i¦a i¦ek§ V
«¤ ©l o©zp̈ x¤W £̀
(:bn zegpn 'nb)
18
:iFB i¦pU
«© r̈ `N¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cxei oebipa
:c¤ar«¨ i¦pU ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dler oebipa 19

«© r̈ `N¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
20
:dẌ¦` i¦pU
«© r̈ `N¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
: miypd zekxan
21
:FpFvx¦
§M i¦pU
«© r̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
(:q zekxa 'nb)
(n"ctt bdpn) .'mixer gwet' zkxa iptl zxn`p 'minexr yialn' zkxa
:mi¦Oxªr£ Wi¦A§ln© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dler oebipa
:mix§
¦er¦ g© wFR ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cxei oebipa 22
«¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥l¡
18. The ancient bdpn as practiced by n"ctt was ieb ipyr `ly. The censors were unhappy with
the term ieb, so it was changed to l`rnyi ipyr `ly, m"ekr or izek (or l`xyi ipyry). ixkp ipyr `ly
came about as a compromise.
`xwnd oeyly dprha à èd j` ,ieb èd ixewnd gqepdy oirceia ,wgvi xzriea exewn 'ix§ ¦kp̈ i¦pU«© r̈ `N¤W' gqep
.eizeawra ekld l`xyi zceare d"eex .l"fg ly iebl `xwn oeyl èdy ixkp "owiz" okle ,dne` èd ieb
okpin ci-azk oiir) l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § i i¦p`© Ü£rW¤ ,od¥ El ¥̀ ,mFi lk̈A§ zFkxÄ§ WŸlẄ Kxä§
¥ l mc̈`¨ aiÏg© ,xnF`
¥ xi`¦ n¥ ia¦ x§ dïd̈ ,ì̈§pY©
(:bn zegpn 'nb) .xEa i¦p`© Ü£r `ŸNW¤ ,dẄ¦` i¦p`© Ür£ `N¤W ,[hcinycleb lìpc-heite dlitz ixwgn]('iFB i¦pU «© r̈ N¤W' `vnp ea
dy`l jiiy did mvrae .[clwz 'nr h"pyz "milyexi dltz giy" uaeway xpfyh dcedi axd zaeyza 'ir]
b"d seq h"t zekxa inlyexi) dpic oebk - (dy` ipyr `ly opikxanck jtidl oke) ,yi` dligzkl dxvep zeidl
dyà lblbzn yi` minrtl mb .k:ak ,a:`k ,i:gi ziy`xa yecwd miigd xeà cer 'ire .(`k:l ziy`xa i"yxa k"ke
jxaz xity okle - (fp ,ep ze` diebd y`xa zeielzd dxezd on dyrz `l zevna micxg xtq 'ir) jtidle
[dfa q"yxdn xecqa 'ire] .xkf ieb elit` dclep `ly gayl ick ,ieb ipyr `ly
,`nxb onfdy dyr zevna zaiig dpi` ìd mby dy` ip`yr `ly jxany t"r` car ip`yr `ly d"n` i"à 19.
.ith rexb èdy car ip`yr `ly jxal jixv
.`nxb onfdy dyr zevna zaiig dpi`y dy` ip`yr `ly d"n` i"à 20.
(xeh) .drxd lr oicd eilr wicvny ink èdy ok mibdepy xytè epevxk ip`yry jxal miypd ebdpe 21.
22. :(f"r 'iq g"` oiir) mi¦lẗ§W D© i«A
¦ §bn© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` i§"©`"Ä oitiqen uin w"wa
Reciting milty diabn is fpky` bdpn, though the sqei zia felt that it should not be said because
a) it did not commonly appear in ze`xnb icxtq, and b) it has the same meaning as mitetk swef.
This dkxa however, does appear in ze`xnb ifpky`. Amongst the oilet iwqet there was a zwelgn
concerning this dkxa, the g"a and the yeal felt it should be said, the f"h felt it should not.
The mdxa` obn ruled that both opinions are accepted. The micbn ixt is the most extreme in
the opposition to this dkxa. He felt that one should protest against anyone saying it.
_______________________________________________
5
xgyd zekxa zixgy
:mixEq£̀
¦ xi¦Yn© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dler oebipa
:mi¦tEt§M s¥wFf à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:m¦iÖ« d© Îlr© ux«¤`¨ d̈ r©wFx à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡

` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dxizi dilr oebipa
(n"ctt bdpn) .'il dyry' zkxa iptl zxn`p 'xab icrvn oikd xy`' zkxa
:x¤a«b̈Îic¥r§
£vn¦ oi¦kd¥ x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:i¦Mxv̈ÎlM̈
§ «¨W 24 à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
i¦l dÜr¤ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dler oebipa23
:dxEa§
¨ bA¦ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ x¥fF` à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:dx¨
¨`t§ z¦ A§ l¥̀ x§ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dxizi dilr oebipa 25
Üi¦ x¥hFr à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:©gM« srÏ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :miiqn oebipa 26
¥ ©l o¬¥ P©d à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
elew z` jinpn dltz lrad dp̈¥W xi¦ar©
£Od© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb)
27
i¦p«¥li¦Bx©
§YW¤ à i©zFa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ i© l¡
` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di¦e :i©Rr§
©tr¥
©n dn̈EpzE
§ i©pir¥
¥n
à oFr̈§e dx¥
är£ ici¦
¥ l `l§e à `§hg¥ ici¦
¥ l `l i¦p «¥̀ i¦aY§ l©è§ à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ i¦pwè
«¥Ac§
©e L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A
rx© mc̈¨`n¥ i¦pw£
«¥gx§
©e :rxd̈
© x¤v«i¥ i¦AÎhl§Wi¦ l©è§ à oFiG̈¦a ici¦
¥ l `l§e à oFiQ̈¦p ici¦
¥ l `l§e
:Kl̈Îc¤Ar§ Y© W
§ d¦ §l ix§
¦vi¦Îz¤̀ sk§e à mi¦aFh mi¦Ur©
£na§ E aFh x¤v«i¥A§ i¦pwè
«¥Ac§
©e :rx© x¥ag̈¥nE
i¦p«¥lnè §bz¦ e§ à i©`FxÎlk̈ i¥pir§
¥aE Li«¤pir§
¥A mi¦ng£ x§©lE c¤q«g¤§lE o¥g§l mFiÎlk̈§aE mFI©d i¦p«¥pzE
§ Ñ
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr§
©l mi¦aFh micq̈£
¦ g l¥nFB ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦aFh micq̈£
¦g
.xetk meia e` aà dryza 'ikxvÎlk il dyry' mihinyn oi` 23.
:ik̈x§
¨vÎlM̈ i¦l z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` i§"©`"Ä 24.
.ikxv lk 'i¦l z̈i«U
¦ r̈¤W' miqxeb uxid 'x xeciqe ,ixhie xefgn ,gwexde ,b"nqde ,y"`xde ,m"anxde ,s"ixd azk
.miax oeyla 'ik̈x§
¨v' mixne` yiy azk e"n 'q g"`l mdxa` obnae fpky` 'iqa
.aà dryza dx`tza l`xyi xher mihinyn oiè 25.
26. This dkxais not mentioned in the Talmud. An interesting explanation for its inclusion is given
by oecxeb al dix` axd in his dltz oeir: “When the unending persecution and oppressions
threatened to overcome Israel’s strength, the fpky` inkg decided to offer encouragement to the
despairing masses by including this dkxa. They attached it, appropriately to the preceding
zekxa, dxEa§
¨ bA¦ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ x¥fF` and dx¨
¨`t§ z§
¦ A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ x¥hFr.” [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 36]
27. The `xnb (:q zekxa) uses the singular for miaeh micqg lneb. A sixteenth century mkg icxtq,
felt it needed to be in the plural form. The mdxa` obn publicized this opinion, although
he did not necessarily agree with it. From then on, mixeciq changed the tense to
the plural form. oilxa diryi 'x and the oglyd jexr were against the change. (It is interesting
to note, that micxtq in recent generations have reverted to the singular.)
_______________________________________________
6
miny zekln ler zlaw zixgy
mFI©d i¦p«¥li¦SY© W ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ Ñ (:fh zekxa 'nb)

¤ à i©zFa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ i© l¡
à rx© o¥kẌ¦nE à rx© x¥ag̈¥nE à rx© mc̈¨`n¥ à mi¦pR̈ zEGr¥ ©nE mi¦pẗ i¥Gr¥
©n mFiÎlk̈§aE
¦AÎo¤a Èd¤W oi¥A Ñ à d¤Wẅ oiC¦ lr«©A© n¦ E d¤Wẅ oiC¦
à zix§ ¦n à zi¦gW
§ O© d© oḧV̈¦nE à rx© r©b«R¤n¦ E
:zix§¦AÎo¤a Fpi¥̀ W ¤ oi¥aE
,dlitz z`f oi` ik ;dax edil` 'xc `pzn 'xnìe' cr '`di mlerl' mixne` oi`
.ldwd zeltz xcq jeza `l la` ,envrl cigin e` yxecd axn dgkez jeza xn`dl 'ie`xd xqen zgkez m` ik
§vÎlr© `´l gi:h lìpc à mi¦nl̈Frd̈ÎlM̈ oFAx¦ Ñ [`gtp xa opgei 'x] i"r
mi³¦li¦Rn© Ep§g©p¸ £̀ Epi ¥À wc¦
?Ep«w¥c¦§SÎd©n ?EpC§ «¥qg© d¤n ?Epi«¥Ig© d¤n ?Ep«`¨ dn̈ :mi«A¦ xd̈
© Li¬¤ng£ xÎl«© r© i¦M Li¤p½ ẗ§l ÆEpi¥̧pEp£gY«©
?Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗ§l x©n`PÎd©n ?Ep«z¥ xEa§
¨ BÎd©n ?Ep«¥ MÎd©n ?Epr§ «¥W¦IÎd©n
mi¦pFa§pE à rC© ¨n i¦la§ M¦ mi¦nk̈£ge© à Eid̈ `l§M m¥Xd© i¥W§p`© e§ à Li«¤pẗ§l o¦i`«© M§ mixFA¦
¦ Bd© Îlk̈ `l£d
m³c̈¨`«d̈ xz©¸ FnE hi:b zldw à Li«¤pẗ§l l¤a«d¤ m¤di¥Ig© i¥ni¦e à EdY« m¤di«U¥ r©£n ax i¦M ?l¥MU§ d© i¦la§ M¦
:l¤a«d̈ lM©d i¬M¦ Ñ o¦i`«¨½ Ædn̈¥dAè d© Îo¦n
à dÏxFO©
¦ d x©dA§ FN Ÿ§rA«© W
§ ¦PW
¤ à L§a © ` md̈x§
ä`© i¥pA§ à L«z¤ ix§ ¦a i¥pA§ à LèOr© Ep§g«©p £̀ lä£̀ Ñ
Lzä£
è d`© O¥ W
¤ à LxFk§
«¤ A L§pA¦ awr© £i zc©r£ à g© A«¥ §fO¦ d© Îi¥A©B lr© c©wr¤
¡PW
¤ Fci¦gi§ wg̈§vi¦ r©x«¤f
:oExWi¦
ª e l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Fn§WÎz¤̀ z̈`xẅ è nV¦ n¦ E Ñ Fz` Ÿ§a«d© `¨ W
«¨ à FAÎŸ§gn«© V̈¤W Lzg̈§ ¤
g©a«W
¤ Îo¥Y¦le§ WC© ¥w§lE Kxä§
¥ lE à Lx¤̀ẗ§ © §lE à L§l zFcFd§l mi¦aÏ©g Ep§g«©p £̀ Kk̈i¦t§l Ñ
«§ lE à L£gA¥ W
?Ep«z¥ Ẍx§ªi dẗÏÎd©nE ?Ep«¥lxFB
¨ mi¦rP̈Îd©nE ?Ep«w§
¥lg¤ aFHÎd©n à Epix§
«¥W`© :L«n¤ W
§ ¦l dïc̈Fd§e
n"ctt gqep
à mi¦aix¦r©
£nE mi¦ni¦MW
§ n© Ep«`¨ W
¤ à Epix§ «¥W`© Ñ à mi¦aix¦r©
£nE mi¦ni¦MW § n© Ep«`¨ W «¥W`© Ñ
¤ 28 à Epix§
à ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤29 :mFi lk̈§A m¦in«© r©
£R mixè¦nF`§e x¤wa¨« e ax¤r«¤
:mixè
¦nF`§e dä£d`© A§ m¦in«© r©
£R
28. Generally, Ep«`¨ is l"fg oeyl, and Ep§g«©p £̀, `xwn oeyl. Changing Ep«`¨ to Ep§g«©p £̀, is one example,
of an attempt to change the xeciqd zqxib to `xwn oeyl.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .l"fg oeyl lr `xwn oeyl sicrdy wgvi xzrie iiepyn èd epgpè ,i"q lka d"ke i"k xeciq
.'ebe 'r©nW
§ mFi lk̈§A m¦in«© r©
£R mixè
¦nF`§e x¤wa¨
« e ax¤r«¤ mi¦aix¦r©
£nE mi¦ni¦MW § n© Ep«`¨ W «¥W`© ' `vnp mixecqd lkae - .xwae axr 29.
¤ Epix§
oeyld zeeydl ok eyr ileè .'ebe 'r©nW § mixè ¦nF`§e dä£d`© A§ m¦in«© r©
£R ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A x¤wa¨ «¥W`© ' t"t bdpn la`
« e 'eke Epix§
zltz seqa mb dfe aexwe .'dä£d`© A§ m¦in«© r© £R ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤ Fn§W mic£ ¦g©inè d© ' h"ieya sqen zyecw mr
(zldw ixac) .dkex`d megx ède
_______________________________________________
7
miny zekln ler zlaw zixgy
:weqtd z` dltz lrad mr lewa xne` ldw
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡ Üi¦ rn© W

` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§ § 30 c :e mixac
31
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ ygla
à ml̈Frd̈ `x§
ä¦PX ä¦p `N¤W cr© Èd dŸ©` Ñ [dax edil` iac `pz]
¤ n¦ Èd dŸ©` à ml̈Frd̈ `x§
à L«n¤ W
§ i¥WiC§
¦wn© lr© L§nW
¦ Îz¤̀ WC©
¥w :À̈©d ml̈Frl̈ Èd dŸ©è§ à d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ Èd dŸ©`
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep«¥px©

§w D© i«A¦ §bz© e§ mExŸ Lzè r̈EWi¦aE Ñ :L«n¤l̈Fr§A L§nW¦ Îz¤̀ WC©
¥we§
:mi¦AxÄ
© L§nW
¦ Îz¤̀ WC©
¥wn§
:mi¦pFi§lrd̈
¤ m¦in«© Ẍ©d i¥nW
§ a¦ E ux«¤`¨ äE m¦in«© Ẍ©A à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Èd dŸ©` Ñ [edil` iac `pz]
Li«¤ew u¥Aw© :mi¦ l¡

` oi¥̀ Li«c¤r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd dŸ©è§ à oFW`x¦ Èd dŸ©` à z¤n`¡
Æmi¦ l¡
`«d̈ ÈdÎdŸ©
³ ` eh:hi 'a mikln i¦M ml̈Fr i¥̀ ÄÎlM̈ Erc¥
èie§ Exi«M¦ ©i :ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax©
§`n¥
ÆmÏ©dÎz¤̀ ux¤`d̈Îz¤̀§
À̈ e m¦iń© Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ ì:k zeny z̈i«½U¦ r̈ dÝ̈`© u¤x®¨`d̈ zFḱ§lnè n© lk§l L½ C©
èa§l
L§l x©nÌ¤W mi¦pFY§gY© a© F` mi¦pFi§lrÄ
¤ Licï
«¤ d¥Ur©
£nÎlk̈§A i¦nE :mÄÎx¤
½ W £̀ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e
à Epi«¥lr̈ `x§
¨w¦PW
¤ lFcB̈©d L§nW
¦ xEar©
£A c¤q«g¤ Ep«Ör¦ d¥Ur£ à m¦in«© Ẍ©AW
¤ Epi«a¦ `¨ ?d¤Ur©
£YÎd©n
m®¤kz¤̀
§ i´v¦ Aè w© zräE
¥ mk¤½ z¤̀
§ ìá¦ `¨ Æì¦dd© zrÄ
³¥ k:b diptv :aEzM̈¤WÎd©n Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Ep«l̈Îm¤Iw© e§
k¤ i¥pir§
«¥l m²¤ki¥zEa§
« WÎz¤̀ i¯a¦ EW§A Ñ ux«½
¤`¨ d̈ iÓ¥ r© Ælk§A dN̈¦
À dz¦
§ le§ m´W
¥ §l mk¤¹ z¤̀
§ oY¤̀Îi«
¥̧ M¦
:«ïi§ x¬©n`¨
30. The dkld follows ìypd dcedi iax that only the first weqt need be said in its proper time
(:b"i zekxa), in case orenen is lengthened with the addition of miheit. To demonstrate this
we recite my jexa, however there’s no need to recite zadè 't, contrary to the opinion of the
l"yxdn who recited it. The bdpn for rny zìxw ipnf is to follow the `"xbd ipnf.
.mx lewa ':cr¨

¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ' mixne` f`y xetk meia hrnl 31.
_______________________________________________
8
zepaxwd xcq dxezd zkxa zixgy
zepaxwd xcqe dxezd zkxa 1

2
.dxezd zekxa z` mx lewa xne` dltz lrad
à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:ì zekxa 'nb)
.r"ya azky enk zg` dkxa ìd ik ,o`k on` mixne` oi` :dxFz ¨ ix§ ¥ac§ ¦A wqr© £l Ep«E¨v¦ e§
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zi¥A LèOr© zFI¦ti¦ta§ E Epi«t¦ A§ L«z¤ xFz ¨ ix§ ¥aCÎz¤̀
¦ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i `p̈Îax¤r© £de§
3
: L«z¤ xFz
¨ icè ¥nFl§e L«n¤ W
§ ir¥cFi
è Ep«N̈Mª à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zi¥A LèOr© i¥̀ v̈¡
`v¤e§ Epi«¥̀ v̈¡ `v¤e§ Ep§g«©p £̀ d¤id§ ¦pe§
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr§©l dxFY
¨ c¥O©lnè d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
© ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ4
n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:dxFY©
¨ d o¥zFp iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :FzxFYÎz¤̀
¨ Ep«l̈Îo©z«p̈e§
5
mxn`l did l"ixdn bdpn .'mixac el`' zpyne 'jkxai' iweqt z` mixne` oi` ,mcwn laewnd fpky` bdpn itl
.meia `l` epnf oi`y ,cinzd zyxt xnel oiicr lki `le ,dxezd zkxa jxiae xgyd zelr mcew cenll mikydyk wx
: «P¤gªi«e¦ Li¤l ¥̀ ei²p̈R̈ | ¯ïi§ xì̈
¥̧ :Lxè
«¤nW§ i¦e§ ï§i L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ ekÎck:e xacna
:mF«lẄ L§l m¬¥Uï§e Li¤l½ ¥̀ Æeip̈R̈ | ³ï§i `V̈¦ ¸i
:xEr¦W m¤dl̈ oi¥̀ W
¤ mixä
¦ c§ EN«¥̀ `:` d`t dpyn
:dxFY
¨ cEn§lz© e§ micq̈£
¦ g zEli¦n§bE oFi¨`xd̈§
¥ e mixEM¦
¦ Ad© e§ d¨`R¥ d©
:À̈©d ml̈Frl̈ Fl z¤n«¤Iw© ox«¤T©
¤de§ d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ m¤di¥zFxi¥R l¥kF` mc̈¨`W ¤ mixä¦ c§ EN«¥̀ `:fkw zay
à zi¦ax§r§
©e zix£
¦gW© Wx¨c¦ §Od© zi¥A z©nM̈§Wd© e§ à micq̈£
¦ g zEli¦n§bE à m¥̀ë a¨` cEA¦M - o¥d EN«¥̀ e§
à dN̈¦tY§ oEI¦re§ à z¥Od© z©ie¨§lE à dN̈©M z©qp̈§kd© e§ à mi¦lFg xET¦aE à mi¦gxF` è z©qp̈§kd© e§
(zEk§f s©k§l Fx¥ag£ z¤̀ oc̈§e à dxFY¨ cEn§lz© §l eip̈Ä lC©¥bnè d© e§) Fx¥ag£©l mc̈¨` oi¥A mFlẄ z©à̈£de©
:mN̈ªM c¤b«¤pM§ dxFY
¨ cEn§lz© e§ -
1. We are required to immediately proceed dxezd cenil with dxezd zekxa. Since we learn straight
away, no additional miweqt or zeipyn are required such as those printed in most mixeciq.
However, one may recite mipepgz jxca miweqt before dxezd zekxa (i.e. lel` and the
daeyz ini zxyr, when zegilq are recited before the dlitzd onf). Hence we recite dxezd zekxa
after minlerdÎlk oeax even though the miweqt, 'l`xyi rny' and 'mkz` ìa` ìdd zra' are recited
beforehand as mentioned by the xeh.
.dlild lk mixr ex`yp xeaivd aex zereay lil) dlild lk mixerpd z` ìvedl oiekn dltz lrad 2.
,ynn miccea wx xetk mei lila ,xzei mihrn (zevg xg`l cr mixerp zeidl miax mibdep) dax `pryeda
(xbxeand axd epixen) .(cg` s` gqt ly iriay lilae
.(`xnba `vnp èd zeicxtq zexecdna) xehae `xnba eppi` ik 'dnyl jzxez icnele' mixne` oi` 3.
There are various explanations of the term dnyl: a) to study without hope of reward or fear
of punishment, but solely because dxez is truth (m"anx), b) to study with the intent to practice
(miciqg xtq), c) to study dxez “for the dxez’s sake” - simply to know and understand its concepts
and to derive therefrom, and not for the purposes of elevate one’s stature or amazing others with
one’s knowledge (b:c miigd ytp ,a"q mixcp y"`x).
,y`d jezn eixac eprinyde ,ipiq xd iptl epaxwe ,zene`d lkn epa xga xy` ,ipiq xd cnrn lr ezkxaa oieki 4.
[xeh] :mei lka da ryrzyn didy ezcng ilk epiig zia ìdy ,dyecwd ezxez z` epl ozpe
mdl oi`y mixac el`' mbe ,mipdk zkxac miweqt xnel ebdp miztxvde" ,'xhtp xaky' d"c 'a `"i zekxa 'qeza 5.
,['` f"kw zaya] `xnin ìdy ,'ek odizexit lke` mc`y mixac el`'e ,[d`tc `"t] dpyn ìdy 'xeriy
":k"r 'xz` lr cenliy irac inlyexin iptn
_______________________________________________
9
cin xnel micitwn dxezd zkxa xg`

.(cenlz) l`rnyi iaxc `ziixae ,(dpyn) zepaxwd xcq ,(`xwn) cinzd zyxt z`
m®¤d¥l £̀ Ÿx© §n`«¨ e§ l ¥̀½ x§
Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Îz¤̀ e©µ v :xn`¥ « N d¬¤ nÎl¤̀ ï§i x¬¥Ac§ ©ie© 6 gÎ`:gk xacna
Ÿ
´ x© §n`«¨ e§ :Fc« rF £ n§
« A i¦l aix§ ¬¦wd© §l Exè
¾ nW § Y¦ i ¦½ gi«¦p g© i¥xµ iX©À `¦ §l in¦¹ g§ ©l i¸¦pÄxẅÎz¤̀
§
d¬l̈r mFI©l m¦i¬©pW § m²n¦ i¦nz§ d¯p̈ẄÎi«¥pA§ miU¦¸ ä§M ®ïi«©l Eaix§ ¦wY© x¬¤W £̀ dX ¤½ `¦ «d̈ d¤µf md¤½ l̈
oi¬¥A d¤Ur«£Y© i¦p½ X ¥ d© U¤a´M¤ d© Æz ¥̀§e x¤A© ® a dÚ¤ r«£Y© cg̈¤̀ U¤a¬¤Md© Îz¤̀ :ci«n¦ z̈
:oi«d¦ d© zri¦ ¬¦ ax§ zi¦zM̈ o¤n¬¤WA§ d²l̈El§A d®g̈§pn¦ §l z¤lq d²ẗi¥̀«d̈ zixi¦ ¯¦ Ur«£e© :m¦iÄ« x§r«©d̈
oid¦½ d© zri¦ ´¦ ax§ ÆFM§q¦pe§ :«ïi«©l d¤X`¦ © gi¦ ½ p g© i´x§¥l i©p½ i¦q x´d© A§ ÆdïUªr«£d̈ ci®n¦ Ÿ z©lr
oiÁ¥ d¤Ur«£Y© i¦p½ X ¥ d© U¤a´M¤ d© Æz ¥̀§e :«ïi«©l xk̈¥W K¤q¬¤p K²¥Qd© W ¤T© À A c®g̈¤̀«d̈ U¤ M¤©l
:«ïi«©l © gi¦p g© i¬¥
x d²¥X`¦ dU¤½ r«£Y© ÆFM§q¦pk§ E x¤A© ³ d zg©¸ §pn¦ M§ m¦i®Äx§r«©d̈
7
®ï§i i´¥pt§ ¦l dp̈tv̈ g© ²¥A§fO¦ d© K¤x¯¤i lr´© F ¹ ` hg©¸ Ẅ§e ì:` `xwie
:ai«a¦ q̈ © A¥ §fO¦ d© Îlr© Fn² CÎz¤̀¨ mi¯¦p£dM©
« d ox̧£d`«© Ái¥pA§ Ew¿ x«è f̈e§
: mitiqen zaya
miÀ¦px§Ur¤ i´¥pW § E m®n¦ i¦nY§ dp̈ẄÎi«¥pA§ mi¬U¦ ä§kÎi«¥pW
§ zÄ© ½ Xd© ÆmFi§aE i-h :gk xacna
:D«M̈q§ ¦pe§ ci¦nŸ©d z¬©lrÎlr© FY©
® AW© A§ A© W© z¬©lr :FM§ « q¦pe§ o¤ X
¤ a© d¬l̈El§A d²g̈§pn¦ z¤lq̄
: mitiqen yceg y`xa
Æmi¦©p¸ W§ xwäÎi«
³¨ ¥pA§ mixR̈ ¸¦ ®ïi«©l dl̈r Eaix§ ¬¦wY© mk¤½ i¥Wcg̈ § ÆiW ¥ `x§äE ehÎì:gk
Ædg̈§pn¦ z¤lq³ miÀ¦px§Ur¤ d´¨ l§WE :m«n¦ i¦nY§ dr§äW ¦ d²p̈ẄÎi«¥pA§ mi¯U¦ ä§M cg̈¤̀ ½ l¦i´`© e§
:c«g̈ ¤̀«d̈ l¦i`© l̈ o¤nX
¤½ a© d´l̈El§A Ædg̈§pn¦ z¤lq³ miÀ¦px§Ur¤ i´¥pW§ E c®g̈¤̀«d̈ R̈©l o¤nX ¤½ a© d´l̈El§A
:«ïi«©l d¤X`¦ © gi¦
½ p g© i´x¥Ædl̈r c®g̈¤̀«d̈ U¤ M¤©l o¤nX ¤½ a© d´l̈El§A Ædg̈§pn¦ z¤lq³ oFxV̈¦ À r ox́V̈¦re§
o¦i®ï U¤ M¤©l oi²d¦ d© zri¦ ¬¦ axE§ l¦i`©À l̈ oi´d¦ d© z¯W
¦ i¦lW§ E xR©¹̈ l d¤̧i§di¦« Áoi¦dd© i´v¦ g£ md¤À i¥Mq§ ¦pe§
®ïi«©l z`Ḧ©g§l8 c²g̈¤̀ mi¬¦Gr¦ xir¦¸ U§ E :d«p̈Ẍ©d i¥Wcg̈§ § l FW½ cg̈§ § A ÆW ¤ģ z¬©lr z`f́
:FM§
« q¦pe§ d¤Ur̈«i¥ ci²n¦ Ÿ©d z¯©lrÎlr©
'd lr oibz .dX ¤½ `¦ «d̈ d¤µf :(.iw zegpn) oaxw aixwd eli`k dxeza wqerdy xnel .dxez z"q .z ¤̀ ev©µ :xn`¥ « N d¬¤ n 6.
(`"d c"t p"xy zea` d`x) mlekn daiag dlerde mkl izzp zepaxw ipin 'd jl xnel 'dX ¤½ `¦ «d̈' ly dpexg`
z"x .mFI©l m¦i¬©pW
§ m²n¦ i¦nz§ :(.iw zegpn) zepaxw ipin 'd mzaxwd eli`k mkilr ip` dlrne dxez iyneg 'da ewqre
dler meidy mewna eze` mihgeyy ,'dler meil' dia ixw .ci«n¦ z̈ d¬l̈r mFI©l :dpyl oiaxw oicinz jk lky .l"yz
(mixehd lra) :(:`l cinz)
7. The recital of 'ez` hgye' was not fpky` bdpn of the mipey`x, although it is listed amongst
the mibdpn of other mipencw. By the seventeenth century, it appears in most fpky` ixecq.
,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ ?''c«©l' FA xn¡ © `P¤W¤ WcŸ¤g W`Ÿx lW¤ xir¦ Ü dp̈Y© W¦ § p dn© ,Wiw¨ ¦ l oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 8.
(:q oileg ,.h zereay 'nb) .g© xÏ
¥ d© z ¤̀ iY¦ h§ ri
© O¦ W¤ lr© dx¨R̈©k `d§ ¥ i d¤f xir¦ Ü
_______________________________________________
10
9
zeipynd mixne`y oebipa xnì ,cenil xwra ìd (d"t migaf) 'onewn edfi`' wxt
?mi¦gä§fÎl¤W on̈Fw§n Ed¤fi¥̀ [`]
,oFtS̈©A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§ - mixER¦
¦ Md© mFiÎl¤W xi¦rÜ§e x©R .oFtS̈©A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§ mi¦Wcẅ
¨ i¥Wcẅ
§
,z¤kxR̈©
« dÎlr§
©e ,miC©
¦Ad© oi¥AÎlr© dïG̈d© oErḧ on̈c§
ë .oFtS̈©A zxẄ
¥ i¥lk§ A¦ on̈C¨ lEA¦we§
i¦aẍr©
£n cFq§i lr© K¥tFW dïd̈ mC©
¨d ixi¦
¥ W .z¤a«M¤ r§
©n o¤dn¥ z©g`«© dp̈Ÿ©n .ad̈G̈©d g©A§fn¦ Îlr§
©e
.a¥Mr¦ `l ,o©zp̈ `lÎm¦` .oFvi¦gd© g© A«¥ §fn¦ Îl¤W
- mi¦tx§
Ü¦Pd© mixi¦
¦ rU§ E mi¦tx§
Ü¦Pd© mixR̈
¦ [a]
z¤kxR̈©
« dÎlr© dïG̈d© oErḧ on̈c§
¥ i¥lk§ A¦ on̈C¨ lEA¦we§ ,oFtS̈©A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§
i¦aẍr©
£n cFq§i lr© K¥tFW dïd̈ mC©
¨d ixi¦
¥ W .z¤a«M¤ r§
©n o¤dn¥ z©g`«© dp̈Ÿ©n .ad̈G̈©d g©A§fn¦ Îlr§
©e
.o¤WC©
¨d zi¥aA§ oi¦tx§
Ü¦p EN«¥̀ e¨ EN«¥̀ .a¥Mr¦ Î`l ,o©zp̈ `lÎm¦` .oFvi¦gd© g© A«¥ §fn¦ Îl¤W
- ci¦gÏ©de§ xEA¦Sd© z`H©g [b]
.oFtS̈©A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§ - zFcrFnÎl¤
£ We§ mi¦Wc¢
¨g i¥W`x¨ ixi¦
¥ rU§ :xEA¦Sd© z`H©g o¥d EN«¥̀
.zFpẍ§w r©Ax©
§` lr© zFpŸ©n r©Ax©
§` oErḧ on̈c§
¥ i¥lk§ A¦ on̈C¨ lEA¦we§
,zi¦pFt§v zi¦gx§¨fn¦ ,zi¦gx§¨fn¦ zi¦nFxC§ ox«¤w§
¤l FlÎà̈E a¥aFQ©l dp̈ẗE ,W¤a«M¤ a© dl̈r̈ ?c©vi¥M
.i¦nFxC§ cFq§iÎlr© K¥tFW dïd̈ mC©
¨d ixi¦
¥ W .zi¦nFxC§ zi¦aẍr©
£n ,zi¦aẍr©
£n zi¦pFt§v
.zFv£gÎcr© ,dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi§l ,lk̈£̀ n© Îlk̈§A ,dP̈ª
dk§ ix§
¥k¦f§l ,mi¦rl̈èTd© Îo¦n mi¦pt§ ¦l oi¦lk̈¡
`¤pe§
.mi¦Wcẅ
¨ Wc¤w« dl̈Frd̈ [c]
zFpŸ©n iY§
¥ W oErḧ Dn̈c§
¥ i¥lk§ A¦ Dn̈C¨ lEA¦we§ ,oFtS̈©A Dz̈ḧi¦gW
§
.mi¦X`¦ l̈ li¦lk̈§e ,©gEY¦
« pe§ h¥Wt§ d¤ dp̈Er§hE .r©Ax©
§` o¥dW
¤
,dyn oipnk d"ny md dìxwde zeaiz n"cy ['ipiqn dynl dxexa dpyn' ìdy] onewn edfi` 9.
(gwex) .ipiqn dynl dpzp dt lra dxezy xnel
oiadl cenll mikixv mipian oi`y eiykr la` ,mebxz oeyl mipian eidy mdipnfa `wec il d`xp' `"nd azk .dpyn
dpynd xne` m` la` .ezpeek rcei èd jexa yecwd oian epi`y s` dltza `wecc ,cenill aygp epi` ok `l m`c
e` 'oiwilcn dna' e` 'onewn edfi`' xne`yk' d"lyd azke '.yexitd cenll oikixv okl .cenil `xwp epi` oian epiè
(a-` w"q p 'q g"` ahid xà) : my oiir 'zeipync oebip lew dyri 'zxehwd mehit'
_______________________________________________
11
,zFnẄ£̀©e xEA¦v i¥n§lW

© i¥ga§ ¦f [d]
,xi¦fp̈ m©W £̀ ,dẗEx£g dg̈§tW

¦ m©W £̀ ,zFli¦rn§ m©W £̀ ,zFl¥f§B m©W £̀ :zFnẄ£̀ o¥d El«¥̀
oErḧ on̈c§
ë ,oFtS̈©A zxẄ
¥ i¥lk§ A¦ on̈C¨ lEA¦we§ ,oFtS̈©A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§ .iElŸ mẄ¨` ,r ¨v§n m©W £̀
,lk̈£̀ n© Îlk̈§A ,dP̈ª
dk§ ix§
¥k¦f§l mi¦rl̈èTd© o¦n mi¦pt§ ¦l oi¦lk̈¡
`¤pe§ .r©Ax©
§` o¥dW
¤ zFpŸ©n iY§
¥W
.zFv£gÎcr© ,dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi§l
.mi¦Nw© mi¦Wcẅ
¨ xi¦fp̈ li¥̀ e§ dcFY©
¨ d [e]
.r©Ax©
§` o¥dW
¤ zFpŸ©n iY§
¥W oErḧ on̈c§
ë ,dẍf̈rÄ
£ mFwn̈Îlk̈§A oz̈ḧi¦gW
§
.zFv£g cr© ,dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi§l ,lk̈£̀ n© Îlk̈§A ,mc¨
¨`Îlk̈§l ,xi¦rd̈Îlk̈§A oi¦lk̈¡
`¤pe§
:m¤dic§
¥ar§
©lE m¤di¥pa§ ¦le§ m¤di¥W§p¦l ,mi¦p£ M©l lk̈¡
`¤p mxEO©
¨ dW ¤ `N̈¤̀ ,m¤dä `¥vFI©M m¤dn¥ mxEO©
¨ d
.mi¦Nw© mi¦Wcẅ
¨ mi¦nl̈§W [f]
.r©Ax©
§` o¥dW
¤ zFpŸ©n iY§
¥W oErḧ on̈c§
ë ,dẍf̈rÄ
§
.cg̈¤̀ dl̈§i«l̈e§ mi¦nï i¥pW
§ ¦l ,lk̈£̀ n© Îlk̈§A ,mc¨
¨`Îlk̈§l ,xi¦rd̈Îlk̈§A oi¦lk̈¡
`¤pe§
:m¤dic§
¥ar§
©lE m¤di¥pa§ ¦le§ m¤di¥W§p¦l ,mi¦p£ M©l lk̈¡
`¤p mxEO©
¨ dW ¤ `N̈¤̀ ,m¤dä `¥vFI©M m¤dn¥ mxEO©
¨ d
.mi¦Nw© mi¦Wcẅ
¨ g©q«R¤d© e§ x¥Ur©
£Od© e§ xFkèAd© [g]
.cFq§id© c¤b«¤pM§ o¥Y¦IW

¤ c©a§la¦ E ,zg̈¤̀ dp̈Ÿ©n oErḧ on̈c§
ë ,dẍf̈rÄ
§
,xi¦rd̈Îlk̈§A oi¦lk̈¡
`¤pe§ .mc¨
¨`Îlk̈§l x¥Ur©
£Od© e§ ,mi¦p£ M©l lk̈¡
`¤p xFkèAd© :oz̈l̈i¦k £̀ a© dP̈¦W
lk̈¡
`¤p Fpi¥̀ e§ ,dl̈§i«l̈a© `N̈¤̀ lk̈¡
`¤p Fpi¥̀ g©q«R¤d© .cg̈¤̀ dl̈§i«l̈e§ mi¦nï i¥pW
§ ¦l ,lk̈£̀ n© Îlk̈§A
.i¦lv̈ `N̈¤̀ lk̈¡
`¤p Fpi¥̀ e§ ,eiïEp§n¦l `N̈¤̀ lk̈¡
`¤p Fpi¥̀ e§ ,zFv£gÎcr© `N̈¤̀
_______________________________________________
12
.`xnbd oebipa xnìe wxtd oiaiy ecnll jixv l`rnyi 'xc `ziixa
[ryil` oa l`rnyi 'x i"r] `xtqc dgizt
:z¤Wx«¤c¦ §p dxFY©
¨ d zFC¦n dx§ ¥Ur¤ Wl§WA¦ :x¥nF` l`rn̈§ ¥ Wi¦ i¦ax§ 10
.x¤ng¨ « e l©Tn¦ [`]
.dë«Ẅ dẍ¥fèBn¦ E [a]
.mi¦aEz§k i¥pX
è n¦ a¨`Îo©i§pA¦ n¦ E ,cg̈¤̀ aEzM̈¦n a¨`Îo©i§pA¦ n¦ [b]
.hx§ ¨tE ll̈èMn¦ [c]
.ll̈§kE hxè ¨Rn¦ E [d]
.hxè
¨Rd© oir§¥M `N̈¤̀ oc¨ dŸ©` i¦` ,ll̈§kE hx§ ¨tE ll̈§M [e]
.ll̈§k¦l Kixv̈
¦ Èd¤W hxè ¨Rn¦ E ,hx§ ¨t¦l Kixv̈¦ Èd¤W ll̈èMn¦ [f]
,`v̈ï Fn§vrÎl © r© c¥O©l§l `l ,c¥O©l§l ll̈èMd© Îo¦n `v̈ï§e ll̈§kA¦ dïd̈¤W xäCÎlM̈ ¨ [g]
.`v̈ï FNMª ll̈èMd© Îlr© c¥O©l§l `N̈¤̀

.xi¦ng£ d© §l `l§e l¥wd̈§l `v̈ï ,Fpï§pr¦ k§ Èd¤W cg̈¤̀ or«©h© r§h¦l `v̈ï§e ll̈§kA¦ dïd̈¤W xäCÎlM̈ ¨ [h]
.xi¦ng£ d© §lE l¥wd̈§l `v̈ï ,Fpï§pr¦ k§ `N¤W x¥g`© or«©h© or§h¦l `v̈ï§e ll̈§kA¦ dïd̈¤W xäCÎlM̈ ¨ [i]
,Fll̈§k¦l Fxi¦fg£ d© §l lFkï dŸ©`Îi¦` ,Wcg̈¤ ¨ d xäC© Ä oFC¦l `v̈ï§e ll̈§kA¦ dïd̈¤W xäCÎlM̈ ¨ [ì]
.WEx¥tA§ Fll̈§k¦l aEzM̈©d EPxi¦ «¤ fg£©IW¤ cr©
.FtFQ¦n c¥nN̈©d xäc§ ë ,Fpï§pr¦ n¥ c¥nN̈©d xäC¨ [ai]
i¦Wi¦lXè d© aEzM̈©d `FaÏ¤W cr© d¤fÎz¤̀ d¤f mi¦Wi¦gk§ O© d© mi¦aEz§k i¥pW § o¥ke§ [bi]
.m¤di¥pi¥A ri © x§
¦« ki©e§
à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥¨dn§ A¦ WC§
¨wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤pÄ¦IW
¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
11
:zFI¦pnc©§w mi¦pẄ§kE ml̈Fr i¥ni¦M d¨`x¦
§iA§ Lcä § r©
£p mẄ§e :L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§
zepaxw xg` yicw mixne` oi`
10. In the past i¦ax§ was commonly used (i¦Ax¦ was mostly used in Sephardic mixeciq). miidpciid ax
changed the word to i¦Ax,© however, oicnr awri axd's opinion was that it should be pronounced
i¦ax.§
zexedl zgpend dlrd z`fl la` .`"eya y"ixd cwpl .izxtd mvrd myl zlthpd i¦ax§ zlna izrc zeid mr .i¦ax§
.df èd ok .i¦lW
¤ ax© ez`xedy .iepkd c"eia àd i¦Ax© oick .z"iad yebce g"zta dzcewpy l"p yecwd epiax my lr
(zea` iwxt lr u"ari) .ely ax èdy xnel .i¦Ax© .yecwd epiax lr xne` dpeyd lky
da xacl eclgy cr ziaxrnd yiciia ef dlin ebd jk .i¦ax§ èd cewipd xzei minecwd fpky` ixeciqa
(xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen) .oicnr awri iax zrxkd mb ìd jke ,19-d d`nd zivgna
.dx¦
ïA§ rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 11.
_______________________________________________
13
oilitzd zgpde zilhd ztihr zixgy
zilhd ztihr
zezilh stripes and the use of lines in clothes is an ancient Jewish style, found in archeological
diggings from the time of ipy zia. It may have originated from sqei's miqt zpzk. There was no
uniform standard in fpky` for the color of the stripes, and in Worms, the dltz lra wore
a colorful zilh. Nevertheless, in most places all the zezilh had black lines on white, so that one
would not draw attention, since everyone had a similar garment for dlitz.
Before h"w zexifb, according to qepiix bdpn, mixega generally wore a zilh.
(This practice was stopped most likely because of the poverty at that time, and the costliness).
,dy` oi`yepy cr ziviva oithrzn oi` milecb mixrp mby oibdep qepiixa izclen uxà"
(oièyp zekld l"ixdn) "'dy` yi` gwi ik' dil jinqe 'jl dyrz milicb' aizkc jdl deknqe
“In the land of my birth in the Rhine, the older youths were also accustomed not to wear wrap
themselves in ziviv until they married, based on a dyxc of mikenq 1
- the weqt of wearing ziviv
appears just before taking a wife.”
(The l"ixdn added this yexc jxca. His dyxc could be an explanation for beginning to wear a zilh
after marriage, but definitely not a Halachic reason. The xiì zeg, xteq mzg and l`tx oeyny axd
yxid restored the original bdpn of mixega wearing a zilh once the economic situation improved
in Germany (and all of Western Europe). That is why in our days this bdpn is practiced by all
of Western European Jewry.)
.b"i libn wx mithrzny yie ,['gÎ'd libn] lecb zilha mithrzn mixrp s` .zilha mitzrzn 'xn`y jexa' mcew
(:a oikxr) "':ziviva aiig shrzdl rceid ohw'-ìpzc .shrzdl rceid ohw iiezi`l ,i`n iiezi`l ziviva oiaiig lkd"
.zexyk eidiy ze`xl zeiviva wecal jixv zilha mithrzny mcew
.mx lewa zilhd zkxa z` mixne` dltz lrade axd
2
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb)
:z¦vi¦SA© s¥Hr©z¦
§ d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
zexg`d mizye zil`ny szka eixg`l zeipinid zeiviv izy lehie eznewl eagx ey`x lr zilhd gipi ok ixg`
.zegtl zen` 'c jeld ick shern jk cenrie ,miqekn exhpqe eite l`ny cva zeiviv 'c lk e`vnp ,eiptl ex`yi
fpky` bdpn is a) to pull the zilh over one’s head and back (on the head up to the eyes),
b) take the right side of the zilh and throw it over the left shoulder (or according to a later bdpn
to take the left side and throw it over the right shoulder), in such a way that the chin
(and also mouth and nose) are covered. The zilh should cover one’s sides like a blanket
and not just resting on one’s head and shoulders.
The mdxa` obn (c 'iq ,g 'q) derives from the `xnb in oiyecw zkqn (hk sc) a) that an unmarried
young man should not cover his head with a zilh, and from (g sc) of the same zkqn, b) that one
who is not a mkg cinlz should not cover his head, even if he is married. It is quite surprising that
those following oilet bdpn, do not follow the latter ruling of the mdxa` obn, although they do
follow the former. In fpky` this mdxa` obn wasn't followed (they had a different interpretation of
the `xnb), for example in the xteq mzg zaiyi, unmarried young men covered their heads with
a zilh. Today, in most synagogues which follow fpky` ibdpn, unmarried young men wear a hat,
as opposed to putting a zilh over their heads. The bdpn of a married adult men wearing a hat
rather than wearing a zilh over the head, was not started by fpky` ipax, and on the contrary -
the mipax themselves retained the old bdpn.
wx zgpen dpiè ,eiccv z` mb dqkn zilhd ztihr .onewnl zeivivd xifgie eipt lrn zilhd xiqi ok ixg`
zexecae ,raekd lrn zilhd gipdl epiidc zilha y`xd sehrl dltzd zra miptln ebdp .eitzke eab lr
.cala dtikd lrn zilhd migipne ixnbl raekd mixiqn e` eilrn zilh `la raek miyaegy hytzp mipexg`d
----------------------
? [b"dpk ixeiy] ziviv zevnn lhae ayei didi dy` `yi `ly crc denz xac 1.
(my dxexa dpyne ahid xà 'b sirq f"i oniq g"e`)
,mx lewa ,mikxan ,mdizelitz itl dltz ilra df xg` dfa eixgè ,axd dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 2.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .mi`xep mini oebipa
_______________________________________________
14
oilitzd zgpde zilhd ztihr zixgy
oilitzd zgpd
oilitzd mewin lr wcwcl ick ,xyt`d lkk miphw oilitz iza xg` mixcdn
.mezq raexn èd y`x ly oilitz xyw .(miphw mdixa`y devn ipa mixirv lv` hxta)
The jexr ogly in 'f 'q oilitz zekld states, "ybcae gzta `le `"dd zgz unwa 'g© i«¦pd̈§l' jxai". There must
have been a difference in icxtq pronunciation between a unw and a gzt. Whether the
pronunciation changed over the centuries is surely a major issue. oicnr awri 'x was very opposed
to icxtq pronunciation for this reason. His well known statement was, lka 'd dceè ial gny ok lr'
'i¦ai¦pA§ ifpky` icedi ip`yry ial (therefore, my heart is glad, and I praise God with all my heart,
that he made me an Ashkenazic Jew in my pronunciation)".
.y`x ly oilitz zkxa mb ,mx lewa dl` zekxa mixne` dltz lrade axd
:jxai dxiywd mcewe ,rexfay deabd xya lr l`ny ci lr dpgipie ci ly dltz gwie
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
(:q zekxa 'nb)
:oi¦Nt¦ Y§ g© i«¦pd̈§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
.dketd `weec `dz i"cvd oinia c"eidy (q"zge i"eg) mixcdn yie ,'sqei zia' azk èd m"zq azk
.y`x ly oilitz zgpd xg` mikxek ,dpey`xd dkixkd caln ,ci ly oilitz drevx ly rexfd aiaq zekixkd z`
`zxarnd jezay 'revxa rexfa ci ly oilitz wifgdy xg` y"`xd xn`
(l"ixdn) ...y`x ly z` xzl`l gipde dielz drevxd gipd
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb)
:oi¦Nt¦ Y§ z©ev§ n¦ lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
ze`n dnk iptc lr micxtqe mifpky` l`xyi lk bdpn mezq raexn èd y`x ly oilitz xyw
.mei cr miciqgd zecrn wlge dixbped ièvi mibdep oke sqei ziaa xèank
:xnì skiz dixgè
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ
:rexfd dpw lr zekixk 'f jxek jk xgè
The jxer ogly rules that the y`x ly oilitz should be put on immediately after the ci ly oilitz,
before one wraps the drevx around the arm. According to the dxexa dpyn and fpky` bdpn, the
wrapping around the hand is not oicd xwirn. The l"fix` states one should wrap the drevx around
the hand as well, because this is part of the devn, but not around the finger(s) until after the oilitz
y`x ly are put on. According to the milaewn the drevx should likewise be wrapped around the
finger(s). There is no need to wind the drevx around the middle finger(s) and no set fpky`
procedure. It eventually crept into fpky` as well, each person acting according to their family bdpn.
.zlyexn `le zxceqn dxeva oeilrd yeald z` xifgdl micitwn oilitz zgpd xg`
.drpiva aexl ,zizin` zeciqga miwfgeny dxez ilecb wx migipn mz epiaxc oilitz
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
Originally, dxnfc iweqt began with ixy`. Later when eced was added, there was a zwelgn between
the cxtqe fpky` iwqet. According to the cxtq bdpn; they placed the additions beforehand,
therefore, eced is recited before xn`y jexa. (The l"fix` never instituted that xiy xenfn be recited
before xn`y jexa, but rather as a xenfn to be said after eced.) According to fpky` bdpn, dxnfc iweqt
are said only after xn`y jexa, since all zekxa are recited 'oziiyrl xaer' - before the devn is
performed. Therefore, the xeh (`"p oniq g"e`) rules, that it is better to recite eced after xn`y jexa.
Some recite therefore that, dcezl xenfn is said after eced in place of xiy xenfn, cxtq bdpnk.
,'xn`y jexa' iptl xg` xenfn e` 'xiy xenfn' mixne` oi`
.oziiyrl xaer dkxad `dzy jixve ,gay ixenfn zxin` lr dkxa ìdy
.dxyr dpeny xg`l cr 'xn`y jexa' zligzn ,eny jexae èd jexaa elit` ,wiqtdl xeq`
_______________________________________________
15
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
dxnfc iweqt
1
:'xn`y jexa' zxinà migzet mxh !dN̈¦tY©
è d zr§
©WA¦ dẗï dẅi¦zW
§ fixkn dltz lrad e` ynyd
2
. mei eze`l jiiyd oebipa e` ,leg oebipa elek 'xn`y jexa' xne` dltz lrad
3
.ecin zgpa mgipie mwypi 'zegayza' miiqiyke 'xn`y jexa' zxin` zrya zipinid ecia eiptly zeiviv 'ad fgìe
à zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¤UFr KExÄ :Èd KExÄ à ml̈Frd̈ dïd̈§e x©n`¨ W ¤ KExÄ

à ux«¤`¨ d̈ lr© m¥gx§ ©n KExÄ à m¥Iw© n§ E x¥fFB KExÄ à d¤UFr§e x¥nF` KExÄ
crl̈
© i©g KExÄ à ei¨`xi¦ ¥ l aFh xk̈Ü m¥NW © n§ KExÄ à zFIxè ¦Ad© lr© m¥gx§ ©n KExÄ
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :Fn§W KExÄ à li¦Sn© E dcFR ¤ KExÄ à g©v«¤pl̈ mÏ©we§
à eicä
¨ r©£e eici¦
¨ qg£ oFW§lA¦ x¨ t§nE gÄW§ ªn à FOr© i¦tA§ lN̈ª dnè d© on̈£gxd̈
© a¨` l¥̀ d̈
Lx¤̀ẗ§
§ pE L£gA¥ W © §pE L§lC©
¤b§p zFxi¦n§fa¦ E zFgä§WA¦ à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i L§l¤Nd© §p LC§
«¤ar© c¦ec¨ ixi¦¥ Wa§ E
à x¨ t§nE gÄW§ ªn K¤ln«¤ à mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g ci¦gï à Epi«¥ l¡
` Ep«M¥ §ln© à L§nW ¦ xi¦M§f©pe§ Lèki¦ln§ ©pe§ 4
(milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad leg inia mixvnd oiaa) ï§i dŸ© ` KExÄ :lFcB̈©d Fn§W crÎi © c¥r£
5
:zFgÄ§WY© ªA lN̈ª dn§ K¤ln«¤
1. The announcement dltzd zrya dti dwizy has Polish origins. The first source for saying it,
is the g"a (1561-1640). This was accepted both in Eastern and Western Europe. It means that
even words of dxez should not be spoken for the duration of the dlitz. Actually h"ei axd
xrlrd o`ntil composed a special jxay in to be said by the congregation for those who refrain
from talking during orenen. He thought that the tragedies in his days, were caused by talking
in synagogue. Many among fpky` ipa, following the tradition passed on by xrlrd axd, are
convinced that it was through their careful attention to correct gqep in orenen that much of the
German Jewish community had the zekf to survive the terrible persecution by the Third Reich.
We too, who face numerous threats, should try to use this as our secret ammunition to protect
ourselves from all who wish to destroy us. The first letters of ...dti dwizy are däi¥U. Anyone
who does so, will d"i` be dkef to reach old age. In different places dti dwizy was said before
u"yd zxfg or dxezd zìxw. In n"ctt, it was said before xn`y jexa, xtey zriwz and dlibnd zìxw.
.aeh mei oebipa milbx ylyae ,mi`xep mini oebipa 'xn`y jexa' mixne` dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 2.
3. The l"fix`d bdpn of holding the front zeiviv in the right hand while reciting xn`y jexa,
was accepted by fpky` ipa.
Lèki¦ln§ ©pe§ L§nW
¦ xi¦M§f©pe§ :xge`n gqep 4.
5. In j"pz the word is pronounced zFgÄ§WY¦ . According to l"fg, it is pronounced zFgÄ§WYª
('a cenr ,`"p sc dkeq zkqn). In all ancient mixeciq, zFgÄ§WYª was used, (for example; the m"anx,
gwex, and u"ari wrote zFgÄ§WEY [with the letter e"ie]). It was changed to zFgÄ§WY¦ in the mixeciq of
xteq izay 'x and `plieen lìxfre edil` 'x. Regarding yicw as well, mifpky` recite `z̈g̈§AW § EY while
micxtq recite `z̈g̈§AW
§ i¦Y. zFgÄ§WY¦ was the gqep the l"fix` taught his cinlz, l`hie miig iax (icxtq).
_______________________________________________
16
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.(w"cx) df xenfn miieeld exn` ,mlyexil 'd oex` z` elrdy drya
df xenfn ly oey`xd ewlg z` 'd oex` iptl miieeld exn` ycwnd ziipal mcewy ,xteqn 'dax mler xcq'a
miiaxrd oia ly cinz zaxwd zrya .xgy ly cinz zaxwd zra ':ErxŸÎl©
«¥ ` i©ì¦a§pa¦ E' cr ''ç«©l EcFd
³ 'n
':'c««©l l¥Nd© e§ on¥½ `¨ ' cr 'ux¤`¨½ d̈ÎlM̈ 'ç«©l Exi³W
¦ 'n exne`
elÎg:fh ` minid ixac
:ei«¨ li«¦lr£ mi¦Or«©ä EricFd

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.aeh mei oebipa mixy aeh meia ,zay oebipa dxnfc iweqt mixy xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 6.
.leg oebipa dxnfc iweqt mixy dax `pryeda
'eke epicl` 'c ennex .'cl llde cr 'cl exiy on ,miaxrd oia ly cinze ,erxzÎl` iìapae cr 'cl ecedn 7.
,mixvnd lr d"awd ìady zekn 'i cbpk ,d`ced ly zepeyl 'i df xenfna yie ,'eke ingxc iweqt x`ye
:mid lr epizea`l miqp 'ie
8. In the Middle Ages `xnfc iweqt were read responsively by dltz lra and ldw in a similar way
to zay zlaw.
weqt xg` weqt belca `xnfc iweqt mixne` 'ipfg ipyy mdibdpn xg` 'ixxbpde n"ctt w"wa xètn bdpn
('c `xnfc iweqt zekld ,sqei o`vk bdep) .mildz mixne`y oirk
9. *(zldw ixac) .efn ueg ygla miweqtd lk mixne` ldwd
_______________________________________________
17
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:x«g¥ `© mrÎl¤̀
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½ iFB́¦n ÆEkèNd© z¦
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¦
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½ MÎz¤̀ Æmi¦FB©a Exè³Rq©
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¿ nFx« h:hv
(:d dbibg 'nb) ':F « w§nA¦ dëc¤

§ge§ fr¬ ei½p̈ẗ§l Æxc̈d̈§e cFd³ ' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© i¥pt¦§ l zEaiv£
¦ r oi ¥̀ ,`R̈R̈ ax© xn© `¨ 10.
_______________________________________________
18
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:Fzn̈£
« gÎlM̈ xir¦À ¨ `«l§e FR©
® ` ai´W
¦ d̈§l dÄx¦
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:i¦pExè«Si¦ ci¬n¦ Ÿ LÀ Y¦
è n £̀«© L¬ c§
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Å ¥l frÀ E¬pY§ elÎdl:gq
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:mi«`¦ ¥BÎlr© lEn§

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xäE LO¤À rÎz¤̀
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èqg© A§ | i³¦p £̀«À e© * e:bi
.(129 'nr) aeh meile zayl dxnfc iweqt o`k mixne` mi`xep minide aeh meiae zaya
_______________________________________________
19
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.gqt ly crend lege ,gqt axra `l mb ,xetk mei axra `l 'dcezl xenfn' mixne` oi`
.'dcezl xenfn' zxinà cenrl bdpnd oi`
:ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈ ïÀ i«©l Erixd̈ cFz§l xF¬n§fn¦ * 12

¬¦ d®¨ 11
w
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:Fzi¦
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´ e F À r© Ep§g®©p £̀ Fĺ§e `le Ep¨ r̈ Èd« mi¬d¦ l¡
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« n¡ « ` x À e¨ xCÎc
¬ r§©e FC§®qg© m´l̈Fr§l ï§i aFh́Îi¦M *
:ei«Ür«£n© A§ í̈i§ g©nU§ i¦ m®l̈Fr§l í̈i§ cFá§k i³d¦ i§ *14 13 `l:cw

:m«l̈FrÎcr§
©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W
¥ i³d¦ i§ cÎa:biw
:«ïi§ m´W
¥ lN̈ª
À dn§ F`Fa§
® nÎcr© W¤n¬¤WÎgx§©fO¦ n¦
lky azk `"p 'iq g"à [xeh] .oex`d iptl mei lka exne`l eraw cecy iptn exne`l owzp 'dcezl xenfn' 11.
('c `xnfc iweqt zekld ,sqei o`vk bdep) .oebpa dxn`l jixv jkitl dcezl xenfnn ueg lhazdl zecizr zexiyd
12. The l"ixdn mentions a bdpn to recite dcezl xenfn on zay and aeh mei beginning with the
word erixd. The siy m"xdn and the oglyd jexr both recite that one should not recite half a weqt,
even though our zelitz contain many half miweqt. This particular instance creates
the following problems, a) beginning in the middle of a weqt, containing God's name,
b) saying dcezl xenfn in any form on gqt, as the entirety of the xenfn deals with the dcez oaxw.
The `yiinxee zebdpn (miidyxiw aiil dcedi ax) writes:
.mixne` oi` dt la` ,erixd ligzdle xnel yiy mixne` yie ,dcezl xenfn `"` zay ly zixgya"
":mixne` dt la` ,zayd meil xiy xenfn aeh meia xnel oi`y mixne` yi oke
,mingl ipin drax` cbpk ''d' xenfna minrt 'ce .dcezd gaf cbpk cgè mingl 'n cbp zeaiz `"n df xenfna"
(e"h oniq gwex xeciq) ".cg` lkn xyrn gwel odkd dide ,ung 'i ,dkeax 'i ,zelg 'i ,zevn 'i
`"k mda yie ,cecl dldz mcew mixg` miweqtde ceak idi xnel ebdpe ,h"n 'iq "dyn dhn" xtqa azk 13.
jln 'c jln 'c oia llk wiqtdl oiè' ,'c w"q `"p 'iq x"à azke :k"r :cecl dldzay miweqt `"k cbpk ,zexkf`
.''qez iwqta gken ok ,zn`l mkicl` 'c oia wiqtdl oi`y enk ,'eke jelni 'c
WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ W¤ dr̈ÜA§ ,Fxn̈£̀ m¨lFrd̈ xU© d¤f wEqR̈ ':ei«Ür«£n© A§ 'ć g©nU§ i¦ m®l̈Fr§l 'ć cFá§k i³d¦ i§' `R̈R̈ xA© `p̈i¦pg£ ia¦ x§ Wx©c̈ 14.
,ì̈aEA
§ x§r¦ A§ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© lW¤ FpFvx§ m`¦ ,on̈v§ r© A§ xnFgë ¥ lw© mi`¦ ẄC§ EÙp̈§ ,zFp¨li`¦ A§ 'Ed®¥pin§¦ l' Èd KExÄ
Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ ì̈aEA § x§r¦ A§ z`¥v¨l oM̈x§C© oi ¥̀ W¤ zFp¨li`¦ dn̈E ,xnFgë
¥ lw© cFre§ ?zFp¨li`¦ A§ 'Ed®¥pin§ ¦ l' xn© `¨ dn̈¨l
m®l̈Fr§l 'ć cFá§k i³d¦ i§' ,xn© `¨ e§ m¨lFrd̈ xU© gzR̈© ,Fpin§ ¦ l `v̈ï cg̈ ¤̀ e§ cg̈ ¤̀ lM̈ cÏn¦ ?dn̈k© e§ dn̈M© zg© `© lr© Ep`¨ ,'Ed®¥pin§¦ l'
(.q oileg 'nb) .':ei«Ür«£n© A§ 'ć g©nU§ i¦
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20
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:FcFa§
« M m¦iń© Ẍ©d lr© ®ï§i | m¬i¦FBÎlM̈Îlr© mx¨
:xc¨
« eÎxc§« l L¬ x§
èk¦f ïÀ i§ m®l̈Fr§l Ĺ§nW
¦ ï§i bi:dlw
:dl̈«Ẅn̈ l¬MA© FzEk§

À l © E F`§
® qM¦ oi´k¦ d¥ m¦in© Ẍ©A À̈i«i§ hi:bw

¬nì§«e ux¤`¨½ d̈ l´¥bz̈§e Æmi¦n«©¸ Ẍ©d Egè
³ nU§ i¦ * `l:fh '` d"c
«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i 15 gi:eh zeny K» l̈n̈ í̈i§ `:bv K¤l ¤ í̈i§
:cr¨ fh:i
:Fv« x©
§`n«¥ mÀi¦Fb Ecè
¬ a`«¨ cr¨
®¤e m´l̈Fr K¤ln¤ í̈i§ fh:i mildz
:mi«O¦ r© zFaè
¬ Wg§ n© ìÀ¦pd¥ m®i¦FBÎz©vr£ xi¬t¦ d¥ À̈i«i§ i:bl
:mEw« z̈ ì´d¦ ïÀ i§ z¬©vr«£e© Wi®`¦ Îa¤lA§ zFáẄ£gn«© zFÁx© `k:hi ilyn
:xc¨
« e xć§l F À ¦l zFaè
¬ Wg§ n© cn® r«£Y© m´l̈Fr§l ï§i z´v© r£ ì:bl mildz
:cn« r©
£I«e© dÀE¨v¦ ÎÈd« i¦d®¤Ie© xń© `¨ Èd́ i³M¦ h:bl
:F«l a¬ẄFn§l DÀE¨`¦ oF®Iv¦ A§ í̈i§ x´g© äÎi«M¦ bi:alw
:FzN̈ª
« bq§ ¦l l ¥̀À x§
Üi¦ D®ï Fĺ x´g© Ä awÀ r«£©iÎi«M¦ c:dlw
:a«fr«£©i `´l Fzl̈£

À g«©pe§ FO® r© í̈i§ WH́¦iÎ`«l | i³M¦ ci:cv
:Fzn̈£
® ` ai´W
¦ d̈§l dÁ̈x¦
§d§e zi¬g¦ W
³e gl:gr
§ a Ep¬¥pr«£i© K¤lO«À¤ d© dr̈i®W
¦ Fd ¬ï§i * i:k
:mec` zekln weqtd f` ,cre mlerl jelni 'd jln 'd jln 'd exnìy zrd àiyk jl xnel wqt .Kl§ni¦ | '¬d 15.
(mixehd lra)
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21
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
,mildz xtqa mipexg`d mixenfnd zyyl dpeekde (:giw zay 'nb) 'mei lka lld ixnebn iwlg idi iqei 'x xn`'
.(s"ix) 'D"«ïÎEl£ld«© 'a miiqne gzet jk xg` xenfn lke ,'c¬e¦c̈Å §l dN̈¦
À dY§ 'a gzet mday oey`xd
:dl̈«Q¤ LE¬l£ld© i«§ cFrÀ L®¤zi¥a iá¥ W ¥W`© 16

è Fi« ix§ d:ct
:ei«¨ l¡
` ¬ï§i«W
¤ mr̈À d̈ i¬¥
x§W`© F®N dk̈´M̈W
¤ mr̈d̈ ix§
´¥W`© eh:cnw
c¬e¦c§
Å¨l dN̈¦
À dY§ dnw
:cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈Fr§l L§
À nW
¦ d¬k̈x«£ä £̀«e© K¤l®¤Od© i´d© Fl¡
` Ĺ§nn¦ Fx£̀
«
:cr¨
À nW
¦ d¬l̈£l«d© £̀©e ®¤kx«£ä £̀ mF¬iÎlk̈§A
:x¤w«g¥ oi´¥̀ FzN̈
À c§ªb¦le§ c`§
® n lŃ̈dªn§ E í̈i§ lF ³B̈
:Eci«¦B©i Li´¤ xEa§bE Li®¤Ur«£n© gÁ© W
© i§ xFc§l xFĆ
:dg̈i«U¦ `¨ Li´¤ `èlt§ ¦p ix§
¥ac§
¦e L®¤
cFd cFá§M xc£
©d
:dP̈xè
«¤Rq© £̀ L¬ z«è N̈c§
ªbE jzelcbe Ex®¥nì Li´¤ `xF«
è p fEf́r«¡e¤
:Ep«¥Px§
©i L¬ z«
è ẅc¦
§ve§ Eri®A¦ ©i ĹèaEhÎa
« x© x¤k´¥f
:c¤q«g̈Îlc§
¨bE m¦iR©À `© K¤x¬¤̀ ®ï§i mEǵx§
©e oEṔ©g
:ei«Ür«£n© ÎlM̈Îlr© ein£
À̈ gx§
«©e lM©
® l ¬ï§iÎaFh
:dk̈Ek« x«£äi§ Lici¦
À¤ qg£«e© Li®¤Ur«£n© ÎlM̈ ï§i LEćFi
:Ex«A¥ c§
©i L¬ zè xEa§
«¨ bE Ex®¥nì ĹzE
è k§
« ln© cFá§M
:FzEk§
« ln© xć£
©d cFa§
À E ei®¨ xEa§
« B mc¨
¨`«¨ i´¥pa§ ¦l | ri
© cFd§
³¦ l
:xc¨
« e xFCÎlk̈§
¬ A LÀ Y§
è lW
© n§ «¤ E mi®n¦ l̈rÎlM̈
« zE¬k§ln© LÀ zE
è k§
« ln«©
:mi«t¦ EtèMd© Îlk̈§l sw¥À Ff§e mi®¦ltè P©
« dÎlk̈§l ï§i Kń¥ Fq
:FY¦ © i§ Li´¤l ¥̀ lkÎi¥pir«¥17
« rA§ m´l̈k§ `¨ Îz¤̀ m¤dl̈Îo¥zF«p d³Ÿ©è§ Ex®¥AU
16. This xenfn was already known as ixy`, at the time of opgei iax (:c zekxa).
.À̈d© m¨lFrd̈ oA¤ ÈdW¤ Fl gḧaEn
§ ,minr̈
¦ R§ WŸlẄ mFi lk̈A§ 'c¬e¦c̈Å §l dN̈¦
À dY§ ' xnF`
¥ d̈ lM̈ ,`p̈ia¦ `¨ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨
Èd jExÄ WFcT̈d© ?'FY¦
« rA§ ' `¨N ¤̀ ,xn¡
© `p¤ `¨l mŸr¦ A§ ':FY¦ © i§ Li´¤l ¥̀ lkÎi¥pir«¥' ,`p̈i¦pŸ 17.
(my i"yx) ecenil itl cigie cigi lk jixv èdy dn itl lkd (:fq zeaezk 'nb) .FYr¦ A§ Fzq̈p̈x§R©
_______________________________________________
22
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:oFv« x¨ i´g© Îlk̈§l ri¦ cïÎz¤̀ g© ¬¥zFR 19

© AU§ n© E L®¤ 18
:ei«Ür«£n© Îlk̈§A ciq¦À g̈§e ei®k̈x¨CÎlk̈§

§ A ï§i wiC©
´¦v
:z«n¤ `¡a«¤ Ed´ª̀x§
¨wi¦ x¤W £̀ lk§
³ l ei®¨`xèwÎlk̈§
« l ï§i aFx́ẅ
:mri¦
«¥ WFi§«e rn©À W
§ i¦ m¬z̈r̈§eW
© Îz¤̀«e§ d®¤Ur«£©i ei¬¨`x§
¥iÎoFv« x§
:ci«n¦ W
§ ©i mirẄ
´¦ x«èd̈ÎlM̈ z¥̀ e§ ei®ä£d`ÎlM̈Îz¤̀
« ï§i xń¥ FW
:cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈Fr§l FWÀ cẅ
§ m¬¥W xÜÄÎlM̈ Kxäi«
´¥ e¦ i¬R¦ x¤
Å Ac«©i§ ïÀ i§ z¬©Nd¦ Y§
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© ml̈FrÎc
À r§
©e d¬Ÿr«©n¥ DÀï K³¥
xä» §p | Ep§g³©p £̀«e© gi:ehw
The following mixenfn were sung by the miel in oey`x zia.

20
:«ïi§Îz¤̀ iW
¦À § ©p i¬¦l£l«d© D¿ïÎEl£ld«© enw
:icFr§
¦« A i´© l`«¥l dxè
Ö©f£̀ i®Ï©gA§ í̈i§ d´l̈£l«d© £̀
:drEW
«¨ z§ F¬l oi¥̀³¤W | mc¨
Ã¨`Îo¤aA§ mi®a¦ ic§
¦pa¦ E¬ghè a§ YÎl©
¦ `
:ei«¨ pY§
« Wr¤ Ecè
¬ a`«¨ Èd©
À d mF¬IA© Fzn̈
® c©§`§l a´Wï
ª FgEx `´v¥ Y¥
:ei«¨ l¡
` ¬ï§iÎlr© Fx§
À U¦ Fx§®fr§
¤A aẃr«£i© l´¥̀³¤W ix§
À¥W`© *
:m«l̈Fr§l z´¤n`¡ x¥ X©d m®ÄÎx¤W £̀ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e m¬Ï©dÎz¤̀ ux¤`¨
À̈ e m¦i³©nẄ» | d³¤ r
:mixEq£̀
¦« xi¬Y¦ n© ïÀ i§ mi®a¦ r¥x«èl̈ m¤g¤l o´¥ p miw¦À EWr£©l¨ | hR̈§
¸ Wn¦ d³¤ r
:mi«w¦ iC©
¦v a¬¥ ` ïÀ i§ mi®t¦ Et§M s ¬¥f ï§i mix§
À¦er¦ g© ³¥R | ³ï§i
:z«¥Er§
©i mirẄ
´¦ x§ K ¤c§
¤e c®¥
cFr§i d´p̈n̈§l`© e§ mFźï mix¥
À¦BÎz¤̀ x³¥ W» | ³ï§i
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨
À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡
` ml̈Fr§
À l | Æïi§ K³l§ni¦
.[f ,`p r"ey] xefgl jixv oeeik `l mè ,'L®¤
cïÎz¤̀ g© ¬¥zFR' weqta oeekl jixv 18.
.dpeekd z` xxern lewd ik Î 'L®¤
cïÎz¤̀ g© ¬¥zFR' weqta dnirpa elew mixn dltz lra 'ixy`' zxin` lka
19. The ancient bdpn of touching and kissing the oilitz during, ‰...L®¤
cïÎz¤̀ g© ¬¥zFRŠ, is cited by upi`n dyn ax.
,(diÎelld) 'cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l FWcẅ
§ m¥W xÜÄÎlM̈ Kxäi¦ ©i 'c z©Nd¦ Y§ 'A§ micFn
¥ e i¦R x¥Ac§ ¦ lŸMd© ,à̈x¨ xA© oi¦pg̈ ax© xn© `¨ 20.
(.fiw migqt 'nb) :`ẅxi§ R¦ Wix¥ Dix¥z§ a© C§ DïEl£l«©d
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23
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:d«N̈d¦ z§ d¬ë`p̈ mir¦À p̈Îi«M¦ Epi®¥ l¡

` dxè
´Ö©f aFhÎi«M¦ | D¸«ï El£l«d© fnw
:q«¥Pk© i§ l´¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥gc¦ §p ®ï§i m¦«©lẄEx§«i 21 d´¥pFA
:m«z̈FaèSr§ ©l WA¥À g© § E a®¥l ixE¥ á§W¦l `¥ xd̈ «
:`ẍ« w§ i¦ zF¬nW ¥ mN̈À k§ªl mi®a¦ k̈FM© « l xR̈§qn¦ d´¤pFn
:x«R̈q§ n¦ oi´¥̀ Fzp̈E À a« z¦ § l g© MÎa
® x§ ©e Epi´¥pFc£̀ lFćB̈
:ux«¤`¨ Îic¥r£ mirẄ ´¦ x§ li¦RW § n© ®ï§i mié¦p̈r£ cćFr§
¥ n
:xF«Pk¦ a§ Epi´¥ l`«¥l ExèO©f d®c̈Fz§A í̈i«©l Eṕr¤
:xi«v¦ g̈ mixd̈
´¦ g© i¦nv§ O© d© x®ḧn̈ ux´¤`¨ l̈ oi´k¦ O¥ d© mia¦À r̈§A | m¦in©¸ Ẅ dQ¤Ä k© nè «d©
:E`ẍ« w§ i¦ x´¤W £̀ a À¥r i¬¥pa§ ¦l D®n̈§g©l dń̈d¥ a§ ¦l o´z¥ Fp
:d«v¤x¦ §i Wi´`¦ d̈ iwFW§¥ aÎ`«l u®R̈§gi¤ qEQ́©d z´xEa§ © ba¦ `³l
:FC§« qg© §l mi¬¦l£gi©nè «d© Îz¤̀ ei®¨`x§ ¥iÎz¤̀ ï§i d´¤vFx
:oF«Iv¦ K¦i´© l¡ ` i¦l£l«d© ®ï§iÎz¤̀ | m¦«©lẄEx§«i i´g¦ Aè W © *
:K«A¥ x¦§wA§ K¦i´©pÄ Kx¥ ©A K¦i®ẍr̈§W i´g¥ ix§¦A w©Gg¦ Îi«M¦
«¥ AU§ ©i miH¦À g¦ a¤l¬¥g mF®lẄ K¬¥lEa§BÎm´V̈d© 22
:Kri¦
:Fxä
« C§ uExï¬ dx¥ À¨dn§ Îcr© u¤x®¨` Fźx§ ¨n`¦ g©´¥lX©d
:x«¥Gt© i§ x¤t´¥̀ M̈ xF À M§ x¤n®S̈©M b¤l´¤W o´¥ P©d
:cn« r«£©i iń¦ FzÀ ẍ«w¨ i¬¥pt§ ¦l mi®Y¦ t¦ k§ Fǵx«§w© Ki´¦lW
§ n©
:m¦in̈« ÎElèGi¦ FgE À x a¬¥X©i m®¥qn§ i©e§ Fxä
¬ CÎg´
§ ©lW § i¦
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦§l eihR̈§À̈ W ¦ E eiTª ¨g aw® r£i«©§l eixä´¨ C§ exac ci´¦Bn©
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© mErÀ c§ À l | ok¥̧ dÜr³¨ `l» 23
ïÎl©A mi¬h¦ R̈§Wn¦ E iFBÎlk̈§
mly xak `xwp did xirde (ak ziy`xa) d`xi 'c xd ede`xwy mdxa` my lr `xwpy mlyexi dfc n"i' 21.
oipzep ep` oi` jkl mly my lre d`xi my lr mlyexi `xwpe mly jln wcv iklne (ci my) aizkck
(f"h ziprz 'qn 'mez) '.mly my lr m"nl c"nl oia mlyexia c"ei
mc̈`¨ lW¤ Fzi¥a KFzA§ dïEvn§ däix¦n§ oi ¥̀ W¤ ,FziA¥ KFzA§ (lke`) dÈa ¨ z§ A¦ xidf̈ ¦ mc̈`¨ `d§ ¥ i m¨lFr§l ,dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 22.
(.hp `rivn àa 'nb) .':Kri¦ «¥ AU§ ©i miH¦À g¦ a¤l¬¥g mF®lẄ K¬¥lEa§BÎm´V̈d© ' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,dÈa
¨ z§ iw¥ q§ r¦ lr© `¨N ¤̀
.'mErÀ ï§Îl©A mi¬h¦ R̈§Wn¦ E iFÀBÎlk̈§l | ok¥̧ dÜr³¨ `l»' :xn`
© ¡¤PW¤ ,miak̈FM
¦ c¥aFr§l dxFz
¨ ix¥a§ C¦ oix¦qFn
§ oi ¥̀ ,in¦ `© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 23.
(.bi dbibg 'nb)
.mlrp ixn `k`n la edf l`xyi lkk le 'iy`xac 'a merci ly mihtyne dxezd mdl ozp `ly 'ok¥̧ dÜr³¨ `l»'
_______________________________________________
24
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:mi«n¦ FxèOA© EdEl£ À l«d© m¦i®©nẌ©dÎo¦n ï§iÎz¤̀ Eĺ£l«d© | D¸ï El£l¬©d 24 gnw
:e«`¨ ä§vÎlM̈ EdEl£ À l«d© ei®k̈¨`§ln© Îlk̈ EdE¬l£l«©
:xF`« i¥akè F¬MÎlM̈ EdEl£ À l«d© g© xï§
®¥ e W¤n´¤W EdEl£l«©
:m¦in̈« Ẍ©d lr¥ ©Ä n | x³¤W £̀ m¦iO©À d© e§ m¦i®n̈Ẍ©d iń¥ W § EdEl£l«©
:E`x§ «ä¦pe§ dÉ¨v¦ Èd i³M¦ ®ï§i m´W ¥ Îz¤̀ El£l«d©§i
:xFa« r«£©i `´l§e oz©À p̈Îwg̈ m®l̈Fr§l crl̈ ´© mći¦
¥ nr«£©Ie©
:zF « dYÎlk̈§
§ e miÀ¦pi¦PY© u¤x®¨`d̈Îo¦n ï§iÎz¤̀ Eĺ£l«d©
:Fxä« c§ d¬¨ r dẍÀ r̈§q g© Ex¬ xFhi¦ ® we§ b¤l´¤W cx¨ ¨ E W´¥̀
:mi«¦fx£̀Îlk̈§
¨ e ix§ À¦R ur¬¥ zFrä§ ® BÎlk̈§e mixd̈« ¬¦ d¤
:s«p̈M̈ xF¬Rv¦ e§ U¤nxÀ¤ d®n̈¥dA§ Îlk̈§e d¬Ï©g«d©
:ux«¤`¨ i¥h è W¬ Îlk̈§e mix¨ À¦U mi®O¦ ª̀§lÎlk̈§e ux¤̀Îi¥ ¤ k§ln©
:mix¦« r̈§pÎm¦r miÀ¦pw¥§f zF®lEz§AÎm©be§ mixEg« ¬¦ A©
:m¦in̈« Ẅ§e u¤x¬¤̀Îlr© FcFÀ d FC© ®a§l Fń§W a´B̈U§ ¦pÎi¦M ïÀ i§ mW ¥Ä Îz¤̀ | E³l£l«d© i§
25
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© F À x§w mr¬© l¥̀ x§ Ü¦i i´¥pa§ ¦l eic̈À i¦qg£ Îlk̈«§l d³N̈¦dY§ FO¿ r§ ©l | ox¤w¤̧ m¤x³Ï©e
:mici¦
¦« qg£ l¬©dw§ A¦ FzN̈¦
À dY§ W®c̈g̈ xi´W ¦ ïi©«l Exi´W¦ | DÆï El£l«d© hnw
:m«M̈§ln© a§ Eli¬¦bï oFÀIv¦ Îi«¥pA§ ei®¨ r§A l´¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îgń© U§ i¦
:F«lÎEx§O©fi§ xFÀPk¦ e§ sz§ ¬ A lFg®n̈§a Fń§W Eĺ£l«d© i§
:drEWi«
«¨ A¦ miÀe¦p̈r£ x¬¥̀ ẗ§i FO® r§ ©A í̈i§ d´¤vFxÎi«M¦
:m«z̈FaèMW § n¦ Îlr© EÀp£Px§
«©i cFak̈§® A mici¦ ´¦ qg£ Ef́èlr§ ©i
«¨ A zFÍ¦ti«R¦ a¤g¤e§ m®p̈Fx§bA¦ l¥̀ zFń£nFx« *26
:mcï§
:mi«O¦ ª§lA© zFg¥ À kFY« m®i¦FB©A dn̈ẅ§p zFÚr«£©l
:l«¤fx©
§a i¬¥la§ k© A§ md¤À icè
¥Ak§ ¦pe§ miT¦®¦fA§ m´d¤i¥k§ln© x´q§`¤l
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© eic̈À i¦qg£ Îlk̈§l Èd xćd̈ ¨ aEzM̈ À hR§ Ä̈ Wn¦ | mdÄ¤̧ zFU³ r«£©l
?sC©
¥bnE
§ sx¥g̈n§ d¤f ix£
¥d mFi lk̈a§ l¥Nd© `xFT
¥ d© ,xn© xn© `¨ d̈e§ ?i¦pi ¥̀ .mFi lk̈A§ l¥Nd© ix¥nFB
§ n¦ iw§
¥ lg¤ `d§
¥ i ,iqFi
¥ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 24.
(i"yx) :eycwa l-` elld ,minyd on 'c z` elld milelid ly mixenfn ipy (:giw zay 'nb) .`x¨n§ f¦ C§ iwEq ¥ t§ A¦ ,op̈ix¦n§ `¨ ẅ iM¦
,mic¦ q̈£g i¥lnFb
§ e§ oi¦pẄi§IA© d© e§ mi¦pn̈£gx©d̈ ,(l`xyi ipa) Ef dn̈EÀ§ W¥i mi¦pn̈iq¦ dẄŸlW§ . . . (jlnd) ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ 25.
' k¤i¥pR§ Îlr© Fz¨ §i d¯¤id§ Y¦ xEaÀ r«£a© E' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ oi¦pẄi§iA© (gi:bi mixac) 'LA¤½ x¦
² `x¦ §de§ Ĺ§ng© x§ ³ lÎo©z«p̈e§' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ mi¦pn̈£gx©
«¦e Æmi¦ng£ x«© L§
dẄŸlW§ FA W¥IW¤ lM̈ .(hi:gi ziy`xa) ''ebe ÆFzi¥AÎz¤̀§e ei³p̈ÄÎz¤̀ d¹E¤v© i§ xW£̀ ©n§l' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ mic¦ q̈£g i¥lnFB
¤̧ Áor© § (fi:k zeny)
(:gr zenai 'nb) .Ff dn̈EÀ§ w¥aC̈d§¦ l iE`x¨ ,El¨Nd© mi¦pn̈iq¦
26. On the occasion of a dlin zixa the dltz lra raises his voice when singing mpexba l` zennex
until onè on` to a special oebip.
_______________________________________________
25
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.mx lewa mlek miweqtd z` dltz lrad xne` 'ciec jxaie' cr o`kn
:F«Grª ri
© w¬¦x¦
§A EdEl£
À l«d© FW® cẅ§
§ A l¬¥̀ÎEl£l«d© | DÆï El£l«d© pw
:F«lcª
§B ax́§M EdEl£
À l«d© ei®¨ xEa§
« ba¦ EdE¬l£l«d©
:xF«Pk¦ e§ l¤a´¥pA§ EdEl£
À l«d© x®ẗFW r©wz
´¥ A§ EdEl£l«©
:a«b̈r§
ªe mi¬¦Pn¦ A§ EdEl£
À l«d© lFgn̈E
® sź§A EdEl£l«©
:drEx
«¨ z§ i¬¥lvè §lv¦ A«§ EdEl£
À l«d© r©n®ẄÎi¥lvè §lv¦ a§ EdEl£ld«©
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© DïÀ l¬¥Nd© Y§ dn̈ẄèPd© lḾ Ñ

27
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© DÀï l¬¥Nd© Y§ dn̈ẄèPd© lḾ
.(aeh xgey yxcn) dxez iyneg dying cbpk mixtq dyingl wlgp mildz xtq
,iriaxde oey`xd xtql hxt mildz ixtq x`y ly meiqd iweqt z` mixneè mixfeg iyingd xtqd meiq xg`l
.(u"ari xeciq) ycwna zekxak exn`p mdy oeeik
:o«n¥ `¨ e§ | o¬¥n`¨» ml̈Fr§

À l ¬ï§i KExÄ bp:ht
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© m¦ l̈ẄEx«
À i§ o¬¥ W» oFÀIS¦ n¦ | ï¸ i§ KEx³Ä» `k:dlw
:FC©
« a§l zF`l̈§
® t¦p d¥ r l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i´¥ l¡
` mi¦ l¡
` í̈i§ | KExÄ
³ hiÎgi:ar
FcFa§k `´¥lÖ¦ie§ m¬l̈Fr§

Å l FcFa§
À M m¬¥W | KExäE
³
:o«n¥ `¨ e§ | o¬¥n`¨» (milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad mixvnd oiaa) ux¤`d̈
À̈ l¬M̈Îz¤̀
.'onè on`' cr 'dnypd lk' lewa dltz lrad xne` ,'onè on`' cr ldwd exn`y xgè
mildz xtq oiniiqny l"x ,mei lka lld ixneb mr iwlg idi xnzi`c meyn 'ek dnypd lk oiltek jkl 27.
inp df mrhne .ixhie xefgna oke ,miiqnk d`xp `l oexg`d weqt letki `l m` `zyde .diellda cqiizpy
(l"ixdn) .ryeie meiq xg` cre mlerl jelni 'c oiltek
_______________________________________________
26
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.(f 'iq `"p r"y mdxa` obn) 'gazyi'l aeye 'miegzyn jl minyd àve' cre o`kn cenrl yi
biÎi:h"k '` d"c
ciÀe¦C¨ x¤nÌ́©e l®d̈T̈©dÎlM̈ i¥pir§ ¥l ï½ i§Îz¤̀ çi¦eC¨ K¤x³ä§ie© 29 28
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e ml̈Fr«n¥ Epia¦½ `¨ l´¥̀ x§ Üi¦ Æi ¥ l¡ ` Æïi§ d³Ÿ©` KEx̧Ä
u¤x®¨à̈E m¦iń© Ẍ©A lkÎi¦M cFd© ½ de§ g©v´¥Pd© e§ Æzx¤`§
¤̧ tY©¦ de§ d³¨xEaèBd© e§ dN̈¸ cè ªBd© ï§iÂ Ĺ§l
:W`x§«l | l¬k§l `¥V©pz¦ § Od© e§ dk̈l̈§
½ nO© d© ï¸ i§ L§ ³l
d®¨xEa§bE © Ḿ Lc«èïa§ E lM© ½ A l´W¥ Fn ÆdŸ©è§ Li¤p½ ẗèNn¦ ÆcFaM̈©de§ x¤ rd̈§ ³ e
:lM© « l w¥Gg© §lE l¬¥ C©b§l L½ c´è iä§ E
:L«Y¤ x©
§`t§ Y¦ m¬¥W§l mi¦l£l«d© n§ E« K®l̈ Ep§ ©p £̀ micFn ¬¦ Epi ¥½ l¡ ` dÝ̈r§ ©e
ìÎe:h dingp
mà̈§
À̈ vÎlk̈§e m¦in©¹ Ẍ©d in§
¥̧ W Ám¦in© Ẍ©dÎz«¤̀ z̈i«¿U¦ r̈ Ÿ´ `© L¼ C© ¤al§ »ïi§ Èd́ÎdŸ©`
m®N̈MÎz¤̀
ª d´¤Ig© n§ dŸ©è§ md¤½ Ä x´¤W £̀Îlk̈§e Æmi¦O©Id© Æd̈i¤̧lr̈ x³¤W £̀Îlk̈§e ux¤`d̈ ¹̈
:mi«e¦g£ Y«© W
§ n¦« L¬ §l m¦in© Ẍ©d `¬ä§vE
30
mi®C§
¦UM© xE`¥ ´ n Fz`¥vFd§ « e mx§
½ä`© A§ ÆŸx§g©¸ Ä x³¤W £̀ mi ¦½ l¡ `«d̈ í̈i§ ÆÈdÎdŸ©`
:m«d̈x§
ä`© Fn§X Ÿ§n¬©Ue§
Li¤
¼ pẗ§l oń̈`¡«¤p »Faä§lÎz¤̀ z̈`´v̈n̈E
,'zixad enr zexke' zxin`l 'jiptl on`p' zxin` oia miwiqtn oi`
.wcpqde ldend ly zcgein oibexiq zxinà dl` miweqt mipbpny dlin zixa ly zixgya `l`
i¸¦pr«£©pMè d© Áux¤̀Îz¤̀
¤ zz¥¿ l̈ zixè À¦Ad© FO¦ ¹ r zFx̧k̈§e lden
Fr® x©§f§l z´z¥ l̈ i¦WB̈x¦ §Bd© e§ i¬q¦ Ea§id© e§ i²¦Gxè
¦Rd© e§ i ¯¦n¡`«d̈ iY¦¹ g¦ «d© wcpq
:dŸ«`¨ wiC© ¦v i¬M¦ Lixä ½¤ CÎz¤̀
§ Æmw¤Ÿ©
¸ e lden
:sEqÎm©
« iÎlr© Ÿ§ n© Ẅ m¬z̈ẅr«£©fÎz¤̀§e m¦ix§ ®¨vn¦ A§ Epi¥ a£̀ i¬¦prÎz¤̀ ¢ `x¤²¥Ye© wcpq
Fv½ x©
§` mrÎlk̈§
´© aE Æeic̈ärÎlk̈§ £ aE dr³ x© §tA§ miz¦¹ è nE « z ¸ ` o¥YY¦ e©Â lden
:d«¤Gd© mF¬Id© M§ m¥W L¬ §lÎUr«©Y© e© m®¤di¥lr£ Eci¦fd¥ i¬M¦ Ÿ§rcï©½ i´M¦ wcpq
d®ẄÄ©IA© mÏ©dÎKFz§ « a Ex§ ¬ar«©©Ie© md¤½ i¥pt§ ¦l Ÿ§rwÄ´© ÆmÏ©de§ lden
:mi«¦Gr© m¦i¬©nA§ o¤ ¤̀ÎFn§M z²lFv§na¦ Ÿ§k¯©lW § d¦ md¤¹ i¥t èx̧Îz¤̀«e§ wcpq
28. The dlaw bdpn is to give dwcv while reciting cec jxaie was not done in Germany where people
gave dwcv before orenen, and in many places the yny walked around with the dwcv box
during u"yd zxfg, or lèb oeivl àe.
is an ancient custom to stand for 'ciec jxaie', until 'jzx`tz myl'. The l"ixdn would rise a little
29. It
¤a§l '»c Èd́ÎdŸ©`. The zldw ixac cites the bdpn to stand until 'mdxa` eny'.
while reciting L¼ C©
,iz¦ a§ xEr
§ zA© i`¨ ¦ lz§ n£̀
© ,on̈d̈C§ Din¥ `¦ ,Fa§px§M© zA© i`¨ ¦ lz§ n£̀
© ,md̈xä§ `© C§ DiO¥ `¦ ,ax© xn© `¨ à̈x¨ xA© op̈g̈ ax© xn© `¨ 30.
.oiïW©
§ p Diz¥ g§ `© e§ ,zi¦pFR§l¤lv§ oFWn§ W¦ C§ Din¥ `¦ ,Dn̈W§ l ¥̀ c̈£r zA© z¤aS¤ p¦ ce¦c̈C§ Din¥ `¦ .xFdḧ xFdḧ `n¥ ḧ `n¥ ḧ ,Ki¥pn̈iq¦ e§
(.`v `xza àa 'nb) .mi¦piO¦ d© zaEW © z¦§ l ?DP̈in¦ `ẅt©
§ p i`n§
©l
_______________________________________________
27
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
`xwnd inrh oebipa dxn`l ebdp mid zxiy
`lÎl:ci zeny
m¦ix§®¨vn¦ c´©In¦ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îz¤̀ Èd© ² d mF¬IA© ï¹ i§ r©WFI̧©e lden
:m«Ïd© z¬©tU§ Îlr© z¥n m¦ix§ ½©vn¦ Îz¤̀ Æl¥̀ x§ Üi¦ `§x³©Ie© wcpq
®ï§iÎz¤̀ mrd̈
¨ E`¬ xi«
è ¦Ie© m¦ix§
½©vn¦ A§ Æïi§ d³Ür̈ xW£̀
¤̧ dl̈cèÀ Bd© cÍ̈d© Îz¤̀ l ¥̀¹ x§
Üi¦ `x¸§©Ie© lden
:FC§ « ar© d¤ n§aE ï½ i©A« ÆEpin¦¸ £̀©I«e© wcpq
Exèn`«Ie© ï½ i«©l Æz`G©d d³¨ xi¦Xd© Îz¤̀ l ¥̀¹ x§ Üi¦ i¥̧p§aE Ád¤ nÎxi«W ¦ ï f´`¨ 32 31 lden giÎ`:eh
qE¬q d`¨½ B̈ d`b̈Îi«

´ M¦ Æïi«©N dxi³ ¨W ¦ `¨ 33 wcpq xn`¥
® l
i¦lÎi¦di§«e© D½ï Æzx§¨n¦fe§ i³¦Gr̈ lden :m«Ïa© d¬n̈x¨ Faè x§«e
i¬¥l¡ ` Ed½e¥§p`© e§ Æi¦l ¥̀ d³¤f wcpq drEWi«
®¨ ¦l
ï§i d®n̈g̈§ln¦ Wi´`¦ ï§i lden :Ed§pn«¤ £ x£̀©
« e i¦a`¨
x¬©ga§ n¦ E m®Ï©a d´xï¨ Fli¥ge§ dr² x© §R zaè ¬ Mx© §n wcpq :Fn§«W
ÎFn§M zlFv§na¦ Ec¬ x«èï En®ªiq§ k© i§ z dY§ lden :sEqÎm© « ia§ Erè ¬ Ahª eiẄ¦lẄ«
L¬ èpi«n¦ i§ © M©
® A ix¦C§ ¨`¤p ï½ i§ Ĺèpi«n¦ i§ wcpq :o¤a`«¨
qx́£dY«© LèpF`§ « B ax§ ¬aE lden :a«i¥F` ur¬©x§Y¦ ï§i
g© Ex§³aE wcpq :W«T© ©M Fn¥lkè ì« Lèpx́£g Æg©NW © Y§ Li®¤nẅ
c¥pÎFn§k Eaè ¬ S¦p m¦in©½ Enx§r´¤¤p ÆLiR©¤̧`
x¬©n`¨ lden :m«ïÎa¤lA§ z dz§ E`è ¬ tẅ« mi®¦lèfp«
Fn´¥̀ l̈§nY¦ wcpq l®l̈Ẅ w´¥Ng© £̀ bi¦V`© sC¬ x¤̀ § a²¥iF`
Ÿ§t¬©Wp̈ lden :icï¦« Fn¥WixF¦ Y« iA¦½ x© §g wix¨ ´¦` iW
¦½ t§ ©p
m¦in© A§ zx¤t¤½ Fr«M© ÆEl£lv̈« m®ï Fn´Q̈M¦ L£gEx§«a
.lewa xne`y ,'ebe xari cr ,'ebe dknk in ,'ebe jpini ,'ebe dngln yi` 'c miweqtn ueg ygla mixne` 31.
32. xiyi f` was chanted by the miel in the ycwnd zia on zay, when the cinz oaxw was brought
towards evening (`l sc dpyd y`x). After ipy zia oaxeg, it was chanted on zay in l`xyi ux`,
but not in laa. Afterwards, it was recited every day in l`xyi ux`, and in some parts of Italy.
The fact the mifpky` recite xiyi f` prior to gazyi in zixgy, is attributed to owfd dyn epiax, the
father of qenipelw epiax and lìzewi epiax, who were summoned by French King Charlemange
along with many other scholars from Lombardy/(Lucca) in Northern Italy to Mainz, Germany.
zFig© A© W¤ K¤ln¤ ,xn© xn© `¨ C§ ,mi`¥
¦ Bd© lr© d ¤̀ B̈z§ O¦ W¤ in¨
¦ l dxi¨ W¦ 'd`¨½ B̈ d`b̈Îi« ¦ `¨ ' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,Wiw¨
´ M¦ ç«©N dxi³
¨W ¦ l Wix¥ xn© `¨ 33.
lM̈ lr© e§ ol̈EM lr© d ¤̀ B̈z§ n¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© e§ ,odi¥ ¤ lr¤ d ¤̀ B̈z§ n¦ mc̈`¨ e§ ,xW¤
¤ p zFtFrÄW¤ K¤ln¤ ,xFW zFnd¥ A§ A© W¤ K¤ln¤ ,ix£̀
¦
(:bi dbibg 'nb) .FlEM m¨lFrd̈
_______________________________________________
28
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
i¬n¦ ï½ i§ Æm¦l ¥̀ Ä« d¨ nk̈Îi«

³ n¦ wcpq :mixi¦« C©
¦`
d¥ r¬ zN¦dz§ `¬¨ xFp W ¤T© ® A xĆ̈`§ ¤p d¨ nM̈
z̈i¬g¦ p̈ wcpq :ux«¤`¨ Fnrl̈§ ¥ aY¦ Lè ½ piń¦ i§ Æz̈ih¦¸ p̈ lden :`¤l«t¤
d¬¥e§pÎl¤̀ 34 LèGr̈§a Ÿ§l¬©d¥p lden Ÿ§l®¨`B̈ Ef́Îmr© LC§ èqg© a§
li´g¦ oE®fB̈x¦ §i mi¦Or© Erè ¬ nẄ
« wcpq :L«W
¤ cẅ
§
i´t¥ EN©` ÆEl£da§ ¦p f³¨` lden :z¤W«l̈R§ i¥a è i« fg©½ `¨
Ebnp̈¾ cr®¨
©x Fn¥fg£ ì« a`¨½ Fn i´¥li¥̀ mFc¡ ½`
Ædz̈n̈i¥̀
¸ m³¤di¥lr£ lŖ¦Y wcpq :or«©p̈k§ i¬¥a § i« lM
Îcr©35 lden o¤a®¨`M̈ EńC¦ èi LrF £ x§«f lc§¬ bA¦ c©gt©½ e¨
E¬fÎmr© xar«£©iÎcr«© ï½ i§ ÆLOè r© xa³ r«£i©
oFk̄n̈ L½ z«è l̈g£©p x´d© A§ ÆFnrḦ¦ ¥̧ ze§ Fn ¥̀À a¦ Y§ wcpq :z̈i«¦pẅ
E¬p£pFM« ip̈c£̀ Wc̈¾ Tè n¦ lden ®ï§i Ÿ§lrR̈ © L² Y§è aW ¦ §l
| ¬ï§i lden «¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i wcpq Ñ
:cr¨ :Licï
«¤
'cre mlerl jelni 'c' weqtd z` miltek mid zxiy seqa :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦
.'dkelnd 'cl ik' mikiynne (xnebe 'qeq à ik' ,xnebe 'dizekln 'c' mixne` oi`)
:m«i¦FB©A l ¥À E d®k̈ElèOd© iï©l i¦M hk:ak mildz

¦ Fn« E³lr̈§e36 `k:` dicaer
:d«k̈El§Od© ïi«©l d¬z̈èi«d̈e§ e®Ür¥ x´d© Îz¤̀ hR§W¦l oF½Iv¦ x´d© A§ Æmi¦rW
:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©À d mFÍ©A u¤x®¨`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln¤§l ²ï§i d¯ïd̈§e h:ci dixkf
:miniiqn
37
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥l¡
` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW
§ c:e mixac à xn`¥l aEzM̈ Lzè xFz§
¨ aE
FzS̈ig¦ n§ A¦ FzF` oiqi¦
¦ pk§ n© oi ¥̀ ,mk̈g̈ cin§¦ lY© Fpi ¥̀ e§ ,mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lY© lW¤ zi¦Nh© a§ d ¤̀ B̈z§ O¦ d© lM̈ ,ax© xn© `¨ dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 34.
(.gv `xza àa 'nb) .':L«W § d¬¥e§pÎl¤̀ ' mz̈d̈ aiz¦ kE
¤ cẅ § (d:a wewag) 'd®¤e§pi¦ `´l§e xi¦dï x¤a¬¤B' `k̈d̈ aiz¦ M§ .Èd KE“Ä WFcT̈d© lW¤
(.el dheq ,:c zekxa) .(`xfr inia) dÏ¦pW§ dì ¨ A¦ Ff ':z̈i«¦pẅ E¬fÎmr© ar«£©iÎcr«©' (ryedi inia) dp̈FW`x¦ dì ¨ A¦ Ff ''c½ ÆLOè r© a³ r«£i©Îcr©' 35.
.mixet ipebipn cg` - mixne` mixetae ,'mizif ipy' dxe`nd oebip - 'oF½Iv¦ x´d© A§ Æmi¦rW ¦ Fn« E³lr̈§e' mixne` dkepg inia 36.
37. The xteq mzg writes (opgzè zxcq) one may think that since we conclude the dxiy with
the weqt, ...cg` 'c didi èdd meia that the nations will be on the same level as l`xyi ipa
(...ux`d d`lne). We assert at the end by adding the weqt of l`xyi rny, that even during
this time period, we will always be on a higher level of appreciation and have
a closer relationship with God than the other nations. Historically speaking, the l`xyi rny
was added by ztxv gqep, which made many additions to the dlitz (for example 'miaeh miigl'
and additional miweqt). Usually fpky` ilecb opposed their additions, but since during
`xnfc iweqt one may recite additional miweqt, they saw no reason not to.
_______________________________________________
29
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
dn lke ekxa mr dazd iptl xnìy dixg`y yicwd xeara my dxne`y ,gazyi iptl daizd iptl cxi dltz lrad
.'ixy`' cr exari `l mila` j` xaer èd hiivxdì yi m` ,dazd iptl xaer lltznd .dltzd xwir èdy eixg`y
à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d K¤lO«¤ d© l¥̀ d̈ à Ep«M¥ §ln © cr©l̈ L§nW ¦ g©AY© W§ i¦ 39 38 [?dnly i"r]
à dg̈ä§WE xi¦W à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¤̀p̈ L§l i¦M à ux«¤`¨ äE m¦in«© Ẅ©A
à zEk§ln© E dẌc§
ªw à zx«¤¤̀ t§ z¦ e§ dN̈¦dY§ à dxEa§
¨ bE dN̈c§ªB à g©v«¤p à dl̈Ẅ§nn¤ E r à dx§
¨n¦fe§ l¥Nd©
à zFgÄ§WY©
ªA lFcB̈ à K¤ln«¤ à l¥̀ à ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :ml̈FrÎcr§©e dŸr¥
©n zF`cFd§ Ä Ñ
¨ e zekx§
:mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g 40 à l¥̀ à K¤ln«¤ à dx§
¨n¦f ixi¦
¥ WA§ x¥gFA©d à zF`l̈§t¦Pd© oFc£̀ à zF`cFd©
¨ d l¥̀
« ze®lrnd« xi¬y was initially only inserted here during daeyz ini zxyr by cxtq gqep in Europe.
miwnrnn
It is a l"fix` bdpn, which was not accepted by mifpky` across Europe,
although many Eastern European mifpky` eventually adopted its recital.
à Dz¥ Erx¦
§k `x§ äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek dltz lra
à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à Dz¥ Ek§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ rxek dltz lra Ex§n`¦ e§ - aixẅ ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©
£A
dltza micner m` mb mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§ § `¥di§ 41
© n À̈x© Di¥nW
'jxazi' ea wiqtdl mi`yx oi`y mewna
à l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§ à `¥V©pz¦
§ ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i rxek dltz lra
(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd à Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek dltz lra `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW §
à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW
§ Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦§AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l 42
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek dltz lra - `n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
38. fpky` ibdpn ixtq do not discuss the Kabbalistic issue of reciting the migay, zg` dniypa
(in one breath).
jny gazyi xnè gzte ,'eke ,ftne adf edtive ,oy ly e`qk lr ayil dlry meia oxciqe ,dnly gay 39.
:[gwexd xeciq oeilb] .eyibxi `ly gazyi micwd ezepzepr aexne ,zeaiz iy`xn eny mzge ,jlnd epkln crl
40. The use of either mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g or mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i¥g are discussed amongst the miwqet, however, the usage
of mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i¥g might be considered by some as possible dxitk (i.e. belief in multiple deities).
.eixgè yxid l`tx oeyny axd onf cr n"ctta xnype zexec ixecn fpky` lka ebdp 'mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g' iebdd
diny `di xnel yiy rnyn o`kn jxean lecbd eny `di' l"fe `:b zekxa zkqnn dceb`d lra ixac el` 41.
.'di my rnyn iedc diny 'd witn `le
miweica mb riten jke ,(c"qwz mcxhyn`) mixge`n mixeciql cre ...mipyi mixiciq lka d"k .lM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l 42.
zeaiz g"k eidiy ick l"fixà dxewn ,'lk on `lirl' zlaewnd `gqepd .ee`lwyn n"nxl dlitzd gqepa
l"fix`dc dinrhn `l j` 'lk on `lirl' qxb èd mb `prd onlf 'xe ...'`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©' cr 'À̈x© Di¥nW
§ `¥di§'n
(edil` xef` xeciq) .d"eex mb dpiy eizeawrae ,`xwnay inx` oeyl èd jky xaqy ezrcn dpiyy `l`
_______________________________________________
30
rny zìxw zekxa zixgy
legl dizekxae rny zìxw

: ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lrad
i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ Îl¤W Fn§W `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦§i miniae 'ekxa' zxinà
(oepgz oi`y) micgein
eic̈r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd§e oFW`x¦ Èd¤W :Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d à mi¦kl̈èOd© :xzei cer jix`n
:ei«p̈ẗ§l E¬f§lr¦ e§ Fn§
À W D¬ï§A zFaẍr«£¨ a´¥ x«l̈ ENq¿ d:gq mildz mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀
:dN̈¦dzE
§ dk̈x§ ÄÎlM̈Îlr© mn̈Fx§n Fn§WE
Ek x£Ä 1
:cr¨
: ldwd xnì myd dltz lrad obpnyk
¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ ï§iÎz ¤̀
: ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lrad obpnyk
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
©e dYÀ̈ ©n«¥ K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : K ä nè d©
: eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à K äènd© ï§i KExÄ
: 'lkd z`' cr xvei zkxa y`x z` mx lewa xne` dltz lrad
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:lM©dÎz¤̀ à `xF¥ áE mFlẄ d¬¤ r K¤Wg½ `xFaE´¥ ÆxF` x¬¥vFi f:dn diryi
d¥Ur© £n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A WC© ¥gn§ FaEh§aE à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A d̈i«¤lr̈ mix¦C© ¨le§ ux«¤`¨ l̈ xi¦Ò¥ d©
© n̈2 ck:cw :zi¦W`x§
:L«¤pï§pw¦ ux¤ À̈ d̈ d¬¨`èln̈« z̈i®U¦ r̈ dń̈k§ g̈§A mN̈ª À̈i«i§ | LiU¤̧ r£«n© EAÄ xÎd« ¥a
à ml̈Fr i¥ l¡ ` :ml̈Fr zFni¦n `¥V©pz¦ § Od© e§ x¨ tèOd© e§ gÄWè
ªnd© à f¨`n¥ FC©a§l mn̈Fxènd© K¤lO«¤ d©
à Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Ep¥A©BU§ n¦ xEv à Ep«¥Grª oFc£̀ à Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx© mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§ ©A
cFaM̈ x©vï aFh à dÖg© ix¢ ¥df̈ lrẗ
© E oi¦kd¥ à dr̈C¥ lFc§B KExÄ l ¥̀ :Epc«¥r© £A aB̈§Un¦
ci¦nŸ à iC©W © 3 i¥nn£ Fx mi¦WFcw§ ei¨à̈v§ zFPR¦ à FGrª zFai¦aq§ o©zp̈ zFxF`n§ à Fn§W¦l
à Licï «¤ i¥Ur©£n g©aW ¤ Îlr© Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i KxÄ © z¦§ Y :FzẌc§ ªwE l¥̀ÎcFa§M mixè ¦Rq© n§
:dl̈«Q¤ à LEx£̀« ẗ§i à z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W xF`ÎixF¥ `§ « nÎlr§©e
dyecw ziipra enk ,eixg` `le ,xeaivd mr cgi 'cre mlerl jxeand 'c jexa' :xne` dltz lrad 'ekxa' zxinà 1.
.dxezl milerd ly 'ekxa'a bdpnd oke .ea `veike
,dẄÄ©IA© zFix¦A§ L¨l W¥ie§ ,mÏA© zFlc¥B§ zFix¦A§ L§l W¥i ,''cÀ« | LiU © n̈' ,xnF`
¤̧ r«£n© EAÄ xÎd« ¥ d¤f wEqR̈§l ri¦ © Bn© à̈iw£¦ r ia¦ x§ dïd̈W¤ M§ 2.
,xEÀ̈ zFlc¥B§ zFix¦A§ L§l W¥i ,zFzn¥ cÏn¦ mÏ©l zFcxFi § i¥ln̈§li`¦ dẄÄ©IA© W¤ ,zFzn¥ cÏn¦ dẄÄ©IA© zFlFr i¥ln̈§li`¦ mÏA© W¤
,zFzn¥ cÏn¦ xE`¨l zFcxFi § i¥ln̈§li`¦ xie£̀
¦ ÄW¤ ,zFzn¥ cÏn¦ xie£̀¨ ¦ l zFlFr i¥ln̈§li`¦ xEÀ̈W¤ ,xie£̀ ¦ Ä zFlc¥B§ zFix¦A§ L§l W¥i
(.fkw oileg 'nb) .''cÀ« | LiU © n̈'
¤̧ r«£n© EAÄ xÎd«
(.ai dbibg 'nb) .iC© m¨lFr¨l iY¦ x§n© `¨ W¤ Èd i¦p £̀ (ì:dl ziy`xa) ?'Æi-C©
©W l-³¥̀ i¸¦p £̀ ' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,Wiw¨
¦ l Wix¥ xn© `¨ 3.
_______________________________________________
31
à Ep«M¥ §ln© crl̈ÎL§

© nW ¦ g©AY© W§ i¦ :mi¦WFc§w `xFA ¥ à Ep«¥l £̀Fb§e Ep«M¥ §ln© EpxEv
«¥ KxÄ © z¦ § Y dltz lra
d¨`x¦
§iA§ mi¦ri¦nW § n© E à ml̈Fr mEx§A micè ¦nFr mN̈Mª eiz̈xẄ§£ n x¤W £̀©e à miz¦ xẄ§ £ n x¥vFi
à mixEx§ ¦ A mN̈Mª à mi¦aEd£̀ mN̈Mª :ml̈Fr K¤ln«¤ E mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡ ` ix§ ¥aC¦ lFw§A c©g«©i
4
m¤di¦RÎz¤̀ mi¦gzFR è à mN̈k§ ªe :m¤d¥pFw oFvx§ d¨`x¦ §ia§ E dn̈i¥̀ A§ mi¦ r mN̈k§ ªe mixFA¦¦ B mN̈Mª
5
mi¦vix¦r© £nE mix£̀
¦ ẗ§nE mi¦gAè W © n§ E mi¦kxä§
£ nE à dx§ ¨n¦fa§ E dxi¦ ¨ WA§ à dx¢ ¨dḧ§aE dẌc§ ªwA¦
- mi¦ki¦ln§ n© E mi¦WiC§
¦wn© E
:Èd WFcẅ `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d K¤lO«¤ d© l¥̀ d̈ m¥WÎz¤̀ ldw
6
à d¤fl̈ d¤f zEWx§ mi¦pzFp§
è e à d¤Gn¦ d¤f m¦in«© Ẅ zEk§ln© lr m¤di¥lr£ mi¦lAè w© n§ mN̈k§ ªe dltz lra
7
à mi¦pFr cg̈¤̀ M§ mN̈Mª dẌc§ ªw à dn̈i¦r§pa¦ E dxEx§¨ a dẗÜ§A à g© ExÎz© « g«©pA§ à mxè¨vFi§l WiC§ ¦wd© §l
- d¨`x¦ §iA§ mixè
¦nF`§e
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
® v í̈i§ WFcẅ WFcẅ
² | WFcẅ
¯ b:e diryi ldw
à mi¦tx§
Ü z©Or§
ªl mi¦`Vè ©pz¦
§ n lFcB̈ Wr©x§«©A Wc¤T©« d zFI©ge§ mi¦Pt© F`d̈§e dltz lra
:mixè¦nF`§e mi¦gAè W© n§ mz̈Ör§
ªl
:FnFwè
« On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ
¬ ai:b l`wfgi ldw
:Eri«n¦ W
§ ©i zFgÄ§Wz§
ªe Ex«n¥ ì zFxi¦n§f à mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ K¤lO«¤ §l à Ep«Y¥ i¦ zFni¦r§p KExÄ l¥̀§l
à zFwc§ ¨v r©xFf
«¥ à zFng̈§ln¦ lr«©A© à zFWc£ ¨g d¤ r à zFxEa§B lrFR ¥ 8 FC©a§l Èd i¦M
4. Almost all of the ancient mixeciq contain the word m¤d¥pFw, however, today mp̈Fw is commonly
used, in order to alleviate any confusion that there might melye qg, be two zeieyx.
There are a number of such examples in j"pz.
(d:an diryi) :D«Ä mi¬k¦ §ld© « l g© Ex§e d̈i¤l½ r̈ mrl̈
´¨ Ædn̈Ẅ§p o³¥ p d̈i®¤̀v̈¡
`v¤e§ u¤`¨ d̈ r ¬©x md¤½ i¥hFṕ§e Æmi¦n©¸ Ẍ©d `³¥xFA 'cÀ | l-´¥̀ d̈ xn©º `¨ ÎdM«
(d:ì dixkf) :o«d¤i¥lr£ lFn§g©i `¬l md¤½ i ¥x́§e x®W ¦ r§ `©e 'c KExÄ
¬ xn©½ ì o´d¤ix§ ¥knE« EnẄ§ ½ ì¤ `´l§e Æobªx£
§d«i© o³¤di¥pw« xW£̀
¤̧
(dizekxae y"w oic ,sqei o`vk bdep) .mpew `le mdpew oevx dnià miyer xnel ie`xe xveid zgqep zepyl oi`
5. Although many early zegqep, including fpky` gqep, contain these words with final oep ending,
'oi¦ki¦ln§ n© E oi¦WiC§
¦wn© E oi¦vix¦r©
£nE oix£̀¦ ẗ§nE oi¦gAè W £ nE', the liiee i"xdn instructed us not to deviate from
© n§ E oi¦kxä§
their current form.
xn`ck ,odl oicxhpe dxiy mixneè mei lka mik`ln `xeay mixwal miycg (b dki`) yxcna epivn ikd. . . 6.
,zcd mircei mpi`y miycgd elè .dxiy xnel dfl df mipiznny mireawd mik`lna ze` yiy meyn jenqa
dẌEc§w ... d¤fl̈ d¤f zEWx§ oi¦pzè Fp§e' xveia dlecbd zqpk iyp` ecqie epwz xy` epiide .dilk eaiigzpe xxeyl oixdnn
mei lka xnelk ,'ml̈Fr mEx§A micè ¦nFr mN̈EM eiz̈xẄ§ £ n x¤W £̀©e mi¦zxẄ§ £ n x¥vFi' dlrnl mbe ,'mixè ¦nF`§e oi¦pFr cg̈¤̀§M mN̈EM
(ozrifn d"c 'qez :bi dbibg 'nb) :crl oicnere mireaw eizxyn la` ,oicxhpe miycg `xea
wgvi xzrie epiy it lre ,mlega 'ml̈EM dẄFc§w dn̈i¦r§pa¦ E' qxb mdxceaàe .mipyi mixecq lka d"k wexeya dẌc§ ªw 7.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(mzrc dlawzp `le (!) b"ecdna `pliee dil` 'xe lìxfr 'x mbe) l`xyi zceare
8. (i:cr mildz) :g©v«¤pl̈ ĹènW ¦ a¥iF` u³¥̀»p̈i§ x®v̈ s´xg̈§
¤ i mi ¦l¡ ` i´z© n̈Îcr© Now the letters of the two words gvpl jny
are those with which the names of the seven planets of the Ptolemaic system begin (zay 'nb
:hp zekxa i"yx ,:kw ,epw). These seven planets symbolize the powers mentioned in this passage...
The first planet, the sun, ruling on Sun-day is alluded to by zFxEa§B lrFR ¥ ('ezxeaba ynyd z`vk').
The moon, star of Mon-day, is referred to by the phrase zFWc̈£g d¤ r, its outstanding
characteristic being its monthly cycle of renewal. zFng̈§ln¦ lr«©A© points to mic`n, the blood-red
star of the third day, Mars, the god of war of the Romans, called Tiu (Tuesday) by the ancient
_______________________________________________
32
:zF`l̈§t¦Pd© oFc£̀ à zFN¦dz§ `xFp ¨ à zFÈtx§ `xFA ¥ à zFrEW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n©

mixF`
´¦ d¥ r§l f:elw mildz :xEn¨`M̈ :zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur©
£n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A FaEh§A WC© ¥gnè d©
:FxF`§l dx¥ ¨ xF` 9 Ñ :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M mi®¦lc§B
¨dn§ Ep«N̈kª d¤M§f¦pe§ à xi¦`Ÿ oFI¦vÎlr© Wcg̈
:zFxF`èOd© x¥vFi ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:Epi«¥lr̈ Ÿ§ln«© g̈ dx¨zi¦
¥ e dl̈Fc§B dl̈§ng¤ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«Ÿa§ d© £̀ dÄx© dä£d`© ldw [lèny i"r]
Ep«¥Pg̈Y§ o¥M à mi¦Ig© i¥Tgª mcè ¥O©lY©è e à L§a EgèhÄ¤W Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ xEar© £A à Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨
à li¦MU§ d© §lE oi¦ad̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦lA§ o¥z§e à Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx© à m¥gxè ©nd© on̈£gxd̈© a¨` Epi«a¦ `¨ :(Epcè «¥O©lzE)
§
:dä£d`© A§ L«z¤ xFY¨ cEn§lz© ix§ ¥aCÎlM̈Îz¤̀
¦ m¥Iw© §lE zFUr© £le§ n§W¦l à c¥O©lèlE n§l¦l à r©n§ « W¦l
d¨`x¦ §i§lE dä£d`© §l Ep«a¥ ä§l c¥gi©e§ à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«A¥ ¦l w¥Ac§ ©e à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ Epi«¥pir¥ x¥̀ d̈§e10
dl̈i«¦bp̈ à Ep§gḧ« Ä `xFP©
¨ de§ lFcB̈©d LèWcẅ § m¥Wa§ i¦M :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WFa¥pÎ`l§e à L«n¤ W § Îz¤̀
zEI¦nn£ Fw Ep«k¥ i¦lFz§e à ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax© §`n¥ mFlẄ§l Ep«¥̀ i¦ad£ e©11 Ñ :L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A dg̈ènU§ ¦pe§
L§nW ¦ l§ Ep«Ÿa§ x¥
©we§ :oFWl̈§e mrÎlM̈¦
© n Ÿx«§g© Ä Ep«äE à dŸ«`¨ zFrEW§iÎlrFR ¥ l¥̀ i¦M :Ep«v¥ x© §`§l
z` mixvnd oiaa) ï§i dŸ© ` KExÄ :dä£d`© A§ Lc¤ §gi©§lE L§l zFcFd§l à z¤n`¡A¤ dl̈«q¤ lFcB̈©d
:dä£d`© A§ l¥̀ x§Üi¦ FOr§ ©A x¥gFA©d (.dki` inrh oebipa xne` meiqd
.dltz lrad ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
l`xyi rny weqtl mipird z` zeqkl

yie dìxwd zpeek mewn xwir èdy oey`xd weqta dpeekd xirdl èd aeh bdpne" :`"q 'iq ,miig gxe` xeh
dici gpn ded ck iax (:bi) zekxac a"tn mzii`xe oey`xd weqt zìxwa mdipt lr mdici oipzepy oibdep
dpeekd xxerl mc` dyriy dn lke oiekln erpeny xg` xaca lkzqi `ly ezpeek 'it dl ixw ded dipir`
".èd aeh
:hvw 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,xpfyh y"g xkfl ,dlitz giy :jeza ,(y"xdn) hhyiepn mely epiax ibdpne zekld
,cg` mixne`yk mdipt miqknd ,y"xdn xn` .eipir iab lr eici xiarny drya [a"r bi zekxa] xnzi`"
".`kdn mz[i]`x
Germans. zFrEW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© hints at akek, the morning star that brings salvation
(Mercury-Wednesday, Mercredi in French). Jupiter, called in Hebrew wcv, is referred to by
zFwc̈§v r©xFf.
«¥ The phrase zFÈtx§ `xFA
¥ is the designation used for the star of Friday, Venus (known
in Hebrew as dbep), which brings “peace, joy, bliss, and health.” Finally, the Sabbath star, izay
(Saturn, Saturday) is alluded to in zFN¦dz§ `xFp
¨ because ruling on the day of rest, it pays homage
to the Creator alone. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 141]
,mi`xep mini oebipa ofgd xne` 'dadà jcgile' cr 'epìade' oke 'exe`l' cr 'ycg xe`' mixne` dax `pryeda 9.
.leg oebipa- dkxad meiq
.'Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ Ep«A¥ ¦l w¥Ac§ ¨ A Epi«¥pir¥ x¥̀ d̈§e' `le 'L«z¤ xFz§
©e L«z¤ xFz§ ©e Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ Epi«¥pir¥ x¥̀ d̈§e' èd oekpd gqepd 10.
¨ A Ep«A¥ ¦l w¥Ac§
11. The bdpn is to hold the two front zeiviv in the left hand, as mentioned by the following miwqet;
`pxih wifii` epiaxl mibdpnd xtq, dnly ly mi, mdxa` obn, axd jexr ogly, jexr ogly xeviw
and oglyd jexr. This was echoed by fpky` iwqet (`yiinxee ibdpn, [hxetwpxt ibdpn] clet oxd` 'x,
xiì zeg, and une` sqei xtq (although he held all four zeiviv, l"fix`d bdpnk)).
_______________________________________________
33
cr mqike eipir lr eci gipd rny zìxwc l`xyi rny l"bq i"xdn xn`yk" :dlitz zekld yix ,l"ixdn xtq
:mdn mipy hhv` .mipey`xae mipe`ba àend oyid bdpndn wlg d`xpk ".cg` zpeek meiq
dlrnl enlera cigi èd d"awdy eala aeygiy xeriy cg`c 'ca jix`dl jixve" :`"q oniq ,miig gxe` xeh
oiwtwtn yie zegex 'cle dhne dlrn daygnd itk y`xd zehdl oibdep yie mlerd zegex 'cae dhnle
xne` did l"f y"`xd `"è eiztya fenxi `le eipira uexwi `l rny z` `xewd ìpzc `d meyn xaca
dpeekd jxev ìd dfinxd `kd la` dpeekd oilhane `"c jxevl dfinxde dvixwd mzdc yegl oi`y
".dze` znxebe
daygnd itk y`xd zehdl mibdep yie l"fe ,`"q 'qa g"` azky enk dyry ipxekf" :81 'nr ,g"e` ,xyei hwl
".mlerd zegex 'ce dhne dlrn
minilyn yie .xeaiva ode cigia od 'on`p jln l`' zxin` dl minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx oeayg z`
it lr dìxwd xwir èdy oey`xd weqtd llek `xwnd inrha dlek y"w z` èxwl jixv dligzkl
,hxta fpky` ipa ly dnecwd `xwnd inrh zpibpae ,mda lbxen m` ,`xwnd inrh zpibpa rny zìxw .miweqtd
.mei lka miinrt rny zìxw ly `ziixe`c devnd z` miiwl zxgaend jxcd ìd
milind iiehia lr - `ziixe`c y"wa xzeiae - dltzd lka citwdl jixv miwcwcnde miweqtd it lr
oia mb fpky` ipa elicad epiptly zexecae ,fpky` ipa ly ef ìd dpekpd mlegd ziibd .zwcwecn ycewd oeyla
.(cpled ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"l`l o"ir oiae (dixbped ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"kl z"ig
'cg`' ly z"ilca jix`dl `xnbd oic lr citwdl jixv fpky` iwqet itl .zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd
,zehiyd lr itl y"w onfa miwcwcnd md miax .(zeincwd zepeilrd miipiyd ixeg`n dyelw oeyld zcrxda)
.l"fg zxeqn itl dyrizy y"w mvra mb xcdl mivn`zny dl` md ixyè
o n̈¡ ¤p n«¤ l ¥̀
` K¤l
c:e mixac
:c«g̈ ¤̀ 13 12 | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡ Üi¦ rn© W

` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§ §
:cr¨
:L «¤`§nÎlk̈§aE LèWt§ ©pÎlk̈§aE L¬ aè ä« §lÎlk̈§A14 Li®¤l¡ ` í̈i§ z¥̀ Ÿ§ ½ ad© ´`¨ e§ h-d:e mixac
m®Ä Ÿx©
§Ac§
¦e Li¤p½ ä§l mÝ̈§P©PW
¦ e§ :L«a¤ ä§lÎlr© mFI©d Lè² ev© n§ i¯¦ p«`¨ xW£̀
¤̧ d¤N ¥̀À d̈ mixä ´¦ C©
èd Eºid̈§e
L®¤
cïÎlr© zF`§l m¬Ÿx© §Ww§ E :L«n¤ Ew§aE LèAk§ Ẅ§aE« Kx¤C© ½¤a ĹY§ è k¤la§ E ÆLzi¥ ¤̧ aA§ L³ Y§
è aW
¦ A§
:Li«x¤r̈§Wa¦ E Lzi¥¤ A zF¬ffªn§ Îlr© m²Ÿ§az© k§ E :Li«¤pir¥ oi¬¥A zt¨ h§ « l15 E¬id̈§e
:od¥ El ¥̀ e§ ,(od¥ miri
¦ w¦ x)§ dr̈a§ W¦ xn© `¨ Wiw¨
¦ l Wix]¥ miriwx 'fa d"awd jilniy ick cg` ly z"iga jix`dl jixv 12.
(d"ly xeciq lr miig jxc) .uxàe [(:ai dbibg 'nb) .zFaẍ£r ,oFkn̈ ,oFrn̈ ,lEaf§ ,miw¦ g̈W§ ,ri
© w¦ x¨ ,oFlie¦
(zldw ixac) .cer oiè mly cg` èdy aeygie ,z"iga jixìe slà xvwi 13.
,L¤pFnn̈ lk̈A§ 'L «¤`§nÎlk̈§aE' ,LW§ t©
§ p z ¤̀ lhFp
¥ Èd Elit£̀
¦ 'LèWt§ ©pÎlk̈§aE' ,rx¨d̈ xv¥
¤ iaE
§ aFh xv¤ ¥iA§ ,Lixv̈§
¤ i i¥pW§ A¦ 'L¬ aè ä« §lÎlk̈§A' 14.
(.cp zekxa 'nb) .Fl dcFn
¤ i¥ed¡ ,L§l ccFn¥ ÈdW¤ dC̈nE ¦ dC̈n¦ lk̈A§ 'L «¤`§nÎlk̈§aE' ,xg¥ `© xäC̈
miza rax` dpin opitlic (fh:bi zeny) ' tḧFh§ « lE' (gi:ì) ' tḧFh§ « l' ,(g:e mixac) ' t¨ h§ « l' (lld ziac `nrh)15.
.zxFQ
¤ n© i¥pd£ `© e§ `x¨w§ i¥pd£ `© ,rA© x§`© o`M© ix£¥d (i"yx) 'ek `xw ipd` inp opixw zethehl edleka opè oilitzl
(:cl zegpn ,:fl migaf 'nb) .m¦iY© W§ iwi ¦ x¦t§ `© A§ zR© ,m¦iY© W§ iR¦ z©
§ kA§ hh© ,Kixv̈
¦ Fpi ¥̀ ,xnF`
¥ à̈iw£
¦ r ia¦ x§
_______________________________________________
34
mF®Id© m¤kz¤̀ § d¬¤Ev© n§ i²¦ p«`¨ x¯¤W £̀ i ©½ e§vn¦ Îl¤̀ ÆErènW § Y¦ ©nẄÎm¦³ ` dÀïd̈§e `kÎbi:ì mixac
i¯Y¦ z© «p̈e§ :m«k¤ W è t§ ©pÎlk̈§aE m¤ka§ a© §lÎlk̈§A Fc§ ½ ar̈§lE Æmk¤ i¥dl¡ « ` ³ï§iÎz¤̀ da£ º̈ d`«© §l16
a¤Ur¬¥ i²Y¦ z© «p̈e§17 :Lxd̈§ «¤ vi¦e§ L¬ è xiz§ ¦« e L¤p½ b̈c§ Ÿ
´ t§ q© `«¨ e§ WFw§ ® ln© E d´¤ xFi FY¦rA§ m²¤kvè x© §`Îx«h© n§
ÆmY¤ c© §ar«£e© mY¤À x© §qe§ m®¤ka§ a© §l dY§ ¤ ti¦ o¬¤R mk¤½ l̈ Ex́ènẌ « d¦ :Ÿ§rä« Ü§e Ÿ§lk© `«¨ e§ L®¤Y§nd¤a§ ¦l Lc«èÜA§
dí¤d§ i¦Î`«l§e Æmi¦n©¸ Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ x³©vr̈§e mk¤À Ä ï¹ i§Îs©` dxg̈§ ¸¨ e :m«d¤l̈ mzi¦ ¤ eg£ Y«© W§ d¦ e§ mix¥ ½¦g £̀ mi´¦ l¡ `
ï§i x¬¤W £̀ d ¨½ H©d ux´¤`¨ d̈ Ælr¥ ©n dx¥ À¨dn§ m´¤Yc© §a £̀«e© D®l̈Ea§iÎz¤̀ oY¦ ¥ z `¬l dn̈½ c£̀´ ¨ d̈e§ xḧn̈ ½
ÆzF`§l m³¨ ` mY¤̧ x© §Ww§ E m®¤kW è t§ ©pÎlr§ ©e m¤ka§ a© §lÎlr© d¤N ¥̀½ ixä ´© CÎz¤̀
§ ÆmY§¤ nU © e§ :m«k¤ l̈ o¬¥ p
L³ Y§è aW ¦ A§ m®Ä xÁ¥ c§ ©l m¤ki¥pA§ Îz¤̀ m²¨ ` m¬¤Yc© §O¦le§ :m«k¤ i¥pir«¥ oi¬¥A ztḧFh§ « l E¬id̈§e mk¤½ c¤ §iÎlr©
:Li«x¤r̈§Wa¦ E Lzi¥ ¤ A zF¬fEf§nÎlr© m²Ÿ§az© k§ E :L«n¤ Ew§aE LèAk§ Ẅ§aE« Kx¤C© ½¤a ĹY§ è k¤la§ E ÆLzi¥ ¤̧ aA§
mk¤½ i¥pa§ iń¥ i¦e Æmk¤ i¥ni§ EA³ x¦ §i or©n©¸ §l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd18
:ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlr© m¦in© Ẍ©d i¬¥ni¦M m®¤dl̈ z´z¥ l̈ m¤ki ¥ a£̀© « l ²ï§i r¯A© W § ¦p xW£̀
¤̧ dn̈½ c£̀« ¨ d̈ lr©µ
md¤½ ¥l £̀ Ÿ ´ x©§n`«¨ e§ Æl¥̀ x§Üi¦ i³¥pA§ Îl¤̀ xA¥º C© :xn`¥ « N d¬¤ nÎl¤̀ ï§i x¤n`¬I©e `nÎfl:eh xacna
19
:z¤lk«¥ Y§ li¬z¦ R§ spM̈© ¨ d z¬v¦ i¦vÎlr© E²pz¬p̈§ è e m®¨ c§« l m¤dic§ ¥ba¦ i¬¥t§pM© Îlr© z²v¦ i¦v m¬¤dl̈ EU̧r̈§e
m®¨ ` mz¤ i¦Ur«£e© ï½ i§ zé§vn¦ ÎlM̈Îz¤̀ ÆmY¤ x© §k§fE F À ` m´¤zi¦`xE§ 20 z¦ ¼ vi¦v§l m» k¤ l̈ dí̈d̈§e
Exè ½ M§fY¦ or´©n© §l :m«d¤ix£ ¥g`«© mi¦pf m¬¤Y`© Îx¤W £̀ mk¤½ i¥pir«¥ ix£ ´¥g`«© e§ Æmk¤ a§ a© §l i³¥ x£g`«© ExEzz̈Î`«
¹ l§e
:m«k¤ i¥ l`«¥l mi¦ c§w m¬¤zi¦id§ e¦« i®¨ e§vn¦ ÎlM̈Îz¤̀ mzi¦ ¤ Ur«£e©
.dltz lrad oke oexg`d weqtd axd mr ldwd exne`
m¦ix§
½©vn¦ ux´¤¤̀ n¥ Æmk¤ z¤̀
§ iz`³¥ ¦ vFd xW£̀ ¤̧ mk¤À i¥dl¡
« ` í̈i§ iº¦p £̀
:m«k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i¦p £̀ mi¦ l¡
`«¥l m¤kl̈ zF¬id§ ¦«l
ìd¦ Ffi ¥̀ ' k¤a§ a© §lÎlk̈§A Fc§ ½ ar̈§lE Æmk¤ic«À¥l¡
` 'cÎz¤̀
³ º̈ d`«© §l' ,ì̈§pz© C§ ?d¨lt¦ z§ a¦ C§ (minyb zexeab oixikfny) ol̈ `p̈nE
da£ § 16.
(.a ziprz 'nb) .'WFw§ ® ln© E d´xFi
¤ FY¦rA§ m²¤kvè x© §`Îx«h© n§ i¯Y¦ z© «p̈e§' ,Dix¥z§ A© aiz¦ kE
§ .d¨lt¦ Y§ Ef xnF`
¥ i¥ed£ ?a¥lA§ ìd¦ W¤ dc̈Fa£r
Lc«èÜA§ a¤Ur¬¥ i²Y¦ z© «p̈e§' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,FYn§ d¤ a¦§ l lk̈£̀ n© oY¦
¥ iW¤ cr© mElM§ mFrh¦ § IW¤ mc̈`§
¨ l Fl xEq`¨ ,ax© xn© `¨ dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 17.
(.aq oihib 'nb) .':Ÿ§rä« Ü§e Ÿ§lk© `«¨ e§' xc©d̈e§ 'L®¤Yn§ d¤a§ ¦l
18. opgei iax wondered how there could be old people in laa, away from the place where the
promise of eaxi ornl could take effect. But then it became clear to him as the prophet
(fh:ì l`wfgi) teaches us: :m«Ẅ E`¬ÄÎx¤W £̀ zFvx£̀«
¨ Ä hr§ ¨wn¦ §l Æmd¤l̈ i³d¦ `¡«ë. Even outside of l`xyi ux`,
©½ n WĆ§
far from the ycwnd zia, one can experience the blissful nearness of God. zeiqpk iza, wherever
they may be, are considered a hrn ycwn, small sanctuaries where we can seek to be near to
God. ... A bdpn in many zelidw is for the ax to recite aloud the third paragraph of rny zìxw
(ziviv 't). The dpyn (c:` zekxa) teaches regarding this paragraph: mixvn zìvi oixikfn. The term
oixikfn has been understood to mean that one should publicly mention mixvn zìvi - hence the
custom for the ax to recite the paragraph aloud. In our dlidw (as in some others) the ax begins
§i or©n©¸ §l, even though the sentence is not part of ziviv 't. However, if one
with the words EA³ x¦
understands the teaching of opgei iax, then it becomes clear that the recitation of EA³ x¦ §i or©n©¸ §l by
the ax, every morning and evening, conveys a dkxa to those who attend the zqpk zia.
(A Unique Perspective, Rav Breuer’s Essays 1914-1973 pg. 66)
iY§
¦ pg© a§ d¦ W¤ Èd i¦p £̀ ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ ?zivi
¦ v¦ i¥Ab© m¦ix©v§ n¦ zì
© v§
¦ i ...`p̈n̈£gx© azk̈© C§ i¦N dÖ¨l ,à̈x¨ xn© `¨ 19.
`pngxe zlkzl dnecd rav (:`q `rivn àa 'nb) .Èd z¤lk¥ Y§ xnF` ¤ e§ ,Fcb§ a¦ A§ ol̈i`¦ `¨lẅ d¤lFYW¤ iO¦ nE
¦ ...m¦ix©v§ n¦ A§
(my i"yx) :dpy mirayl zg` `l` mid on dler epi`y oeflg mca reavy mixwi einc zlkze zlkz lizt (eh xacna)
(dlezy d"c zetqez) :diilz zryn eilr xearl `xw jixhvi` mewn lkn ziviv zevn lr xaerc ab lr sè
20. While reciting the third dyxt (xnìe), the zeiviv are switched from the left to the right hand.
The bdpn of holding the zeiviv originated from the time of the cenlz and therefore is
considered a `xnbc dpic. The zeiviv are kissed only while reciting the words 'eze` mzi`xe'.
_______________________________________________
35
ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè 'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le ,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr
`¤pe§ xẄï§e mÏ©we§ oFkp̈§e ai¦Si©e§ 22 zn¤ `

¡
21
xiC©
¦è§ `xFp§
¨ e mi¦rp̈§e cn̈§g¤pe§ ai¦ag̈§e aEd¨è§ on̈¡
ml̈Fr i¥l¡
` z¤n`¡ :cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ d¤Gd© xäC©
¨d d¤tï§e aFh§e lÄª
wn§ E oT̈z§
ªnE
à oFkp̈ F`§qk¦ e§ à mÏ©w Fn§WE à mÏ©w Èd xFcë xFc§l à Epr§
«¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à awr©
£i xEv Ep«M¥ §ln©
i¥nlè Fr§lE crl̈
© à micn̈¡
¦ g¤pe§ mi¦pn̈¡
`¤p à mi¦nÏ©we§ mi¦ig̈ eixä
¨ cE§ à z¤n«Ïw© crl̈
© Fzp̈En¡
è¤ FzEk§ln© E
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©x«¤f zFxFCÎlM̈ lr§
©e à Epi«z¥ FxFCÎlr§
©e Epi«¥pÄÎlr© à Epi«¥lr̈§e Epi«z¥ Fa£̀Îlr© :mi¦nl̈Fr
:Licä
«¤ r£
dp̈En¡
è¤ z¤n`¡ à cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l mÏ©we§ aFh xäC¨ à mi¦pFx£g`© d̈Îlr§
©e mi¦pFW`xd̈Îl
¦ r©
à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ K¤ln«¤ Ep«M¥ §ln© à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ Epi«¥l¡
` ï§i Èd dŸ©`Ẅ z¤n`¡ :xFar©
£i `l§e wg
à L«n¤ W
§ ml̈Fr¥n Ep«¥li¦Sn© E EpcFR
«¥ à Ep«z¥ r̈EW§i xEv Epxè
«¥vFi à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ l¥̀FB Ep«¥l £̀FB
:L«z¤ l̈Ef cFr mi¦ l¡
` oi¥̀
xFCÎlk̈§A m¤dix£
¥g`© m¤di¥pa§ ¦l ri«
©W¦ FnE o¥bn̈ à ml̈Fr¥n Èd dŸ©` Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ zx§©fr¤
Wi¦` ix§
¥W`© :ux«¤`¨ i¥qt§ `© Îcr© Lzẅ
è c¦§ve§ Li«h¤ R̈§Wn¦ E à L«a¤ ẄFn ml̈Fr mEx§A :xFcë
L«O¤ r§
©l oFc¨` Èd dŸ©` z¤n`¡ :FA¦lÎlr© mi¦Uï Lxä
è cE§ Lzè xFz§
¨ e à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ §l r©nW
§ ¦IW
¤
oi¥̀ Lic«¤r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd dŸ©è§ oFW`x¦ Èd dŸ©` z¤n`¡ :mäix¦ aixl̈
¦ xFA¦B K¤ln«¤ E
:Ep«z̈ic§
¦R micä
¦ r£ zi¥An¦ E à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Ep«Ÿ§l`© §B m¦ix§
«©vO¦ n¦ :ri«
©W¦ FnE l¥̀FB K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈
`v̈ï `¨l ,zia¦ x§r© 'dp̈En¡

è§ z¤n`¡'e§ ,zix£
¦gW© 'ai¦S©ie§ z¤n`¡' xn© `¨ `¨NW¤ lM̈ ,ax©C§ Din¥ X§ n¦ à̈q̈ `p̈p̈ig¦ xA© dÄx© xn© `¨ 21.
cqg lr dlek aivie zn` zkxa' (:ai zekxa 'nb) .':zF«li¥NA© LÀ zp̈E¬ C§qg© x¤Á©A ci´¦Bd© §l' :xn¡
è n`¡«e¤ L®¤ © `P¤W¤ ,FzäFg ic§¥i
lr s` da xacn dpenè zn` dkxae ,mxiarae mid mdl rwae mixvnn mìvedy ,ìd epizea` mr dyry
,miiga epytp meyle mivixr cine mikln cin epl`bl ezpenè ezghad epl miiwiy mitvn ep`y ,zecizrd
.(my i"yx) 'cinz mixiczd miqpd dl` lk ,epiaie` zena lr epkixcdle
22. These fifteen words begin with the same letter 'e, and they correspond to the fifteen words in
the last weqt of the 'rny'.
egly zekxa d`n ecqiyk itl ,dzid zg` zxb` cre mlerl dfd xacd cr aivie zn`n mipe`bd dyrna izi`x
.cre mlerl epilr dfd xacd cr aivie zn` mdl egly ,zekxa d`n mei lka xnel mkilr lawl mkpevx dlebl
,zeaiz d`n jzlef cer cr aivie zn` on oke .zekxa 'w cbpk 'w ixd ,'i md o"idd 'a df'd xac'd ,miryz md o"iiee e"h
(gwex) .zekxa d`n cbpk
_______________________________________________
36
mici¦ ci¦
¦ e à Ÿ§rA«© h¦ mic¥
¦fe§ à Ÿ§rwÄ
«© sEqÎm©ie§ à Ÿ§l`«¨ B̈ LxFk§
è aE à Ÿ§bxd̈
«© m¤dixFk§
¥ AÎlM̈
¦ z`fÎlr© Ñ :x«z̈Fp `´l m ¤À n¥ c¬g̈¤̀ m®¤dix«¥v̈ m¦i¬©nÎEQ©ki§e©
EgèAW ì:ew mildz à Ÿx«§a© r¤
¡d
à zF`cFd§
¨ e zFkx§
Ä à zFgÄ§Wz§
ªe zFxi¦W zFxi¦n§f mici¦ c§
¦i Epzp̈§
è e à l¥̀ En£nFx§e mi¦aEd£̀
à mi¦lẗ§W D© i«A¦ §bn© E à mi¦`¥B li¦RW
§ n© à `xFp§
¨ e lFcB̈ à `V̈¦pe§Îmx¨ à mÏ©we§Îi©g l¥̀ K¤ln«¤§l
:eil̈¥̀ mr̈§EW
© zr§
¥A FOr§
©l d¤pFr§e à mi¦NC© x¥fFr§e à mi¦ep̈r£ dcFtE
¤ à mixi¦
¦ q £̀ ì¦vFn
23
:K ä§nE Èd KExÄ à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀§l zFN¦dY§
- mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ à dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§ à dxi¦
¨ W Epr̈ L§l l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥pa§ E d¤ n
:`¤l«t¤ d¥Ur¬ zN¦dz§ `¬¨
xFp Wc¤T©
® A xĆ§
¨`¤p d¨ nM̈ i¬n¦ ï½ i§ Æm¦l ¥̀ Ä« d¨ nk̈Îi¦
³ n« ì:eh zeny ldw
.'l`xyi l`b' cr o`kn mipbpn dlind meia
à mÏ©d z©tU§ Îlr© à L§nW

¦ §l mi¦lE`§b EgèAW
¦ dẄc£
¨g dxi¦
¨ W dltz lra
:Exèn`¨ e§ Eki«¦ln§ d¦ e§ EcFd mN̈Mª c©g«©i
:cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh ldw
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦e§ dcEd§ ¥tE 25 à l¥̀ x§
¨ i Lèn ª̀§pk¦ dc§ Üi¦ zx§©fr§ Üi¦ xEv 24 dltz lra
¤A dn̈Ew« à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ l©`B̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 26

:l¥̀ x§
.dpexg`d ze` cr mx lewa df z` mb mixne`
23. One takes three steps backward upon reciting oeilr lÎ`l zeldz (l"ixdn).
xnel fpky` iciqg epizeax ly dcitw lr epcnli ,xzeia miknqend miifpky`d dlitzd ixcqa oeir 24.
iciqg x`ye gwexde ,ciqgd dcedi iax ly mdiazka .'eplèb' weqtd ztqed `la ,'l`xyi xev' gqepd z`
mibdpnd xtq) oqipa c"i el`bp èaix 'qy itl zeize` 'qe zeaiz c"i da yi 'l`xyi xev'a ik xèan ,fpky`
:dlitzd gqepl jiiy epi` 'eplèb' weqtdy dler mdn ,mipey mixaqd jkl epzp md ,(`pxih `"xl
!zetixga fpky` ipencw el ecbpzdy iztxvd aeliydn 'eplèb' weqtd
Unlike oilet gqep, which included the additional verse ':l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ WFc§w Fn§W zFà̈§v 'c¬ Ep«¥l £ B'
(c:fn diryi) before the end of the l`xyi l`b zkxa, ancient fpky` gqep did not contain this verse.
':l¥̀ x§
Üi¦e§ dc̈Ed§i L«n¤ ª̀§pk¦ dc§
¥tE' :xge`n gqep 25.
zkxa lr 'on`' dper xeaivd oyid bdpnd itl zekxad x`yk mx lewa 'l`xyi l`b' zkxa miiqn dltz lrad 26.
.'on`' ziiprn rpndl ick dltz lrad mr dkxad seq z` xnel bdpnd hyt mipexg`d zexecae dltz lrad
_______________________________________________
37
legl dcinr zixgy zixgy
.legl dcinr zixgy 3 2 1
:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ ci¬¦Bi© i ¦À E g®Ÿ§tY¦ i´z© ẗ§U ip̈c£̀ 4 fh:`p mildz (:h zekxa 'nb) `gtp oa opgei 'x
à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀d̈ 5 à awr© £i i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡
`
¥qg© x¥kFf§e à M©d d¥pw§e 6 mi¦aFh micq̈£
à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§ ¦ g l¥nFB
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
©n§l à mi¦Ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ Ep«a¥ zk̈§
§ e à mi¦Ig© A© u¥tg̈ K¤ln«¤ à mi¦Ig© §l Epx§
«¥kf̈
8 7
:md̈x§
ä`© o¥bn̈ ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek :o¥bn̈E ri«
©W¦ FnE x¥fFr K¤ln«¤
1. The xecid of ekxa inelyz dates from the seventeenth century. If a person missed ekxa said by
the dltz lra, he may recite it before u"yd zxfg. An la` recites yicw ivg and ekxa and afterward
the dltz lra begins the u"yd zxfg. ekxa inelyz was recited at zixgy daily, (nowadays in
Breuers’, it is only said at zixgy on days when there is no dxezd zìxw). Traditionally it was
not recited on zay or on aeh mei. According to the `yiinxee ibdpn and zldw ixac, it was even
said during dgpn, however without ekxa, if a person missed the yicw ivg before the dxyr dpny.
rqete ezlitz z` axd milynyk if` ,xvei zkxa iptl yicwe 'ekxa' erny `ly zixgy zlitzl mixg`n yiyk
gzet 'ekxa' xg` cin .'ekxa' eixg`le yicw ivg xneè ,zqpkd zia gzta cnrp 'hiivxdì' lra e` l¥a`¨ ,eixeg`l
.cala yicw ivg r"yd zxfg iptl 'hiivxdì'd lra e` l¥a`¨ d xne` ,mixg`n yi m` ,dgpna .u"yd zxfg z"ad
2. Taking three steps forward before the dcinr, is a mipencwd bdpn.
drpkde d`xia cenrie ,eal lr eicgie zil`nyd lr zipnid eci gipie ,zg` lbx mdizy eli`k cgi eilbx oieki
wiqti `l dyecw e` yicw xne` dltz lrady rnyi m` elitè ,llk ezltza wiqti `le ,dlecb dpeekae
.dltz lrad xne`y dnl oieki `l`
.cenrl micitwnd yie u"yd zxfg ayil ebdpy yi 3.
4. gztz izty 'c is said quietly by the dltz lra before the u"yd zxfg. (zldw ixac [bl sc])
(The miidprciid ee"x ixefgn does not include it when u"yd zxfg is printed separately.)
xzeia v"ydl dkiiy ef dltzc bidpnd l"pe .ygla gztz izty 'c weqt g"i zxfg mcew k"b xnì ofgd
.k"ie d"xay dlige` dltza eze` xne` v"ydy drawed okle 'izty zgizt jixve mx lewa lltzdl jixvy iptn
(sqei o`vk bdep)
(.dk dlibn 'nb) .Ed§l op̈ix¦n§ `© `¨l o©p£̀ ,Ed§pi¦pw§ z© e§ d¨lFcB§ d© zq¤
¤ pM§ Ez`¨ e§ (fi:i mixac) `z̈i§ixF`
© A§ dWŸ
¤ n Ed§pia¦ z©
§ kC§ `¨l i`¦ 5.
(i"yx) .'c¤
¼ qg¤d© e§ zix§
´¦Ad© xń¥ FW `» xFP©
¨ de§ xFÁ¦Bd© lFcB̈©
¹ d l-`d̈¥̧ Epi ¥l¡Â ©e' (al:h dingp) `xfr xtqa .dlecbd zqpk iyp`
` dÝ̈r§
'dwf̈£
®¨ g«d© Lc«§ïÎz¤̀§e' ,lFcB̈©d l-¥̀ d̈ df 'L§ § `¤̧ ' dynn ?ol `pn ,lltzi jk xg` d"awd ly egay mc` xcqi mlerl
½ lcB̈Îz
:zepey`x 'ba eikxv mc` l`yi l`y o`kn '`À̈PÎdx§ Är§ ¤̀ ' .WFcẅ dŸ©` cbpk 'm¦iń© Ẍ©A Æl-¥̀Îi¦n x³¤W £̀ ' ,xFA¦B dŸ©` df
(mixehd lra) (dk-ck:b mixac)
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(zecn b"in 'ḑ¥T©pe§' zeize` èd 'd¥pw§e'c) dlitzd gqepa meweic - xqg mlerl 'd¥pw' 6.
,dkxae dkxa lkl zeaexw mixne` 'obne riyene xfer jln' l` ribnyke dltzd xfeg u"yd aà dryzae mixeta 7.
.'mlyexi dpea' cr 'mdxa` obn'n aà dryzae ,'dvx' cr 'mdxa` obn'n mixeta
.'mdxa` obn' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 8.
_______________________________________________
38
:ri«
©W¦ Fd§l ax© à dŸ©` mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ à ip̈c£̀ à ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`
: mitiqen gqt ly oey`x mei ly zixgy cr zxvr ipiny ly sqenn
10 9
à m¤W«¤Bd© cixFnE
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§
©A mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§
11
LFnk̈
« i¦n :xẗr̈ i¥pW
¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡
` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀
¦ xi¦Yn© E à mi¦lFg `¥tFx§e
:dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ K¤ln«¤ à KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE à zFxEa§B lr«©A©
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:mi¦ng£ x§
©A à mi¦Ig© §l eixEv§
¨ i x¥kFf à mi¦ng£ xd̈
© a©` LFnk̈
« i¦n
:mi¦zO¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ 12 ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦zn¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡

`¤pe§
9. In j"pz where an `®Ÿg© § pz§ ¤̀ occurs we find in most places 'm¤W«¤B', however in a few places we do
find 'm¤W«B̈d© ' even after an `®Ÿg© § pz§ ¤̀ . The dxeqn in the old mixeciq was always m¤W«¤B. However, the
wgvi xzrie xtq written by Yitzchok Satanov, alleged to be a likyn, claimed that m¤WB̈ was the
proper gqep. That is how m¤WB̈ unfortunately crept into the xeciq.
unwpy s` ,lebqa 'g ,'c¤q«g¤A§ ' mixne` xy`ke [unwdn d"dk `le] bdpnke 'ipyi 'ixecqak ,lebqa 'b my¤bd :oekpd
oirn èd ik ,dt wqtd eppi` mybd ok ,wqtd eppi` dty itl ,'inecde 'cq®g̈ ¤ i¬p̈Ÿc £̀ÎL§« lE' bi:aq 'ildza wqtd mewna
ji` sqen zltz iptl 'g rinynyk mb k"re .'dqpxt epiid inyb' a"r 'a ziprza y"nk 'mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§ ' eixg` xen`n
(358 sc zldw ixac) .f` wiqtny s` ,my¤bd :xnì ,mzltza 'w exnì
10. The u"ayz (`w w"q) reports that his iax, the bxeaphexn m"xdn, would announce lhd cixen on the
first day of gqt because in l`xyi ux` they said lhd cixen when not saying mybd cixen. From
here we may conclude, that the m"xdn did not recite it all summer. (The gwex writes that the
letter z"ih does not appear in the second dkxa of the dcinr and therefore one does not recite
'lhd cixen'.) Therefore, since in the last eight hundred years at least, we have omitted lhd cixen,
there is no reason to start now.
.oixv̈¡
¦ rp¤ oi ¥̀ W¤ it§¦ l ,`p̈i¦pg£ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ ?`n̈£rh© i`n© .xiM¦ f§ n© ,xiM¦ f§ d§
© l À̈ m`¦ e§ ,xiM¦ f§ d§
© l mink̈£
¦ g Eai§Ig¦ `¨l zFgExaE
§ lh© A§ ,`p̈Ÿ
(.b ziprz 'nb)
xriixa axd writes that there is no difference between l©h in that it is changed to un© ẅ in the case
of a strong pause, like an `®Ÿg© § pz§ ¤̀ or a wEqẗ sFq. For example, a common mistake printed in
some miyneg is: (bi:fh zeny) ':d«¤pg£ O«© «©l ai¦aq̈ lḦ©d zá© k§ W À aE' with a oḧẅ swf̈.
¦ Ædz̈§i«d̈ x¤A© ¥ However, the
proper pronunciation is: 'l©Hd© '. This mistake may have resulted because of the next weqt: l ©Y© e©
¦ where is lḧ written with a unw since it is followed by an `zgpz`.
l®Ḧ©d zá© k§ W
(l"ixdn) .'xizne' `le 'mixeq` xizn' ,'axe' `le 'riyedl ax' 11.
.'miznd dign' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 12.
_______________________________________________
39
jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` dltz lrad à WFcẅ L§nW ¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae' ,'exnì
à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p 14 cala dltz lra LEl£ld©13i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE
aEzM̈©M à mFxn̈ i¥nW § A¦ FzF` à mi¦WiC§ ¦wO© W¤ m¥WM§ l¥̀d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dl̈«Q¤
xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e 15 b:e diryi à L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© :WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : z"iyra)
:minrt yly 'yecw' milind zxinà wx dlrn itlk hrn eiawr blci * eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
® v í̈i§ WFcẅ * WFcẅ ¯ * 16
² * | WFcẅ
:Ex«n¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl 17 dltz lra
.zg` mrt 'jexa' dlind zxinà cg` mrt dlrn itlk hrn eiawr blci * eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:FnFwè
« On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ * ai:b l`wfgi
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§ ¥ac§
¦aE dltz lra
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡
` ml̈Fr§
À l | Æïi§ K³l§ni¦ i:enw mildz eicgi dltz lrae ldw
Epi«¥ l¡
` L£ga§ W ¦ e§ à WiC§ ¦w©p LzẌ
è c§ ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v¥p§lE L¤lcB̈ § ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l dltz lra
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l Epi¦Rn¦
18
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daeyz ini zxyra) l¥̀ d̈
dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A 20 LY¦
è `n¥ Ep«¥Pg̈§e à dp̈i¦A WFp¡
`¤l c¥O©ln§ E à zr©C«© mc¨ ¨`l§ o¥pFg dŸ©` 19
:zr©C© «¨d o¥pFg ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :l¥MU§ d© e§
,hR̈§Wn¦ E dẅc̈§v a¥dF` K¤ln¤ ,WFcẅ©d l¥̀ d̈ l¥NR© z§ n¦ mc̈`¨ ,D¨lEM dp̈Ẅd© lM̈ ,ax©C§ Din¥ X§ n¦ à̈q̈ `p̈p̈ig¦ xA© dÄx© xn© `¨ e§ 13.
(:ai zekxa 'nb) .hR̈§WO¦ d© K¤lO¤ d© e§ WFcT̈©d K¤lO¤ d© l¥NR© z§ O¦ W¤ ,mixER
¦ M¦ d© mFie§ dp̈Ẍd© W`Ÿx oi¥AW¤ minï
¦ dxÜ̈r© n¥ uEg
14. The dltz lra alone says ycwp (dgpn ,zixgy) or jvixrp (sqen aeh meie zay) [dkw q"x g"e` r"ey].
.'xnè dfÎl` df `xwe' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa 15.
16. One rises on ones toes, for the miweqt of 'yecw' and 'jexa' as the mik`ln do when reciting dyecw,
whereas the weqt of 'jelni' is not part of mik`lnd zyecw. Those who rise on their toes for 'jelni'
as well, do so, since what the xeaiv recites in dyecw, is done in the manner of mik`ln.
.'exnì jexa mznrl' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa 17.
.h"w q"x g"e` r"eya hade on` zeprl xzeid exdfi z`fd dkxaae 18.
19. l¥MU
§ d© e§ dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A… is in conformity with the very old xeciq of the xeaiv gily uxid ax laewn
(printed in 1560) The gwex makes note of both zegqep, (l¥MU§ d© e§ dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A as well as dp̈i¦A dr̈C¥
l¥MU§ d© e§). In most ancient mixeciq the standard order of these words were l¥MU§ d© e§ dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A. This
order was retained in n"ctt. “…In j"pz, there are many examples in which dpia comes before
drc, as well as drc before dpia, and, basically, the order really makes no difference. Either it
means that through the dpia of the dxez one recognizes èd jexa yecwd, which is called drc;
or the reverse is also true: As a result of the recognition of èd jexa yecwd, drc, one proceeds
to learn his dxez, which is called dpia.” (R’ Schwab on Prayer pg. 442)
dkxad xwir ìd ik 'dpia' micwdl sicry une` sqei azk 20.
(ck:hk diryi) ':g©w«¤lÎEc§n§li¦ mi¦p§bFx§«e d®p̈i¦A g© ExÎi ¥z« Er¬ c«§ïe§ weqtdn zekxaa `zi`ck
_______________________________________________
40
däEWz¦
§ a Epxi¦
«¥ fg£ d© e§ à L«z¤ c̈Far©
£l Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«a¥ xẅ§
è e à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ l Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«a¥ i¦Wd£
:däEWz¦ § A d¤vFxd̈ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :Li«¤pẗ§l dn̈¥lW§
« ẗ ald lr dkn i¦M Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«l̈Îl©gn§ à Ep`«ḧg̈ ald lr dkn 21 i¦M Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«l̈Îg©lq§
à Ep§rẄ
:dŸ«`¨ g©«¥lFq§e l¥gFn i¦M (oe`b dicrq ax xeciqn xewnd) .miprzn dxyr yiyk ziprza zegilq mixne` o`k 22
:©gF«lq§ ¦l d¤Ax©
§Od© ,oEP©g ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:dŸ«`¨ wf̈g̈ l¥̀Fb i¦M à L«n¤ W
§ or«©n© §l dx¥
¨dn§ Ep«¥l`¨ §bE à Ep«a¥ ix¦ däix§
¦e à Ep«i¥§pr̈§a d¥̀ x§
:l¥̀ x§Üi¦ l¥̀FB ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
('eppr' zkxaa dwcvd ywywn ziprza) : 'eppr' o`k dltz lrad siqen xeaiv ziprza
à Epr§ «¥WxÎl¤̀
¦ o¤tY«¥ Îl©` :Ep§g«p̈ £̀ dl̈Fc§b dxv̈§
¨ a i¦M à Ep«z¥ i¦pr©
£Y mFv mFi§A à Ep«¥pr£ ï§i Ep«¥pr£
à Ep«z¥ r̈§eW© §l aFxẅ `p̈ d¥i¡d :Ep«z¥ P̈¦gY¦ è n m©Nr©z¦
§ YÎl©è§ à EP«O¤ n¦ Li«¤pR̈ xY¥ q§ Y© Îl©è§
:x©n`¡¤PW ¤ xäC© ¨M à Ep«¥pr£ Li«¤l ¥̀ `x§ ¨w¦p mx«¤h¤ à Ep«n¥ g£©p§l LC§ èqg© `p̈ i¦di§
:r«n̈W§ ¤̀ i¬¦p £̀«e© mixè ¦Ac§©n m¬¥d cFr² d®¤pr¤̀ ¡ i´¦p £̀«e© E`x§¨wi¦Îmx«¤h¤ d¬ïd̈§e dk:dq diryi
23
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dẅEv§e dxv̈ ¨ zrÎlk̈§
¥ A li¦Sn© E dcFR ¤ à dxv̈ ¨ zr§ ¥A d¤pFrd̈ ï§i dŸ©` i¦M
:dxv̈¨ zr§ ¥A d¤pFrd̈
jàxie` onlf dnly ax opposed adding à dr̈«W «¥ WFd à `¥tẍ¥pe§ ï§i Ep«¥̀ ẗx§ 25 24
¥ E¨¦pe§ Epri¦
the oevx idie in ep`tx, unless the individual
is critically ill. dn̈¥lW
§ d¨Ètx§ d¥lr© £de§ à dŸ«`¨ Ep«z¥ N̈¦dz§ i¦M
: o`k xnì dlegd lr lltzdl dvexy in `¥tFx K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M * à Epi«z¥ FM©n lk̈§l
à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di¦e *
à m¦in«© Ẍ©dÎo¦n dn̈¥lW§ d¨Ètx§ dx¥ ¨dn§ g©lW
§ Y¦ W
¤ ,`¥tFx ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ on̈£gx§ ©e on̈¡ `¤p
(t"at) d¤lFg§l sEB©d z©ÈtxE§ W¤t«¤Pd© z©Ètx§ :l¥̀ x§Üi¦ FOr© i¥lFg
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥lFg x¨`W
§ KFz§A
.ezenk ebdp `le oepgz mixne`y minia wx xiì zeegd zrcl 21.
One strikes one’s chest each time one says 'ep`hg' and 'epryt' during dlitz, whether oepgz is said
that day or not.
22. The recital of zegilq during the dcinr dates back to the very origins of zegilq. zegilq are recited
during the dcinr like aeh meie zay iheit. miciqg and `hil ipa also recite zegilq in the dcinr
on the most important dlitz of the year - dlirp. In fpky` bdpn, the one exception is in lel`
and daeyz ini zxyr, when zegilq are recited in the third zxeny` before the dlitzd onf,
and therefore the zegilq can not practically be recited within the dcinr.
.'dltz rney' oebipa eppr miiqn dltz lrady zenewn yi 23.
24. In some communities dwcv was collected only on iyinge ipy. (The xyid aw tells of a miser
who wouldn't come to synagogue on those days, in order to avoid giving dwcv). n"ctt bdpn
is to collect dwcv daily, when the dltz lra recites ep`tx. (zldw ixac pg. 86)
zerahna lvlvne .ecia dtewe zqpkd ziaa xarl xarn zqpkd zia xrey jld 'ep`tx' zkxa dltz lra xne`y cera
.epxir iiprl ozip dkezay dne dwcvl zeaxdl dkezl zzl ellv lewl mrd xxerzi ornl dkezay dwcv
25. Based upon the weqt, (ci:fi edinxi) ':dŸ«`¨ i¦zN̈¦dz§ i¬M¦ dr̈®¥WE¨`¦ e§ i¦pri¦
¥WFd« `t¥½ ẍ´¥̀ e§ 'ç i¦p³¥̀ ẗx§'
_______________________________________________
41
à däFh§l Dz̈¨ 27
Èaz§ i¥pi¦nÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e z`G©d dp̈Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Epi«¥lr̈26KxÄ
¥
à L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè «¥AU© e§ à dn̈c̈£̀d̈ i¥pR§ Îlr© dk̈ Ä§ (¦l xḧn̈E l©h : sxega ) o¥ze§
:mi¦pẌ©d Kxä§ ¥ n ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :zFaFH©d mi¦pẌ©M Ep«z¥ Fp§W KxäE ¥
c©g«i© Ep«v¥ Aè w© e§ à Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ 29 u¥Aw© §l q¥p Ù̈§e à Ep«z¥ Ex¥g§l lFcB̈ xẗFW§A r©wY§ 28
:l¥̀ x§Üi¦ FOr© i¥gc¦ §p ,u¥Aw© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax© §`n¥
à dg̈p̈£̀©e oFbï EP«O¤ n¦ x¥qd̈§e à dN̈¦gY© è aM§ Epi«v¥ rFi§
£ e à dp̈FW`xä§ ¦ M Epi«h¥ tè FW däi«W ¦ d̈
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :hR̈§WO¦ A© Ep«w¥C© ève§ à mi¦ng£ x§©aE c¤q«g¤A§ LC© èa§l ï§i dŸ©` Epi«¥lr̈ KFl§n30E
:hR̈§Wn¦ E dẅc̈§v a¥dF` ,K¤ln«¤
(.xefgl jixv oi`y miwqetd aex zrc ,exn` `l mè hR̈§WO¦ d© K¤lO«¤ d© : dkxad miniiqn daeyz ini zxyra)
LèOr© i¥aièF`Îlk̈§e à Ec«a¥ ì r©bx§ «¤M mi¦pi¦Od© Îlk̈§e à dë§wz¦ i¦dYÎl©
§ ` micÖ ª n©l 31 ohwd lèny
¦ Wè
:Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ ri«
© ¦pk§ z© e§ x¥Bn© zE
§ x¥AW © zE
§ x¥Tr©z§ dx¥ ¨dn§ oFcf̈ zEk§ln© E à EzxM̈¦ «¥ i dx¥¨dn§
:mic¥¦f ri«
© ¦pk§ n© E mi¦aièF` x¥aFW ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
z©hi¥lR§ Îlr§ ©e à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A LèOr© i¥pw§ ¦fÎlr§ ©e à mici¦ ¦ qg£ d© Îlr§
©e mi¦wiC© ¦Sd© Îlr©
aFh xk̈Ü o¥ze§ à Epi« 32
¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«n¤ g£ x© En¡di¤ à Epi«¥lr̈§e wc«¤S¤d© ix¥ ¥BÎlr§ ©e à m¤dixè ¥tFq
WFa¥p `l ml̈Fr§lE à m¤dÖ¦r Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ mi¦Ue§ à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW ¦ A§ mi¦ghè FA©dÎlk̈§l
:mi¦wiC©¦S©l gḧ§an¦ E or̈§Wn¦ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep§gḧ« Ä L§aÎi¦M
xnel oiligzn oeygxn 'f lila l`xyi uxàe (xanrvrc 'e e` 'd) ixyz ztewz xg` h"p mei ly ziaxr zltza 26.
.gqt cr 'dkxal xhne lh oze'
.jzreyia epgnye jaehn epray aeh meie zaya mixne` ok ik daehn `le 'jaehn epraye' xnel jixv 27.
(l"yxdn mya dyn dhne 'c llk y"`xd 'eyz)
28. 'xteya rwz' zkxa contains exactly twenty words (xeh) which would make adding
the word 'epvx`l' superfluous. Mentioning l`xyi ux` as the gathering place,
seems unnecessary. j`lèe wifii` wgvi 'x, cites dlibn zkqn which states that from Î 'xteya rwz'
'cec gnv z`', there are six stages of dle`b; 1) Gathering the exiles, 2) Judgment for evil doers,
3) Destruction of those who rebel against God, 4) Elevation of the righteous.
5) Building of mlyexi, 6) Return of cec zia zekln. He likewise cites l"fg ixn`n,
which envisioned that in the stages of dle`b, there would first be a zeilb ueaw in ux`l ueg,
before returning to l`xyi ux`. zeilb ueaw is connected to cec zia zekln. Therefore, the idea
to add 'epvx`l' to the 'xteya rwz' zkxa seems out of place. The hwld ilay says that when
epia` awri went to down to mixvn and that he and his sons were all gathered together,
the zxyd ik`ln exclaimed 'l`xyi enr igcp uawn i"à'. And that was in ux`l ueg. It is interesting
that some cxtq igqep omit the term 'epvx`l' as well.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .`hand zerh èd q"yx zrcle ,wxiga cwepn i"qa .`"xe r"x epwiz jk - ueawa 29.
.':hR̈§Wn¦ E dẅc̈§v a¥iF` K¤ln«¤ ' rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 30.
aeyl oze` oiziqne ,l`xyil mixivn eide ,l`xyia oipind eax lìlnb oax inia" .'` 'ld dltzn a"ta m"anxd 31.
da didzy zg` dkxa oiwzde ,epic ziae èd cnr ,mc` ipa ikxv lkn dlecb efy d`xy oeike ,myd ixg`n
:ef dkxaa ezgqep ìd efe :"lkd ita dkexr didzy ick ,dltza dze` rawe ,mipind ca`l myd iptln dl`y
ripkne miryx xaey i"à .epinia dxdna xayze xwrz oecf zeklne ,ecaì rbxk mlk mipind lke dewz idz l` micneynl
,ezxki dxdn ji`py lke jiai` lke ,ecaì rbxk mipind lke ,dewz idz l` micneynl ,i"kn mdxcea`d zgqepe :micf
,iwipel`y xefgna mbe i"ik mixecq ipyae :micf ripkne miai` xaey ,i"à .ripkze xayze dlkz dxdn oecf zeklne
oeyl ltk md ik ,ehnyp gwexae xehae ,'epiaie` lk' zeaiz izy cer eazkp 'ripkze' ixg` wx .oldlck dzgqep
,dxwirn `gqepd ok "micneynl" . . . ,'` llk '` xn`n e"l 'ta aizk jxcl dcva .jnr iaie` lke xen` xak ik
:[mipey`xd lkae l"f m"anxd zgqepe ,oe`b dicrq ax lye ,oe`b mxnr ax xeciqae] ,mipyi i"k lka d"ke 'eke
32. In ancient mixeciq, and in ze`gqep icxtq the text is 'WFa¥p `l ml̈Fr§lE'.
_______________________________________________
42
(.dki` inrh oebipa - dkxad znizg zè ,zepiw ly reci oebipa xne` dlek 'jxir mlyexile' zkxa mixvnd oiaa)
à Ÿx«§A© C¦ x¤W £̀ M© Dk̈Fz§A oFM§Wz¦ e§ à aEWŸ mi¦ng£ x§ ©A Lxi¦è r m¦«©lẄExi¦le§
:oi¦kŸ Dk̈Fz§l dx¥ ¨dn§ c¦ec̈ `¥Qk¦ e§ à ml̈Fr o©i§pA¦ Epi«n¥ ï§A aFxẅ§A Dz̈F` d¥pa§ E
:¦m«l̈ẄEx§«i d¥pFA iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
Lzè r̈EWi¦l i¦M à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A mExŸ Fpx©§we§ à g© i«n¦ v§ z© dx¥ ¨dn§ LC§
èar© c¦eC¨ g©nv«¤Îz¤̀
:dr̈EW§i ox«¤w¤ ,©gi«n¦ v§ n© iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :mFI©dÎlM̈ Epi«E¦w¦
oFvx§äE mi¦ng£ x§ ©A l¥Aw© e§ à Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx§ ©e qEg à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«¥lFw r©nW § 33
mẅix¥ Ep«M¥ §ln© Li«¤pẗèNn¦ E à dŸ«`¨ Epi«¥pEp£gz© e§ Ep«z¥ N̈¦tY§ 34 r«©n¥ FW l¥̀ i¦M à Ep«z¥ N̈¦tYÎz¤̀
§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦ng£ x§ ©A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr© z©Nt¦ Y§ r«©n¥ FW dŸ©` i¦M à Ep«a¥ i¦WYÎl© § `
:dN̈¦tY§ r«©n¥ FW 35
à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦

§l dc̈Fard̈
£ a¥Wd̈§e à mz̈N̈¦tz¦ § aE l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr§
©A Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¥vx§ 36
ci¦nŸ oFvx§¨l i¦dzE
§ à oFvx§Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE § l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥X`¦ e§
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zcFa
© r£
33. oicnrawri axd was against adding fixed texts of dywa to eplew rny but for adding ones own
request. The reasoning being, if l"fg required a specific text to be added - they would have
added it themselves. We don't find these zelitz in mixeciq before miidpciid slèe axd. The gqep
we have for the iecie was written by d"ly xeviw (oiihytr lkin lìgi axd 1800’s), which is
similar to the gqep printed in oeiv ixry (Kabbalistic zelitz written about hundred years prior).
(edil` xef` xeciq) .oyid gqepd riten xzei mixge`n mixeciqa la` ...'Epi«¥pEp£gz© e§ Ep«z¥ N̈¦tY§ ' èd gqepd i"q lka 34.
mirneyd z` xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'dlitz rney' zkxa znizg 35.
.ef 'on`' ziipr zeaiygl
miwicv znyp lr `dc azky (hw 'nr) `fiinxbn y"x xeciq 'iire ,(67 'nr) e"fgna ,(`"r g) b"rxa 'dx¥ ¨dn§ ' zqxib 36.
.dx¥
¨dn§ xnel ield epiax lhia okl ,'eke ef dlitz dcqiizp dlrn ly gafn lr mei lka l`kin aixwny
.i`w miwicvd znyp lry itl dx¥ ¨dn§ xn`l dgin `fiinbxn ield i"xe gwexd zqxib dx¥ ¨dn§ :f"c oyi xefgnae
.(86 dxrd 86 'nr) c"g myead zbexr oiire ,dä£d`© A§ dx¥ ¨dn§ b"ly rnyn dceare d"c :ì zekxa i"yx oke
(hny 'nr gwexl dlitzd xeciq iyexit)
zetqezd ewizrd oke mxnr ax xcqa oke 'l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ dx¥ ¨dn§ ' `gqepd micxtqd ixecqa mb f"tx xecqa
opixn`c epiide .y` ly miyak xne`y in yie ,miwicv ly odizenyp xne`y in yi oiwelg zeyxcn] zegpn seqa
xiacl dceard ayde' lirlc` i`wc `"ie .'oevxa lawz dadà dxdn mzlitze l`xyi iyè' dceara dxyr dpenya
dxdn xnel `ly dev l"ixdn la` .[(l`kine d"c 'qez .iw zegpn 'nb) :xzei iz`vn `l .'l`xyi iyè jzia
xnì `l 'dc̈Fard̈Îz¤̀
£ ' qxeby iny ,'dc̈Fard̈Îz¤̀
£ a¥Wd̈§e' ly dqxbd iepya ielz iepyd znàe ,(g"n 'q une` sqei)
dfl oia dfl oia fè (n"ctt gqep) 'z¤̀ ' zln ila 'dc̈Fard̈ £ a¥Wd̈§e' xnì 'dx¥¨dn§ ' xnìy ine (`fiinxb gqep) 'dx¥ ¨dn§ '
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .gwexde ea lkd zlagk ef dkxaa zeaz c"l
_______________________________________________
43
:'àie dlri' mixne` crend legae yceg y`xa

à Ep«¥pFC§wt¦ E Ep«¥pFx§k¦f x¥kG̈¦ie§ c¥wR̈¦ie§ r©nẌ¦ie§ d¤vx¥
ïe§ d¤̀ x¥
ïe§ ri«
© ¦B©ie§ àï§e d¤lr©
£i à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
LèOrÎlM̈
© oFx§k¦fe§ à L«W¤ cẅ
§ xi¦r m¦«©lẄEx§«i oFx§k¦fe§ à LC§ «¤ar© c¦eCÎo¤¨ A g© i¦Wn̈ oFx§k¦fe§ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ oFx§k¦fe§
mFi§A à mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© l§ E à mi¦ng£ x§©lE c¤q«g¤§lE o¥g§lE à däFh§lE dḧi¥lt§ ¦l à Li¤pẗ§l l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A
d¤Gd© zFMª Qd© b©g : zekql | d¤Gd© zFS©Od© b©g : gqtl | d¤Gd© Wc¤g© « d W`x : yceg y`xl
Fa Epri¦ «¥ WFd§e à (o¥n`¨ ldw) dk̈x§ ä¦l Fa Epc§ «¥wẗE à (o¥n`¨ ldw) däFh§l FA Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Epx§«¥kf̈
à Epi«¥pir¥ Li«¤l ¥̀ i¦M à Epri¦
«¥ WFd§e Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx§ ©e Ep¥Pg̈§e qEg à mi¦ng£ x§ ©e dr̈EW§i x©ac¦ §aE à (o¥n`¨ ldw) mi¦Ig© §l
:dŸ«`¨ mEgx§©e oEP©g K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M
:oFI¦v§l 38 Fzp̈i¦kW
§ xi¦fg£ O© d© 37 ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦ng£ x§
©A oFI¦v§l LèaEW§A Epi«¥pir¥ dp̈i«¤f¡gz¤ e§
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv
41
(.n dheq 'nb) opaxc micen Èd dŸ© `Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn¦ 39 degzyn
Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn
¦ degzyn :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ swef
i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i swef xFc§l Èd dŸ©` Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv
:zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi Epxè «¥vFi à xÜÄÎlk̈ Epi«¥Ig© Îlr© L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp ¤ :xFcë
40
WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l zF`cFd§ ¨ e zFkx§ Ä Epi«z¥ Fn§W¦pÎlr§
©e à Lcï§ «¤ A mixEqè ¦ Od©
Ep«¥Ig© Y§ o¥M :Ep«Ÿn§ ©Iw¦ e§ Ep«z̈i¦i¡gd¤W
¤ lr© à à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤ Li«Q¤¦pÎlr§
©e à Kl̈ zFcEwèRd©
zFx§vg© §l Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡ `z§
¤ e à Ep«n¥èIw© zE§ à zrÎlk̈è ¥ AW ¤ Li«z¤ FaFh§e Li«z¤ F`èlt§ ¦pÎlr§ ©e
à L«¤pFvx§ zFUr© £le§ Li«Tª ¤g xn§Wl¦ à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ Elk̈Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢ «¨dv̈§e x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤
42
Ep«`¨ W¤ lr© à m¥lẄ aä¥lA§ LC§ èar̈§lE à Licq̈£ «¤ g EO«z© Î`l i¦M m¥gxè ©nd© e§ à Li«n¤ g£ x©
43
dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek à Kl̈ micFn ¦ :Kl̈ Epi«e¦w¦ ml̈Fr¥n
:zF`cFd© ¨ d l¥̀ swef KExÄ
xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'oeivl ezpiky xifgnd' zkxa znizg 37.
.opaxc micen zxin`l mirneyd z`
.elew z` diabn aey ,'oeivl' epiidc dvx ly dpexg` dlna mle` ,elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa 38.
39. The dltz lra continues to recite the dcinr aloud as he reads 'micen'. The recent practice
that he should recite 'micen' quietly while the xeaiv recite 'opaxc micen' has no basis in dkld
or tradition. aèey oerny axd stated, "I don't know where the bdpn of saying the beginning
of 'micen' silently, comes from?" The issue of irnzyn `l ilew ixz does not apply since both
are reciting different paragraphs.
40. zFcEw§Rd©not zFcẅ§REO©d is the correct gqep.
.'Kl̈ micFn
¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© ,Epi«¥ l¡
` 'c Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ '- ax© xn© `¨ ?mix¦nF` § md¥ dn̈ mr̈d̈ ,micFn ¦ xnF` ¥ xEAv¦ gi¦ © lX§ W¤ on© f§ A¦ 41.
.'Kl̈ micFn
¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© ,zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi Epxè «¥vFi' - xnF`
¥ i`ni © q¦ ia¦ x§ .'Kl̈ micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© ,xÜÄÎlk̈ i¥l¡ `' - xn© `¨ l ¥̀ EnWE §
.'Kl̈ micFn
¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© ,Ep«Ÿn§ ©Iw¦ e§ Ep«z̈i¦i¡gd¤W ¤ lr© lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l zF`c̈Fd§e zFkx§ Ä' - i`ni © q¦ ia¦ x§C¦ Din¥ X§ n¦ ix¥n§ `¨ i¥rC̈x§d§
©p
Li«Tª
¤g xn§W¦l ,L«W¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© §l ,Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡ `z¤ e§ Ep¥vAè w© z§ E ,Ep¥Pg̈§zE Ep«¥Ig© Y§ o¥M' - ik¦ d̈ DÄ mi¥Iq© n§ aŸw£ri© xA© `g̈`© ax©
.Ed§lEk§l Ed§pix¦ni¥ § p KM̈§lid¦ ,`R̈R̈ ax© xn© `¨ .'Kl̈ micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W¤ lr© ,m¥lẄ aä¥lA§ L«¤pFvx§ zFUr© £le§
42. The original `qxib 'Kl̈ micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W ¤ lr©'.
43. opaxc micen corresponds to the u"yl micen - so we bow both at the beginning and at the
final 'jexa' which corresponds to 'jny aehd...jexa'.
(une` sqei) .zg` drixka eze` mixne` miwcwcnde ,'ze`cedd l` jexa' opaxc micen meiq
_______________________________________________
44
:'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` ,zixgya (e"h) c"i meia mixeta mb ,dkepg ini lk
à zFng̈§lO¦ d© lr§ ©e à zFrEWY© è d lr§
©e à zFxEaèBd© lr§ ©e à oẅx§R©ªd lr§©e à mi¦Q¦Pd© lr©
:d¤Gd© o©n§fA¦ m¥dd̈ mi¦nÏ©A Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W
45
x¥Yq§ ¤̀§e i©kC¢xn̈ § i¥ni¦A : mixeta à eip̈äE i©pn§Wg© lFcB̈ o¥ M op̈g̈FiÎo¤A Ed«ïz¦ § Yn© i¥ni¦A : dkepga
m¤di¥lr£ c©nr̈¤WM§ à dxi¦ ¨ Ad© o©WEW§A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ LèOrÎl© r© dr̈Ẅxd̈ è oëï zEk§ln© dcè ¨nr̈¤WM§
bi:b xzq` W¥ TA¦ à rẄxd̈ ¨ on̈d̈ dŸ©è§ :L«¤pFvx§ i¥Tgªn¥ mxi¦ ¨ ar©
£d§lE à L«z¤ xFY
¨ mg̈i¦MW § d© §l
cÁ¥ `© §lE bx́£d«©l § d© §l Îz¤̀ Ÿ§ax«© à mz̈xv̈
cin¦¿ W ¨ zr§ ¥A m¤dl̈ Ÿc©
§nr̈ à mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A
s³©h ow¥¹ f̈Îcr§
©e xr¸ ©©Pn¦ micEdè¦ IdÎlM̈Îz¤̀
©Â Ÿx«§q© n̈ :mz̈n̈§w¦pÎz¤̀ Ÿ§nwp̈ «© à mp̈iCÎz¤̀
¦ Ÿ§pC«© à mäix¦
x²Ür̈ d¬ẄFl§WA¦ cg̈¤̀ ½ mFí§A Æmi¦Wp̈§e mi¦`n¥ h§ E à mi¦Hr§ ©n c©iA§ mi¦Ax§ ©e à mi¦WN̈©g c©iA§ mixFA¦ ¦ B
x®¨
c£̀ W ¤ǵÎÈd xÜr̈Îmi¥pW § W ¤g¬ §l i¥wqè Fr c©iA§ mic¥ ¦fe§ à mi¦wiC© ¦v c©iA§ mi¦rẄxE§ à mixFd§ ¦ h c©iA§
mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A dŸ©è§ :fFal̈ « ml̈l̈§WE LèOr§ ©lE à L«n¤ l̈Fr§A WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ m¥W z̈i«U¦ r̈ L§lE :L«z¤ xFz ¨
Ÿ§lw§«©lw¦ e§ à Fzv̈rÎz¤̀ £ Ÿx«§t© d¥ x©g`«© e§ :d¤Gd© mFI©dM§ oẅx§tE ª dl̈Fc§b dr̈EWY§ z̈i«U¦ r̈ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦
FlEn§B z̈Fa¥ « Wd£e© à FY§aW © g£ n© Îz¤̀ Ex£dh¦ e§ à L«¤lk̈i¥dÎz¤̀ EP¦tE à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦ §l Li«¤pä E`«Ä K©M
eip̈ÄÎz¤̀§e Fz` Elz̈§e à FW`x§A Erèaẅ§e à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© A§ zFx¥p Ewi«¦lc¦ §de§ à L«W ¤ C§
¨wn¦ Îz¤̀
44
:urd̈Îl
¥ r© :lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l l¥Nd© l§ E zFcFd§l à EN«¥̀ dM̈ªpg£ i¥ni§ z©pFn§W
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l ci¦nŸ Ep«M¥ §ln© L§nW
¦ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i mN̈MÎl
ª r§©e
46
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :L«z
¤ ix§
¦a i¥pA§ mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© l§ aFz§kE : daeyz ini zxyra
:[ef dxin` lr xfeg ldwd oi`y ,'miigl aezke' dxin` lr 'on`' wx dper ldwd (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga]
:dl̈«q¤ Ep«z¥ x§¨fr§

¤e Ep«z¥ r̈EW§i l¥̀d̈ à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW
¦ Îz¤̀ El£ld© i¦e à dl̈«Q¤ LEcFi
« mi¦Ig© d© Îlk̈§e
:zFcFd§l d¤̀p̈ L§lE L§nW ¦ aFH©d 47 ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
44. The phrase, z`fd zra miqpe `lt epicl` 'c epnr ok ,dfd onfae mdd minia zexeabe miqp mdl ziyry myk
appears in numerous manuscripts from the mipey`x (`yiinxee xefgn and oeyy i"k ixhie xefgn),
yet the xeh and jexr ogly (a"txz oniq) omit it. By the time of the mipexg`, we don't find the text
at all. This is but one example, where several parts of dlitz have changed from the time
of the mipey`x, sometimes due to a variety of accepted ze`qxb.
(:i dlibn 'nb) .(pure myrrh) i¥kc̈ ix¦n̈ op̈in¦ B§ x§z© n§ 45.
46. The gqep of the bxeaphexn m"xdn as cited by the xeh is 'jzixa ipa lk miaeh miigl aezke'. However,
the gwex stresses the importance of the phrase containing only five words. Therefore
the l"ixdn omits 'miaeh', while `yiinxee bdpn and n"ctt bdpn (131 'nr zldw ixac) omit 'lk'.
.'zecedl d`p jle jny aehd' milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa 47.
_______________________________________________
45
dltz lrad xne` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga

.ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà :(mitk mi`yep `l mipdkd la` l¥a`¨ ziaae aà dryza s` mixne`)
48
à LC§
«¤ar© d¤ n ic§¥iÎlr© däEzèMd© à dxFY© ¨ A z¤W«¤NWè ª nd© dk̈xè ÄA© Ep«k¥ xÄ £ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
:xEn¨`M̈ - L«W ¤ Fc§w mr© à mi¦p£ M eip̈äE ox£d`© i¦Rn¦ dxEn£̀ ¨ d̈
oevx idi ok :J̈«¤Pgªi«e¦ Li¤l ¥̀ ei²p̈R̈ | ¯ïi§ xì̈
¥̧ oevx idi ok :Lxè «¤nW§ i¦e§ ï§i L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ ek-ck:e xacna
oevx idi ok :mF«lẄ L§l m¬¥ Uï§e Li¤l½ ¥̀ Æeip̈R̈ | ³ï§i `V̈¦ ¸i
mexna xic` is recited if the mipdk go up to okec.
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mi¦ng£ x§ äE däFh à mFlẄ mi¦U 49
©e c¤q«g¤e¨ o¥g à dk̈x§
à Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i à Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© p̈ Li«¤pR̈ xF`§a i¦M à Li«¤pR̈ xF`§A cg̈¤̀§M Ep«N̈Mª à Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«k¥ xÄ
£
Li«¤pir§
¥A aFh§e :mFlẄ§e mi¦Ig© e§ mi¦ng£ x§ ©e dk̈x§äE dẅc̈§vE à c¤q«g¤ z©ad£ `© e§ mi¦Ig© zxFY ©
:L«n¤ Fl§WA¦ dr̈ẄÎlk̈§aE zrÎlk̈§ ¥ A à l¥̀ x§Üi¦ LèOrÎz¤̀
© Kxä§
¥l
51 z` jxand' zkxa znizg ,oepgz mixne` oi` xy`k
(bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga] daeyz ini zxyra
:[dltz lrad iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd lew znxda z"ad ici lr zxn`p 'melya l`xyi enr
52 xikfdl ick oepgz mixne` oi`yk zcgein dnirpae
à däFh dq̈p̈x©
§tE à mFlẄ§e dk̈x§
Ä mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§ " .ldwl z`f
LèOrÎlk̈§
© e Ep«`¨ à Li«¤pẗ§l a¥zM̈¦pe§ x¥kG̈¦p ¥ nd© 50 ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
Kxäè
":mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zi¥A
53
mFlẌ©A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
©
:mFlẌ©d d¥UFr ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
48. mitk zìyp was performed daily, until about the year 5000. The mipey`x until then,
while discussing mitk zìyp zekld mention, that one should okec every day, without citing
that the bdpn is not to do so.
49. On every occasion that we recite mipdk zkxa, mely miy is also said. The text of mely miy itself,
has within it the request for miptd xe`, og, and mely, themes contained within the second
and the third zekxa of mipdk zkxa.
.lld iptl cgeind oebpa 'melya l`xyi enrÎz` jxand' zeln wx obpn ofgd dkepgae ,crend lega ,yceg y`xa 50.
.dler aey oebipd 'melya' ,'l`xyi enrÎz` jxand' milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa
'eke 'xtqa' oia dn :dfd t"t bdpn mrh epnn `ltpy il xn` l"vf oexwxalif awri d"n dnkg dpwy owfd oiicd 51.
?t"ta 'g zltza 'w 'ixne` oi`y ,'aezke ,jenk in ,epxkf' zeltz oiae ,lewa 'g zltza mb 'w eze` mixne`y
`l zeern idze ,jnelya xg`y dkxad zlgz xnìe exn`l 'g gkyi ot :'xtqa' 'w zxin` mrh l"py el izipre
'ixifgn oi` jenk ine epxkf xn` `l m`" d"q a"twz r"ya y"nk ,'kxad ly myd xak xikfd m` ,oewzl lkei
(178 sc zldw ixac) ".ikd `pic inp xtqae aezke xn` `l m` d"de 'kxa dze` miiqy wx eilbx xwr `l 'itè eze`
52. Adding the word 'miaeh' is ztxv bdpn, which was not accepted by fpky` ipeax.
'hniba dyery itl ,melya l`xyi enr z` jxan[d] dpyd zeni x`yae melyd dyer d"xa mixne` ep`y dn 53.
(l"ixdn) .melyle miaeh miigl epze` aezkiy dzr eze` oixikfn epè ,daizkd lr dpennd j`ln ède l"`xtq
oi` htyn mewnac mkxal leki epi` lekiak itl melya enr z` jxand `"` z"iyra gwexa azk mrh cer
.'laz oekz s` ux`d lk eiptln elig' aizkc mlera mely htyn dyery t"r`y melyd dyer 'ne` j` ,dwcv
(i-h:ev mildz)
_______________________________________________
46
à dn̈x¦
§n x¥AC¦
©n i©zẗ§UE à rx¥
¨n i¦pFW§l xv§p à i© l¡
` (fi zekxa 'nb) `piax xa xn
à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A i¦A¦l g©zR§ :d¤id§ Y¦ lM©l xẗr̈¤M i¦Wt§ ©pe§ à mC¦z i¦Wt§ ©p i©lèlw© n§ ¦le§
mz̈v̈r£ x¥td̈ dx¥
¨dn§ à dr̈x¨ i©lr̈ mi¦aW
è Fg©dÎlk̈§e :i¦Wt§ ©p sCx¦
§Y Li«z¤ F§vn¦ a§ E
à L«z¤ Ẍc§
ªw or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«¤pi¦ni§ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«n¤ W
§ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ :mz̈FaèWg§ n© l¥w§lw© e§
:i¦p«¥pr«£e© eppre Ĺ§pi«n¦ i§ dr̈i¦WFd Li®¤
cic§
¦i oEv́èl«g̈i¥ or©
©n§l f:q mildz :L«z¤ xFY
¨ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£
:i«¦l £̀ b§
« e ixEv
¬¦ ïÀ i§ Li®¤pẗ§l iÁ¦ ¦l oFí§bd¤e§ it¦¿ Îix§
¥n`¦ | oFv̧x§¨l Ei§«d¬i¦ eh:hi
54
: xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet
55
à Epi«¥lr̈ mFlẄ d¤Ur© £i Èd à ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r
:o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
©e
: xneè h`l swef
56
à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥
¨dn§ A¦ WC§
¨wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤pÄ¦iW
¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`¦¥e Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:zFI¦pnc©
§w mi¦pẄ§kE ml̈Fr i¥ni¦M à d¨`x¦
§iA§ Lcä
§ r©£p mẄ§e :L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§
¥lg¤ o¥ze§
:z«I¦pn« c©
§w mi¦pẄ§kE ml̈Fr
½ iń¥ i¦M m¦®l̈ẄExi¦
« e dcEd§
¨ i z¬©g§pn¦ ï½ i«©l Ædäxèr§
«ë c:b ik`ln
.dyecwl dltz lrad ribiy cr xeavae ,zen` 'c jeld ick cr eizeriqt elky mewna cnere
.ygla 'gztz izty ipc`' dlgzn xneè lewa lltzne xfeg dltz lrad
.(251 'nr) lld mixne` crend lege ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ly zixgya
.zegilq o`k mixne` miprzn dxyr oi`yk xii` a"dae oeygxn a"da zeiprza
.dxyr dpeny zlitz xg` (313 'nr) 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
.mFlẄ oY¦ ¥ i KM̈ xg© `© e§ ,eixFg£̀©

¨ l zFriq¦ R§ WŸlẄ ri © q¦ t©
§ iW¤ Kixv̈
¦ l¥NR© z§ O¦ d© ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ ix¦c§§ pq© M¤
§ l`© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 54.
,FAx©n¥ xḧt¦ § Pd© cin§
¦ lz§ © l lẄn̈ ,mwi © n§
¥ l Di¥l ì̈r§ Ai
© `¦ mz̈d̈ ,eixFg£̀©
¨ l zFriq¦ R§ WŸlẄ rqR̈ © W¤ oëi¥M ,i©kc§ x§n̈ ax© Di¥l xn© `¨
,eixFg£̀©
¨ l zFriq¦ R§ WŸlẄ ri © q¦ t©
§ iW¤ Kixv̈
¦ l¥NR© z§ O¦ d© ,ik¦ d̈ iO©
¦ p ì̈§pY© !Fìw¦ lr© aẌW¤ a¤lk¤ l§ dnFC ¤ ,xY§ © l`§© l x¥fFg m`¦
KM̈ xg© `© e§ oinï§
¦ l mFlẄ ozFp ¥ W¤ ,Exn§ `¨ dïr§ n© W§ mEWnE ¦ !l¥lR© z§ d¦ `¨NW¤ Fl iE`x¨ ,o¥M dÜr̈ `¨l m`¦ e§ .mFlẄ oY¦ ¥ i KM̈ xg© `© e§
(:bp `nei 'nb) .l`ŸnU¦ §l
55. The `xnb makes mention of taking three steps backward upon finishing the dcinr.
56. In ancient mixeciq these miweqt do not appear. In the past two hundred to three hundred years,
the bdpn to recite them has become wide spread. It is considered a aeh bdpn accepted
by l`xyi llk (therefore they should be said and not skipped).
_______________________________________________
47
mit` zlitp xcq zixgy
oepgz xcq
iecie (epny`) was omitted the entire year, in order that it be said with the proper dpeek on xetk mei.
.‡eke (51 'nr) 'oepge megx' dxyr dpny xg` mixne` dpgz mda mixne`y minia legd ini lk
.yglae cnern eze` mixneè ‡eke megx ède mitqen iyingae ipyae
1
:mdipt lr miltep oiè dpgz mda mixne` oi`y minid elè
oeiq yceg y`x ,xnera b l ,oqip ycg lk ,mini ‡a ohw mixet ,haya xyr dyng ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ,dgpnl zay axra
,oeygxn yceg y`x xg` cr xetk mei axrne dpyd y`x axra `le ,aà xyr dyng ,aà dryz ,bg exq` xg` cr
,la` ziaa `le ,(aà xyr dynge haya xyr dyng on ueg) eiptly dgpna mb mixne` oi` el` minia
.dlind meia p‰kdaa `le ,(eiptly dgpna mb zelidw dnka bdpnd hytzpe) dtegl qpkpy meia ozg ziaa `le
[.libxk oepgz mixne` ipy gqta]
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1. The l"ixdn cites upin bdpn (Mainz), according to which, oepgz is recited the week
following zekq. n"ctt bdpn does not, which is supported by the ixy` zedbd and other mipey`x.
2. The historic origin of this prayer is shrouded in mystery. In Geonic responsa we find the
following report. After the destruction of the Temple, Vespasian, the Roman Emperor, had a
number of Jews set adrift in three rudder-less ships. After many weeks of helpless drifting, the
vessels finally landed on the coast of France and the Jews came to Lyon, Arles, and Bordeaux.
They were, at first well received. They settled in those towns and even grew quite prosperous.
However, when a new ruler arose, they were deprived of their property and were also
oppressed in many other ways.
Thereupon fast days were inaugurated, and on these days the megx ède prayer, composed by
two brothers (sqei and oinipa) and their cousin (lèny), was recited for the first time.
Subsequently the new ruler died suddenly, and the suffering of the Jews came to an end.
When these happenings became known to other communities, they too introduced the megx ède
prayer into the Monday and Thursday zixgy services. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 224]
_______________________________________________
48
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_______________________________________________
49
Ù̈ `P̈¨` à Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i :LFnM̈ « oi¥̀ i¦M à Li«U¤ r© £nÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx© à oEP©ge§ mEgx© l¥̀
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_______________________________________________
50
,oetv cva dazl gixan cg`d edvwae mexcl cg`d edvwa daiza xaegn yxw did zqpkd iza ipya
dlitz lra cixed lewa dlitz seqae eiptl cner dlitz lrae ,lecbd dlitz xecq eilr gpen dltzd zrae
dbxcnd lr ayie dlre .ycewd oex`l u"y cnrn mewnn gzt dyrp dfae ,xeg`l gixad zkiyn ici lr yxwd z`
.dilry ci lr dlitz ceak iptn l`ny lr `le .oini rexf lr ey`x dhne .ycewd oex` iptly dpeilrd
(zldw ixac) ."rbx" cr "oepge megx" ygla xneè
3
lr dhi el oi`yke oini cv lr dhi erexfa oilitz yiyk .dxez xtq yiy mewna `l` mdipt lr miltep oi`
.mit` zlitp iptl 'cb l` cec xnìe' :weqtd z` mixne` oi` .ayeine erexf lr `wece el`ny
.dihd mcew ldwde dltz lrad mixne` 'iz`hg oepge megx' zelne
à Li«¤pẗ§l i¦z`«ḧg̈ dlind zxinà ald lr oini cia mikn oEP©ge§ mEgx© 5 4
:ip̈Ep£gY© l¥Aw© e§ i©lr̈ m¥gx© à mi¦ng£ x© `¥ln̈ ï§i

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«¥Qi©z§ L¬ zn̈£
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« c`§n Eĺ£dÄ« i¦e§ EWa¥ ³i
:‡eke (53 'nr) rcp `l epgpè cin mixne` reayd ini x`ya la` ,df mitiqen iyinge ipya
3. We do not actually prostrate ourselves while reciting oepgz, but merely lower our heads
and bury our faces in the bend of our arm. For only those worthy enough to expect fulfillment
of their demands from God may use the extreme form of adoration. Where there is no Torah
scroll present, even the act of bowing down is omitted, “for following ryedi (e:f ryedi)
we want to demonstrate that our surrender to God means surrender to His Law.”
[The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 227]
4. The dltz lra performs mit` zlitp in close proximity to the cenr, (in n"ctt there was a special
chair behind the dltz lra for this purpose). On days when either 'jt` oexgn aey l`xyi icl` 'c'
or 'l`xyi xney' are said, the dltz lra leads them aloud from the chair and remains seated until
'dyrp dn', when he arises as the xeaiv does.
(:ak dlibn 'nb) .i¥iElv§ `© i¥lv§ n© C§ ,à̈xë§ iIA© `§

© l Ed§l `p̈i¦fg£ ,oia¦ `¨ xA© ìÏg¦ ax© xn© `¨ (oepgz iab) 5.
6. The text of oepgz (according to our bdpn) consists chiefly of the 6th Psalm, which jlnd cec,
suffering in body and soul, uttered after his transgression with ray za (Malbim see on this
Psalm). [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 227]
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51
(cxei oebipa miniiqn lewa mixn`pd mirhwd 'l`xyi icl` 'd' oenfta mixvnd oiaa)
8 7
:L«O¤ r§
©l dr¨ẍ«d̈Îlr© m¬¥gP̈¦de§ LR¤½ `© oFx́£gn«¥ aEWµ ai:al zeny à l¥̀ x§ ` iï§
Üi¦ i¥ l¡ dltz lra
«¤e br«©©l Epi«i¦d̈ i¦M à d¥̀ xE§ m¦in© Ẅ¦n h¥Ad©

à m¦iFB©A q¤lw¨ ldw
:dR̈x¤
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:L«O¤ r§
©l dr¨ẍ«d̈Îlr© m¬¥gP̈¦de§ LR¤½ `© oFx́£gn«¥ aEWµ ai:al zeny à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥ l¡
` iï§
à dË©wn§ L§nW¦ §l m` og à dë§wz¦ e§ z¤l«g¤FY oi¥̀ mixè¦nF` mix¦f̈ ldw
à Ep«l̈Îg«©pEd« `¬l§e Ep§ ©bï d:d dki` à däxẅ
è Ep¥zr̈EW§i xFdḧ
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` iï§
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` iï§
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§ Îz¤̀ zFg§n¦l Epi¥aièF` c©iA§ Ep«W¥ Hè Y¦ Îl©è§ à ogz̈§e r©nW § z¦ Ep«¥lFw ldw
m¦in© Ẍ©d i¥akè Fk§M Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l Ÿ§rA«© W
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§ ¦p dŸr§
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:L«O¤ r§
Üi¦ i¥ l¡
` iï§
L®¤nW
§ ÎcFa§
« M x¬©aCÎl§ r«© Epr§ ¥À Wi¦ i³¥l¡
` | Ep³¥
x§fr̈ h:hr mildz ldw
:L«n¤ W
§ or´©n© §l Epiz¥À `H©gÎlr© x¬¥Rk© e§ Ep¬¥li¦Sd© e§
:L«O¤ r§
Üi¦ i¥l¡
` ï§i ldwe dltz lra
7. An ancient tradition reports that this prayer was created dcedi jln ediwfg, at an hour of
extreme danger, when Sennacherib, King of Assyria was advancing against Jerusalem to
conquer it. ediwfg’s name is said to be hidden in the acrostic of the verses, 'eke mixf ,dqeg.
8. The words 'jt` oexgn aey l`xyi icl` 'c' etc. are recited aloud by the dltz lra (in the regular
weekday melody), the continuation is said quietly, 'jnrl drxd lr mgpde 'eke z`f lkae' is said
aloud again by the dltz lra, and so on. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 229]
_______________________________________________
52
,(zegilq seqa edexn` xaky elit` dilcb mevae) 'l`xyi xney' mixne` 'rcp `l epgpè' iptl mit` zlitp xg`
.cala (fenza f"i ,xzq` ziprz ,zaha 'i ,xiiè oeygxn a"da ,dilcb mev) xeaiv ziprz inil crepd heit èdy
.dnirp dzeà eilr xfeg xeaivd ,dreci dnirpa 'l`xyi xney' ly fexg lk xne` dltz lrad (n"ctt)
:l¥̀ x§
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¦ W § xFn§W à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ x¥nFW
à cg̈¤̀ iFB c©aìÎl©è§ à cg̈¤̀ mr© zix¥̀ ¦ W § xFn§W à cg̈¤̀ iFB x¥nFW
:cg̈¤̀ iï§ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ à L§nW
¦ mic£ ¦g©inè d©
à WFcẅ iFB c©aìÎl©è§ à WFcẅ mr© zix¥̀ ¦ W § xFn§W à WFcẅ iFB x¥nFW
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ï§i Liń¤ g£ xÎxk§
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(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ rxek dltz lra Ex§n`¦ e§
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈© nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
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`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW§ Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek dltz lra :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
.(60 'nr) 'ixy`'a mikiynn dxezd zìxw mda oi`yk reayd zeni lka
.'xq`p xry' oebipa eze` mixne` mixvnd oiaa ,cnern exn`l yie mit` jx` l` mixne` zeiprzae iyinge ipya
.(n"ctt bdpnk gqt axra `le) lecbe ohw mixet ly mini ipya `le ,dkepga ,ycg y`xa `l eze` mixne` oi`
.eixg` xneè xfeg ldwde ,oepgz mda mixne` oi`y minid oebipa ,mit` jx` l` dltz lrad xne` xnera b"la
LO¤À rÎl
© r© í̈i§ dq̈Eḡ fi:a lèi :Ep«g¥ i¦kFY LèR`© A§ Îl©` à z¤n`¡e¤ c¤q«g¤Îax§
©e m¦iR«© `© Kx«¤¤̀ l¥̀
:l¥̀ à Li«n¤ g£ x© x§M `p̈Îg©lq§ :oFc¨` à L§l Ep`«ḧg̈ dfgd l`ny lr sexbà mikn :rxÎlM̈¦
¨ n Epri¦ «¥ WFd§e
9. We do not know what else to do after having offered our adoration, as once epiax dyn did,
while seated, while standing, and while prostrate on our faces. The verse is taken from the
prayer of htyedi jln which he uttered to attain Divine aid in his battle against the hostile
armies arrayed against his people (ai:k 'a minid ixac). [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 231]
zlitpae dcinrae daiyia lltzdl mc` lkeiy oipr lka eplltzdy itl ,'rcp `l epgpè' xnel ebdpy mrhde 10.
,'xda izcnr ikpè' k"gè ,'xda ayè' dlgza xn`y ,dxezd lawl eziilra xda epiax dyn dyr xy`k mit`
zlitp k"gè ,dcinra i"g k"gè ,daiyia zexinfd iweqt dltza ,epgp` epiyr oke ,''c iptl ltpzè' k"gè
:[mdxceaè .xeh] .'rcp `l epgpè' mixne` ep` xg` oipra lltzdl gk epa oi`y xg`ne ,mit`
Standing upon reciting 'dyrp dn' is quoted by the d"ly, who based his opinion on a 'cg` owf'.
_______________________________________________
53
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved zixgy
dizekxae dxezd xtq z`ved

dl` mini erawp jk meyn .mze` cixed ipy meiae ,miipyd zegeld z` lawl ipiq xdl dyn dlr iying meia
.(my zetqeze .at `nw àa 'nb) mipepgz mda zeaxdl epwiz jk meyne ,xeaiva dxeza dìxwl
,dlilbe ddabd ,dqpkde d`ved ilra mde ,zilha mithrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn iyer lke dxezl milerd
.dlà `veike 'ceakd xiy'l ycewd oex` igzet mdenke ,iyily e` ipy dxez xtq i`yep ,obq lra
Lia¤½ è`« ÆEvtï§
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:Li«¤pR̈¦n Li¤̀§pU
© n§ Eq¬ªpï§e
:¦m«l̈ẄExi¦
« n ï§iÎx©acE§ dxFz ½¨ `´v¥ Y¥ ÆoFI¦Sn¦ i³M¦ b:a diryi
:FzẌc§ ªwA¦ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOr§
©l dxFY¨ o©zP̈¤W KExÄ
"diny jixa" dltzd z` xeaiva xnel ebdp `l ,fpky` zelidw aexa
:lega `le zaya `l ,dxez xtq z`ved zra
.ldwd lr eiptyk cnere oinil exifgne eici 'aa elawn dltz lrae oini cia elhep dxez xtq ìvend
:'elcb' dnirpae mx lewa xne` dltz lrad

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54
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¦ z§
© l ì̈h§ n© w§ x©R§ dUFr
¤ d̈e§ ,mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lz§
© l FYA¦ ìU¦ O© d© lM̈ `¨N ¤̀
(:ìw zeaezk 'nb) dp̈ik¦ W§ A© w¥AC©n¦ Eli`¦ M§ aEzM̈d© ei¨lr̈ d¤l£rn©
_______________________________________________
55
The original bdpn was for three people to stand next to the xrnrnl`, around the xtq,
the o¤bq¤ lra ([oey`x] iàb), dìxw lra and dler, to mirror xege ,oxd` ,dyn. It is common nowadays,
for there to be five people. In more "Yekkish" synagogues when one has just received an dilr,
typically one stands to the left of the dìxw lra.
4
The xeav need not have their heads covered with a zilh during dxezd zìxw,
and may only have their zetik on, while some will replace their hats.
dlere mcewn shern did `l m` zilha shrzn èxwd ,zilha shrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk
.dlilbe ddabde dqpkde d`vedk zevn x`y oky lke ,dìxwd zra iyily e` ipy dxez xtq `yepd s` ,lcbnl
(Aufgerufen)
£ 8 7 6 5 xne` jxand
:K äènd© iï§Îz¤̀ EkxÄ
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à K äènd© iï§ KExÄ : mnr cgi jxande dper ldw
: jiynn jxand
à mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
© n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:dxFY©
dxez xtqa zfge` dcal epini ci x`yze dxez xtqdn zil`nyd eci xiqi dxeza zexwl `xewd ligznyke
dxezd xtq l` eidi mrd lk ipf` mbe .dlna dln `xewd mr ygla `xwi èd mbe ,dìxwd onf lk
miiqy weqta ziviva wypi dìxwd xg`le .d`xiae dnià mzlki lka da oiekle `xewd itn dìxwd renyl
:jxane dxezd xtq z` llebe
à z¤n`¡ zxFY
© Ep«l̈Îo©z«p̈ x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:dxFY©
¨ d o¥zFp ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep«k¥ Fz§A r©hp̈ ml̈Fr i¥Ig© e§
(l"fix` mya) miryxe ,mipepia ,miwicv zeaiz iy`x 4.
5. dxezd zekxa, contains forty words which are said to allude to the forty days epiax dyn spent on
ipiq xd.
dxezd xtq z` gzti .oinia dlri ,zeey mikxcd izy mè .dxvw jxca enewnn dlri dxezl zelrl `xwpd 6.
.eici izya dxezd xtq z` fgìe eciay ziviv ici lr ewypie dìxwd z` ea ligzdl jixvy weqtd z` ze`xl
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) :lewa jxaie cvl eipt jetdi .'da miwifgnl ìd miig ur' : ygla dligz mixne` yi
7. It seems that the recitation of 'ìd miig ur', is a dlaw bdpn not fpky` bdpn. One bows for both,
the ekxa of the dler and the ...jxeand jexa of the xeaiv, as one bows before a king.
dligzkl one should stand from before the dler’s ekxa until his first dkxa is completed.
,[(gi w"q enw 'q a"n) :dyecway xac èdc] 'K äènd© 'c KExÄ' mixne` ldwde ,'EkxÄ
£ ' xne` dlerdy drya 8.
(xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen) :cnrl xeavd lk oikixv ,'Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ ' dkxaa mbe
_______________________________________________
56
:dxezl dlerl jxiay in

.leg ly dxezd zìxwa mb 'jxiay in'a dxezd iler lk z` mikxan
à awr©£ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥
©AW¤ i¦n 9 : ekxan dltz lrade
à Fl x¤W £̀ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e FzF` à ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd
à dxFY©
¨ d cFa§k¦le§ à mFwÖ©d cFa§k¦l dl̈r̈¤W xEar© £A
à dẅEv§e dxv̈ÎlM̈¦
¨ n Ed«¥li¦Si©e§ Edxè
«¥nW
§ i¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦
à eicï¨ d¥Ur©£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§
Ä g©lW
§ i¦e§
daeyz ini zxyra lega
à mi¦ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ Ed¥aY§
è ki¦e§ Ed«k¥ xäi¦
£ e
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxay in'a dltz lrad ekxiay xgè
ìxa ly jxay in 10
à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥ ©AW¤ i¦n
eY§rxv̈¦
© n on̈r©£pe§ DŸ§rxv̈¦
© n d¨ì¦a§pd© mïx¦ §nE ei§lg̈¥n dcEd§ ¨ i K¤ln«¤ EdÏ¦w§fg¦ `¥Rx¤ ¦W i¦nE
à rẄi¦l`¡ ic§¥iÎlr© egx§ ¦i i¥nE Ep«A¥ x© d¤ n ic§ ¥iÎlr© dxn̈ ¨ i¥n wi¦Yn§ d¦ e§
à exEar©
£A dẅc§ ¨v ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x xcP̈¤ © W xEar© £A ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀ `¥Rxi¦ © e Kxä§
¥ i Èd
à i©eC§ Ux¤r«¤ lr© Edc«¥rq̈i¦
£ e à Ed«n¥ i¦lg§ ©ie§ Edx§ «¥fr̈i¦e à Ed«¥li¦v©ie§ Edx§
«¥nW
§ i¦ mewÖ©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦
à eixäi¥̀§
¨ e etEB lM̈ lr© dn̈¥lW § d¨Ètx§ el g©lW § i¦e§
.o¥n`¨ à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥leg lM̈ x¨`W § Kez§A
,oyid bdpnd lr xenyl mikiynn ,zewdaend fpky` zelidw ipa
.mila` `le dìxwd xg` yicwd xnì dxeza `xewd e` dltz lray micitwne
11
D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ ©ie§ à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§
äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW
§ swef WC© ©wz¦
§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek `xewd
rxek `xewd Ex§n` ¦ e§ - aixẅ
¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©
£A à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à
Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§ (o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨
à l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC© ©dz¦§ ie§ à `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦
§ i rxek `xewd
`z̈xi¦
¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l (eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd à Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek `xewd `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW
§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek `xewd - `n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C© à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW
§ Yª
ezy` xikfdl ila 'el xy` lk zè eze`' wx dltz lrale axl jxay in zkxaa hxetwpxta mixne`y mrhd 9.
. . . ecnrn itl cg` lka oeyld dpeyiy itl ?'mdizepae mdipae mdiype' ldw lya xne` xy`k ,eizepae eipa
,ldwd lk lya la` .md miax m` s` mikxean x`yl mb ok xne` zeeydle .llk jxc wx xne` okl
zldw ixac - .hxta mxikfn ,zepae mipae miyp mlerl mdly
md̈xä§ `© `r̈A§ ,md̈xä§ `© i`d© xn© `¨ wg̈v¦ § il§ if¥g̈C§ lM̈ ,wg̈v¦
§ i i`d© xn© `¨ md̈xä§ `§
© l i¥fg̈C§ lM̈,dp̈w¦
§ f dïd̈ `¨l md̈xä§ `© cr© 10.
,`Ẅ§lEg dë£de© in£ ¥ gx© `r̈A§ ,`Ẅ§lEg dë£d `¨l aŸw£ri© cr© ."mi®n¦ Ï©A À̈ ow¥½ f̈ m´d̈x§
ä`© e§" :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,dp̈w¦
§ f Di¥l i¥ed¡ i¤lC§ in£
¥ gx©
gt© Yi
§ `¦ e§ in£
¥ gx© `r̈aE
§ rẄi¦l`
¡ `z̈`¨ e§ ,gt© Yi
§ n¦ C§ Wi¦lg̈ Wi¦pi`¦ dë£d `¨l rẄi¦l`
¡ cr© ."d®¤lg Li¦a`¨ d¬¥Pd¦ sq¥½ Fi§l x¤nÌ́©e" :xn¡© `P¤W¤
(:fw oixcdpq 'nb) ."FA® zEnï x¬¤W £̀ F½i§lg̈Îz¤̀ d´l̈g̈ ÆrẄi¦l`¡«e¤" :xn¡ © `P¤W¤
;mixet oebipa - mixet ;'mizif ipy' dkepg zay ly 'dxe`n'd oebip - dkepg ;zekq oebip - zekq crend leg 11.
,cxei oebipa miizqn dxezd zìxw xg`y yicw ivg seq mixvnd oiaa) ;'èd xic`' oebip - gqt crend leg
(.avr znirpa xn`p zixgya aà dryza
_______________________________________________
57
:lnebd zkxa
,`vie mixeq`d ziaa yeag didy ine ,`txzpe dleg didy in ,dxyr ipta cqg lnebd z` zecedl mikixv drax`
dxezl eze` oi`xewe ; aeyiil ribiyk xacna jldy ine ,epnn dlre mia cxei didy ine
: ef dkxa jxane siqen dxeza dzìxw lr dpexg` dkxa jxae `xwy xg`le

` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ [ax i"r]
:aFhÎlM̈ i¦p«©ln̈èBW
¤ à zFaFh mi¦aÏ©g§l l¥nFB©d
:dl̈«q¤ à aFhÎlM̈ Lèln̈§bi¦ Èd à aFhÎlM̈ Lèln̈èBW

¤ i¦n :ldw
.'xicìe' cr 'dxezd z`fe'n miweqtd z` dnirpa mixnfn yi dxezd zdabda
12
ï§i i¬R¦ Îlr© bk:h xacna :l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¬¥pA§ i¥pt§ ¦l d ¤½ n mÚ̈Îx¤W £̀ d®¨
xFY©d z`f§e cn:c mixac
m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi :x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦

´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b ilyn :d«¤ nÎc©iA§
t¥ g̈ ¬ïi§ `k:an diryi :cFak̈§
« e x¤Wr´ Dl̈e`n§
À UA¦ D®p̈i¦ni«A¦ mi¦nï K ¤`´ fh :mF«lẄ d̈i´z¤ Faiz¦ §pÎlk̈«e§
:xiC§
¦« ì©e§ dxFY
¨ liC§
¬¦bi© Fw® c¦
§v or´©n© §l
:(fpky` bdpn èdy xexa eppiè l`xyi zcearn xewnd) df xnì dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
Æïi§ L§
³ l u¤x®¨à̈E m¦iń© Ẍ©A lkÎi«M¦ cFd©
¤̧ tY¦ d© e§ d³¨
xEaèBd© e§ dN̈¸ cè
ªBd© ï§iÂ Ĺ§l bi-ì:hk '` d"c
d®¨
xEa§bE © Ḿ Lc«èïa§ E lM©
½ A l´W
¥ Fn ÆdŸ©è§ Li¤p½ ẗèNn¦ ÆcFaM̈©de§ x¤ rd̈§
³ e :W`x§«l | l¬k§l `¥V©pz¦
§ Od© e§ dk̈l̈§
½ nO© d©
:L«Y¤ x©
§`t§ Y¦ m¬¥W§l mi¦l§l«d© n§ E K®l̈ Ep§ ©p £̀ micFn
¬¦ Epi ¥½ l¡
` dÝ̈r§
©e :lM©
« l w¥Gg© §lE l¬¥
C©b§l L½ c´è iä§ E
à Li«z¤ FC¦n lr© Li«n¤ g£ x© ElèlFBz¦
§ iW
¤ à i©zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ i© l¡
` iï§ Li¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:oiC©
¦d zxEX¦
© n mi¦pt§ ¦l m¤dl̈ q¥pM̈¦ze§ à LèaEh zC¦
©nA§ Li«¤pÄ lr© b¥d©pz¦
§ ze§
.fpky` bdpn dpi` ,xg` onf lka e` dxeawd xg`l ,xeaiva 'mingx `ln lÎ`' zxin`
mingx `ln l-` was not said or accepted in fpky` because a) it is a relatively recent dlitz and
in general, the tendency was not to accept such zelitz in synagogue b) there seems to be
Kabbalistic/esoteric aspects to it, which fpky` ipax felt, should be reserved only for dbixcn ilra
and not for the general public. We do see that sometimes micigi did recite this dlitz in fpky`
for instance, during a ctqd, (usually by mipax from Poland where the bdpn was adopted).
Fl ziU£
¥ rp© ,dk̈f̈ `¨l ,mi¦Ig© mq© Fl ziU£
¥ rp© ,dk̈f̈ 'd ¤½ n mÚ̈Îx¤W £̀ d®¨
xFY©d z`f§e' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 12.
(:ar `nei 'nb) :dz̈in¦ mq©
_______________________________________________
58
dxezd xtq zqpkd zixgy
.'minyay epia` iptln oevx idi' dltz lrad xnì oepgz mixne`yk lkidl dxez xtqd miqipkny mcew iyinge ipya
(`pxih i"xdn ibdpnn) .dpyid fpky` zxeqn `l ìd ik ,llka z`fd dpigzd xnel ebdp `l n"ctt w"wa
Ep«k¥ Fz§A Fzp̈i¦kW
§ Îz¤̀ ai¦Wd̈§lE Epi«¥Ig© zi¥AÎz¤̀ o¥pFk§l à m¦in«© Ẍ©AW ¤ Epi«a¦ `¨ i¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥¨dn§ A¦
dẗ¥Bn© E zi¦gW
§ n© rF«© pn§ ¦le§ Ep«z¥ ḧi¥lR§ lr§©e Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx§©l à m¦in«© Ẍ©AW ¤ Epi«a¦ `¨ i¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A FOrÎlM̈
© lr¥
©nE Epi«¥lr̈¥n
m¤di¥zFp§aE m¤di¥pa§ E m¤di¥W§pE m¥d à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥nk§ g© Ep«ÄÎm¤Iw© §l à m¦in«© Ẍ©AW
¤ Epi«a¦ `¨ i¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à m¤di¥zFaèWFn zFnFw§nÎlk̈§A m¤dici¦ ¥ n§lz© ici¦
¥ n§lz© e§ m¤dici¦
¥ n§lz© e§
à zFng̈¤pe§ zFrEW§i zFaFh zFxFU§A x¥VA© z¦ § pe§ r©nW § ¦PW
¤ à m¦in«© Ẍ©AW ¤ Epi«a¦ `¨ i¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax© §`n¥ Epi«g¥ C¦
¨p u¥Aw© i¦e
à dẄÄ©IA© oi¥aE mÏ©A oi¥A micè ¦nFrd̈ à dïa§ X ¦ a© E dxv̈§¨ A mi¦pEzèPd© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlM̈ Epi«g¥ `©
à dN̈ ª̀§b¦l cEA§rX ¦ n¦ E à dxF`§ ¨ l dl̈¥t £̀ n¥ E à dg̈ëx¦ §l dxS̈¦
¨ n m¥̀i¦vFi§e m¤di¥lr£ m¥gx§ ©i mFwÖ©d
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e aixẅ ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©
£A `Ÿ§Wd©
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel dltz lrad
:m¦in̈« Ẅ§e u¤x¬¤̀Îlr© FcF À d :ldw FC©®a§l | Fń§W a´B̈U§ ¦pÎi«M¦ ïÀ i§ mW
¥Ä Îz¤̀ | E³Æl£l«d© i§ ci-bi:gnw (gwex xeciq)
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© F À x§w mr¬© l¥̀ x§
Ü¦i i´¥pa§ ¦l eic̈À i¦qg£ Îlk̈«§l d³N̈¦dY§ FO¿ r§
©l | ox¤w¤̧ m¤x³Ï©e
D®¨ cq̈§i miÓ¦ ©iÎlr© ÈdÎi¦M :D«ä i¥a è í§e la¥À Y¥ D®¨`Fl§nE ux´¤`¨ d̈ ïi©«l xF¬n§fn¦Å cÀe¦c§ ¨l 13 ck
m¦iR©À k© iw§¬¦p :FW« cẅ § mFw§ ¬ nA¦ mEwïÎi«
À n¦ E ®ï§iÎx©da§ d¬¤l r© £i Îi«n¦ :d̈«¤p£pFk§
« i zFxd̈§ À pÎlr§©e
14
®ï§i z´¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§ ä `´V̈i¦ :d«n̈x¦
§n§l rÁ© W
§ ¦p l§e i¦®Wt§ ©p eytp `§e´Ẍ©l `Ú̈p̈Î`«l | x³¤W £̀ a¬ä¥lÅ Îx©aE«
| mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§ :dl̈«q¤ aẃr«£©i Li¤pẗ i ¥̧ wè a© n§ ei®Ẅx§C« eyxc xFĆ d¤f :Fr§ « Wi¦ i¬¥ l¡
`n«¥ dwÀ̈ c§
Ë
fEǴ¦r ï§i | cFa¬ M©Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f i¬n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d K¤l´¤n `Faï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦§ R E`èUP̈¦d«§e mk¤À i¥W`x«¨
àï§À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦ § R E`§ E mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§ :d«n̈g̈§ln¦ xFA¦ ¬ B ïÀ i§ xFA¦
® be§
:dl̈«q¤ cFáM̈©d K¤ln¤ Èd³ zFà̈§ ® v ¬ï§i | cFa¬ M© Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f Èd́ i³n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d K¤lń¤
: mixne` ycewd oex`l dxezd xtq zqpkda
dń̈Ew i-g:alw mildz :l«¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¬¥t§l`© zFa£ax¦« ï½ i§ dá̈EW x®©nì dgªpa§ E el:i xacna
L®¤
C§ar© cé¦C¨ xEar«£© :Ep«¥Px§ ©i Li¬¤
ci¦qg£«e© w¤c®¤vÎEWèAl§ i¦ Li¬¤pd£ M« :L«¤Grª oFx£̀«¬ e© dY©
À̈ ` L®¤zg̈E«pn§ l¦ ï§i
:Ea«fr«£Y© Îl«`© iz¦À xF¨ Y« m®¤kl̈ iY´¦ z© p̈ aFh g©w´¤l i³M¦ a:c ilyn :L«g¤i¦Wn§ i´¥pR§ aW ¥À ŸÎl©`
m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi:b :x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦ ´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b
:mc«¤w§¤M Epi¥nï W¬¥C©g däEWp̈«½ e§ aeype ÆLi¤̧l¥̀ | ³ï§i Epai¦
¥̧ Wd£ `k:d dki` :mF«lẄ d̈i´¤zFaiz§ ¦ pÎlk̈«e§
13. On workdays and on holidays and other commemorative days which occur on weekdays,
Psalm 24 is sung while the Torah is restored to the ark. The last verses of this Psalm were
recited when the Holy Ark was carried into the Temple (mkiy`x mixry e`y).
.`rihw 'e `l` aizke ixw o`k oi` .''c xda dlri in' xkfpd myd lr aqene i¦Wt§ ©p `le FW§t©p ìd dpekpd dìxwd 14.
(zldw ixac)
_______________________________________________
59
dltzd meiq zixgy
dlitzd meiq
1
xaer `l la` ,cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èd m` .dazd iptl xaer èd o`k zqpkd ziaa la` yi m`
,dkepg inia, yceg y`xa ,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga
:dl̈«Q¤ LE¬l£ld© i«§ cFrÀ L®¤zi¥a iá¥ W

è Fi« ix§
¥W`© d:ct
:ei«¨ l¡
` ¬ï§iW
¡ mr̈À d̈ i¬¥x§W`«© F®N dk̈´M̈W ¤ mr̈d̈ ix§ ´¥W`© eh:cnw
mF¬iÎlk̈§A :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l L§ À nW ¦ d¬k̈x«£ä £̀«e© K¤l®¤Od© i´d© Fl¡ ` Ĺ§nn¦ Fx£̀ « c¬e¦c§ Å¨l dN̈¦À dY§ dnw
:x¤w«g¥ oi´¥̀ FzN̈ À c§ªb¦le§ c`§ ® n lŃ̈dªn§ E í̈i§ lF ³B̈ :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l L§ À nW ¦ d¬l̈£l«d© £̀©e ®¤kx«£ä £̀
Li´¤ `èlt§ ¦p ix§ ¥ac§ ¦e L®¤ cFd cFá§M xc£ ©d :Eci«¦B©i Li´¤ xEa§bE Li®¤Ur«£n© gÁ© W © i§ xFc§l xFĆ
Eri®A¦ i© ĹèaEhÎa« x© x¤k´¥f :dP̈xè «¤Rq© £̀ L¬ z«è N̈c§
ªbE jzelcbe Ex®¥nì Li´¤ `xF« è p fEf́r«¡e¤ :dg̈i«U¦ `¨
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©e d¬Ÿr«©n¥ DÀï K³¥ xä» §p | Ep§g³©p £̀«e© gi:ehw :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l
,crend leg ,gqt axr ,mixet oyeye mixet ,oey`x xc` e"he c"i ,dkepg ,yceg y`xa gvpnl mixne` oi`
(.la` ziaa mixne` oi` mbe) ,zekq axr ,xetk mei axr ,dpyd y`x axr ,aà dryz ,zereay axr ,bg exq`
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è rÎlk̈«
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À© d³Ÿr©
El®ẗp̈§e Eŕx«èM̈ dÖ¥d :xi«M¦ §f©p Epi´¥ l¡ ` ï§iÎm¥WA§ | Ep§g©pÃ £̀«e© mi®q¦ EQ©a d¤N´¥̀ e§ a¤kxä ¤ d¤N´¥̀
§ a Ep¬¥pr«£©i K¤lO¤À d© dr̈i®W
¦ Fd ¬ï§i :cc̈« Frz¦ § Pe© Ep§nTÀ Ep§g¬©p £̀«e©
z` miktdn ,crend lege mixet ,milbxe zezaya .xegy hxq dl mixtezy epiid ,dxegy dxhr yi la`d zilha 1.
zilha shrzn ,silgn xcrida xetkd meie dpyd y`xa ofgl dpnzp m` .dvegd d`xii `ly xegyd hxqd
(wdaend fpky` bdpnl jixcn) .dxegyd dxhrd z` xizqn epi` dkepge yceg y`xa .dxegy dxhr `la ,dlibx
_______________________________________________
60
dltzd meiq zixgy
.(.gn dheq dpyn) 'dllw ea oi`y mei oi` - ycwnd zia axgy mein :ryedi 'x xird ,xne` b"ayx'
(.hn my 'nb) '`zcb`y àx diny `diè `xciqc dyecw` ?miiwn `w i`n` `nlr `lè'
.(my i"yx) lkd dze` epiaiy ick dyecwd z` minbxzne
2
63 'nr ,a"kxz n"ctt ,zldw ixac ,xbiib onlf dnly iax ly n"ctt ibdpn xtqa xèank ,fpky` bdpn èd jk
:«ïi§ m ª̀§p w® r«£©iA§ r© t¤ i¬¥aẄ§lE l ¥̀FB ½ ÆoFI¦v§l `³äE 3 `k-k:hp diryi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lrad
Li®t¦ A§ iY§ ¦ nÚ © Îx¤W £̀ ixä ¦A z`f́ iÀ¦p £̀«e©]5 4
© cE§ Li¤l½ r̈ x´¤W £̀ Æig¦ Ex ï½ i§ xń© `¨ Æmz̈F` i³z¦ ix§
[:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dŸr«©n¥ ï½ i§ xń© `¨ ÆLr£x©«§f r©x³¤f iR¦¸ n¦ E L¹ r£x©«§f iR¦¸ n¦ E ÁLi¦Rn¦ EWEnïÎ`«
¿ l
xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi :l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zF¬Nd¦ Y§ aW ¥À Fi WFcẅ
® d¬Ÿ©è§ c:ak mildz
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
² | WFcẅ
¯ ldwe dltz lra
:oixè
¦n`¨ e§ oiCÎo¦
¥ n oiC¥ oi¦lAè w© n§ E [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
`r̈x©
§`Îlr© WiC© ¦w à DY§ § zi¥A6 `n̈Fx§n i¥nW
¥ pi¦kW § A¦ WiC© ¦w [ygla] ldwe dltz lra
`r̈x©
§`Îlk̈ `ï§ln© à zFà̈§v ï§i Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l WiC© ¦w à DY¥ xEa§
§ B c©aFr
:Dxẅ§
¥ i ei¦f
2. The zldw ixac, xbiib onlf dnly axd (1792-1878) a oiic in n"ctt, was the older half-brother
of xbiib mdxa` (1810-74). He was also mdxa`'s childhood teacher and mentor (their father died
when mdxa` was only twelve or thirteen years old).
3. oeivl àe's Aramaic paraphrases of the preceding miweqt were composed by lìfer oa ozpei
known as the `xcqc dyecw. `xcqc dyecw, is based upon the practice of reading miweqt
from miìap, every day at the end of dlitz. According to oe`b ipexhp ax it was customary to read
ten miweqt daily from miìap with mebxz, followed by the dyecw. But when hardship became
prevalent, two miweqt, 'izixa z`f ipè Î lèb oeivl àe' were selected instead. The mdxcea` says
that this dyecw was arranged for the late comers who may have missed the main dyecw
of the dcinr. The gwex and the rexf xe` (b 'q zay zekld) recite that during the persecutions it
was forbidden to recite dyecw, it was therefore incorporated at this stage, with the addition
of the Aramaic passages in order to confuse the enemy. The gwex (e"r oniq) adds
that the reason for saying oeivl àe is to demonstrate our yearning for the dle`b. The reason
why it contains the dyecw is, the “Evil Kingdom” decreed that we should not learn dxez
and its Aramaic translation. The recital of the dyecw in oeivl àe saves a person from mpdib.
oeivl àe is said in order that the dltz lra may recite yicw at the end.
'i³z¦ ix§
¦A z`f́ iÀ¦p £̀«e©' weqtd z` miblcn l¥a`¨ ziaae aà dryza 4.
,m¨lFr§l Frx©§Gn¦ zw¤ qFR ¤ dxFY ¨ oi ¥̀ aEW ,mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lY© FpaE
§ ,mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lY© ÈdW¤ lM̈ ,op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ Kp̈x§R© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 5.
L¹ r£x©«§f iR¦¸ n¦ E ÁLi¦Rn¦ EWEnïÎ`«
¿ l Li®t¦ A§ i¦Yn§ Ú
© Îx¤W £̀ ixä
© cE§ Li¤l½ r̈ x´W
¤ £̀ Æig¦ Ex 'c½ xń© `¨ Æmz̈F` i³z¦ ix§ ¦A z`f́ iÀ¦p £̀«e©' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤
.d¤f xäc̈A§ L§l axr̈ ¥ i¦p £̀ ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ ?''c½ xń© `¨ ' i`n© ':m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dŸr«©n¥ 'c½ xń© `¨ ÆLr£x©«§f r©x³¤f iR¦¸ n¦ E
(.dt `rivn àa 'nb) .d¨NW¤ ì̈§pq© k§ `© lr© zx¤ ¤Gg© n§ dxFY¨ ,dïn¦ x¦§i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ ?':m«l̈FrÎcr§
©e dŸr«©n¥ ' i`n©
,h"py dìvipie ycw zxcd ,uxid 'x xeciq ,gwex ,b"rx xcqa z`vnp `l) .'d¨`N̈¦r' dlind z` hinydl yi 6.
(.b"ty e`pd ,h"rx b`xt
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61
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lFcB̈
® Wr´
©x© lFw ix£
½©g`«© rń© W
§ ¤̀«e¨ g© Ex½ i¦p´¥̀ V̈¦Y©e ai:b l`wfgi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:FnFwè ¬ 7 ldwe dltz lra
[ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:oixè
¦n`¨ e§ oi¦gAè W
© nè C¦ ì¦Bq© ri«
© ¦f lẅ ix©z©
§ A zi¦rn̈§WE à `g̈Ex i¦pz«§ ©lḧ§pE
:DY§¥ pi¦kW
§ zi¥A x©z £̀ n¥ iïc© `ẍẅ§i Kix§
¦A
:cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ïi§ gi:eh zeny ldwe dltz lra
mdº̈ x§ä`© i¥ l¡Â
` ïÀ i§ gi:hk '` d"c :Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥nèlr§ ©lE m©lr̈§l8 DzEk§ ¥ ln© ï§i ygla mixne` ldw
L®¤Or© aá© §l zFaèWg§ n© x¤v¬¥i§l ml̈Fr§ ½ l z`ǴÎdx§ ¨nẄ Epi ¥½ a£̀ Æl¥̀ x§ Üi¦e§ w³g̈§vi¦
ai´W¦ d̈§l dÁ̈x¦
§d§e zi¬g¦ W § «©iÅÎ`l«e§ »oFr̈ x¬¥Rk© i§ | mEģx© Èd§ ³ e gl:gr mildz :Li«¤l ¥̀ mää§l o¬¥kd̈§e
:Li«¤̀ xèwÎlk̈§
« l c¤qgÎa À x§ ©e g®N̈©qe§ aFh́ ip̈c£̀ dÝ̈`© Îi«M¦ d:et :Fzn̈£ « gÎlM̈ xir¦À ï `«l§e FR© ®`
m®d̈x§ ä`© §l c¤g¤ aw½ r«£i©§l Æzn¤ `¡ o³¥YY¦ k:f dkin :z«n¤ `¡ L¬ zè xFz« ¨ e§ m®l̈Fr§l wc´¤
¤v Lz« è ẅc¦
§v anw:hiw
l³¥̀ d̈» Epl̈Îqn̈
À r«£©i mF¬i | mF³i »ip̈c£̀ KEx́³Ä k:gq mildz :mc«¤w¤ i¥ni¬n¦ Epi¥ a£̀«©l Ÿ§r¬©AW § ¦pÎx¤W £̀
:dl̈«q¤ aw´ r«£©i i¥ l¡ ` Epl̈Îa« ¸ B̈U§ n¦ Ep®Ö¦r zFà̈§ ´ v í̈i§ g:en :dl̈«q¤ Epz¥Ä r̈EW« « i§
¦ Fd ¬ï§i i:k :K«Ä g©¬¥ A mc¨
À¨ i¬¥
x§W`«© zFà̈§
® v ¬ï§i bi:ct
à z¤n`¡ zxFY© Ep«l̈ o©z«p̈e§ à mi¦rFY©dÎo¦n Ep«l̈iC§ ¦ad¦ e§ à FcFa§k¦l Ep«`¨ xè

ÄW¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` Èd KExÄ
d¨`x¦
§i§lE Fzä£d`© §l Ep«A¥ ¦l m¥Uï§e à FzxFz§
¨ A Ep«A¥ ¦l g©Yt§ i¦ Èd à Ep«k¥ Fz§A r©hp̈ ml̈Fr i¥Ig© e§
:dl̈d̈¤A©l c¥l¥p `l§e à wixl̈ ¦ r©bi¦p `l or«©n© §l à m¥lẄ aä¥la§ Fc§ar̈§lE FpFvx§ zFUr© £l FzF`
à d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ Li«Tª ¤g xn§W¦PW ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ 10 9
:À̈©d ml̈Frd̈ i¥Ig© §lE g© i«W¦ Ö©d zFn§i i¥pW§ ¦l dk̈x§ äE däFh Wxi¦ © pe§ d¤̀ x¦
§pe§ d¤ig§ ¦pe§ d¤M§f¦pe§
(:bi dbibg 'nb) .Di¥l rcï

© C§ `M̈i¥l FnFwn§ C¦ l¨lM§ n¦ 'FnFwè ¬ ' 7.
« On¦ 'cÎcFa§M KExÄ
(.m`w `vnp j` ,d`lr `vnp `l uxid 'x xeciqa) .'m¥̀ ẅ' dlind z` qexbl 8.
ìdd meyn ,'...jiwg xenypy... jiptln oevx idi' xne`y drya mxiqdl oekpy izrnye" :xehird mya i"nbd 9.
jxal oi`y ol `xiaqc b"rè ,(:`p dcp 'nb) eiweg xenyl e"aw` oilitz zvilg lr mikxan eidy àxrn ipac
."àxrn ipa zxaql fnx carnl jiiy dkxa `kil `zlin `dac oeik n"n ,h"k 'iqa xàziy enk ozvilg lr
10. There are different mibdpn as to when one removes ones zilh and oiltz on weekdays.
The l"ixdn (milyexi oekn e"vy cenr) removed his zilh and oiltz after epilr, while l`tx oeyny ax
yxid would after the yicw epilr (bxeand bdpnk).
_______________________________________________
62
dltzd meiq zixgy
x¤a¤B½ d© KEx́Ä f:fi dinxi :J̈cF` «¤ m´l̈Fr§l i ©À l¡ ` ¬ï§i mC¦ ®i `´l§e cFak̈ Ĺx¤ §O©fi§ or³©
©n§l bi:l
ï½ i§ DíÄ§ i¦µ ®© c¥r£ ïi«a© E¬gh§ A¦ 11 c:ek diryi :Fg©
M crÎi « ha§ n¦ ï§i d¬ïd̈§e ®ïi«A© g©ha§ i¦ x¬¤W £̀
:«ïi§ Li´W ¤ xèc« Ÿ§ ©fr̈Î`«l i³M¦ L®¤n§W ir´¥cFè i« L§a Eǵ§ha§ i¦e§ ì:h mildz :mi«n¦ l̈Fr« xEv
:xiC§¦« ì©e§ dxFY
¨ liC§ ¬¦b©i Fw® c¦
§v or´©n© §l u¥tg̈ ¬ï§i `k:an diryi
à D¥zErx¦
§k `x§
§ swef WC©
©wz¦
§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek dltz lra
:aixẅ
£A à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
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.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§
¦A rxek dltz lra `Ẅcª
§wC§ Di¥nW
§
`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW
§ Yª `z̈xi¦
¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦
§AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§«¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek dltz lra :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦
¨ n £̀ C©
,yicw ivg wx dltz lrad xne` sqen mixne`y meia
:(268 'nr) milbx ly sqen e` (257 'nr) yceg y`xl sqen zltz milltzn eixgè
.zay oebipa - eteq cr '`lrl'ne ,leg oebipa xn`p sqen iptl yicw ivg - dax `pryed
(!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` yceg y`x sqen iptl oilitzd oivleg oi`)
:Ep«z¥ N̈¦tY§ z¤̀ oFvx§

äE mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© :ldw
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :Ì̈©nW
§ a¦ iC¦ oFdEa£̀ mc̈¢
w l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îlk̈C§ oFdzEräE
è oFdzFl§
è v l©Aw© z¦
§Y
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ :ldw a:biw mildz
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
©e Epi«¥lr̈ mi¦Ig© e§ à Ì̈©nW
§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
´¦n ix§¦fr¤:ldw a:`kw
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet dltz lra
à Epi«¥lr̈ mFlẄ d¤Ur©£i Èd xneè epinil dpet ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r xneè el`nyl dpet
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
©e xneè eiptl dgeye
WFcT̈d© A§ FpFgh§ A¦ d¤lFYd© lM̈ . . .xn© `¨ (in` iax) ':mi«n¦ l̈Fr« xEv 'c½ D-í̈A§ i¦µ ®© c¥r£ 'c«a© E¬gh§ A¦ ' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© 11.
M crÎi
(:hk zegpn 'nb) .À̈d© m¨lFr¨le§ d¤Gd© m¨lFrÄ dq¤ g§ n© Fl ix£ ¥d ,Èd KExÄ
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63
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12
'epilr' mixne` jk xgè dltzd seqa milne 'epilr' z` oiblcn (349 'nr) zqpkd ziaa dlin yiyk
Ep«Ür̈ `N¤W à zi¦W`x§ © §l Epi«¥lr̈

¥A x¥vFi§l dN̈c§ªB z¥zl̈ à M©d oFc£̀©l g© A«¥ W 13
Ep«¥l ¨b§e à m¤dM̈ Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ mÜ `NW ¤ :dn̈c£̀ ¨ d̈ zFgèRW § n¦ M§ Ep«n̈Ü `l§e à zFvx£̀ ¨ d̈ i¥iFb§M
¥̀Îl¤̀ mi¦l½ £lR© z«
§ n¦ E k:dn diryi à wix¨ ¦e l¤ad¤§l mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ m¥dW¤ 14 :mp̈Fn£dÎlk̈§M
WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ i¥pt§ ¦l swef micFnE
¦ mi¦eg£ Y© W è rxek Ep§g«©p £̀ e© :ri«
§ n¦ E mi¦rxFM ©W¦ Fi `¬l
à lr«©O© n¦ m¦in«© Ẍ©A Fxẅ§i a©WFnE à u¼ x¨ ¤` c´¥ i§e m» i¦n© Ẅ d´¤hFp bi:`p Èd¤W :Èd KExÄ
à Fzl̈Ef q¤t«¤̀ à Ep«M¥ §ln© z¤n`¡ à cFr oi¥̀ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` Èd :mi¦nFx§n i¥da§ b̈§A FGrª z©pi¦kW §E
mi ¦½ l¡
`«d̈ Èd́ ï¸ i§ i³M¦ L¤
¼ aä§lÎl¤̀ ¨» a«W
¥ d£ e© mFÀId© Ÿ
´ r§ c«©ïe§ hl:c mixac :FzxFz§
¨ A aEzM̈©M
:cFr« oi¥̀ z©g®Ÿ¦n u¤`¨ d̈Îlr§ ©e lr©O©½ n¦ m¦iń© Ẍ©A
mi¦lEN¦B xi¦ar©£d§l à L«¤Grª zx«¤¤̀ t§ z¦ A§ dx¥

¨dn§ zF`x¦ §l à Epi«¥ l¡` iï§ L§N d¤Ew© §p oM
¥ Îlr© 15
xÜä i¥pA§ Îlk̈§e :iC©
©W zEk§ln© A§ ml̈Fr o¥Tz© l§ à oEzxM̈¦ ¥ i zFxM̈ mi¦li¦l`¡d̈§e à ux«¤`¨ d̈Îo¦n
à l¥az¥ i¥aW è FiÎlM̈ Erc¥ èie§ Exi«M¦ i© :ux«¤`¨ ir§
¥WxÎlM̈
¦ Li«¤l ¥̀ zFp§td© §l à L«n¤ W § a¦ E`x§
èwi¦
à ElR¦« ie§ Erx§
èki¦ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i Li«¤pẗ§l :oFWl̈ÎlM̈
« r©aẌ¦Y Kx¤A¤½ ÎlM̈ r´x§©kY¦ bk:dn diryi L§l i¦M
m¤di¥lr£ Kl§nz§ ¦ e à L«z¤ Ek§ln© lrÎz¤̀ mN̈kª ElèAw© i¦e :Ep«Y¥ i¦ xẅ§i L§nW ¦ cFa§k¦le§
:cFak̈§A Kl§nz§ ¦ e cr© i¥nèlFr§« lE à ì¦d LèNW
¤ zEk§lO© d© i¦M :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l dx¥
¨dn§
:epilr xg` miweqt mixne` oi` ,fpkyà mecwd bdpnd itl
:cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ïi§ gi:eh zeny :L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A aEzM̈©M)
(:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©
À d mFÍ©A u¤x®¨`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln¤§l ²ï§i d¯ïd̈§e h:ci dixkf :x©n`¡¤pe§
12. epilr is only recited just before leaving the synagogue. Therefore, it is postponed in case
of dlin zixa.
.[ely deprd iptn] jetida zeaiz iy`xa fenx 'ryed' enye ,egixi z` yaky drya oep oa ryedi ici lr dxaeg 13.
(ciqgd dcedi iax)
14. The zldw ixac pg. 168 when discussing (dpyd y`x sqen) gayl epilr, mentions the xeav quietly
recites ':ri«
©W¦ Fi `¬l l-¥̀Îl¤̀ mi¦l½ £lR© z«
§ n¦ E wix§
¦e l¤a«d¤§l mi¦eg£ Y© W ¤ '. It is clear that this verse was still said
§ n¦ m¥dW
in his time (h"rwz). The uxid axd laewnd xeciq (Thuringia j"yz) notes, “As these words
describe the worst of all the zetilw (spiritual shells or barriers), it is said without voice.”
(either in a whisper or read silently without vocalizing the words.) The one exception, is that
on either December 25th in Western Europe or January 6th in Eastern Europe, it is recited
aloud, both in the evening and morning, [see the Nitel Nacht section pg. LIII in the back
of this dltz for further explanation].
.'dewp ok lr' zeaizd iy`xa mezg enye ,ezbixd iptl okr owiz 'jl dewp ok lr'n wlgd 15.
_______________________________________________
64
dltzd meiq zixgy
mei ly xiy
.mi`xep miniae aeh meia elit` mei ly xiy mixne`
1
:'ycwna mixne` eid mield' milind zxin`n mirpnp `l j` ,'zaya ... meid' aeh mei ly ipelt xenfn xnel oi`
mezi yicw mixne` eixgè ycwna mixne` eid mield xiyd mei lka xnel mibdep
'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy mixne` oi`y aà dryzn ueg) .(cg` la`n xzei yi m` wx xn`p)
(.llk mixne` oi` xetk meiae .dgpn zltz seq cr
FA¤W zÄ©XA© oFW`x¦ mFi mFI©d

:WC§
¨wO¦ A© mixè
¦nF` Eid̈ m¦Ie¦§ld© wx mixne` h"eia
D®¨ cq̈§i miÓ¦ ©iÎlr© ÈdÎi¦M :D«ä i¥a è í§e la¥À Y¥ D®¨`Fl§nE ux´¤`¨ d̈ ïi©«l xF¬n§fn¦Å cÀe¦c§ ¨l ck
m¦iR©À k© iw§ ¬¦p :FW« cẅ§ mFw§ ¬ nA¦ mEwïÎi«
À n¦ E ®ï§iÎx´d© a§ d¬¤l r© £i Îi«n¦ :d̈«¤p£pFk§
« i zFxd̈§ À pÎlr§ ©e
®ï§i z´¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§ä `´V̈i¦ :d«n̈x¦§n§l rÁ© W
§ ¦p `l§e i¦®Wt§ ©p eytp `§e´Ẍ©l `Ú̈p̈Î`«l | x³¤W £̀ a¬ä¥lÅ x©aE«
| mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§ :dl̈«q¤ aẃr«£©i Li¤pẗ i¬¥¸ wè a© n§ ei®Ẅx§C« eyxc xFĆ d¤f :Fr§ « Wi¦ i¬¥ l¡`n«¥ dwÀ̈ c§
Ë
fEǴ¦r ï§i | cFa¬ M© Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f i¬n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d K¤l´¤n `Faï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦
§ R E`èUP̈¦de« mk¤À i¥W`x«¨
K¤lń¤ àï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦ § R E`§ E mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§ :d«n̈g̈§ln¦ xFA¦ ¬ B ïÀ i§ xFA¦
® be§
:dl̈«q¤ cFáM̈©d K¤ln¤ Èd³ zFà̈§ ® v ¬ï§i | cFa¬ M©
Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f Èd́ i³n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FA¤W zÄ©XA© i¦pW

¥ mFi mFI©d
:WC̈§wO¦ A© mixè
:FW« cẅÎx©
§ d Epi ¥À l¡ ` xir§ ¬¦A c`§
® n lŃ̈dªn§ E í̈i§ lF ³B̈ :g ©wÎi¥ « pa§ ¦l xFn§ À fn¦ xi¬W¦ gn
d̈iz¤À Fpènx©
§À§ mi¬¦ l¡ ` :ax«¨ K¤l´¤n zÀi©x¦ §w oFtv̈® i´z¥ Mè x©
§i oFI¦vÎx©d u¤x¬¨`dÎlM̈
Å̈ UFU§¶ n sFp d¬¥ti§
:Ef«R̈g§ ¤p E¬ld£ a§ ¦p Ed®n̈Ÿ o´M¥ E`ẍ dÖ´d¥ :eC§ «¨g©i Exè
¬ar«¨ Ec®rF¬ £ p mi¦kl̈èOd© d´¥Pd¦ Îi«M¦ :a«B̈U§ n¦ §l r¬©cFp
| Ep§rn©¸ Ẅ x³¤W £̀«M© :Wi«W ¦ x© §Y zF¬I¦p ¢̀ xA¥À W
© Y§ mi®cẅ¦ g© Ex§ ¬A :dc̈« ¥lF«IM© ligÀ m®Ẅ m©z´f̈g̈£̀ dc̈r̈x§
:dl̈«q¤ m´l̈FrÎcr© d̈¤p£pFk§ « i mi³¦ l¡` Epi®¥ l¡ ` xir§ ´¦A zFà̈§v í̈i§Îxi¦rA§ Epi`¦À x¨ o³¥M
u¤x®¤̀Îi¥ev§ w© Îlr© LzN̈¦ è dY§ o´M¥ mi ¦À l¡ ` L§ ³ nW
¦ M§ :L¤lk̈i«d¥ ax¤w¤À A§ L®¤ C§qg© mi´¦ l¡ ` EpiÓ¦ C¦
oFI¦v EAq́ :Li«h¤ R̈§Wn¦ or©n©À §l d®¨ cEd§i zFṕ§A dp̈§l¥bŸ oFÀIv¦ Îx©d | g³©nU§ i¦ :L«¤pi¦ni§ d¬¨`èln̈« wc¤vÀ
Exè
À Rq© Y§ or¬© ©n§l d̈i®¤zFpènx© §` E¬bQè R© dl̈i¥À g§l | mkè ¤̧ A¦l Ezi³W ¦ :d̈i«¤lC§ ¨bn¦ E À t§ q¦ d̈Eti¦
® Td© e§
:zEnÎl « r© Ep´¥b£d«©pi§ Èd cr¨ ®¤e m´l̈Fr Epi¥ l¡ ` mi´¦ l¡ ` | d¤̧f i³M¦ :oFx£ «g`«© xFć§l
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
1. The reason we do not recite the xenfn specifically designated for each day of aeh mei,
is because its recital is a mere ycwnl xkf. Therefore, since the sqen oaxw had a different
accompanying xenfn, we need not be particular, either on the exact xenfn, or on reciting it
before sqen. ('c w"q a"lw oniq mdxa` obn) (.dp dkeq 'nba oiir dnbecl)
_______________________________________________
65
dltzd meiq zixgy
FA¤W zÄ©XA© i¦Wi¦lX

§ mFi mFI©d
:WC§
¨wO¦ A© mixè
i¬©zn̈Îcr© :hR§ « Wi¦ mi´¦ l¡ ` a ¤w§ ¤A l®¥̀Îzc©r«£A© a¬S̈¦p mi ¦À l¡ `2 s¬q̈`§ Å̈ l xFn§ À fn¦ at
:EwiC§ ¦« vd© W´x¨ ë i¦pr̈ mFzï§ ® e l¬©cÎEh§tW ¦ :dl̈«q¤ÎE`§UY¦ mir¦À Ẅx§ i¬¥pt§ E l¤erÎEhè ®¨ RW § Y¦
EhFO¦ À i Ek®N̈©dz¦§ i d¬k̈¥Wg£ A«© Epia¦À ï `¬l§e | Eŗc«èï `³l :Eli«S¦ d© mirẄ
´¦ x§ c©In¦ o®Fi§a ¤̀§e lćÎEhè
© NR©
3
oEzEn
® Y§ mć¨ ¨`M§ o¬¥k`¨ :m«k¤èNMª oFí§lr¤ i¥pa§ E m®¤Y`© mi´¦ l¡ ` iY¦ x©
§n`¨ Îi´¦p £̀ :ux«¤`¨ icè ¥qF¬nÎlM̈
:m«i¦FB©dÎlk̈§A lg©À §pz¦ d¬Ÿ©`Îi«M¦ u¤x®¨`d̈ d´ḧt§ Ẅ mi¦ l¡ ` dń̈Ew :ElR« Y¦ mixV̈©´¦ d c©g`© k§ E
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FA¤W zÄ©XA© i¦ri¦ax§ mFi mFI©d

:WC§
¨wO¦ A© mixè
:mi«`¦ ¥BÎlr© lEn§ À B a´W¥ d̈ u¤x®¨`d̈ h´¥ W `¥UP̈¦d :ri« © t¦ Fd zFńẅ§p l¥̀ ®ï§i zF¬nẅ§pÎl¥̀ cv
Exè À O`© z¦§ i w®z̈r̈ Ex́èAc§ ©i EriÁ¦ ©i :Ef«lr«£i© mirẄ ¬¦ x§ iz©À n̈Îcr© ®ï§i | mirẄ ¬¦ x§ i©zn̈Îcr©
:Eg«S¥ x§ ©i miń¦ Fzi¦e Ebx£ ®d«©i x´¥be§ d´p̈n̈§l`© :E«Pr§ ©i L¬ zl̈£
è g«©pe«§ E`è ® Mc§©i í̈i§ ĹèOr© :o¤e`«¨ i¥l £R¬ ÎlM̈
i¬©zn̈ mi¦lÀ i¦q § E mrÄ ®¨ mix´¦r£a« Epi¦ :aw« r«£©i i¬¥ l¡ ` oia¦À ïÎ`«l§e D®ÏÎd¤̀ x¦ §i `´l ExènÌ́©e
g© i®k¦ Fi `´l£d m¦iFB x´¥ i£d :hi«A¦ ©i `´l£d o¦irÀ x«v¥ iÎm« ¬ `¦ r®n̈§Wi¦ `´l£d o¤f` r©hp£ ´ d :Eli«M¦ U§ Y©
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:z©gẄ « r´Ẅẍ«l̈ dxM̈¦ ¤ iÎcr© r®¨ x i¥niń¦ Fl hiw§ ´¦Wd© §l :EPcè «¤O©lz§ L¬ zè xFY¦
¨ nE« D®Ï EP´¤ xèQ©iYÎx¤
§ W £̀
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ï§i i´¥lEl :o¤e`«¨ i¥l £R¬ Îm¦r ilÀ a¬¥S©iz¦ § iÎi«n¦ mir®¦x§ ¥nÎm¦r i¦l mEẃïÎi«n¦ :a«¥lÎix§ ¥Wi¦ÎlM̈
:i¦pc«¥r̈§qi¦ ïÀ i§ L¬ C§
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lń̈r̈ x¥ i zF®Ed© `´Q¥ M¦ Lx§ èag̈§id© :i«W ¦ t§ ©p Er§ ¬ Wr© ©Wi«§ Lin¤À Eg§pY© i®A¦ x¦ §wA§ i´R© r©x© §U ax́§A
i ©À l`«e¥ a®B̈§Un¦ §l i´¦l í̈i§ id¦Ä i§e© :Eri«W ¦ x©
§i iwp̈ ´¦ mc§ ë wi®C© ¦v W¤t´¤pÎlr© ECFbï :wgÎi¥ « lr£
:Epi«¥ l¡` ¬ï§i mzi¦
¥À nv§ ©i m®¥zi¦nv§ i© m¬z̈r̈x§«äE mÀ̈pF`Îz¤̀ | mdi¥ ¤̧ lr£ a¤W³Ï©e :i«q¦ g§ n© xEv́§l
:Epr§
«¥Wi¦ xEv́§l dr̈ixp̈ À¦ ®ïi«©l d´p̈£Px§©p Ek§l 4 b-`:dv
:mi«¦ l¡ `ÎlM̈Îlr© lFcB̈ À K¤l¬¤nE ®ï§i lFćB̈ l´¥̀ i³M¦ :F«l ri«© xp̈ ¬¦ zFx¦ À n§fA¦ d®¨
cFz§A ei´p̈ẗ dń̈C© èw§p
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
a¬S̈¦p mi À¦l¡`' :xn¡© `P¤W¤ ?zq¤ ¤ pM§ d© zi¥AA§ iEvn̈ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© W¤ o¦iP©n¦ ,wg̈v¦ § i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ `C̈`© ax© xA© oia¦ x¨ xn© `¨ 2.
(.e zekxa 'nb) .'l-®¥̀Îzc©r«£A© a¬S̈¦p mi À¦l¡ `' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ?md¤ Ör¦ dp̈ik¦ X§ W¤ oi¦lN§ R© z§ O¦ W¤ dxÜ̈£r©l o¦iP©nE
¦ .'l-®¥̀Îzc©r«£A©
`' :xn¡
a¬S̈¦p mi À¦l¡ © `P¤W¤ ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ iA§ dp̈ik¦ W§ dx¤W§ n© ,FYin£̀©
¦ l zn¡¤ ` oiC¦ oC̈W¤ oiÏC© lM̈ ,oz̈p̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ i¦pn̈g©
§ p xA© l ¥̀ EnW§ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨
(.f oixcdpq 'nb) .':hR§ « Wi¦ mi ´¦l¡
` a ¤w§ ¤A l-®¥̀Îzc©r«£A©
`le mik`lnk eidy) m¨lFr¨l EpÀ̈ `¨l Ep`¨ ,E`h§ g̈ `¨l od¥ `¥ln̈§l`¦ W¤ ,EpizFa£̀© ¥ l däFh wif¦ g£ p©e§ E`FA ,Wiw¨ ¦ l Wix¥ xn© `¨ 3.
.''eb oEzEn
® Y§ mć̈`¨ M§ o¬¥k`¨ ' m¤kiU£
¥ rn© mYl
¤ A© g¦ ':m«k¤èNMª oFí§lr¤ i¥pa§ E m®¤Y`© mi ´¦l¡ © `P¤W¤ ,i"yx (mipa eciled
§n`¨ Îi´¦p £̀ ' :xn¡
` i¦Yx©
(.d dxf dcear 'nb)
4. Later generations added the first three miweqt from d"v xenfn. The zldw ixac
(pg. 54 '` ohw sirq) deals with this subject at length, and claims that only one additional weqt
need be said.
_______________________________________________
66
dltzd meiq zixgy
FA¤W zÄ©XA© i¦Wi¦ng£ mFi mFI©d

:WC§
¨wO¦ A© mixè
:aw« r«£©i i¬¥ l`«¥l Erixd̈
À¦ Ep®¥GEr mi´¦ l`«¥l Epi¦px©
§d :s«q̈`¨ §l ziY¦
¦Ä Bd© Îlr«© | g© S¥Ä ©pn§ ©l `t
:Ep«¥Bg© mFí§l d¤qM¤À A© x®ẗFW W ¤ǵ©a Eŕ§wY¦ :l¤a«p̈Îm¦r mirp̈

´¦ xFP¦M szÎEp
® zE § dx§
¨n¦fÎE`«U§
ux´¤¤̀ Îlr© Fz`¥vA§ FnÜ
À s³¥qF»di«A¦ | zEcr³¥ :aw« r«£©i i¬¥ l`«¥l hR§
À̈ Wn¦ Èd® l´¥̀ x§
Üi¦§l wǵ i³M¦
:dp̈ §a« r«£Y© cEC¦
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i¦Or© rń© W
§ :dl̈«q¤ dá̈ix§
¦n i¥nÎlr© ÆL§p«g̈a§ ¤̀ mr®©
©x xz´
¤ q¥ A§ L§pr¤̀
¤ J̈¬¤vèNg©Å £̀«e¨ z̈`xẅ
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:x«k̈¥p l´¥̀ §l dÀe¤g£ Y«© W
§ z« `¬l§e x®f̈ l´¥̀ L§a dí¤d§ i¦Î`«l :i«¦lÎr«n© W
§ YÎm¦
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i®¦lFw§l iÓ¦ r© rń© ẄÎ`«l§e :Ed«¥̀ §lnè £̀«e© LiRÎa¤
À gx©§d m¦ix§
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` ³ï»i§ | i ¦¸ p«`¨
:m«d¤iz¥ FvrFn«
£ A§ Ekè
À l«i¥ m®Ä¦l zEx́ix§
¦WA¦ Ed¥gèNW
© £̀«ë :i«¦l dä¬¨`Î`l l ¥̀À x§
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:icï¦« ai¬W
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§A l ¥̀À x§
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ri¦
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À E d®Ḧ¦g a¤l´g¥ n¥ Ed¥li¦k£̀©I«©e :m«l̈Fr§l mÝ̈¦r i¦di¦e F®lÎEW£gk«© i§ ï§i i´¥̀ èpU
© n§
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FA¤W zÄ©XA© i¦XX

¦ mFi mFI©d
:WC̈§wO¦ A© mixè
:hFO« Y¦ Îl©A la¥À Y¥ oF¬MYÎs©
¦ ` xG̈©
® `z¦
§ d fŕ ï§i Wá¥ l̈ W¬¥al̈Å zE`¥
¶ B K» l̈n̈ í̈i§ bv
zFx́d̈§p E`§Ui¦ m®l̈Fw zFx́d̈§p E`è

´ U«p̈ À̈i«i§ | zFx̧d̈§p E ³̀ Uè «p̈ :dŸ«`¨ m´l̈Fr¥n f®¨`n¥ Ĺ£̀ q§ M¦ oFḱp̈
| Li ¤̧ cr«¥ :«ïi§ mFx́Ö©A xiC©
¦` m®ïÎixè
¥AW§ n¦ mixi´¦ C©
¦` miA¦À x© m¦i³©n | zFÆlT¦n :m«ïk§ C¨
:mi«n¦ ï K ¤`§
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® e £̀«©p L¬ zi«
è a¥ §l c À̀ n§ EÄpn§ ¤̀«¤p
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
_______________________________________________
67
dltzd meiq zixgy
oi`y zelidw daxd bdpne ,b‰t xenfn mei ly xiy xg` mei lka xnel ,n"ctt w"wa mb ,zelidw daxda mibdep
.la` ziaa eze` `‰` mewn lkae (.n"ega mixne` wxì iep ,oexeyi zcr ldw w"wa) .oepgz `"`y minia exn`l
d´¥Pd¦ Îi«M¦ :l«¥̀ hẃ§WYÎl© ¦ è§ Wx¡ ©gYÎl©

¤ ` K®l̈Îi¦nCÎl© ¢ ` mi¬¦ l¡ ` :s«q̈`¨ §l xFń§fn¦ xi¦W 5 bt
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i¥a è i¬Îm¦r z¤W¤lÀ R§ w®¥ln̈r«£e© oFOr§ ©e lá̈§B :mix§¦« bd© e§ a¬¨`Fn mi®À¦l`rè ¥nW§ i¦e§ mFc¡ ` i´¥l¢d`«¨ :Ezx§«ki¦
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(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ rxek (ohw) mezi Ex§n`¦ e§
jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈© nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§
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© z¦§ i rxek (ohw) mezi
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek (ohw) mezi `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW §
à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek (ohw) mezi :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ mi¦Ig© e§ à Ì̈©nW§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet (ohw) mezi
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
No additional mixenfn (i.e. yceg y`x - iytp
À i¬kxa« or dkepg - kpgÎxiy xenfn)
¿
are to be included within xeaiva dlitz.
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` mlerl
mixne` dyxc e` xeriy lk xg` .dkld e` dpyn micnel ea ,zqpkd ziaa xvw xeriy miiwzn dltzd xg` cin
.'eke 'dvx xn` ìywr oa ìppg iax' xnel oinicwnd yi `zzrnye dklda xeriy xg` .(369 'nr) opaxc yicw
.ef dxin` ekixvd `l `zcbà dyxc xg`
5. sq`l xenfn xiy has been recited since the end of the Geonic period (a few hundred years before
the introduction of the mei ly xiy). It’s first appearance in fpky` was in the ixhie xefgn,
most likely as a result of the zexv and zexifb that were imposed upon l`xyi mr at the time.
Since one may not recite numerous miyicw, a yicw is recited at the end of the zixgy zltz
(sqen). According to fpky` bdpn, there is an opportunity for a yicw both after the mei ly xiy
and sq`l xenfn xiy, only if said by two different milia`. If there is a lone la` - he says the yicw
following this xenfn.
_______________________________________________
68
mildz ixenfn zxinè xtey zriwz ipic zixgy
,zixgy zlitz xg` ,(zayn ueg) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
('c wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy d`x) .dpyd y`x iptl mini 'b rewzl miwiqtne
:driwz :drexz :mixay :driwz
oey`xd lilvl dxfg dler skize xzei jenp lilvl rwezd cxei cine ,libx lilva driwzd zligz .driwz Ý
.driwzd seq cr ea jiynne
.micxeie miler mixaegn zelew dyely .mixay Ý
.(miwqten zelew mrwezl dtexi` gxfn ipa lv` lbxenk `ly) micrexe mixaegn zelew dryz .drexz Ý
('` wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy d`x)
.dxdei iede miciqg bdpn èd ik ,zeltzd ixg` 'iryie ix́e` 'c³ | cȩcl' xenfn xnel oi`
xge`n bdpn .a .ze`zaya ceygd mini zcngn wtwetn exewn .` mixg` minrh yi)
.oey`xd mrhd llba ezxin`n mirpnp miciqgd zecrn miax .c zereawd zelitzd lr mixenfn siqedl oi` .b
(.dltzd ixg` dpyd lk exn`l creiny `"i .d .mipniz y"ke lawzd `l llk micxtqd lvè
:hn xenfn z` xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,fh xenfn mixne` ziaxre zixgy seqa la` ziaa
iz¦À äFh« dŸ«`¨ i¬p̈c£̀ ïi©«l Y§ x´§n© `¨ :K«ä izi¬
¦ q¦ g̈Îi«M¦ l`À i¦px§
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x¶¥g`© m» z̈FaèSr© EA¬ x¦ §i :m«äÎi¦vt§ g¤ÎlM̈ ixi À¥ C©
¦è§ dÖ®¥d ux´¤`¨ ÄÎx¤W £̀ mi¦WFc§w¦l :Li«¤lr̈Îl©A
zp̈§n À̈i«i§ :i«z̈ẗ§UÎlr© mzFn§ À̈ WÎz¤̀ `¬V̈¤̀Îl©aE« m®¨ C¦n m´d¤i¥Mq§ ¦p Ki´Q¦ `© Îl©A Ex¬d̈nÅ̈
:i«l̈r̈ d¬¨xètẄ« zl̈£ À g«©pÎs©` mi®n¦ i¦rèPA© i¦lÎElèt«p̈ mi´¦lä£g :i«¦lxF« ¨ B Ki¬n¦ FY dY© À̈ ` i®q¦ Fk§e iw§
¬¦lg¤
ci®n¦ z̈ iC§´¦b¤p§l í̈i§ iz¦ iÄE¦W¦ :i«z̈Fi§lk¦ i¦pExè¬Qi¦ zFli¥ À l s©` i¦p®v̈r̈§i x´¤W £̀ ï§iÎz¤̀ Kxä£̀ À¥
:g©ha«¤ l̈ o¬MW § i¦ ixÜ§
À¦ AÎs©` i®cFa§ ¦ M l¤b́Ïe© i¦A¦l gń© Ü | o³¥kl̈ :hFO¤̀Îl© « A iÀ¦pi¦ni«n i¬M¦
mi¬¦Ig©Å g © ³̀ »i¦pri
¥ cF
¦ Y« :z©gẄ « zF`¬ x¦ §l LÀ ci«
è q¦ g£ jiciqg o¬¥YzÎ`«
¦ l lF`§ ® W¦l i´W
¦ t§ ©p af́r«£z© `«l | i³M¦
:g©v«¤p Ĺèpi«n¦ i¦A zFni¦r§p Li®¤pR̈Îz¤̀ zFgn̈§U r©aÚ
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
à Epi«¥lr̈ mFlẄ d¤Ur©
£i Èd xneè epinil dpet ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r xneè el`nyl dpet
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
6. In fpky`, the recital of cecl mzkn is a late dlaw bdpn, in order for an la` to recite mezi yicw.
There is no need to insist on a specific xenfn, therefore, when a la` zia recites a different
xenfn one should recite that xenfn.
_______________________________________________
69
legl dgpn dgpn
fpky` bdpn is for the dltz lra to wear both zilh and jacket for all daily zelitz. If one is in
a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue and there is a ax, one should ask him beforehand and follow
his wqt. If the ax decides one should wear either a zilh or a jacket, it is better to wear a zilh
which covers fully, and makes one appear as a dltz lra. An la` or one who has hiivxdì wears
a zilh for all zelitz, whether dltz lra or not, even when not reciting yicw (for example at dgpn,
or there are other mila` and there is no yicw for the la` to recite by himself). The la` wears a zilh
with a dxegy dxhr, just as he changes his place for the zelitz, to make his zela` known.
.y`xd lr raekae oeilr cbaa milltzn .dltza caekn yeal lr micitwn

`cixb dtik `le ,edylk raek miyaeg mixrp mb
A hat has always been considered an important piece of traditional clothing. Both a lecb odk
and heicd odk wore hats to serve in the ycwnd zia. In German zelidw this was strictly adhered to,
therefore, not to wear a hat is disrespectful. One wears a hat and jacket for all daily zelitz,
whether one orens (davens) [See page LVI in the back of this xeciq] xeava or zecigia.
,icar ixty `l ,ztpvnd ieqika wx micnere raekd skz mixiqn zqpkd zial mikledy miaeyid ipa mze`
mdiy`xa raekd egipiy ahen la` ,mdiy`xn raekd mb mixiqny `l`) lecb y`x ieqik xceq mdl oi`y ic `l
[d"ly xeviw] .(xzei miny `xen yi y`x ieqika ik
.dtika micner eide zilha mithrzn eid `l ,y`x zelw dnk mibdep miaeyid hxta mr oend aexe
[(xiì zeg) miig xewn] !oicd mein mdl ie`
.dgpn zltz
dgpn was orened after driwy, dligzkl since according to most miwqet a) zeynyd oia has not
yet begun and b) dgpn onf is opaxc and the rule is dlewl opaxc dwitq (This is according to
the mdxa` obn not the `"xb). The `"nx goes further and rules it can be orened until miakekd z`v.
,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` ,cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa
milerd ,mezi yicw ixne` ,dìxw lra ,xeaivd ipta 'devn' miyerd ly zilh sehir èd ,xeaivd ceak meyn zilh
lrad ly wdaend eyeal ìd zilh .zixgy zlitza `le ziviv onfa ielz epi` df sehir .devn iwqer x`ye dxezl
zexxerzde dpikyd ceak meyn mb èd jxev dfd sehirdy exiaqd md .l"fg ixacn miwqetd epcnl itk ,dltz
cr ebdp ok .ycwnd ziaa lecb odkd zcear oirk xètn cbaa 'c z` cearl ick zilh ly diti z` .d`xie dni`
.ziaxre dgpna zilh sehir bdpn lha zeiciqg zecr dnka .fpkyè dtexi` fkxn zevx` ,`hila mipexg`d zexecd
The bdpn is derived from :fi sc dpyd y`x zkqn, "xeav gilyk d"awd shrzpy cnln". A typical
dltz lra is shrzp with no distinction made between zixgy, dgpn, and ziaxr. The mdxa` obn,
in 'a w"q 'g 'q g"e` r"ey, states "u"yk d"awd shrzpy cnln ixn`ck shrzdl jixv daizd iptl xaer lkc".
The f"h, a w"q `twz 'q g"e`, discusses whether a dltz lra dons a zilh at night, writes `la i`cec"
"dpikyd ceak meyn `"` llk dtihr. The oglyd jexr, in gi 'iq f 'q g"e`, jixv daizd iptl xaerd u"y lkc"
"ziviva shrzdl. The dxexa dpyn, d w"q gi 'q g"e`, writes "shrzdl jixv daizd iptl xaerd lke".
_______________________________________________
70
legl dgpn dgpn
1
(mcxhynà mibdep/ebdp jky zexnl) .(10 'nr) cinzd zyxta ligzn dltz lrad zelidw zvwna
2
(zldw ixac) .'dlq' cr 'iayei ixy`'n zilh ila enewna ayi dltz lrad
è Fi« ix§
¥W`© d:ct
:ei«¨ l¡
` ¬ï§iW
mF¬iÎlk̈§A :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l L§ À nW ¦ d¬k̈x«£ä £̀©e K¤l®¤Od© i´d© Fl¡ ` Ĺ§nn¦ Fx£̀ « c¬e¦c§Å¨l dN̈¦ À dY§ dnw
:x¤w«g¥ oi´¥̀ FzN̈ À c§ªb¦le§ c`§ ® n lŃ̈dªn§ E í̈i§ lF ³B̈ :cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l L§ À nW¦ d¬l̈£l«d© £̀©e ®¤kx«£ä £̀
Eri®A¦ i© ĹèaEhÎa « x© x¤k´¥f :dP̈xè «¤Rq© £̀ L¬ z«è N̈c§
ein£À̈ gx§
«©e lM© ® l ¬ï§iÎaFh :c¤q«g̈Îlc§ ¨bE m¦iR©À `© K¤x¬¤̀ ®ï§i mEǵx§ ©e oEṔ©g :Ep«¥Px§ ©i L¬ z«è ẅc¦
§ve§
:FzEk§
« ln© xć£ ©d cFa§ À E ei®¨ xEa§ « B mc¨ ¨`«¨ i´¥pa§ ¦l | ri © cFd§
«¨ bE
mi®¦ltè P©« dÎlk̈§l ï§i Kń¥ Fq :xc¨ « e xFCÎlk̈§
¬ A LÀ Y§ è lW© n§ «¤ E mi®n¦ l̈rÎlM̈ « zE¬k§ln© LÀ zEk§ è ln«©
:FY¦ « rA§ m´l̈k§ `¨ Îz¤̀ m¤dl̈Îo«z¥ F«p dÆŸ©è§ Ex®¥AU © i§ Li´¤l ¥̀ lkÎi¥pir«¥ :mi«t¦ EtèMd© Îlk̈§l sw¥À Ff§e
« l ï§i aFx́ẅ :ei«Ü r«£n© Îlk̈§A ciq¦À g̈§e ei®k̈x¨CÎlk̈§ § A
¥̀ e§ ei®ä£d`ÎlM̈Îz¤̀
« ï§i xń¥ FW :mri¦ «¥ WFi§«e rn©À W § i¦ m¬z̈r̈§eW © Îz¤̀«e§ d®¤Ur«£©i ei¬¨`x§ ¥iÎoFvx§
:cr¨ «¤e m¬l̈Fr§l FWÀ cẅ§ m¬¥W xÜÄÎlM̈ Kxäi« ´¥ e¦ i¬R¦ x¤ Å Ac«©i§ ïÀ i§ z¬©Nd¦ Y§ :ci«n¦ W§ ©i mirẄ´¦ x«èd̈ÎlM̈
- my xneè daza zgpend zilha shrzn [daizd iptl xaer :l"x] d"lerd hiivxdìd e` dltzd lrad lega
À r§
xä»§p | Ep§g³©p £̀«e© gi:ehw
à D¥zErx¦§k `x§ äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦
§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦§ i rxek dltz lra
:aixẅ
£A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ ©ie§
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥ nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
à `¥V©pz¦§ ie§ m©nFxz¦§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek dltz lra `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦ § ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
(399 'nr) 'lgie' zyxta ixab 'b oixewe (54 'nr) dxez xtq oiìven ,oiprzny dxyr yi m` ,xeav ziprza
.'yicw ivg' mrt cer dltz lrad xne` dxez xtq zqpkd xg` .(400 'nr) mixihtne
1. This was the bdpn in oilxa which was instituted by Professor Abraham Berliner and this is still
the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London.
.mx lewa mdilr mikxan ldwd iaeyge dltz lrad .oilitze zilh migipn aà dryza dgpn 2.
.'ixy`' zxinà migzete ,mezi yicw mdixg`le ,zixgya exn`p `ly 'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy mixne`
_______________________________________________
71
xeaiv ziprzle legl dcinr dgpn dgpn
.xeav ziprzle legl dgpn zltz 4 3
:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ ci¬¦Bi© i ¦À E g®Ÿ§tY¦ i´z© ẗ§U ip̈c£̀ fh:`p mildz

5
à md̈x§ä`© i¥ l¡
` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP©
¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀d̈ à awr«£©i i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡ `
l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§ ¥qg© x¥kFf§e à lM©d d¥pw§e mi¦aFh micq̈£ ¦ g l¥nFB
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© l§ à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
«¥kf̈
ä`© o¥bn̈ 6 ï§i swef dŸ©`
:md̈x§ degzyn KExÄ rxek :o¥bn̈E ri«
:ri«
:m¤W«¤Bd© cixFnE
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§ ©A mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§
LFnk̈
« i¦n :xẗr̈ i¥pW ¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡ ` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:mi¦ng£ x§
© a©` LFnk̈
« i¦n
:mi¦zO¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ 7 ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦zn¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡
`¤pe§
3. Taking three steps backward before the dcinr, is done in preparation to go forward. The three
steps forward should be immediately prior to the dcinr (sqen, dgpn and ziaxr) after yicw.
4. If the hour is late, and the xeaiv will miss epnfa dlitz, one may recite the dyecw [drFd]
¤ dbili`d in
the following manner; both the dltz lra and the xeaiv begin dxyr dpeny together and recite
the entire dyecw (including ycwp and xece xecl) together and complete the dxyr dpeny silently.
By the way, the text of yecw dz` originated from laa gqep and xece xecl from l`xyi ux` gqep.
,wg̈§vi¦ i ¥l¡
` mix¦nF`
§ W¤ Ed¤f ,'L§ ½ kx´¤ä £̀©e' ,md̈x§ ` mix¦nF`
ä`© i ¥l¡ § W¤ Ed¤f 'lFcB̈
½ iFb́§l ÆLU§ r«¤¤̀ e§' ,Wiw¨
¦ l oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 5.
,(a:ai ziy`xa) 'd«k̈x§ Ä d¥id§ «e¤' xnFl © cEn§lY© ,ol̈EkA§ oin¦ zFg § Ed§i lFkï . wr«£©i i ¥l¡` mix¦nF` § W¤ Ed¤f 'L®¤nW § dl̈C© §b £̀«e©'
(:fiw migqt 'nb) .ol̈EkA§ oin¦ zFg § oi ¥̀ e§ oin¦ zFg
§ LA§
.'mdxa` obn' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 6.
.'miznd dign' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 7.
_______________________________________________
72
à WFcẅ L§nW
,'exnì jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` dltz lrad
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae'
¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`
à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p cala dltz lra LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE
à mFxn̈ i¥nW § A¦ FzF` à mi¦WiC§ ¤ m¥WM§ l¥̀d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dl̈«Q¤
¦wn© W
8
Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© aEzM̈©M :WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : z"iyra)
xn©½ `¨ e§
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§ ® v í̈i§ WFcẅ WFcẅ ² | WFcẅ
¯ eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:Ex«n¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl dltz lra9
:FnFwè
« On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§ ¥ac§ ¦aE dltz lra
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨ À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡
` ml̈Fr§
Epi«¥ l¡
è c§ ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈
§ ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l dltz lra
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l Epi«R¦ n¦
10
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daeyz ini zxyra) l¥̀ d̈
dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A LY¦è `n¥ Ep«¥Pg̈§e :dp̈i¦A WFp¡ `¤l c¥O©ln§ E à zr©C«© mc¨ ¨`l§ o¥pFg dŸ©`
:zr©C©
«¨d o¥pFg ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :l¥MU§ d© e§
däEWz¦
§ a Epxi¦
£l Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«a¥ xẅ§
:däEWz¦ § A d¤vFxd̈ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :Li«¤pẗ§l dn̈¥lW§
à Ep§rẄ
« ẗ ald lr dkn i¦M Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«l̈Îl©gn§ à Ep`«ḧg̈ ald lr dkn i¦M Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«l̈Îg©lq§
:©gF«lq§ ¦l d¤Ax© §Od© ,oEP©g iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ g©«¥lFq§e l¥gFn i¦M
l¥̀Fb i¦M à L«n¤ W § or«©n© §l dx¥ ¨dn§ Ep«¥l`¨ §bE à Ep«a¥ ix¦ däix§
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ l¥̀FB ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ wf̈g̈
: 'eppr' o`k dltz lrad siqen xeav ziprza
à Epr§ «¥WxÎl¤̀
¦ o¤tY«¥ Îl©` :Ep§g«p̈ £̀ dl̈Fc§b dxv̈§
¨ a i¦M à Ep«z¥ i¦pr©
£Y mFv mFi§A à Ep«¥pr£ ï§i Ep«¥pr£
à Ep«z¥ r̈§eW© §l aFxẅ `p̈ d¥i¡d :Ep«z¥ P̈¦gY¦ è n m©Nr©z¦
§ YÎl©è§ à EP«O¤ n¦ Li«¤pR̈ xY¥ q§ Y© Îl©è§
:x©n`¡¤PW ¤ xäC© ¨M à Ep«¥pr£ Li«¤l ¥̀ `x§ ¨w¦p mx«¤h¤ à Ep«n¥ g£©p§l LC§ èqg© `p̈ i¦di§
:r«n̈W§ ¤̀ i¬¦p £̀«e© mixè ¦Ac§©n m¬¥d cFr² d®¤pr¤̀ ¡ i´¦p £̀«e© E`x§¨wi¦Îmx«¤h¤ d¬ïd̈§e dk:dq diryi
11
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dẅEv§e dxv̈ ¨ zrÎlk̈§
¥ A li¦Sn© E dcFR ¤ à dxv̈ ¨ zr§ ¥A d¤pFrd̈ ï§i dŸ©` i¦M
:dxv̈¨ zr§ ¥A d¤pFrd̈
.'xnè dfÎl` df `xwe' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn g"xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 8.
.'exnì jexa mznrl' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn g"xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 9.
.u"yd zxfg zyecw ixg` zilhd xiqn xeaiv ziprza dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk 10.
.'dltz rney' oebipa eppr miiqn dltz lrady zenewn yi 11.
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73
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¥
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:¦m«l̈ẄEx§«i d¥pFA iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :(75 'nr) 'mgp' o`k mixne` aà dryza
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15
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mirneyd z` xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'dlitz rney' zkxa znizg 15.
.ef 'on`' ziipr zeaiygl
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xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'oeivl ezpiky xifgnd' zkxa znizg 16.
.opaxc micen zxin`l mirneyd z`
,elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 17.
.elew z` diabn aey ,'oeivl' epiidc dvx ly dpexg` dlna mle`
(.fh `nw àa 'nb) .'micFn§
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20
: dltz lrad xne` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga xeaiv ziprz ly dgpna
.ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd xeaiv ziprza l`xyi uxà
.dgpnd blt xg` wx mixne` yi
à LC§
«¤ar© d¤ n ic§¥iÎlr© däEzèMd© à dxFY© ¨ A z¤W«¤NWè ª nd© dk̈xè ÄA© Ep«k¥ xÄ £ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
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22
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l¥̀ x§
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à ml̈Fr§l mi¦UŸ LèOr©
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à mi¦ng£ x§ äE à däFh à mFlẄ mi¦U
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.elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 19.
.ì̈n§ C̈ d¨lir§
¦ p z©Nt¦ z§ M¦ ,iU¥ x§R̈ `ẅ dÖg© d© zri
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(:ek ziprz 'nb)
21. l`xyi ux` bdpn was to always recite ax mely and laa bdpn was to always recite mely miy.
These explanations are why the compromise between laa bdpn and l`xyi ux` bdpn was done
this way.
22. fpky` bdpn requires that whenever there is dxezd zìxw, the dlitz concludes with mely miy
in order to recite the words 'miig zxez epicl` 'c epl zzp jipt xeà ik'.
_______________________________________________
77
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milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 23.
.dler aey oebipd 'melya' ,'l`xyi enrÎz` jxand'
.rxeb siqende xyid `gqepd ède ,df oeax 'oevxl eidi' iptl xne` eziprz zlawa cigid 24.
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à i¦zl̈¦tY§ Li¤pẗ§l az̈§e à oFvx§äE dä£d`© A§ i¦p«¥lAè w© Y¤
è W à i©zFa£̀ i¥ l`¥e i© l¡` iï§ Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
.'eke oevxl eidi :d¤
R lM̈ z©lt¦ Y§ r«©n¥ FW dŸ©` i¦M :mi¦Axd̈© Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A i¦zxi¦
¨ zr£ d¤pr© £ze§
: (fi zekxa 'nb) df 'oeax' xnì 'oevxl eidi' mcew dgpn zltza eziprz meia dprznd
à oÄxẅ
§ aix§ ¦wn© `¥hFg mc¨ ¨` mÏ©w WC§ ¨wO¦ d© zi¥AW ¤ o©n§fA¦ à Li¤pẗ§l rE © cï§
« e iElB̈ à mi¦nl̈Frd̈ oFAx¦
à zi¦pr©£zA§ i¦Ya§ W
«© ï eiẄ§kr§
©e à x¥Rk© n§ mi¦Axd̈
© Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A dŸ©è§ à Fnc§ ë FA§lg¤ `N̈¤̀ EP«O¤ n¦ oi¦aix§ ¦wn© oi¥̀§e
ei¦Ya§ x§
©wd¦ ENi¦`M§ à mFI©d hr© ©nz¦
§ PW¤ i¦nc§ë i¦A§lg¤ i¦dèIW¤ Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ :i¦nc§ ë i¦A§lg¤ hr© ¥nz¦ § pe§
.'eke oevxl eidi :i¦pv «¥ x¦
§ze§ à g© A«¥ §fO¦ d© i¥A©B lr© Li«¤pẗ§l
_______________________________________________
78
mit` zlitp xcq dgpn
oepgz xcq1
.daeyz zay axrn ueg ,dxyr dpeny zltz xg` (313 'nr) 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
.zilha shrzn 'epkln epia`'l ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
.‡eke oepge megx dxyr dpny xg` mixne` dpgz mda mixne`y minia legd ini lk
:mdipt lr miltep oiè dpgz mda mixne` oi`y minid elè
,bg exq` xg` cr oeiq yceg y`x ,xnera b l ,oqip ycg lk ,mini a ohw mixet ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ,zay axra
dgpna mb mixne` oi` el` minia ,oeygxn yceg y`x xg` cr xetk mei axrne dpyd y`x axra `le ,aà dryz
,(envr bgae bgd axra dgpna oepgz mixne`y aà xyr dynge ,xnera b"le ,haya xyr dyng on ueg) eiptly
,(eiptly dgpna mb zelidw dnka bdpnd hytzpe) dtegl qpkpy meia ozg ziaa `le ,la` ziaa `le
[.libxk oepgz mixne` ipy gqta] .dlind meia p‰kdaa `le
.ayeine erexf lr `weece el`ny lr dni ,dxez xtq yiy mewna `l` mdipt lr miltep oi`
.dihd mcew ldwde dltz lrad mixne` 'iz`hg oepge megx' zelne
à Li«¤pẗ§l i¦z`«ḧg̈ dlind zxinà ald lr oini cia mikn oEP©ge§ mEgx©
:ip̈Ep£gY© l¥Aw© e§ i©lr̈ m¥gx© à mi¦ng£ x© `¥ln̈ ï§i
i¦p¬¨` l©lÅ n§ ª̀Îi³M¦ »ïi§ i¦p¬¥Pg̈ :i¦pxè«¥Qi©z§ L¬ zn̈£
è gA© Îl©è§« i¦p®¥gi¦kFz« L¬ Rè `© A§ Îl©` À̈i«i§ ì-a:e mildz
i®W
¦ t§ ©p d´v̈èNg© ï§i dá̈EW :i«z̈n̈Îcr© ïÀ i§ d¬Ÿ©è§ zè `§ ® n d´l̈d£ a§ ¦p i¦Wt§ ©p§e :i«n̈v̈r£ Eĺ£da§ ¦p i¦M ®ï§i i¦p¬¥̀ ẗx§
d´g¤U§ `© i¦zg̈§p`© A§« | i¦Yr§³©bï :K«N̈ÎdcF ¤ i« iń¦ lF À̀ W
§ A¦ L®¤
x§k¦f z¤eÓ̈A© oi´¥̀ i³M¦ :LC§ «¤qg© or´©n© §l i¦pri¦¥À WFd«
:ix«¨xF
£ vÎlk̈§
« A dwÀ̈ zè r«¨ i®¦pir¥ qr´©M© n¦ d´ẄW è r«¨ :d«q¤n§ `© i¬U ¦ x§r© iz¦À r̈§nc§ ¦A i®z¦ Ḧ¦n dl̈§i©lÎlk̈§a
:g«T̈i¦ i¬z¦ N̈¦tY§« ïÀ i§ i®z¦ P̈¦gY§ ï§i rń© Ẅ :i«i¦k§ A¦ lFẃ ¨À i§ r¬©nẄÎi«M¦ o¤e®¨` i¥l £ŔÎlM̈ i¦PO¤ n¦ ExEq́
:r©bx«¨ EWa¥ ¬ i EaWïªÀ i®äèi`ÎlM̈
« c`§n Eĺ£dÄ« i¦e§ | EWa¥ ³i
(n"ctt bdpn) .cala dilcb meva 'l`xyi xney' mixne` (53 'nr) 'rcp `l epgpè' iptl mit` zlitp xg`
ï§i Liń¤ g£ xÎxk§

«© f e:dk mildz :Epi«¥pir¥ Li¤lr̈ i¬M¦ dU¤½ r© £PÎd«n© Ærc¥©p `³l Ep§g©pÀ £̀«e© Ñ ai:k 'a d"c
:K«l̈ Ep§l¬©gi¦ xW ¤À £̀«M© Epi®¥lr̈ í̈i§ ĹC§èqg© Îi«d¦ i§ ak:bl :dÖ«d¥ m´l̈Fr«n¥ i¦M Li®¤ cq̈£g«e©
:c`§ « n EpFŃc© i¦M Li®¤ng£ x«© EpEńC© èwi§ x¥dn© mi¬¦pW` Å x¦« z¶ er£ »Epl̈ÎxM̈§fYÎl«
¦ `© g:hr
:xFM§ « fY¦ m¬¥gx© f¤bx§A a:b wewag :fEa« Ep§r¬©aÜ axÎi¦ À© M Ep®¥Pg̈ í̈i§ Ep´¥Pg̈ b:bkw
Epr§¥À Wi¦ i³¥l¡` | Ep³¥ x§fr̈ h:hr Ñ :Ep§g«p̈ £̀ x¬ẗr̈Îi«M¦ xEkf̈ À Ep®¥x§vi¦ rćï
© ÈdÎi¦M ci:bw mildz
:L«n¤ W
§ or´©n© §l Epiz`H©
¥À gÎlr© x¬¥Rk© e§ Ep¬¥li¦Sd© e§ L®¤n§WÎcFa§ « M x¬©aCÎl
§ r«©
1. oepgz is recited at zixgy and dgpn only, and never at night. In the Temple, the assembled crowd
fell on their knees only after the cinz sacrifices of the morning and afternoon (b:f cinz dpyn).
_______________________________________________
79
dltzd meiq dgpn
:xn`¥
« l Ÿ §A© C¦ x¬¤W £̀«M© i®p̈c£̀ © Ḿ `p̈ÎlC§ ©bi¦ dŸ¾ r§
©e fi:ci xacna
:dÖ«d¥ m´l̈Fr«n¥ i¦M Li®¤ cq̈£g«e© i¨§i Liń¤ g£ xÎxk§
«© f e:dk mildz
§ ie§ lC© ©Bz¦
§ i rxek dltz lra
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
©dz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i rxek dltz lra
äE mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© :ldw
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :Ì̈©nW
w l¥̀ x§
è oFdzFl§
è v l©Aw© z¦
§Y
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
(100 'nr) 'dppxp ekl'a cin mikiynn `l` zay zlawe dgpn zltz oia 'epilr' mixne` oi` zay axra
Until the time of the mipe`b, epilr was recited only in mi`xep minil sqen. By the time of the mipey`x,
it was said both after zixgy and ziaxr daily, since it contains miny zekln ler zlaw
(i.e. rny zìxw) but not after dgpn. Eventually it became customary to recite epilr as the
last dlitz before leaving synagogue. When two zelitz follow consecutively (even if there is
a xeriy in between), for which people stay from the beginning of one until after the other,
then epilr is said only at the end (ziaxr Î dgpn) (sqen Î zixgy). If each dlitz is said separately
(when people generally leave the zqpkd zia) epilr is said after each dlitz. The mdxa` obn
comments (quoted by the dxexa dpyn and the miig xewn) in the name of the d"ly,
that "In fpky` ux` where they are accustomed to to push ziaxr forward (i.e. oren back-to-back),
an individual dwelling in a town or a traveler (i.e. no oipn being available in either case) needs
to wait for miakekd z`v (to oren ziaxr)," Thus, dgpn and ziaxr would each conclude with epilr
since there would be time in between them.
When participating in a oipn which concludes dgpn with epilr and then immediately continues
with ziaxr, one must choose between the following two opinions: a) according to the oglyd jexr
actually reciting epilr together with the xeav is unnecessary. By bowing along with the xeav,
one acknowledges d"awd as miklnd ikln jln, b) other miwqet require that at least the first
paragraph of epilr always be said together with the oipn reciting it.
_______________________________________________
80
dltzd meiq dgpn
miny zekln ler zlaw oda yiy zelitzl wx 'epilr' epwizy meyn ,`cg ,mipencwd zxeqn èd jk
dxne`l dpwzp 'epilr' zxinè ,wqtd `la cgi ziaxre dgpn lltzdl `pc zncwn ebdpy ,cere ,rny zìxw ly
dgpn zlitz ,zayd zqipka ,dpde .ecal 'cl izla od dk cr epizlitz lky ricedl ,zqpkd zia zaifr iptl
aixrn xg`ly 'gayl epilr' fè ,(ziaxrl zay zlaw oia miyxecyk s`) aixrne zay zlawl zknqp
zxin` enk dfy xìa '` w"q mixeìa a"lw 'iq g"e` r"ey lr mipibn iwitàe .zelitzd izy z` miiqnd èd
,xetk meia oke ,cala sqen xg` `l` ,zixgy zlitz ixg` 'epilr' mixne` `ly sqen ea milltzny meia 'epilr'
ly aixrn meiqa `l` ,dnvr ipta dlitz lk meiqa 'epilr' mixne` oi` ,zqpkd ziaa svxa meid lk mi`vnpy
ly enewnac ,meid xcq mya mixeaib obnn ìad f w"q a"lw 'iq dxexa dpyna oke .cala xetik mei i`ven
ziaxr zlitz xg` `l` ,dgpn zlitz meiqa 'epilr' mixne` oi`y ,zelecb zeiqpk izaa bdpnd èd jk a"pynd
."dgpn` mb i`w aixrn zlitz xg` exnìy epilrc" :cala
i¥iFb§M Ep«Ür̈ `N¤W à zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi§l dN̈c§ªB z¥zl̈ à lM©d oFc£̀©l g© A«¥ W © §l Epi«¥lr̈
Ep«¥l ¨b§e à m¤dM̈ Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ mÜ `N¤W :dn̈c£̀ ¨ d̈ zFgèRW § n¦ M§ Ep«n̈Ü `l§e à zFvx£̀ ¨ d̈
:ri«
©W ¦ Fi `¬l l¥̀Îl¤̀ mi¦l½ £lR© z«
§ n¦ E k:dn diryi à wix¨ ¦e l¤ad¤§l mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ m¥dW ¤ :mp̈Fn£dÎlk̈§M
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ i¥pt§ ¦l swef micFnE ¦ mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ E mi¦rxFM
è rxek Ep§g«©p £̀©e
i¥da§ b̈§A FGrª z©pi¦kW
§ E à lr«©O© n¦ m¦in«© Ẍ©A Fxẅ§i a©WFnE à u¼ x¨¤` c´¥ i§e m» i¦n© Ẅ d´¤hFp bi:`p Èd¤W
:FzxFz§¨ A aEzM̈©M à Fzl̈Ef q¤t«¤̀ à Ep«M¥ §ln© z¤n`¡ à cFr oi¥̀ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` Èd :mi¦nFx§n
lr©O©½ n¦ m¦iń© Ẍ©A mi ¦½ l¡
`«d̈ Èd́ Æïi§ i³M¦ L¤ ¼ aä§lÎl¤̀ ¨» a«W ¥ d£ e© mFÀId© Ÿ´ r§ c«©ïe§ hl:c mixac
:cFr« oi¥̀ z©g®Ÿ¦n u¤`¨ d̈Îlr§ ©e
mi¦lEN¦B xi¦ar©£d§l à L«¤Grª zx«¤¤̀ t§ z¦ A§ dx¥ ¨dn§ zF`x¦
§l à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i L§N d¤Ew© §p o¥MÎlr©
©W zEk§ln© A§ ml̈Fr o¥Tz© l§ à oEzxM̈¦ ¥ i zFxM̈ mi¦li¦l`¡d̈§e à ux«¤`¨ d̈Îo¦n
¥WxÎlM̈
¦ Li«¤l ¥̀ zFp§td© §l à L«n¤ W § a¦ E`x§
èwi¦
à ElR¦« ie§ Erx§
èki¦ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Li«¤pẗ§l :oFWl̈ÎlM̈
« r©aẌ¦Y Kx¤A¤½ ÎlM̈ r´x§©kY¦ 2 bk:dn diryi L§l i¦M
:cFak̈§A Kl§nz§ ¦ e cr© i¥nèlFr§ « lE à ì¦d LèNW
¤ zEk§lO© d© i¦M :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l dx¥ ¨dn§
4 3
:cr¨«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ïi§ gi:eh zeny :L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A aEzM̈©M )
(:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©
´©kY¦ Æi¦lÎi¦M' .':oFWl̈ÎlM̈
rx§ « ´©kY¦ Æi¦lÎi¦M' :xn¡
r©aẌ¦Y Kx¤A¤½ ÎlM̈ rx§ © `P¤W¤ ,FzF` oiri ¦ A¦ W§ O© W¤ cr© (mg¤ x¤d̈) mẄn¦ `¥vFi Fpi ¥̀ (c¨lËd) © 2.
,dc̈i¥Nd© mFi d¤f ':oFWl̈ÎlM̈
« r©aẌ¦Y' ,(l:ak mildz) 'x®ẗr̈ ić¥xFiÎlM̈ § §k¦i' :xn¡
Erx§ © `P¤W¤ ,dz̈in¦ d© mFi d¤f 'Kx¤A¤½ ÎlM̈
dr̈EaW§ d© ìd¦ dn̈E .(c:ck mildz) ':d«n̈x¦ §n§l rÁ© W ¬¦p' :xn¡
§ ¦p `l§e i¦®Wt§ ©p `§e´Ẍ©l `Ú̈p̈Î`«l | x³¤W £̀ a¬ä¥lÅ Îx©aE« m¦iR©À k© iw§ © `P¤W¤
ozP̈
© W¤ dn̈Ẅ§pE ,mixFd ¦ h§ eiz̈x£ẄnE
§ ,xFdḧ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© W¤ r© cFi ¥ i¥ed¡ e¤ ,rẄx¨ id¦ Y§ l`© e§ wiC¦ v© id¥ Y§ ?FzF` oiri ¦ A¦ W§ O© W¤
(:l dcp 'nb) .LO§ n¦ d¨lhFp § i¦pix£ ¥d e`©l m`¦ e§ ,aḧEn dx¢ ¨dḧA§ DxÖ§ W© n§ dŸ`© m`¦ ,ìd¦ dxFd ¨ h§ LA§
llk yicw `"` (a 'irq ,dp 'iq 'miig xewn' xtqa xiì zegd ,cky q"eq gwexd xtq ,hv 'iq ixhie xefgna oiir) 3.
xn`pe jzxeza aezkk xn`y) yicw xnel oi` - (n"ca y"ire b"lw oniq) xehe gwex ,ixhie xefgna d"ke 'epilr' xg`
.(f 'iq ,g"e` ,c"g milrt ax z"ey ig yi` oad azk jk) 'epilr' xg` l"fix`d zrcl mb(y xn` èd ,ok it lr s`
4. According to fpky` bdpn, the miweqt, jzxeza aezkk' and 'xn`pe' are not considered part of epilr,
and need not be said, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. The miweqt should be said
however, if one wishes to recite yicw after epilr. (Notwithstanding the fact that reciting yicw
after epilr is quite problematic according to fpky` bdpn).
_______________________________________________
81
zelrnd xiy ziaxr
.ziaxr zltz
,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday
.(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa
1
,miakekd z`v xg` ziaxr milltznd
.(la` ziaa `l la`) yicw ivg mdixg`le ,enry miweqtde 'dpd zelrnd xiy' xnel minicwn
:zF«li¥NA© ïÀ i§Îzi¥aA§ micè¬¦nrd̈
« ®ï§i ić§
¥arÎlM̈
© ï§iÎz¤̀ Eḱx«£Ä | d³¥Pd¦ zF¬lr«Å £O© «d© xiW
¦À b-`:clw
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r oF®IS¦ n¦ ï§i Ĺ§kx«¤äi§ :«ïi§Îz¤̀ EkÀ x«£¨ E W ¤w® m¬¤kc§ ¥iÎE`§«U
minrt 'b :dl̈«q¤ aw´ r«£i© i¥l¡ ` Epl̈Îa«
¸ B̈U§ n¦ Ep®Ö¦r zFà̈§ ´ v í̈i§ g:en
minrt 'b :K«Ä g©¬¥ A mc̈À ¨ i¬¥ x§W`«© zFà̈§® v ¬ï§i bi:ct
minrt 'b :Ep«¥̀ xẅÎmFi§
¦ Fd ¬ï§i i:k
à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦
:aixẅ ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©
£A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
à `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
© z¦
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek (ohw) mezi `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦ § ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
1. When ziaxr is recited after nightfall, it is preceded by the following miweqt, which speak
of orenen at night. They were added to fpky` bdpn by the l"fix`, who in fact was only reviving
a practice from the Geonic era to recite a xenfn leading into ziaxr. After this xenfn,
the congregation says yicw before ekxa. If, however, ziaxr follows dgpn without a break,
there is no need to recite yicw in addition to the lawzz yicw following dgpn. At one time,
these miweqt, and this yicw, were recited only by small groups called epnfa aixrn zxag.
If one either attends a xeriy which concludes with the recital of a opaxc yicw or one orens
ziaxr without a oipn, then these miweqt may be omitted.
_______________________________________________
82
rny zìxw zekxa ziaxr
legl dizekxae rny zìxw

FR©® ` ai´W
¦ d̈§l dÁ̈x¦ §d§e zi¬g¦ W ³ e 1 xne` dltz lrad gl:gr
§ «©iÅÎ`l«e§ »oFr̈ x¬¥Rk© i§ | mEÆgx© Èd§
§ a Ep¬¥pr«£i© K¤l ¤À d© dr̈i®W ¦ Fd ¬ï§i mdixg` z"ade oiper ldwd i:k :Fzn̈£
« gÎlM̈ xir¦À ¨ `«l§e
x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i : ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lrad
Èd¤W :Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d à mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ l¤W Fn§W `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ miniae 'ekxa' zxinà
(oepgz oi`y) micgein
zFaẍr«£¨ a´¥ x«l̈ ENq¿ d:gq mildz :mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀ eic̈r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd§e oFW`x¦ :xzei cer jix`n
:dN̈¦dzE
§ dk̈x§
ÄÎlM̈Îlr© mn̈Fx§n Fn§WE :ei«p̈ẗ§l E¬f§lr¦ e§ Fn§
À W D¬ï§A
Ek x£Ä
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ : ldwd xnì myd dltz lra obpnyk ï§iÎz ¤̀
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lra obpnyk :K ä nè d©
:c r¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à K ä nè d© iï§ KEx Ä : eicgi dltz lrae ldw
à mi¦aẍr£ aix¦r© £n Fxäc¦ §A x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
à mi¦Pn© èGd© Îz¤̀ si¦lg£ n© E à miY¦ r¦ d¤PW © n§ dp̈Eaz¦ § aE à mix¦r̈§W g© z«¥ FR dn̈§kg̈§A
à dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi `xFA ¥ :FpFvx¦ §M ri«© w¦ xÄ
¨ m¤di«z¥ FxènW § n¦ A§ mi¦ak̈FM©dÎz¤̀ xC© ¥qn§ E
à dl̈§i«l̈ ì¦an«¥ E mFi xi¦ar© £nE Ñ :xF`Îi¥pRè n¦ K¤Wg§ « e K¤WgÎi¥
« pRè n¦ xF` l¥lFB
2
à ci¦nŸ à mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ :Fn§W zFà̈§v ï§i à dl̈§i«l̈ oi¥aE mFi oi¥A liC§ ¦an© E
:mi¦aẍr£ aix¦r©£Od© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cr¨¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ KFl§ni¦
à mi¦hR̈§Wn¦ E mi¦Tgª à zF§vn¦ E dxFY¨ à Ÿ§a«d© `¨ LèOr© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A ml̈Fr z©ad£ `©
à Li¤TgªA§ g© i«U¦ p̈ Ep«n¥ Ew§aE Ep«A¥ k§ Ẅ§A à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i à o¥MÎlr© :Ÿc«§n© ¦l Ep«z̈F`
à Epi«n¥ ï Kx¤`§
« e à Epi«¥Ig© m¥d i¦M :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l Li«z¤ F§vn¦ a§ E L«z¤ xFz
¨ ix§ ¦A g©nU§ ¦pe§ Ñ
¥ac§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦nl̈Fr§l EP«O¤ n¦ xi¦qŸÎl©` à Lzä£ è d`© e§ :dl̈§i«l̈ë mn̈Fi d¤Bd§ ¤p m¤däE
Üi¦ FOr© ,a¥dF` 3
:l¥̀ x§
1. The dltz lra ascends to the cenr for megx ède. megx ède is a way of saying that in the evening,
when there are no sin offerings, God provides atonement. (gwex)
2. One could read the phrase either cre mlerl epilr jelni . cinz miwe ig l-` or jelni cinz . miwe ig l-`
cre mlerl epilr, therefore, one pauses both before and after the word 'ci¦nŸ'. (n"ctt bdpn)
,e"lx 'iqa ìady dn itl ,'lwyd zivgn'd zrc oke ,lirlc` jynp 'cinz' zlny ,dyixtd zrc
:'eke 'jelni cinz' 'xibd d"ra mya l"pd 'iqa ìad `"bne
.':l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr© a¥iF`' rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 3.
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83
oeayg z` minilyn yie .xeaiva e` cigia 'on`p jln l`' zxin` minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
o n̈¡ ¤p n«¤ l ¥̀
` K¤l
c:e mixac
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡ Üi¦ rn© W
` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§ §
:cr¨
:L «¤`§nÎlk̈§aE LèWt§ ©pÎlk̈§aE L¬ aè ä« §lÎlk̈§A Li®¤l¡ ` í̈i§ z¥̀ Ÿ§ ½ ad© ´`¨ e§4 h-d:e mixac
m®Ä Ÿx©
§Ac§
¦ e§ :L«a¤ ä§lÎlr© mFI©d Lè
² ev© n§ i¯¦ p«`¨ xW£̀
¤̧ d¤N ¥̀À d̈ mixä ´¦ C©
èd Eºid̈§e
L®¤
è aW
¦ A§
:Li«x¤r̈§Wa¦ E L¤zi¥A zF¬ffªn§ Îlr© m²Ÿ§az© k§ E :Li«¤pir¥ oi¬¥A zt¨ h§ « l E¬id̈§e
mF®Id© m¤kz¤̀ § d¬¤Ev© n§ i²¦ p«`¨ x¯¤W £̀ i ©½ e§vn¦ Îl¤̀ ÆErènW § Y¦ ©nẄÎm¦
³ ` dÀïd̈§e `kÎbi:ì mixac
i¯Y¦ z© «p̈e§ :m«k¤ W è t§ ©pÎlk̈§aE m¤ka§ a© §lÎlk̈§A Fc§ ½ ar̈§lE Æmk¤ i¥dl¡ « ` ³ï§iÎz¤̀ da£ º̈ d`«© §l
a¤Ur¬¥ i²Y¦ z© «p̈e§ :Lxd̈§ «¤ vi¦e§ L¬ è xiz§ ¦« e L¤p½ b̈c§ Ÿ
ÆmY¤ c© §ar«£e© mY¤À x©§qe§ m®¤ka§ a© §l dY§ ¤ ti¦ o¬¤R mk¤½ l̈ Ex́ènẌ « d¦ :Ÿ§rä« Ü§e Ÿ§lk© `«¨ e§ L®¤Y§nd¤a§ ¦l Lc«èÜA§
dí¤d§ i¦Î`«l§e Æmi¦n©¸ Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ x³©vr̈§e mk¤À Ä ï¹ i§Îs©` dxg̈§ ¸¨ e :m«d¤l̈ mzi¦ ¤ eg£ Y«© W§ d¦ e§ mix¥½¦g £̀ mi´¦ l¡ `
§ ÆmY§¤ nU© e§ :m«k¤ l̈ o¬¥ p
L³ Y§
è aW ¦ A§ m®Ä xÁ¥ c§ ©l m¤ki¥pA§ Îz¤̀ m²¨ ` m¬¤Yc© §O¦le§ :m«k¤ i¥pir«¥ oi¬¥A ztḧFh§ « l E¬id̈§e mk¤½ c¤
§iÎlr©
:Li«x¤r̈§Wa¦ E Lzi¥ ¤ A zF¬fEf§nÎlr© m²Ÿ§az© k§ E :L«n¤ Ew§aE LèAk§ Ẅ§aE« Kx¤C© ½¤a ĹY§ è k¤la§ E ÆLzi¥¤̧ aA§
mk¤½ i¥pa§ iń¥ i¦e Æmk¤ i¥ni§ EA³ x¦ §i or©n©¸ §l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd
:ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlr© m¦in© Ẍ©d i¬¥ni¦M m®¤dl̈ z´z¥ l̈ m¤ki ¥ a£̀© « l ²ï§i r¯A© W
§ ¦p xW£̀¤̧ dn̈½ c£̀«¨ d̈ lr©µ
md¤½ ¥l £̀ Ÿ
´ x©
§n`«¨ e§ Æl¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i³¥pA§ Îl¤̀ xA¥º C© :xn`¥ « N d¬¤ nÎl¤̀ ï§i x¤n`¬I©e `nÎfl:eh xacna
:z¤lk«¥ Y§ li¬z¦ R§ spM̈©
¨ d z¬v¦ i¦vÎlr© E²pz¬p̈§
è e m®¨ c§« l m¤dic§ ¥ba¦ i¬¥t§pM© Îlr© z²v¦ i¦v m¬¤dl̈ EU̧r̈§e
m®¨ ` mz¤ i¦Ur«£e© ï½ i§ zé§vn¦ ÎlM̈Îz¤̀ ÆmY¤ x© §k§fE F À ` m´¤zi¦`xE§ z¦ ¼ vi¦v§l m» k¤ l̈ dí̈d̈§e
Exè
½ M§fY¦ or´©n© §l :m«d¤ix£¥g`«© mi¦pf m¬¤Y`© Îx¤W £̀ mk¤½ i¥pir«¥ ix£ ´¥g`«© e§ Æmk¤ a§ a© §l i³¥
x£g`«© ExEzz̈Î`«
¹ l§e
m¦ix§
½©vn¦ ux´¤¤̀ n¥ Æmk¤ z¤̀
« ` í̈i§ iº¦p £̀
:m«k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i¦p £̀ mi¦ l¡
4. xbi` daiwr iax asks “How can d"awd demand for us to love Him? Can He recite 'Li®¤l¡ ½ ad© ´`¨ e§'?
` 'ć ¥̀ Ÿ§
How can one demand love?” xbi` daiwr iax answers, before we recite rny zìxw, we recite
either 'dÄx© dä£d`© ' or 'ml̈Fr z©ad£`© ' in which we state how much d"awd loves us. If we truly feel
that d"awd loves us, we can be commanded to love Him in return.
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84
'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le
à Fzl̈Ef oi¥̀ e§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Èd i¦M à Epi«¥lr̈ mÏ©we§ à z`fÎlM̈ dp̈En¡ è¤ zn¤ `
¡
s©Mn¦ Ep«¥l £̀FB©d Ep«M¥ §ln© à mi¦kl̈§nÎc©In¦ EpcFR© «¥ d :FOr© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ Ep§g«©p £̀©e
:Ep«W
¥ t§ ©p i¥aièF`Îlk̈§l lEn§B m¥NW © nè d© e§ à EpixS̈¦
«¥ n Ep«l̈ rx§ ¨t¦Pd© l¥̀ d̈ :mi¦vix¦r̈¤dÎlM̈
Ep¥Wt§ ©p m´V̈d© h:eq mildz :x«R̈q§ n¦ oi¬¥̀Îcr© zF À̀ l̈§t¦pe§ x¤w®¥g oi´¥̀ Îcr© zFlc§b d´¤ rd̈ i:h aei`
lr© Ep«¥px©§w m¤x«Ïe© à Epi«a¥ ièF` zFnÄ lr© Ep«k¥ ix¦c© §Od© :Ep«¥l§bx© hFÓ©l o©zp̈Î`«l§e mi®¦Ig© A«©
:mg̈Îi¥pA§ z©nc© §À§ miz¦ tè FnE zzF` à drx© §tA§ dn̈ẅ§pE mi¦Q¦p Ep«N̈Îd¤Urd̈ « :Epi«¥̀ èpUÎlM̈
:ml̈Fr zEx¥g§l mk̈FY¦n l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
© `¥vFI©e à m¦ix§
«¨vn¦ ixFk§
¥ A lM̈ Fzx§ är§
¤a d¤MO© d©
:r©Ah¦ zFnFdz¦
§ A m¤di¥̀èpFUÎz¤̀§e m¤di¥tcFxÎz¤̀
è £Od© Ñ
à sEqÎm©i ix§¥f¦B oi¥A eip̈Ä xi¦ar©
:m¤di¥lr© ElèAw¦ oFvx§
Ä FzEk§ln© E :Fn§W¦l EcFd§e EgèAW ¦ à FzxEa§ ¨ B eip̈ä E`x§
ë
- mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ à dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§ à dxi¦
¨ W Epr̈ L§l l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥pa§ E d¤ n
ldwe dltz lra
:`¤l«t¤ d¥Ur¬ zN¦dz§ `¬¨ xFp Wc¤T© ® A xĆ§
³ n« ì:eh zeny
- Exèn`¨ e§ à Epr̈ Æi¦l ¥̀ d³¤fa:eh à d¤ n i¥pt§ ¦l mï r« ©wFA
¥ Li«¤pä E`x¨ LzEk§ è ln© dltz lra
:cr¨«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh ldwe dltz lra
:EP«O¤ n¦ w¬f̈g̈ c©In¦ Fl¨
¾ `§bE aw® r«£©iÎz«¤̀ ï§i d¬¨
cẗÎi«M¦ i:`l dinxi :x©n`¡¤pe§ dltz lra
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ l©`B̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
Epi«¥lr̈ qFx§tE à mi¦Ig© §l Ep«M¥ §ln© Epci¦ «¥ nr©

£de§ à mFlẄ§l Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«a¥ i¦MW § d©
Epc«¥r©
£A o¥bd̈§e :L«n¤ W § or«©n© §l Epri¦
«¥ WFd§e à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ däFh dv̈r§ ¥A Ep«¥pTè z© e§ à L«n¤ Fl§W z©Mqª
à Epx£ «¥g`© n¥ E Epi«¥pẗèln¦ oḧÜ x¥qd̈§e à oFbï§e ar̈x§ ë ax«¤g¤e§ x¤aC«¤ a¥iF` Epi«¥lr̈¥n x¥qd̈§e
K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à dŸ«`¨ Ep«¥li¦Sn© E Epxè
«¥nFW l¥̀ i¦M à Epxi
«¥ Y§
¦ qY© Li«t¤p̈§M l¥va§ E Ñ
:ml̈FrÎcr§
©e dŸr¥
©n à mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à Ep«¥̀ FaE Ep«z¥ `¥v xFn§WE :dŸ«`¨ mEgx§ ©e oEP©g
:crl̈
© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOr© x¥nFW ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
_______________________________________________
85
.dxyr dpeny ixg` 'dz` `l`' cr dnilydle ,xeaiva dlitz witqdl ick ef dkxa blcl xzen
À l ¬ï§i KExÄ 6 5 bp:ht mildz
m¦«Àl̈ẄEx«i§ o³¥ W» oFÀIS¦ n¦ | Æïi§ KEx³Ä» `k:dlw :o«n¥ `¨ e§ | o¬¥n`¨» ml̈Fr§
| KExäE ³ :FC© « a§l zF`l̈§´ t¦p d¥ r l®¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i´¥ l¡ ` mi¦ l¡ ` í̈i§ | KExÄ ³ hiÎgi:ar :D«ïÎEl£ld«©
í̈i§ cFá§k i³d¦ i§ `l:cw :o«n¥ `¨ e§ | o¬¥n`¨» ux¤`d̈À̈ l¬M̈Îz¤̀ FcFa§k `´¥lÖ¦ie§ m¬l̈Fr§ Å l FcFa§ À M m¬¥W
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W ¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw :ei«Ür«£n© A§ í̈i§ g©nU§ i¦ m®l̈Fr§l
zF¬Ur«£©l ï½ i§ li´`¦ Fd i¦µ M lFcB̈©
® d Fń§W xEar«£A© FO½ rÎz¤̀ © Æïi§ WH¦ ³ iÎ`«l i¦Â M ak:ai '` lèny
Exè ½ nÌ́©e m®¤di¥pR§ Îlr© ElèR¦I«e© mr̈½ d̈ÎlM̈ Æ`x©§Ie© hl:gi '` mikln :mr§ «¨l Fl m²¤kz¤̀ §
u¤x®¨`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln¤§l ²ï§i d¯i¨d̈§e h:ci dixkf :mi«¦ l¡ `«d̈ È¬d ï§i mi ¦½ l¡ `«d̈ Èd́ Æïi§
Ep®i¥lr̈ í̈i§ ĹC§ èqg© Îi«d¦ i§ ak:bl mildz :c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬n§WE cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd© À d mFÍ©A
¥½ Wi¦ i´¥ l¡ ¥̧ WFd« 7 dl:fh '` minid ixac :K«l̈ Ep§l¬©gi¦ xW
` ÆEpri¦ ¤À £̀«M©
E`Faï ³ z̈iU¦À r̈ x¤ ¬W £̀ | m³i¦FBÎlM̈ i-h:et mildz :L«z¤ N̈¦dz¦ § A © A¥ Y© W § d¦ §l LW¤½ cẅ
§ m´W ¥ §l ÆzFcd§l
mi´¦ l¡ ` dŸ©` zF`l̈§ ® t¦p d´¥ r§e dŸ©` lFćb̈Îi«M¦ :L«n¤ W § ¦l EćèAk© i¦e i®p̈c£̀ Li´¤pẗ§l Eé£gY«© W § i¦e§
:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ xR¥À q© §p xc¨
®e xFc§¬ l m¬l̈Fr§
Å l L§
À N d¬¤
cF³p L» zi¦
¤ rx© §n o`v§ ¬ e | ÆLOè r© Ep§g³©p £̀«e© bi:hr :LC©«¤a§l
Lcï§
è a i¦M :Ep«n¥ Ew§A ï§i KExÄ :Ep«A¥ k§ Ẅ§A ï§i KExÄ :dl̈§i«N̈A© ï§i KExÄ :mFI©A ï§i KExÄ
:Wi«`¦ Îx©UA§ ÎlM̈ g© Ex§
À e i®g̈ÎlM̈ W¤t´¤p Fcï§A x´¤W £̀ i:ai aei` :miz¦ O¥ d© e§ mi¦Ig© d© zFW§t©p
m¦in«© Ẍ©AW
¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` :z«n¤ `¡ l´¥̀ ïÀ i§ i¬z¦ F` z̈icR̈ ¦ i¬g¦ ExÅ ciw§ ¶¦t`© L» c«èïA§ 8 e:`l mildz
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ Kl§nE à ci¦nŸ LzEk§ è ln© m¥Iw© e§ à L§nW ¦ c¥g©i
5. These eighteen miweqt (which contain the Divine name in each of them) were added by the
Academy of Persia (ixhie xefgn). According to zetqez (:c zekxa 'nb) these were added to enable
late comers to finish the service together, so that they should not be left alone praying at night.
According to the `"ayx, these were instituted at the time of religious persecution, to replace
the dxyr dpeny. It is therefore omitted on Friday night, as its dcinr contains only seven zekxa.
6. fpky` bdpn is to sit for mlerl 'c jexa, so people don't think they are dxyr dpeny `vei.
df lr yie ,miweqt i`vga `ln dlitzd xeciq lk .b .dxexa dpynd cr miwqetd exed jk .a .zxeqnd jk .` 7.
.oglyd jexra xaqde ,wiy m"xdn z"eya zekix`
epryi icl` 'c epriyed xnì `le minid ixaca weqt ède epryi icl` epriyed xnel yiy l"yx mya `"n azk
(e w"q e"lx oniq dxexa dpyn) :zexkf` g"i lr siqen èd k"`c
xni ¥ l Di¥l i¥rÄin¦ (my i"yx) [:jka eic cinz ezqxb lr xefgl ezpynd libxy] mk̈g̈ cin§
© n§ ¦ lY© s`© ,i¥IA© `© xn© `¨ 8.
(.d zekxa 'nb) .':z«n¤ `¡ l-´¥̀ 'cÀ i¬z¦ F` z̈icR̈ ¶¦t`© L» c«èïA§ ' ,oFbM§ ,in£
¦ i¬g¦ ExÅ ciw§ ¥ gx©C§ `ẅEqR§ cg©
_______________________________________________
86
K©ln̈ oFI¦v§l xn¡

À¤ à z¤n`¡A¤ Lzè r̈EWi¦A Ep«W §i Ñ
¥ t§ ©p l¥bz̈§e Ep«A¥ ¦l g©nU§ i¦e§ Epi«¥pir¥ E`x¦
à ì¦d LèNW
¤ zEk§lO© d© i¦M :cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈r§l l§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh zeny K» l̈n̈ í̈i§ `:bv K¤l«¤ í̈i§ fh:i :K¦i«¨ l¡
`
K¤lO«¤ d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ `N̈¤̀ K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈ oi¥̀ i¦M à cFak̈§A Kl§nY¦ cr© i¥nèlFr§
« lE
:eiÜr©
£nÎlM̈ lr§
©e à cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ KFl§ni¦ ci¦nŸ à FcFa§kA¦
à D¥zErx¦
§k `x§
§ swef WC©
©wz¦
§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek dltz lra
:aixẅ
£A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§

© n À̈x© Di¥nW
§ `¥di§
Di¥nW
§ l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ

§wC§
§ Yª `z̈xi¦
¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦
§AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§
«¥l
¨ n £̀ C©
xhne lh oze 9
: 'àie dlri' mifixkn yceg y`xc '` lila
:mx lewa mifixkn ,dxyr dpeny iptl ziaxra y`x ly cg` mei wx yi m` oke ,yceg y`xc 'a lila
10
.'xhne lh oze' :xnel ldwl xikfdl ick 'dl̈¥̀ W
§' .'ycg y`x' mifixkn ,yceg
9. The iàb announces 'ycg y`x' before the dcinr, exactly one day per month (except in ixyz).
On the first day of a two day yceg y`x, only 'àie `lri' is announced, since it is really only
yceg y`x axr.
oilet ipal dnecd dkex` s"l` zrepza ceaicd ztya laewnd iebida fpkyà dzyrp ef dlin zfxkd] 10.
: `hil ipal dneca c"ei wixiga ef dlin ebd mda fpkyà zenewn yie ,(Schaale d¤l`© `©W
(fpky` bdpn iyxy) [(Schaile, Scheile) r¤lii©W
_______________________________________________
87
legl dcinr ziaxr ziaxr
legl dcinr ziaxr

` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ1 rxek
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
©nl§ à mi¦Ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ Ep«a¥ zk̈§
§ e à mi¦Ig© A© u¥tg̈ K¤ln«¤ à mi¦Ig© l§ Epx§
«¥kf̈ daeyz ini zxyra
:md̈x§
ä`© o¥bn̈ iï§ swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek :o¥bn̈E ri«
¦ Fd§l ax© à dŸ©` mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ à ip̈c£̀ à ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`2
:ri«
©W
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
LFnk̈
:mi¦ng£ x§
© a©` LFnk̈
« i¦n daeyz ini zxyra
:mi¦zO¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦zn¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡
`¤pe§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dl̈«Q¤ LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE à WFcẅ L§nW ¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`3
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daeyz ini zxyra) l¥̀d̈
dr̈C¥ dp̈i¦A LY¦
è `n¥ Ep«¥Pg̈§e :dp̈i¦A WFp¡
`¤l c¥O©ln§ E zr©C«© mc¨¨`l§ o¥pFg dŸ©`4
:zr©C©«¨d o¥pFg ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :l¥MU§ d© e§
däEWz¦
§ a Epxi¦
£l Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«a¥ xẅ§ ¨ l Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«a¥ i¦Wd£ 5
:däEWz¦ § A d¤vFxd̈ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :Li«¤pẗ§l dn̈¥lW
§
'mi®¦l ¥̀ i´¥pA§ 'c©« l Eád̈' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ?zFa`¨ mix¦nF` § W¤ o¦iP©n¦ ,op̈Äx© EpŸ 1.
':fr¨« e cFaM̈ ¬ ' :xn¡
¬ 'c«À ©l Ead̈ © `P¤W¤ ?zFxEaB§ mix¦nF` § W¤ o¦iP©nE
¦ 2.
':W ¤wÎz« x©c© §dA§ 'c«©l E¬eg£ Y«© W
§ d¦ Fn§® W cFá§M c©« l Eád̈' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ?zFWEcw§ mix¦nF` § W¤ o¦iP©nE
¦ 3.
':Evix«¦r«£©i l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¬¥l¡`Îz¤̀§e aw½ r«£i© WFć§wÎz¤̀ ÆEWiC§ ¸¦wd¦ e§' ?dẄEcw§ xg© `© dp̈iA¦ xnFl © E`x¨ dn̈E 4.
'd®p̈i¦A g© ExÎi ¥z« Er¬ c«§ïe§' Di¥l Kin¦ q̈E
':F«l `ẗ¬¨ ¬ lE' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ ?dp̈iA¦ xg© `© däEWY§ xnFl
x§e aẄë oi²a¦ ï Faä§ © E`x¨ dn̈E 5.
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88
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Ki´Q¦ `© Îl©A Ex¬d̈nÅ̈ x¶¥g`© m» z̈FaèSr© EA¬ x¦ §i :m«äÎi¦vt§ g¤ÎlM̈ ixi À¥ C©¦è§ dÖ®¥d ux´¤`¨ ÄÎx¤W £̀ mi¦WFc§w¦l
Ki¬n¦ FY dY© À̈ ` i®q¦ Fk§e iw§ ¬¦lg¤ zp̈§n À̈i«i§ :i«z̈ẗ§UÎlr© mzFn§ À̈ WÎz¤̀ `¬V̈¤̀Îl©aE« m®C̈¦n m´d¤i¥Mq§ ¦p
s©` i¦p®v̈r̈§i x´W¤ £̀ ï§iÎz¤̀ Kxä£̀À¥ :i«l̈r̈ d¬¨ xètẄ « zl̈£À g«©pÎs©` mi®n¦ i¦rèPA© i¦lÎElèt«p̈ mi´¦lä£g :i«¦lxF« ¨B
i¦A¦l gń© Ü | o³¥kl̈ :hFO¤̀Îl©« A iÀ¦pi¦ni«n i¬M¦ ci®n¦ z̈ iC§ ´¦b¤p§l í̈i§ i¦ziÄE¦W
¦ :i«z̈Fi§lk¦ i¦pExè¬Qi¦ zFli¥
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¦ t§ ©p f́r«£z© `«l | i³M¦ :g©ha«¤ l̈ o¬MW § i¦ ixÜ§
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:g©v«¤p Ĺèpi«n¦ i¦A zFni¦r§p Li®¤pR̈Îz¤̀ zFgn̈§U r©aÚ mi¬¦Ig©Å g © ³̀ »i¦pri ¥ cF
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,(`"nxae fpky` ibdpn ixtqae mipey`xa àen ìd) ziaxr zltz xg` ,(zayn ueg) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
21
.(337 'nr) zqpka ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg inia
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dkiyndy ,dng zeixfkà micedid zticx dlgde dipnxba zqpkd iza eaxg h"vxz oeygxna f"h lila
lil' mya l`xyi iycw ztixy lil z` zepkl `ly mipaxd ecitwd .d"yz-y"z ze`xepd mrfd zepya mzcnyda
,zaha 'i ,aà 'h enk) 'oeygxna f"h' mya `l` ,brl jezn mi`vpd miryetd ici lr ozipy myd èdy ,'gelcad
:xgai xgeade ,dka dfe dka df ,mipipr dnk milevipd dipnxb ipax ebidpd df zeprxet lil xkfl .(k"eike ,fenza f"i
micigi ziprz
.df meil `wec drawpy `yicw dxag ziprz
.ctqd ixac zrnyd
.(b"t xenfn e` ,'t xenfn e` ,(h"r xenfn e`) c"r xenfn epiid ,ziaxr xg` mildz xenfn zxin`
wx zkxrpy ,dcerq `la) oexkfe ctqd ixaca deeln dlidw ipa ly xahvn zeipyn q"y meiq
.(zkqn dze` z` `zeeva cnl xeaivd xy`k
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .oeygxna f"hl jenqd a"da ziprz ly ipy meia 'izax icl` 'd' dgilq zxin`
zxeqn did `ly zexnl .fpky` bdpnk dpyd y`xa zeriwz renyl envra xcdn did l"vf aiyil` y"ixbd 21.
.mipey`xde mipe`bdn d`xpk ,xec xg` xec epizea`n ef zwiecn zxeqn lawl epikfy epl xnege lwe .dfa eizea`
_______________________________________________
93
xnrd zxitq ziaxr
xnrd zxitq
.xnerd z` axr lka mixteq zereay axr cr gqt ly ipy liln lgd
.'jl ozie' mcew mixteq zezay i`vena ,zqpkd ziaa yeciwd xg` mixteq gqte zezay ilila
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:x¤ rd̈
« zxi¦© tq§ lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
.(f"he ,`"nx ,`pxih wifii` iax) o`k eàedy zexewnd [z]yely caln 'xnera'l xewn hrnk oi`
,bidpnd ,mgexi epiax ,ealk ,`"ayx ,l"y ,dxe`d) .'xnerl' aezk my mibdpn zedbda envr `pxih wifii` iaxae
,xbi` daiwr 'x ,u"ari zli`y ,mibdpn zedbd ,micxe zpib z"ey ,airey oa` i"x ,u"ayxl zea` obn ,miig zegx`
.'xnerl' gqepd miwqet aexa' :dxexa dpyn ly mekiqa my miiqne (miax cere ,xteq mzg
Our gqep is to recite xnrl, as it appears in all the mipey`x which mention the word xnr within
the counting. In many of the mipey`xd iazk however, the word xnr does not appear
in the counting, but only in the dkxa. The `hil bdpn utilizes the term xnra.
opaxcn wx ìd dxitqd dfd onfay iptn ,mei ceran xetql xzen oicd xwirn fpky` inkg aex zrcl
,dlila `wec mixteqe mikxan oixcdnd on oixcdnde ,zeynyd oia cr mipiznn oixcdnd .ycwnl xkfe
.driwy cr mipiznn ,jkitl .mei ceran xetqle jxal sicr ok `l m`y ,mzial mèaa xetql egkyi `ly i`pzae
.mei ceran xetqle jxal mdl xzen ,xyt` i` mè
zaya okl dlil wtq onf èd zeynyd oiae zeid .xnerd zxitq iptl lek`l xeq` dxitqd onf ribd m`
cer i`ce f`y ,zeynyd oia iptl ycwl e` .ycwle xetql f` wxe miakekd z`v xg` cr oizndl ie`x ziaa
.xnerd zxitq aeig onf ribd `l
:x¤nrl̈« cg̈¤̀ mFi mFI©d (oqip f"h) 1
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï i¥pW § mFI©d (oqip f"i) 2
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï d¨ l§W mFI©d (oqip g"i) 3
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §` mFI©d (oqip h"i) 4
:x¥nrl̈
« mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ mFI©d (oqip 'k) 5
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dẌ¦W mFi©d (oqip `"k) 6
:x¤nrl̈
« cg̈¤̀ rE © aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mi¦nï dr̈§aW ¦ mFI©d (oqip a"k) 7
:x¤nrl̈
« cg̈¤̀ mFi§e cg̈¤̀ rE© aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mi¦nï dp̈Fn§W mFI©d (oqip b"k) 8
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï i¥pW
§ E cg̈¤̀ rE© aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mi¦nï dr̈§WY¦ mFI©d (oqip c"k) 9
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï d¨ l§WE cg̈¤̀ rE © aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mi¦nï dxÜ
¨ r£ mFI©d (oqip d"k) 10
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ cg̈¤̀ rE
© aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ c©g`© mFI©d (oqip e"k) 11
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© cg̈¤̀ rE© aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ mi¥pW § mFI©d (oqip f"k) 12
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ cg̈¤̀ rE © aẄ
« m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ d¨ l§W mFI©d (oqip g"k) 13
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dr̈Äx© §` mFI©d (oqip h"k) 14
:x¤nrl̈« cg̈¤̀ mFi§e zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dẌ¦ng£ mFI©d (oqip 'l) 15
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï i¥pW§ E zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dẌ¦W mFI©d (xii` '`) 16
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï d¨ l§WE zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dr̈§aW ¦ mFI©d (xii` 'a) 17
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dp̈Fn§W mFI©d (xii` 'b) 18
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi xÜr̈ dr̈§WY¦ mFI©d (xii` 'c) 19
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ zFrEaẄ i¥pW § m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur¤ mFI©d (xii` 'd) 20
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§ ¦Ur§
¤e cg̈¤̀ mFI©d (xii` 'e) 21
:x¤nrl̈
« cg̈¤̀ mFi§e zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§ ¦Ur§
¤e m¦i«©pW§ mFI©d (xii` 'f) 22
_______________________________________________
94
xnrd zxitq ziaxr
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï i¥pW§ E zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e d¨ l§W mFI©d (xii` 'g) 23
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï d¨ l§WE zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dr̈Äx© §` mFI©d (xii` 'h) 24
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dẌ¦ng£ mFI©d (xii` 'i) 25
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dẌ¦W mFI©d (xii` `"i) 26
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ zFrEaẄ d¨ l§W m¥dW ¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dr̈§aW ¦ mFI©d (xii` a"i) 27
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx© §` m¥dW¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dp̈Fn§W mFI©d (xii` b"i) 28
:x¤nrl̈ « cg̈¤̀ mFi§e zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx© §` m¥dW¤ mFi mix§¦Ur§ ¤e dr̈§WY¦ mFI©d (xii` c"i) 29
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï i¥pW§ E zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx©§` m¥dW
¤ mFi mi¦ l§W mFI©d (xii` e"h) 30
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï d¨ l§WE zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx© §` m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE cg̈¤̀ mFI©d (xii` f"h) 31
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx©§` m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE m¦i«©pW § mFI©d (xii` f"i) 32
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx© §` m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦ l§yE d¨ l§W mFI©d (xii` g"i) 33
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ zFrEaẄ dr̈Äx© §` m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dr̈Äx© §` mFI©d (xii` h"i) 34
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dẌ¦ng£ mFI©d (xii` 'k) 35
:x¤nrl̈ « cg̈¤̀ mFi§e zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dẌ¦W mFI©d (xii` `"k) 36
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï i¥pW§ E zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dr̈§aW ¦ mFI©d (xii` a"k) 37
:x¤nrl̈« mi¦nï d¨ l§WE zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dp̈Fn§W mFI©d (xii` b"k) 38
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦ l§WE dr̈§WY¦ mFI©d (xii` c"k) 39
:x¤nrl̈
« mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §` mFI©d (xii` d"k) 40
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ zFrEaẄ dẌ¦ng£ m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §è§ cg̈¤̀ mFI©d (xii` e"k) 41
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §è§ m¦i«©pW§ mFI©d (xii` f"k) 42
:x¤nrl̈ « cg̈¤̀ mFi§e zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx©§è§ d¨ l§W mFI©d (xii` g"k) 43
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï i¥pW§ E zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx©§è§ dr̈Äx© §` mFI©d(xii` h"k) 44
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï d¨ l§WE zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §è§ dẌ¦ng£ mFI©d (oeiq '`) 45
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dr̈Äx© §è§ zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §è§ dẌ¦W mFI©d (oeiq 'a) 46
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦ng£ e© zFrEaÿ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx© §è§ dr̈§aW ¦ mFI©d (oeiq 'b) 47
:x¤nrl̈ « mi¦nï dẌ¦We§ zFrEaẄ dẌ¦W m¥dW ¤ mFi mi¦rÄx©§è§ dp̈Fn§W mFI©d (oeiq 'c) 48
:x¤nrl̈
« zFrEaẄ dr̈§aW ¦ m¥dW¤ mFi mi¦rÄx©§è§ dr̈§WY¦ mFI©d (oeiq 'd) 49
:Dn̈Fw§n¦l WC§ ¨wn¦ d© zi¥A zcFa © r£ xi¦fg£ ©i Èd on̈£gxd̈ ©
¨dn§ A¦ WC§¨wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤pÄ¦iW ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:zFI¦pnc©§w mi¦pẄ§kE ml̈Fr i¥ni¦M à d¨`x¦ §iA§ Lcä § r© £p mẄ§e :L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§
:dl̈«q¤ EpÝ̈`¦ eip̈R̈ x¬¥̀³ï Ep®¥kx«£äi¦e Ep¬¥Pg̈§i mi ¦À l¡ ` :xi«W ¦ xF¬n§fn¦ zÀpi¦b§pA¦ g©¬¥S©pn§ ©l fq
:m«N̈Mª mi¬O¦ r© LEcF À i mi®¦ l¡ ` | mi¬O¦ r© LEcFi :L«z¤ r̈EW§ « i mÀi¦FBÎlk̈§A L®¤Mx§C© ux´¤`¨ Ä zr´ ©cl̈
©
:dl̈«q¤ m´g¥§pY© u¤`¨ Ä | miO¦Ã ª̀§lE xWi¦ ® n miÓ¦ r© hŔ§WzÎi« ¦ M¦ mi¬O¦ ª̀Å §l EÀp£pxi« © e¦ E¬gnè U§ ¬i¦
:Epi«¥ l¡` mi¬¦ l¡` Epk¥À x«£äi§ D®l̈Ea§i d´p̈z«è p̈ ux¤̀
¤ :m«N̈Mª mi¬O¦ r© LEcF À i mi®¦ l¡ ` | mi¬O¦ r© LEcFi
:ux«¤`¨ Îi¥qt§ `© ÎlM̈ FzF À ` E`¬ xi«
è i¦e§ mi®¦ l¡` Ep¬¥kx«£äi§
.(93 'nr) 'epilr'a mikiynn reayd ini x`ya
.(121 'nr) 'epilr'a mikiynn aeh meie zay lila
.(240 'nr) 'jl ozie'a mikiynn zay i`vena
.(242 'nr) 'epilr' jk xgè 'dlcad'a mikiynn aeh mei i`vena
_______________________________________________
95
dhnd lr rny zìxw xcq ziaxr
.dhnd lr rny zìxw xcq

.'litnd' zkxal rny zìxw minicwn ,wdaend bdpn itl
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(o n̈¡
c:e mixac
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡ Üi¦ rn© W

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m®Ä Ÿx©
§Ac§
² ev© n§ i¯¦ p«`¨ xW£̀
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lk z` mixne` k"`` z`f xnel `xaq oi` zehytae .`zil iaxrnd fpky` gqepae oilet gqep i"q lka d"k 1.
.r"ve zelitzd xve` xeciqa k"ke zeaiz g"nxl milydl icke zeiyxt 'bd
(edil` xef` xeciq) i"q lka d"k - cala dpey`x dyxt 2.
_______________________________________________
96
.'igex ciwt` jcia' cr o`kn miblcn xcqd ilila
.ezpy iptl b xenfn zè `v xenfn u` xnel bdp iel oa ryedi 'xy a"r eh zereaya
,miàd miweqtd z` wx xnel yi ,fpkyà oyid bdpn oke ,oicd xwirn

.gaeyn df ixd oldly miweqtd lr l"f epizeaxn dxiny iweqt siqend lke
Epi®¥lr̈ d¬p̈£pFM« Epi¥cï dÚ

¥ r«£n© E Epi¬¥lr̈Å Epi ¥À l¡
` i¬p̈c£̀ mr³
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:Ed«¥p£pFM« Epicï
À¥ d¬¥Ur©
£nE«
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97
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(:f oixcdpq 'nb) (my i"yx) (:hw zenai 'nb)
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98
oiaexir aeh meie zay axr
zexvg aexir
,'ekxa' iptl zexvg iaexir miyer ,mei ceran gqt lil ly ziaxr milltzn oda zelidwa
.zay zlaw e` dgpn zltz iptl ok miyer ,dlila ziaxr lltzdl zexg`nd zelidwae
dlidwd ipan cg` e` ynyd icil dxqene dvnd z` lhep ,(dnia) xrnrnl`dl dler ,ldway aeygd e` axd
:(mdl zpaend zxg` dtya e`) ycewd oeyln el xneè
dp̈Ẍ©d K¤Wn¤ A§ xEcl̈ E`FaÏ¤We§ à Ep«Ör¦ dR mix¦C© ¨d à l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥pA§ Epi«g¥ `© §l d¤f aExr§
¥A d¥k§f
zEWx¦ §l zEWx¥ èn Fcï lr© l¥h§lh© §l eil̈r̈ Ekènq§ ¦IW
¤ [d¤Gd© z¦iA© A© à d¤Gd© x¥vg̈¤A] z`G©d xi¦rÄ
:mi¦À̈©d mi¦aFh mi¦nï§aE zFzÄ©WA§
!d¤kFf i¦pix£
«¥d :xneè mxear zekfl oeekzne gth dvnd z` diabn ynyd
mx lewa jxane ynyd icin dvnd z` lhep axd
:aExr¥ z©ev§ n¦ lr© Ep«Ëv¦ e§ à ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
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.illkd aexird z` qexdl `ly ick i`pz zeyrl jixv - xira illk aexir dyrp xak m`
(.f ,g"qy oglyd jexrae ;'e iav mkg z"ey t"r ,jxan d"c e"qy 'iq dkld xeìa 'ir)
xneè jiynne
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¨dÎlk̈§lE Ep«l̈ à (mi¦aFh mi¦nï§e) dp̈Ẍ©d zFzèAW
© Îlk̈§A
,cig` gqep ef dxinà oi` .dniad lr gpend 'jeaxenn'a meyxd gqep jezn ok èxwl elbxed zenewn dnka
edelkì `lye caì `ly xneyn mewna zqpkd ziaa aexird z` migipn .mixg` migqepa z`f mixne` yie
zqtew jeza oirl ielb mewna zqpkd zia axrna dxwzl jenq ezelzl ebdpe ,mixg` miwifn e` mixakr
dpyd zvexna aexird zvn dytrzd m` .dvnd z` dkxc ze`xl ozipe cec obn zxeva dzlcy ,zxètn ur
miyyeg k"``) zay axr lka `le] .jxevd itk ,mrta mrtk zexvg aexir ycgn miyer ,drilzd e`
[(.clepy ohwle xiibzpy xble miycg mixiicl
oiliyaz aexir
An oiliyaz aexir is performed in the following manner; one takes a piece of dvn or dlg,
places some cooked or roasted meat upon it, raises it, and recites the following:
:aExr¥ z©ev§ n¦ lr© Ep«Ëv¦ e§ à ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
Then the following declaration is recited:
`b̈x§
¨W `ẅl̈c©§`§lE `p̈n̈§h`© §lE `l̈Ẍ©a§lE `¥ti¥n§l `p̈©l `xẄ
¥ `¥di§ à̈Exr¥ oic£ ¥dA©
:z`G©d xi¦rÄ mix¦C©
¨dÎlk̈§lE Ep«l̈ `z̈§AW © §l à̈ḧ `n̈FI¦n à `p̈«M̈xv̈ÎlM̈
§ c©Ar§ n¤ §lE
“By means of this aexir may we be permitted to bake, cook, keep food warm, kindle lights
and prepare on the festival all that we require for the zay,
we and all the inhabitants of this city.”
The oiliyaz aexir is preserved until zay, when the portion of the dvn or dlg is used as dpyn mgl
for the for the first two meals and eaten at ziyily dcerq. Some eat it at the dipy dcerq.
_______________________________________________
99
zay zlaw xcq zay zlaw
1
zexp zwlcd
(Licht Benshen)
à ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
:mixetikd meia :dpyd y`xe milbx ylya zayl
l¤W x¥p wi¦lc©
§d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ l¤W x¥p wi¦lc©
§d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ wi¦lc©
§d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§
:mixER¦
¦ Md© mFi (l¤We§ zÄ©W :zay axra) :aFh mFi (l¤We§ zÄ©W2 :zay axra) :zÄ©WÎl¤W x¥p
:mixne` (gqt ly oexgè iriayn ueg) mi`xep miniae aeh mei lka
:d¤Gd© o©n§f¦l Epri¦
«¨ Bd¦ e§ Ep«n̈èIw¦ e§ Ep«ï¡gd¤W
¤ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
zay zlaw
yxid l`tx oeyny ax is the one who introduced zay zlaw into official n"ctt ibdpn.
The `"xb opposed additions to xeaiva dlitz, which were not instituted by l"fg, because of `gxih
`xeaivc. Nevertheless, the congregation over which xlc` ozp iax opposed reciting zay zlaw,
which at the time was not widespread. It was only said by individuals which called themselves
'zay ilawn ixag', (which dates back to the time of une` sqei [v"y zpy]). Before yxid ax's time, one
said ekxa immediately after dgpn's lawzz yicw. (Both micxtq and b`xt zlidw had the bdpn
to begin with xiy xenfn.) Even after yxid ax brought zay zlaw into the synagogue as a fixed gqep,
xlc` ozp iax’s synagogue continued his bdpn not to recite it. There is no dkldl aeig to recite zlaw
zay, but it is a prevalent bdpn, which has the oic of dxez l`xyi bdpn, according to various miwqet.
If someone has the bdpn to recite zay zlaw every zay axr (including on axra zeidl lgy aeh mei
zay as in done in fpky` bdpn), one may even recite it in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. However,
once the xeav begins ekxa etc., one should skip the remaining zay zlaw and oren with them.
In n"ctt they differentiated between older and newer mibdpn, (for this reason, for the
last sixty zeriwz on dpyd y`x, the rwez lra does not stand next to the xrnrnl` as he does in the
first forty zeriwz, but stands next to the ax’s place). zay zlaw xcq is a new addition, however the
recitation of mildz before dlitz is said before zixgy every day. Therefore, icec dkl which is
a relatively new bdpn is said from the xrnrnl`, whereas the mildz are said from the cenr. In `hil
the bdpn was to recite the entire zay zlaw, including dppxp ekl at the cenr, (possibly because of the
`"xb's bdpn not to recite it at all).
1. The reason for the dpwz of zexp zwlcd is primarily for zia mely, which is most importantly for
the evening meal. Since the times of the mipe`b, the Shabbos Lamp was primarily used to
“bench licht”. The Shabbos Lamp is filled with olive oil, which is an important devn xecid.
Commonly a six branch Shabbos Lamp was used in most Jewish homes. Seven branches were
quite rare since they were not symetric and therefore less esthetically pleasing. More well to
do homes, would use eight branch candelabras. A Shabbos Lamp hanging from the ceiling is
always more useful than lights which rest upon the table. The more lights there are, the more
the dpwz is fulfilled. (Additionally, candles which rest on a table, are not as secure.) Even if a
Shabbos Lamp was available, many households lit two candles, because of xeny and xekf
('` 'iq b"qx 'q r"ey), for a total of ten lights representing the zexacd zxyr (d"lyd mya dxexa dpyn).
If one completely forgot to light candles zay axr - one must light an additional candle from
then on. The bdpn of lighting a candle for everyone in the family is a late miciqg bdpn, not bdpn
fpky`. On aeh mei, the n"ctt bdpn and most places, was to light candles before the dcerq.
Unlike on zay, when one must light before the dkxa, there was no such insistence on aeh mei.
In Holland, the bdpn on aeh mei was to light prior to going to synagogue.
2. The term mi`xep mini, “Days of Awe”, in connection with dpyd y`x and xetk mei was
first employed by the l"ixdn. (The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 172)
_______________________________________________
100
3
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xne` cg` weqt epiid ,oibexiql mixn`p 'ebe 'dppxp ekl' zay zlaw ixenfn .zaya lgy xetk meia zay zlaw
xnel ldwl ie`xe .mixenfnd meiq cr dlilg xfege ,mx lewa ldwd xne` eixg`y weqtd zè mx lewa ofgd
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lltzn ,dgpn lltzd `l m` .shern x`yp jke ,zeielb eipire miqekn eite exhpqy epiidc ,mil`rnyi
.df sehira xecfexta
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_______________________________________________
101
:mi«A¦ x© mi¬¦I`¦ Egè

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103
8
mixenfnd ipy zxin`l mb my x`yp ,dnirpa 'icec dkl' obpne (dnia) xrnrnl`d l` dler ofgd
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icec dkl9
ield dnly mifexgd iy`x
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à g:k zeny/ai:d mixac cg̈¤̀ xEAc§ ¦A ÁxFkf̈§² e xF´²nẄ
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à dk̈èl¥pe§ Ek§l zÄ©W z`x§©w¦l

à dk̈xèÄd© xFw§n ì¦d i¦M
bk:g ilyn d"yr à dk̈E¬q§p mc« ¤T¦
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à ixÀ¦xFr
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fi:`p diryi
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'zldw ixac' extqa wnip hxetwpxtn xbiib onlf dnly iax .'icec dkl' zxinà wx dniad l` dler ofgd 8.
.xge`n bdpn ìd 'icec dkl' zxin`y oeik z`fe ,"dlitzd xwirn df oi`y zexedl" ok miyery (60 'nr)
,fpky` zelidw ly mbdpn edf ik ok mb ìad 'fpky` zecdi ibdpnn' extqa `pe` xecbia` iax
."dniad l` cnerd ci-lry enewnn u"yd xaer icec dkl zxiyl"y
.ef zayl cgein oebipa mixnfn ,oexg`d fexgd z` zegtl dkepg zaya - micgein mipebipa xn`p icec dkl 9.
oia ly oebipa mixvnd oiaa zepey`xd zezay izya .dxitqd ini oebipa zereay bg cr xii` g"xn zezaya
.'oeiv il`' oebipa oefg zayae ,mixvnd
_______________________________________________
104
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à hi:hn diryi d"yr :K¦irè
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«ë
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:ynyd fixkn ,(ziaxr ly 'ekxa' iptl ,lecbd meid cera zay lawl zenicwny zelidwa) 'melya ièa' iptl
,ezaiyi mewn l` ,dnipt ekilene ,'qpkd' :el xne` axd .eil` mi`vei ldwd iaeygn cg` mr axd .'la` z`xwl'
:la`l xeaivd xne` ,enewnl ezkilde la` zqipk zra .reawd enewnn dpey
:¦m«l̈ẄExi¦
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§ KFz§A (m¤kz¤̀)
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10 9
.mipbpne axrnl mdipte micner ldwe ofg 'melya ièa' xn`nl ribnyke
:oexg`d 'icec dkl' gxfnl eiptyk obpne ,ofgd oke .gxfnl zeipyae ,mexcl mipet zepey`xd 'dlk ièa' zelna
à c:ai ilyn D®l̈§rA© z¤x´h¤ r£ mFlẄ§a i¦`FA«
à dl̈¢dv̈§aE dg̈§nU¦ A§ m©B
à dN̈ªBq§ mr© i¥pEn¡` KFY
©w¦l icFc
¦ dk̈§l :dN̈©k i¦`FA« à dN̈©k i¦`FA« 11
milawne ('ekxa'a gzet ofgd ,mei cera ziaxr zenicwnd zelidwa) 'melya ièa' :xnfl mikiynn ldwde ofgd
.ziaxr xnb cr ,mlerd jxck zilha shern x`ype ,eipt lrn zilhd z` xiqn la`d fè ,zayd z` mdilr
9. n"ctt bdpn, until the last generation, was to turn for melya ièa a) to the west anti-clockwise
(by first turning north), b) for the first dlk ièa to bow to the south, c) for the second dlk ièa
to bow to the east. (zldw ixac pg. 61).
10. In fpky` zelidw, melya ièa is always sung first by the congregation/choir and then by the ofg.
The Composer Japhet wrote it down in this manner in his notes on icec dkl.
(:al `nw àa 'nb) .':dN̈©k i¦`FA« ,dN̈©k i¦`FA« ' xn© `¨ e§ ,i ¥̀ ẅe§ sH¥ r© z§ n¦ i`©Pi© ia¦ x§ ...`z̈M§§ ln© d¨NM© z`x©w¦
§ l `¥v¥pe§ E`FA ,`p̈i¦pg£ xn© `¨ 11.
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105
12
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:xF«Pk¦ A§ oFíB̈d¦ i¥lr£ l¤a®p̈Îi¥lr«£e© xFUr̈Îi¥lr£
:o«¥Px£̀
© Li´¤ cï i¥Ur© £nA«§ L®¤lr«¢ẗA§ í̈i§ i¦pY´© g§ O© U¦ i³M¦
:Li«¤ aèWg§ n© Ewè ¬ nr«¨ c À̀ n§ ®ï§i Li´¤Ur«£n© Eĺc«èB̈Îd©n
:z`«fÎz¤̀ oi¬a¦ ïÎ`«l liq¦À § E r®¨ c¥i `´l xr© ©AÎWi«`¦
:crÎi
«© c¥r£ m¬¨ cènẌ
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:«ïi§ m¬l̈r§l mFxn̈À d¬Ÿ©è§
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:o«p̈r£x«© o¤n´¤WA§ i ¦À N©A i®¦px© §w mi´¥̀ x¦ §M mx´¤Ÿe©
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:d«¤BU§ i¦ oFṕäèNA© f¤ ¤̀ M§ g®¨ x§ti¦ xń̈Ÿ©M wiC© ¦v13
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:dŸ«`¨ m´l̈Fr¥n f®¨`n¥ Ĺ£̀ q§ M¦ oFḱp̈
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:«ïi§ mFx́Ö©A xiC©
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:mi«n¦ ï K ¤`§
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è a¥ §l c À̀ n§ EÄpn§ ¤̀«¤p | Li ¤̧ cr«¥
zay ly oi` mè ,zay ly 'hiivxdì' exne` .ofgd cenr cvl mezi yicw mixne` 'jln 'd' seqa
.mè a` el oi`y in exne` la` oi` mè ,la` exne` 'hiivxdì' oi` mè ,zay axr ly 'hiivxdì' exne`
à D¥zErx¦§k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC©©wz¦

§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦
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£A à l¥̀ x§
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.'oeiv il`' oebipa 'zayd meil xiy xenfn' z` mixy oefg zaya 12.
,fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡
© `p¤ dÖ¨l xn̈Ÿ xn¡ © `p¤ m`¦ ?':d«¤BU§ i¦ oFṕäèNA© f¤ ¤̀§M g®¨x§ti¦ xń̈Ÿ©M wiC©¦v' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,i¦piï§lEl xA© ìÏg¦ ia¦ x§ Wx©C̈ 13.
wiC¦ v© s`© ,si¦lg£ n© Frf¦§ B oi ¥̀ ,xn̈Ÿ dn© ,xnF`
¥ izi¦ ¦ id̈ fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡© `p¤ `¨le§ xn̈Ÿ xn¡ © `p¤ ENi`¦ ?xn̈Ÿ xn¡ © `p¤ dÖ¨l fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡© `p¤ m`¦ e§
dUFr
¤ oi ¥̀ fx¤ ¤̀ dn̈ ,xnF` ¥ izi¦ ¦ id̈ ,xn̈Ÿ xn¡ © `p¤ `¨le§ ,fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡ © `p¤ ENi`¦ .fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡ © `p¤ Kk§© l ,si¦lg£ n© Frf¦§ B oi ¥̀ mFlẄe§ qg©
(:t `xza àa ,.dk ziprz 'nb) .fx¤ ¤̀ xn¡ © `p¤e§ xn̈Ÿ xn¡© `p¤ Kk§© l ,zFxiR¥ dUFr¤ oi ¥̀ mFlẄe§ qg© wiC¦ v© s`© ,zFxiR¥
.zay oebipl mixfeg 'jizcr' weqtae ,'oeiv il`' oebipa 'jln 'c' z` mixy oefg zaya 14.
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(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ mi¦Ig© e§ à Ì̈©nW§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
à Epi«¥lr̈ mFlẄ d¤Ur© £i Èd xneè epinil dpet ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r xneè el`nyl dpet
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zaya zeidl lgy ipy aeh meia `l la` ,mixnfn ipy aeh 15 meia
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Üi¦ Li ¤ pèMW ¬ n 17 16 d:ck xacna
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§iA§ Lè
À W §ẅ l¬©ki«d¥ Îl¤̀ d¤eg£ Y«© W
§ ¤̀ L®¤zi¥a `Fá¨` LC§ èq © ax́§A iÀ¦p £̀«e© g:d mildz
:LcFa§
«¤ M o¬©MW § n¦ mFw§À E L®¤zi¥A oFŕ§n iY§ ¦ ad© ¨ À̈i«i§ g:ek
:i¦ r ï§iÎi¥pt§ ¦l à dk̈x§èa ¤̀ à dr̈x§
«¨k ¤̀§e à d¤eg£ Y© W § ¤̀ i¦p £̀©e
:Lr§
«¤Wi¦ z¬¤n`¡A«¤ i¦p¥pÀ r£¹ L®¤
C§qg© Îax§ Ä mi¬¦ l¡
` oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥ ï¿i§ | Ļ§lÎiz¦ «N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e© ci:hq
,[i"`] mŸn¦ Eg§lẄC§ mEXn¦ ?[zeielb ly ipy aeh mei] inFi ¥ ix¥Y§ op̈ic¦ a§ r© `n̈£rh© i`n© ,`g̈x©§iC§ `r̈ia¦ w§ A¦ op̈ir¦ c©§ iC§ `ŸW§ d© e§ 15.
(:c dvia 'nb) .i¥lEw§lT© `§
¦ l iz¦ `¨ e§ dx¥
¨fB§ zEk§lO© d© ix¥fb̈
§ C§ oi¦pn§ f¦ ,m¤kici
¥ A¦ m¤kizFa£̀
¥ bd§© pn¦ A§ Ex£dG̈d¦
yxid l`tx oeyny axd states the following: “Only the crassly ignorant and limited mind will
find cause for rejoicing in the fact that we need no longer entertain doubts concerning the
correct date for the beginning of each month. For this our present certainty is a consequence
of the deplorable fact that, exiled from our land and dispersed throughout the world, we no
longer have that duly-constituted body of representatives who would have the authority to
proclaim as holy for all of us the beginnings of each month on the basis of their own
observation of each yceg y`x. Thus our miycg iy`x and micren would have lost their
fundamental character of ‘appointed seasons’ by virtue of which alone they can be truly
consecrated as ‘our own’ miycg iy`x and our own appointed seasons for communion with
God, were it not for the provident action taken by ohwd lld. This great sage ordained the
permanent fixing of the beginnings of our months in advance for all the days of our dispersion
until that time when we shall be reunited once again upon our own soil. But the very fact that
the beginnings of our months and therefore our micren have been fixed in advance on the basis
of an unchanging calendar cycle represents a real danger. For in this manner our months and
micren would lose their basic character of ‘freely appointed’ season between God and His
people, were it not for the second days appended to each aeh mei. . . It is therefore entirely true
that, for Israel in exile, only the observance of a second day will ensure the hallowed, truly
Jewish character of the original first day.” (a:ai zeny) [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 135]
- mild` dyy cbpk ,weqta zeaz yy .ceakd `qka ,dlrn ly ldàe dhn ly ldà èd awriy itl 16.
(mixehd lra) :mipy minler ziae dliy ,lblb ,oerabe ,ap
17. eaeh dn is comprised of miweqt which were not originally meant for choral singing (unlike lcbi
and mler oec` which are miheit). The singing of eaeh dn on ipy aeh mei was established as late as
the nineteenth century. One is not allowed to prepare from one day of aeh mei to next,
and therefore the bdpn became to postpone ziaxr aeh mei in order to delay ones arrival and
aeh mei preparations at home. To utilize the extra time in synagogue efficiently, the choir sings
eaeh dn. The same reason applies to first day aeh mei when it occurs on zay i`ven. However, on
zaya zeidl lgy ipy aeh mei, eaeh dn is omitted, since one is permitted to prepare from
aeh mei to zay. (On dpyd y`x, eaeh dn is sung only on ipy aeh mei even in l`xyi ux`.)
The concept of ipy aeh mei does not exist in l`xyi ux` and therefore the question was asked
should one the choir sing eaeh dn? One is actually supposed to recite eaeh dn every time
one enters the synagogue. The decision was made to sing eaeh dn even on first day aeh mei,
so as not to lose the bdpn altogether, and by doing so, eaeh dn is sung at least six times a year.
_______________________________________________
107
rny zìxw zekxa aeh meile zayl ziaxr
aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw

.zeaxrn mixne` oi` crend leg zezay ilila
21
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À W D¬ï§A zFaẍr«£¨ a´¥ x«l̈ ENq¿ d:gq mildz :mi¦ l¡
` oi¥̀ eic̈r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd§e Ek x£Ä 3
:dN̈¦dzE
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:cr¨¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ : ldwd xnì myd ofgd obpnyk ï§iÎz ¤̀
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' ofgd obpnyk :K ä nè d©
:c r¨
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à mi¦Pn© èGd© Îz¤̀ si¦lg£ n© E à miY¦ r¦ d¤PW © n§ dp̈Eaz¦§ aE à mix¦r̈§W g© z«¥ FR dn̈§kg̈§A
à dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi `xFA ¥ :FpFvx¦ §M ri« © w¦ xÄ
Epi«¥lr̈ KFl§ni¦ à ci¦nŸ à mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ :Fn§W zFà̈§v ï§i à dl̈§i«l̈ oi¥aE mFi oi¥A liC§ ¦an© E
54
:mi¦aẍr£ aix¦r©
£Od© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l
à mi¦hR̈§Wn¦ E mi¦Tgª à zF§vn¦ E dxFY ¨ à Ÿ§a«d© `¨ LèOr© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A ml̈Fr z©ad£ `©
¨ ix§ ¥ac§¦A g©nU§ ¦pe§ Ñ
6
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr© ,a¥dF`
.ofg ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
ekxa mipbpn (,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg zay ,yceg y`x) dxez ixtq ipy oiìveny zaya 1.
.mi`xep minil cgein oebipe aeh meil cgein oebip yi oke .cgein oebipa
yeciwd ziiyra m` ,meid zqipk z` xg`l bdepd ziqgi zxge`n ztewza hyt zereay ly oey`x lil iab 2.
.mipey`xd epizeax zenia miiw did `l zereay lila yeciwe ziaxr xg© `§ © l bdpnd .ziaxr zlitza s` e`
.df z` xiaqny 'c wlg fpky` bdpn iyxya oiir
3. fpky` bdpn is to lengthen the recital of ekxa. It is also practised among some micxtq (xèank
aeh my xzk xtqa). Though many dkld ixtq, speak of being 'ekxaa jix`n', especially at certain
times (i.e. zay i`ven), nevertheless it seems to have all but disappeared, except for the special
elongated ekxa chanted on mi`xep mini ilil. See the a:bvx daeyz ixry which mentions the great
dlebq to be jix`n when saying 'cre mlerl jxand 'c jexa' on zay i`ven. (zelecb zekld mya, ikxa
sqei, l`hie miig iax, and oe`b i`d ax)
.zeaxrn o`k mitiqen (zaya lgyk mb) milbx yly ilila 4.
5. The aixrn service for both days of dpyd y`x differs from the corresponding prayers for
the festivals by the fact that there are no zeaxrn, or special miheit. The reason for the omission
is... that many worshippers have fasted on the Eve of the festival. (The World of Prayer
Volume II pg. 175)
_______________________________________________
108
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,ofg ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
o n̈¡ ¤p n«¤ l ¥̀
` K¤l
c:e mixac
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_______________________________________________
109
'zn`' dlina elew mixn ofg .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` ofg jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
à Fzl̈Ef oi¥̀ e§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Èd i¦M à Epi«¥lr̈ mÏ©we§ à z`fÎlM̈ dp̈En¡
s©Mn¦ Ep«¥l £̀FB©d Ep«M¥ §ln© à mi¦kl̈§nÎc©In¦ EpcFR© «¥ d :FOr© l¥̀ x§
è¤
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zn¤ `
¡
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¥ t§ ©p i¥aièF`Îlk̈§l lEn§B m¥NW © nè d© e§ à EpixS̈¦
«¥ n Ep«l̈ rx§ ¨t¦Pd© l¥̀ d̈ :mi¦vix¦r̈¤dÎlM̈
Ep«W
¥ t§ ©p m´V̈d© h:eq mildz :x«R̈q§ n¦ oi¬¥̀Îcr© zF À̀ l̈§t¦pe§ x¤w®¥g oi´¥̀ Îcr© zFlc§b d´¤ rd̈ i:h aei`
ÎlM̈ lr© Ep«¥px© §w m¤x«Ïe© à Epi«a¥ ièF` zFnÄÎlr© Ep«k¥ ix¦c© §Od© :Ep«¥l§bx© hFÓ©l o©zp̈Î`«l§e mi®¦Ig© A«©
:mg̈Îi¥pA§ z©nc© §À§ mizè ¦ tFnE zzF` à drx© §tA§ dn̈ẅ§pE mi¦Q¦p Ep«N̈Îd¤Urd̈ « :Epi«¥̀ èpU
:ml̈Fr zEx¥g§l mk̈FY¦n l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
«¨vn¦ ixFk§
¥ AÎlM̈ Fzx§ är§
¤a d¤MO© d©
:r©Ah¦ zFnFdz¦ § A m¤di¥̀èpFUÎz¤̀§e m¤di¥tcFxÎz¤̀ è à sEqÎm©i ix§¥f¦B oi¥A eip̈Ä xi¦ar© £Od© 7 Ñ
:m¤di¥lr© ElèAw¦ oFvx§ Ä FzEk§ln© E :Fn§W¦l EcFd§e EgèAW ¦ à FzxEa§ ¨ B eip̈ä E`x§ ë
- mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ à dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§ 8 à dxi¦ ¨ W Epr̈ L§l l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥pa§ E d¤ n
ì:eh zeny ldwe ofg
:`¤l«t¤ d¥Ur¬ zN¦dz§ `¬¨ xFp Wc¤T© ® A xĆ§
³ n«
à d¤ n i¥pt§ ¦l mï r« ©wFA
¥ Li«¤pä E`x¨ LzEk§ è ln© 9 ofg
- Exèn`¨ e§ à Epr̈ Æi¦l ¥̀ d³¤f a:eh 10
:cr¨«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh ldwe ofg
:EP«O¤ n¦ w¬f̈g̈ c©In¦ Fl¨ cẗÎi«M¦ i:`l dinxi :x©n`¡¤pe§ 11 ofg
¾ `§bE aw® r«£©iÎz«¤̀ ï§i d¬¨
Üi¦ l©`B̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 12
:l¥̀ x§
.cgein oebipa ('epcra obde'n miligzn yie) ,epaikyd ofgd obpn mi`xep miniae lel` zezaya
Epc«¥r©
.cgein oebipa 'eipa xiarnd' mipbpny zelidw yi gqt ly ipinye iriaya 7.

- mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ à dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§ dP̈x§
¦A dl̈i¦bA§ miniiqne zeaxrn o`k mitiqen (zaya lgyk mb) milbx 'b ilila 8.
.cgein oebipa mipbpn (,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg zay ,yceg y`x) z"q ipy oiìveny zaya 9.
- Exèn`¨ e§ d¤R Ev«R̈ à Epr§
«¥Wi¦ xEv d¤f miniiqne zeaxrn o`k mitiqen (zaya lgyk mb) milbx yly ilila 10.
12. On milbx yly ilil, oilet bdpn is to conclude with 'el`be l`xyi xev jln', while according to
fpky` bdpn one recites 'l`xyi l`b' as usual. This is one instance where oilet bdpn still
practices the ancient l`xyi ux` bdpn and fpky` bdpn does not.
_______________________________________________
110
à dŸ«`¨ mEgx§©e oEP©g K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à dŸ«`¨ Ep«¥li¦Sn© E Epxè

«¥nFW l¥̀ i¦M à Epxi ¦ qY© Li«t¤p̈§M l¥va§ E Ñ
«¥ Y§
13
z©Mqª Epi«¥lr̈ qFx§tE :ml̈FrÎcr§ ©e dŸr¥ ©n à mFlẄ§lE mi¦I15g© §l à Ep«¥̀ FaE Ep«z¥14`¥v xFn§WE
à l¥̀ x§Üi¦ FOrÎlM̈
© lr§
©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mFlẄ z©Mqª qxFR ¥ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :L«n¤ Fl§W
:¦m«l̈ẄEx§«iÎlr§©e
16
.dnirpae mx lewa eilr xfeg ofgde ,'exnye' xne` ldwd
¬¦A ¨ c§« l z²Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ zFŪr«£©l z®Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ 17 ¥̀ x§
:m«l̈Fr zix§ Üi¦Îi«¥pa§ Exè
¬nẄ« e§ fi-fh :`l zeny
Æïi§ d³Ür̈ min¦À ï z¤W18´W
¥ Îi¦M m®l̈r§l è¦d zF`¬ l ¥̀½ x§
Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Æoi¥aE iÀ¦pi¥A
:W«t© P̈¦Ie© z©aẄ ir¦½ i¦aXè d© ÆmFI©aE ux¤`¨½ d̈Îz¤̀§e m¦iń© Ẍ©dÎz¤̀
xetk mei lila dpyd y`x ilila milbx yly ilila
l:fh `xwie c:`t mildz cn:bk `xwie
x´d¥ h© §l m¤ki¥lr£ x¬¥Rk© i§ d²¤Gd© mF¬Ia© Îi«M¦ d¤qM¥À A© x®ẗFW W ¤ǵ©a Eŕ§wY¦ c¥ £nÎz¤̀
« d ¤½ n xÁ¥ c§ ©ie©
ï§i i¬¥pt§ ¦l mk¤½ i¥z`H́©g ÆlM¦n m®¤kz¤̀§ l´¥̀ x§
Üi¦§l wǵ i³M¦ :Ep«¥Bg© mFí§l :l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥pA§ Îl¤̀ ®ï§i
:Ex«d̈h§ Y¦ : w« r«£©i i¬¥ l`«¥l hR§
À̈ Wn¦ Èd®
à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§ äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC©©wz¦
§ ie§ lC© § i 19 rxek ofg
©Bz¦
:aixẅ
£A l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ rxek ofg Ex§n`¦ e§
© n20À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek ofg `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW§ Yª `z̈xi¦ ¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n (`N̈r§«¥lE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`x ilila) `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek ofg :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
: 'àie dlri' mifixkn yceg y`xc '` lila
'ycg y`x' mifixkn ,yceg y`x ly cg` mei wx yi m` oke ,yceg y`xc 'a lila
,dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep miniae milbx ylya
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(301 'nr) dpyd y`x ly ,(263 'nr) milbx yly ly
15. 'qxFR©
¥ d' is cxtq gqep, 'qxFR
¥ ' is fpky` gqep.
oeeikn oke (`fiinxbn y"x) zay zxiny envr lr lawl ick dl` miweqt xneè cner ldwdy mibdep zaya16.
.(anx ,xeh) zay zxinya dielz dle`bdy
dìa z"x .èd ¦ zF`¬ l ¥̀½ x§Üi¦ i´¥pA§ :(:hn zay) cren ld`n zay zk`ln opitlic ld` z"x .zFŪr£«©l z®Ä©Xd© Îz ¤̀ 17.
Ÿ§rc«©ï§e my lr jld` z"x .iM ¦ m®l̈r§l èd¦ zF`¬ :(:aq zeaezk) zay axrl zay axrn mkg cinlz ly ezìay
(mixehd lra) :zay lila zexp zwlcd (.cl zay) dipin opiyxcc ,(ck:d aei`) L®¤l¢d`¨ mFĺẄÎi¦M
':W«t© P̈¦Ie© z©aẄ' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,EPO¤ n¦ Dz̈F` oi¦lhFp
§ zÄW© i ¥̀ v̈FnA§ ,zÄW© ax¤r¤ A§ mc̈`¨ A§ FA dp̈Yi¦
§ p dxi¨ z§
¥ i dn̈Ẅ§p ,Wiw¨ ¦ l Wix¥ xn© `¨ 18.
(:fk ziprz 'nb) .Wt¤ ¤ p dc̈a§ `¨ i©e za© ẌW¤ oëi¥M
zaya lgyke) .leg oebipa aeh mei lila yicwd z` obpl mibdep yi .cgein oebip yi dxez ixtq ipy zaya 19.
lgy dpyd y`x lila .('jxazi'a zay oebipl mixaer zaya lgyke) aeh mei oebipa ecbpl mibdep yie (zay oebipa
.'jxazi'n zay oebipl mixaer zaya
,lqleqnd oebipa ,dcinrd iptl yicwd seq z` ofgd xne` daey zay lil cr engp zay liln lgd 20.
.mi`xep mini sqen iptly yicw ivgn laewnd ,drexzde mixayd ,zeriwzd ienc
_______________________________________________
111
crend leg zayle zayl dcinr ziaxr ziaxr
zayl ziaxr ly dcinr

à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀d̈ à awr«£©i i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡`
à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§
¥qg© x¥kFf§e à lM©d d¥pw§e mi¦aFh micq̈£
¦ g l¥nFB
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
«¥kf̈ : daey zaya
:md̈x§
:ri«
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©

LFnk̈
:mi¦ng£ x§
© a©` LFnk̈
« i¦n : daey zaya

`¤pe§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dl̈«Q¤ LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE à WFcẅ L§nW¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daey zaya) l¥̀d̈
à ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦in«© Ẅ d¥Ur©

£n zi¦lk§ Y© à L«n¤ W
§ ¦l i¦ri¦aX è d© mFiÎz¤̀ Ÿ§WC¦ «©w dŸ©`
:L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A aEzM̈ o¥ke§ à mi¦Pn© èGd© ÎlM̈¦n FY§WC¦
©we§ à mi¦nÏ©dÎlM̈¦n FY§kx¥
©aE
_______________________________________________
112
mFÍ©A Æmi¦ l¡ ` l³©ki§e©3 :m«`¨ ä§vÎlk̈§e u¤`¨ d̈§e m¦i¬©nẌ©d E²Nk§ ªie©2 1 b-`:a ziy`xa
:d«Ür̈ x¬¤W £̀ FY§k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n ir¦½ i¦aX
è d© mFÍ©A ÆzA§W¦Ie© d®Ür̈ x´W ¤ £̀ FY§k`©ln§ ir¦½ i¦aX
è d©
FY§
½ k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n Æza© Ẅ Fa³ i´M¦ F ® ` WC© ¥wi§e© ir¦½ i¦aX
è d© mFíÎz¤̀ Æmi¦ l¡ ` K¤x³ä§ie©
:zFU« r«£©l | mi¦ l¡
` `¬¨xÄÎx¤W £̀
Ep«w§
¥lg¤ o¥ze§ Li¤zF§vn¦ A§ Ep«W ¥ C©
èw :Ep«z¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ `
:z¤n`¡A¤ LC§ èar̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦l x¥dh© e§ à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§ L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè«¥AU© à L«z¤ xFz§ ¨ A
43
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥ad£ `« l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ L§a EgènU§ i¦e§ à L«W¤ cẅ
§ z©AW© oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Ep«¥li¦g§pd© e§
:zÄ©Xd© WC© ¥wn§ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
§l dc̈Fard̈
§ aE l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr§
§ à oFvx§Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE§ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥X`¦ e§
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zcFa
© r£
ïe§ d¤̀ x¥
ïe§ ri«
`
LèOrÎlM̈
«¥kf̈
©e
,`p̈Epn§ d© ax© xn© `¨ C§ ,'E²Nkªi§e©' xnFl
© Kixv̈ ¦ zÄW© ax¤r¤ A§ l¥NR© z§ O¦ d© cigï¦ Elit£̀ ¦ ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§ª i ia¦ x§ `n̈izi ¥ `¦ e§ à̈x¨ xn© `¨ 1.
,ziW` ¦ x¥a§ dU£ ¥ rn© A§ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈§l sŸEW dÜ£rp© ENi`¦ M§ aEzM̈d© ei¨lr̈ d¤l£rn© ,'E²Nk§ ªie©' xnF`
¥ e§ zÄW© ax¤r¤ A§ l¥NR© z§ O¦ d© lŸM
i¥k £̀§ln© i¥pW§ ,'E²Nk§
ªie©' xnF`
¥ e§ zÄW© ax¤r¤ A§ l¥NR© z§ O¦ d© lŸM ,à̈wEr § xn© xn© `¨ . . . .EN©ki§ e© `¨N ¤̀ ENªki§ e© ix¦w§ Y¦ l`© 'E²Nk§
ªie©' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤
(:hiw zay 'nb) .(f:e diryi) ':x«R̈k§ ªY Lzè `Ḧ©ge§ L¤p½ er£ x´q̈e§' ,Fl mix¦nF`
§ e§ FW`Ÿx lr© odi ¤ c§¥i oigi¦
¦ Pn© mc̈`¨ ¨ l Fl oiE¦©ln§ d© zx¥Ẍd©
ªie©' :xn¡
m¦i¬©nẌ©d E²Nk§ © `P¤W¤ ,E`x§a¦
§ p mp̈Fia§ v¦ A§ ,E`x§a¦
§ p oŸr§ c©A§ ,E`x§a¦
§ p oz̈n̈FwA§ ,ziW`
¦ x¥A§ dU£ ¥ rn© lM̈ ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 2.
(.q oileg 'nb) .mp̈Fia§ v¦ `¨N ¤̀ 'm«`¨ ä§v' ix¥w§ Y¦ l`© ':m«`¨ ä§vÎlk̈§e u¤`¨ d̈§e
elkie zyxta :(zay zlitz) 'z̈`ẍẅ FzF` mi¦nï zC§
©ng¤' exn`y edfe .''d cnge' inlyexi mebxz .Æmi¦ l¡
` l³©ki§e© 3.
axr idie iriayd meia aizk `le .(d:ai x"a) mie uxè miny ,mdn zayy zek`ln 'b cbpk ezk`ln minrt 'b
(mixehd lra) :(ci:h x"a oiir) ycewd lr legn oitiqeny itl ,xwa idie
(oe`b dicrq ax ,oe`b mxnr ax ,dfipbd i"zk oiir) laa ipe`b icia lawn mbe wizrd l`xyi ux` gqep 3.
K´q¥ z̈§e Ep¥Px§©i m´l̈Fr§l Kä¿ i¥qFgÎlk̈
¶ Eģ§nU§ i¦e§' l`xyi zexinf mirp ixacn exwira gewl ,'jny iade` l`xyi egnyie' èd
.dtexi` zevx` lka miiw did exne`l bdpnd oencwd gqep èd ,(ai:d mildza) ':L«n¤ W § i¬¥ad£`« L§
À a E¬v§lr§ ©ie«§ Fni®¥lr̈
:mdixeciqn gqepd hnypy cr ,'egnyie' xnel ebdp ,cxtq caln ,zevx`d lk ipa
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) ".mixeciq aexa oke ,'eke 'jny (z`) iade` l`xyi ja egnyie' miiql oilibxe"
'jny iade` l`xyi egnyie' is the gqep which appears in all fpky` ixeciq until approximately 1650.
Most current mixeciq have adopted the micxtqd gqep of 'L«n¤ W § i¥WC© Üi¦ (mä/Fa/Dä) EgE«pï§e'.
§wn§ l¥̀ x§
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Dä EgE«pï§e :mixne` oilet gqep itl 4.
_______________________________________________
113
:cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i swef Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ rxek
Epi«¥Ig© Îlr© L«z¤ l̈¦dY§ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp¤ :xFcë xFc§l Èd dŸ©` Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv
à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤ Li«Q¤¦pÎlr§ ©e à Kl̈ zFcEwèRd© Epi«z¥ Fn§W¦pÎlr§©e à Lcï§ «¤ A mixEqè¦ Od©
Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢ «¨dv̈§e x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤ à zrÎlk̈è
:Kl̈ Epi«E¦w¦ ml̈Fr¥n à Licq̈£
«¤ g EO«z© Î`l i¦M m¥gxè©nd© e§ à Li«n¤ g£ x© Elk̈
: 'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` dkepga
©e à zFxEaèBd© lr§ ©e à oẅx§R©
ªd lr§ ©e à mi¦Q¦Pd© lr©
LèOrÎl
© r© dr̈Ẅxd̈ è oëï zEk§ln© dcè ¨nr̈¤WM§ à eip̈äE i©pFn§Wg© lFcB̈ o¥ M op̈g̈FiÎo¤A Edïz¦ § Yn© i¥ni¦A
m¤dl̈ Ÿc«§n© r̈ à mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A dŸ©è§ :L«¤pFvx§ i¥Tgªn¥ mxi¦ ¨ ar© £d§lE à L«z¤ xFY
¨ mg̈i¦MW § d© §l à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦
c©iA§ mixFA¦
¦ B Ÿx«§q© n̈ :mz̈n̈§w¦pÎz¤̀ Ÿ§nwp̈ «© à mp̈iCÎz¤̀
¦ Ÿ§pC«© à mäixÎz¤̀
¦ Ÿ§ax«© à mz̈xv̈ ¨ zr§ ¥A
c©iA§ mic¥
¦fe§ à mi¦wiC© ¦v c©iA§ mi¦rẄxE§ à mixFd§ ¦ h c©iA§ mi¦`n¥ h§ E à mi¦Hr§ ©n c©iA§ mi¦Ax§ ©e à mi¦WN̈©g
dl̈Fc§b dr̈EWY§ z̈i«U¦ r̈ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ LèOr§ ©lE à L«n¤ l̈Fr§A WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ m¥W z̈i«U¦ r̈ L§lE :L¤zxFz ¨ i¥wqè Fr
à L«W¤ C§
¨wn¦ Îz¤̀ Ex£dh¦ e§ à L«¤lk̈i¥dÎz¤̀ EP¦tE à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦ §l Li«¤pä E`«Ä K©M x©g`«© e§ :d¤Gd© mFI©dM§ oẅx§tEª
:lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l l¥Nd© l§ E zFcFd§l à EN«¥̀ dM̈ªpg£ i¥ni§ z©pFn§W Erèaẅ§e à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© A§ zFx¥p Ewi¦lc¦ §de§
:cr¨
¦ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i mN̈MÎl
ª r§©e
:L«z¤ ix§
¦a i¥pA§ mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© l§ aFz§kE : daey zaya

:zFcFd§l d¤̀p̈ L§lE L§nW ¦ aFH©d iï§ swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
oFc¨` K¤ln«¤ Èd dŸ©` i¦M à ml̈Fr§l mi¦UŸ LèOr© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îlr© ax¨ mFlẄ
© Kxä§
¥ l Li«¤pir§
¥A aFh§e :mFlẌ©dÎlk̈§l
:L¤nFl§WA¦
: daey zaya Kxäè
à Li«¤pẗ§l a¥zM̈¦pe§ x¥kG̈¦p à däFh dq̈p̈x©
Ä mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A LèOrÎlk̈§
© e Ep«`¨
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
©
:mFlẌ©d d¥UFr :mFlẌ©A
_______________________________________________
114

§n x¥AC¦
©n i©zẗ§UE à rx¥ ¨n i¦pFW§l xv§p à i© l¡ `
:i¦Wt§ ©p sCx¦ §Y Li«z¤ F§vn¦ a§ E à L«z¤ xFz§
or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ :mz̈FaèWg§ n© l¥w§lw© e§ mz̈v̈r£ x¥td̈ dx¥¨dn§ à dr̈x¨ i©lr̈ mi¦aW è Fg©dÎlk̈§e
:L«z¤ xFY¨ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«z¤ Ẍc§ ªw or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«¤pi¦ni§ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«n¤ W
§
| oFv̧x§¨l Ei§«d¬i¦ eh:hi :i¦p«¥pr«£e© eppre Ĺ§pi«n¦ i§ dr̈i¦WFd Li®¤
cic§
©n§l f:q mildz
mFlẄ d¤ r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :i«¦l £̀ b§

« e ixEv
¥n`¦
:o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mFlẄ d¤Ur© £i Èd à ein̈Fx§nA¦
: xneè h`l swef
:L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§ à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ WC§ ¨wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤pÄ¦iW
` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
m¦®l̈ẄExi¦
«ë c:b ik`ln :zFI¦pnc© §w mi¦pẄ§kE ml̈Fr i¥ni¦M à d¨`x¦ §iA§ Lcä§ r© £p mẄ§e
:zF«I¦pn« c©
½ iń¥ i¦M
.(f ,gqx r"ey) xeaiva cgia exne`l aehe ,cnern mx lewa 'elkie' mixne`
.enr miper ldwde mx lewa 'elkie' dlgz xneè ,ray oirn dkxa xne` la` dltzd xifgn ofgd oi`
Æmi¦ l¡` l³©ki§e© :m«`¨ ä§vÎlk̈§e u¤`¨ d̈§e m¦i¬©nẌ©d E²Nk§ªie© 5 b-`:a ziy`xa dnirpa cgi ldwde ofg
Y§k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n ir¦½ i¦aX è d© mFÍ©A ÆzA§W¦Ie© d®Ür̈ x´W ¤ £̀ FY§k`©ln§ ir¦½ i¦aXè d© mFÍ©A
Æza© Ẅ Fa³ i´M¦ F ® ` WC© ¥wi§e© ir¦½ i¦aX
è d© mFíÎz¤̀ Æmi¦ l¡ ` K¤x³ä§ie© :d«Ür̈ x¬¤W £̀
:zFU« r«£©l | mi¦ l¡` `¬¨xÄÎx¤W £̀ FY§½ k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n
.dxyr dpeny zligza enk rxek ofgd .ray oirn zkxa ofgd jxan ,dltzd zxfg mewna
,(n"ctt bdpn) gqt ly oey`x lila s` ,zaya lgy aeh meia oke aeh mei xg`y zaya mb z`f lk mixne`)
(.i`xwà milltzny mewn lka `le dze` mixne` oi` milaè mipzg ziaa) .aeh mei ly da oixikfn oiè
` eny jexae èd jexa mixne` ï§i swef ofg dŸ©` degzyn ofg KExÄ rxek ofg
Epi«¥ l¡
lFcB̈©d l¥̀ d̈ à wr©£i i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡ ` à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥
¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d¥pw oF½i§lr¤ l´¥̀ 6 hi:ci à `xFP©
.o`k on` mixne` oi` :ux« ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd©
5. An individual may always recite elkie, whether orening alone or joining the xeaiv too late
to hear it. The yi` oefg writes one who missed reciting elkie with the xeaiv, should recite it on
his own and not with someone else.
':oFi§«lr¤ l-´¥̀ §l o¥k È¬de§' :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ .mW¥ n¦ dP̈EdM§ ìvFd§ ¦ l Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© WTi ¥ A¦ ,l`¥rn̈W¦ § i ia¦ x§ mEWn¦ dïx§k© f§ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 6.
oF½i§lr¤ l-´¥̀ §l Æmx§ ³ x®©nÌ©e Ed¥kx£ä« i§«e©' :xn¡
ä`© KExÄ © `P¤W¤ .md̈xä§ `© n¥ dì
¨ vFd
¦ ,mFwÖd© z©Mx§al ¦ md̈xä§ `© z©Mx§A¦ miC¦ w§ dW ¦ oëi¥M
(:al mixcp 'nb) .odŸ¥ M Frx©§f oi ¥̀ e§ ,odŸ¥ M Èd ':oFi§«lr¤ l-´¥̀ §l o¥k È¬de§' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ Epi§id© e§ . . .':ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d¥pw
_______________________________________________
115
aeh meile zayl ziaxr ziaxr
(K¤lO«¤ d© :k"ei cr d"xn) l¥̀ d̈ à Fxn̈£̀ n© A§ miz¦ n¥ d¥Ig© n§ à Fxäc¦ §A zFa¨` o¥bn̈7 ofg 'xgè ldw
:m¤dl̈ g© i«¦pd̈§l dv̈x¨ mä i¦M à FWcẅ§ z©AW © mFi§A FOr§ ©l g© i«¦pO¥ d© à EdFnM̈
« oi¥̀ W ¤ WFcT̈©d
:zFkxè Äd© oir¥ ¥n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A Fn§W¦l dcFp§ ¤ e à c©gt«© e¨ d¨`x¦ §iA§ car© £p eip̈ẗ§l
dẌc§ªwA¦ g© i«¦pn¥ E à i¦ri¦aW§ Kxä§
¥ nE zÄ©Xd© WC© ¥wn§ à mFlẌ©d oFc£̀ à zF`cFd© ¨ d l¥̀
:zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur© £n§l x¤k«¥f à b¤pr« i¥pX
è c§
ªn mr§©l
à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§ LizF§¤ vn¦ A§ Ep«W
¥ C©
èw :Ep«z¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ofg
Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ Ep«¥li¦g§pd© e§ :z¤n`¡A¤ LC§èar̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦l x¥dh© e§ à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§ L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè
«¥AU©
8
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :L«n¤ W § i¥ad£ `« l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ L§a EgènU§ i¦e§ à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ z©AW © oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§
:zÄ©Xd© WC© ¥wn§
:xn`¥
©e fi:ci xacna
«© f e:dk mildz
9
§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦
§ i rxek ofg
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
à `¥V©pz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦
§ i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A ofg `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW§ Yª `z̈xi¦ ¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l
äE mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© :ldw
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :Ì̈©nW
w l¥̀ x§
è oFdzFl§
è v l©Aw© z¦
§Y
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet ofg
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
.avr oebipa obpl mibdep yi oefg zaya 7.
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Dä EgE«pï§e :mixne` oilet gqep itl 8.
.micgein ileqliq hrn mr el dnec `l` leg oebip ynn `l aeh meie zay lila lawzz yicw 9.
.(yicw qrxdì ipebipa) dxez zgny lila .(xgap oebipa) xetk mei lil caln mi`xep minie aeh meia mb èd yicw eze`
_______________________________________________
116
oiwilcn dna ziaxr
1
oiwilcn dna
dlitzl xgi`y iny ick ziaxr zlitz xg`l 'oi¦wi¦lc©
§n d¤OA© ' wxtd z` xnel epwiz fpky` ipey`x
.(fpky` iciqg xeciq) zqpkd ziaa ecal x`yii `l ,da jix`n oiicry e`
2
(zeipynd mixne`y oebipa) 'oiwilcn dna' mixne` crend leg zaye ,zaya ligzny aeh meiae ,zay lil lka
3
.xwir lk xetk mei lila mixne` oiè ,iyy meia lg (ipy e` oey`x) aeh mei m` mixne` oi` la`
'a wxt zay dpyn

?oi¦wi¦lc©
§n oi¥̀ dÖ©aE oi¦wi¦lc©
§n d¤OA© [`]
,oci¦
¨ `d̈ z©liz¦ t§ A¦ `l§e ,KN̈©ka§ `l§e ,o¤qg§ « a `l§e ,W¤k«¤la§ `l oi¦wi¦lc© §n oi¥̀
,dër©
£Wa§ `l§e ,z¤t«¤fa§ `l .m¦iÖ« d© i¥pR§ lr¤
©W dẅFxi¦A `l§e ,xÄc¦ §Od© z©liz¦ t§ A¦ `l§e
.a¤l«g¥ a§ `l§e ,dï§l`© a§ `l§e ,dẗx§ ¥U o¤n«W ¤ A§ `l§e ,wi¦w o¤n«W ¤ A§ `l§e
lẌa§ ªn cg̈¤̀ :mixè ¦nF` mi¦nk̈£ge© ,lẌa§ªn a¤l«g¥ A§ oi¦wi¦lc©§n :x¥nF` icÖ©
¦ d mEg©p
.FA oi¦wi¦lc©
§n oi¥̀ lẌa§
ªn Fpi¥̀ W¤ cg̈¤̀§e
,ox§
¨hr¦ A§ oi¦wi¦lc©
§n oi¥̀ :x¥nF` l`rn̈§ ¥ Wi¦ i¦ax§ .aFh mFi§A dẗx§¥U o¤n«W¤ A§ oi¦wi¦lc©
§n oi¥̀ [a]
,oi¦nW è n§ Wª o¤n«W
¤ A§ :mi¦pn̈èXd© Îlk̈§A oixi¦ Y© ¦ n mi¦nk̈£ge© .zÄ©Xd© cFa§M i¥pRè n¦
.§ht§ ¥pa§ E ,ox§
¨hr¦ A§ ,zFrET©R o¤n«W ¤ A§ ,mi¦bC¨ o¤n«W
¤ A§ ,zFpFp§v o¤n«W
¤ A§ ,mi¦fFb¡` o¤n«W
¤ A§
.cä§lA¦ z¦i«©f o¤n«W
¤ A§ `N̈¤̀ oi¦wi¦lc©
§n oi¥̀ :x¥nF` oFtx©§h i¦ax§
1. oiwilcn dna - originated from the time of the mipe`b, [originally recited after the dcinr]
in order that people not follow the interpretation of the mi`xw to not allow any fire
(i.e. lit candle(s)) in one’s house on zay. The mdxa` obn defends our bdpn, to recite oiwilcn dna
only after the end of ziaxr, pointing out that “the kinds of wicks and oils enumerated in dna
oiwilcn are no longer used in our part of the world.” oiwilcn dna was added to afford late
comers every possible opportunity to finish their prayers before the rest of the congregation
would disperse, so that they would not have to walk home alone from the synagogue in
the dark (w"xdn ibdpn). If one is able to recite oiwilcn dna on zaya lgy aeh mei, then one should
do so, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue.
(The mc` iig, advocated moving oiwilcn dna to before ekxa, the logic being that then one could
still fix the problems addressed in the zeipyn, if zay had not begun. In `hil, based on this,
oiwilcn dna was shifted to before ekxa. In Western Europe, however, the old bdpn of saying it
after dxyr dpeny did not change.)
('a sirq x"r oniq g"e`) .`"nxd zrck jiixhye` bdpnk `le ,df xaca xagnd zrck qepix bdpn 2.
(my dxexa dpyn) .aeh meia oixyrn oi`y mzxyr xnel leki oi`y itl 3.
_______________________________________________
117
oiwilcn dna ziaxr
urd̈
¥ o¦n `¥vFI©dÎlk̈§e .oŸ§Wt¦ `N̈¤̀ ,FA oi¦wi¦lc© §n oi¥̀ urd̈ ¥ o¦n `¥vFI©dÎlM̈ [b]
- Dä£da§ d¦ `l§e Dl̈èRT¦ W
¤ c¤bA«¤ d© z©liz¦ R§ .oŸ§Wt¦ `N̈¤̀ ,mi¦l ¨ ` z©`n§ hª `¥OH© n¦ Fpi¥̀
:x¥nF` à̈i¦wr£ i¦ax§ .DÄ oi¦wi¦lc© §n oi¥̀ e§ ,ì¦d d¨`n¥ h§ :x¥nF` x¤fri¦ «¤ l`¡ i¦ax§
.DÄ oi¦wi¦lc©§nE ,ì¦d dxFd§
¨ h
x¥Pd© i¦R lr© dP̈«¤pY¦

è ie§ o¤n«W
¤ dP̈«¤̀ èNn© i¦e dv̈i¥A l¤W zx«¤t¤Ft§W mc¨ ¨` aT¦i `l [c]
DxèÄg¦ m¦` lä£̀ .xiY©
¦ n dcEd§
¨ i i¦axE§ .qx«¤g¤ l¤W ì¦d El¦t £̀©e ,z¤tH«¤©pn§ `¥dY¤
è W li¦aW
§ A¦
o¤n«W
¤ dẍr̈§w mc¨¨` `¥Nn© i§ `l .cg̈¤̀ i¦lM§ Èd¤W i¥pRè n¦ ,xŸnª - dN̈¦gY¦ è n x¥vFI©d
.z¤a«¤̀ FW `¥dY¤
è W li¦aW § A¦ Dk̈Fz§A dl̈izè ¦ Rd© W`x o¥Y¦ie§ ,x¥Pd© c©vA§ dP̈«¤pY¦ è ie§
.xiY©
¦ n dcEd§ ¨ i i¦axE§
,dr̈x¨ g© Ex« i¥pRè n¦ ,mi¦hq§ ¦l i¥pRè n¦ ,m¦iFb i¥pRè n¦ `xï¥ z¦

§ n Èd¤W i¥pRè n¦ x¥Pd© z¤̀ d¤Ak© nè d© [d]
,o¤n«X
¤ d© lr© qg̈§M ,x¥Pd© lr© qg̈§M .xEhR̈ ,oẄi¦IW ¤ d¤lFg©d li¦aW § A¦ F`
,dl̈izè
¦ Rd© o¦n uEg ,oN̈k§ ªA x¥hFR i¥qFi i¦ax§ .aÏ©g ,dl̈izè ¦ Rd© lr© qg̈§M
.mg̈¤R DÜFr Èd¤W i¥pRè n¦
zFxi¦d§f op̈i¥̀ W
¤ lr© :oz̈c¥
¨l zr§ ©WA¦ zFz¥n mi¦Wp̈ zFx¥ar£ WlẄ lr© [e]
.x¥Pd© z©wl̈c©
§da§ E ,dN̈©gA§ ,dC¦
¨pA§
:dk̈¥Wg£ m¦r zÄ©W ax¤r«¤ Fzi¥A KFz§A x©nFl mc¨ ¨` Kixv̈ ¦ mixä ¦ c§ d¨ l§W 4 [f]
- dk̈¥Wg£ Dp̈i¥̀ w¥tq̈ dk̈¥Wg£ w¥tq̈ .x¥Pd© z¤̀ Ewi«¦lc© §d ?mY¤ a§ x©r¥ ?mY¤ x©
§Ur¦
.zFx¥Pd© Îz¤̀ oi¦wi¦lc© §n oi¥̀ e§ ,mi¦lM¥ d© Îz¤̀ oi¦li¦Ah§ n© oi¥̀ e§ ,i`C©©Ed© Îz¤̀ oixè
¦Vr§
©n oi¥̀
.oi¦Og© d© Îz¤̀ oi¦pnè Fh§e ,oi¦axèr̈§nE ,i`©nC©
èdÎz¤̀ oixè ¦Vr§©n lä£̀
,ldwd mr ygla 'oingd' cr ofgd xn`y xgè
(zldw ixac) :oiid lr my ycwne gztl xzei aexwd enewnl jlede zilhd xiqn
:dk̈¥Wg£ m¦r zÄ©W ax¤r«¤ Fzi¥A KFz§A x©nFl mc̈¨` Kixv̈ ¦ c§ d¨ l§W' ,op̈Äx© ix¥n§ `¨ C§ `d̈ ,dp̈g̈ xA© xA© dÄx© xn© `¨ 4.
¦ mixä
(:e oihib 'nb) .Di¥Pin¦ ElA§ Ti¦
© lC§ iki
¦ d¥ iM¦ ,`z̈Egi¦pA§ Ed§pix¦ni
§ n§
¥ l Kixv̈
¦ '.x¥Pd© z¤̀ Ewi«¦lc©
§d ?mY¤ a§ x©r¥ ?mY¤ x©
§Ur¦
_______________________________________________
118
zqpkd ziaa yeciw aeh meile zayl ziaxr
6 5
crend leg zaye zay lil yeciw
mizey zeevnl eribd `ly miphwe ,oiid lr ycwn ofgd ,'xfril` iax xn`' zxin` mcew 'oiwilcn dna' zxin` xg`
zay ilil lka zqpkd ziaa oiycwn .'lawzz' yicw xg` skiz ofgd ycwn ,'oiwilcn dna' mixne` oi`yk .oiid z`
: yeciwd gqep dfe .xetk mei lile gqt ly zepey`xd zeliln ueg ,(120 'nr) dpyd y`xe aeh mei ilile
:'mipdk' mixikfn `l 'axd epixen dxen' yi m`
:i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ [axd̈
© EpixFn
«¥ dxFn
¤ zEWx¦
§A] ix§
¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
à Ep«ä dv̈x§
«ë ei ¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
dN̈¦gY§ mFi Èd i¦M :zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur©
£n§l oFxM̈¦f à Ep«l̈i¦g§pd¦ oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ FWcẅ
§ z©AW© e§
à Ÿ§WC¦«©w Ep«z̈F`§e à Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§ «¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à Wc¤w« i¥̀ ẍ§wn¦ §l
:zÄ©Xd© WC©¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep«Ÿ§lg© §pd¦ oFvx§
äE dä£d`© A§ LèWcẅ § z©AW © e§ :mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
© n
-------------------
milbx yely lil yeciw

:i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ [mi¦p£M e` axd̈
© EpixFn
«¥ dxFn
¤ zEWx¦
§A] ix§
¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
à oFWl̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«n̈n£ Fx§e à mr̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
à dg̈§nU¦ §l mic¦rFn
£ [E dg̈Ep§n¦l zFzÄ©W zaya] dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY¦« e© :ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èwe§
[mFiÎz¤̀§e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎz¤̀ :oFUÜ§l mi¦Pn© §fE mi¦Bg©
dxez zgnye zxvr ipiny ilil zekq ilil zereay ilil gqt ly g-f ilil
à d¤Gd© zx«¤v¤rd̈ £ b©g i¦pi¦nW§ à d¤Gd© zFMª Qd© b©g à d¤Gd© zFraẌ© ª d b©g à d¤Gd© zFS©Od© b©g
Ep«z¥ g̈§nU¦ o©n§f Ep«z¥ g̈§nU¦ o©n§f Ep«z¥ xFY
¨ o©Yn© o©n§f Ep«z¥ Ex¥g o©n§f
© n Ÿ§WC¦«©w Ep«z̈F`§e Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§ «¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à W ¤w« `ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ zaya]
:Ep«Ÿ§lg© §pd¦ oFUÜ§aE dg̈§nU¦ A§ [oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ zaya] LèWcẅ § ic¥rFnE
£ [z© AW © e§ zaya]
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC©
:mi¦Pn© èGd© e§ l¥̀ x§ ¥wn§ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
.:w sc migqt 'nb oiir 5.
6. yeciw recited by the ofg in the synagogue, has its origin in the period when strangers were
given their zay meal in a room adjoining the synagogue. The mdxcea`, writing in Spain early
in the fourteenth century says; “As our predecessors have set up the rule, though for a reason
which no longer exists, the rule remains unshaken.”
mipey`xd epizeax zrck ycwl ebdp oilete fpky` zelidwa .'zqpkd ziaa yeciwd oic' ,h"qx 'iq g"e` r"eyeh 'ir
.l"vf y"i` oefgd oxn z`xed it lr ,fpky` i`vei ly zqpk izaa l`xyi uxà mibdep oke .fpkyày
_______________________________________________
119
zqpkd ziaa yeciw aeh meile zayl ziaxr
dpyd y`x lil yeciw

:i©zFAx§ ©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ [axd̈ © EpixFn
«¥ dxFn ¤ zEWx¦ §A] ix§¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
à oFWl̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«n̈n£ Fx§e à mr̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
à d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦fd© [mFiÎz¤̀§e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎz¤̀ dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY¦« e© :ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èwe§
Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§
«¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à Wc¤wÎ` « ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ dr̈ExY§ oFx§k¦f zaya] dr̈ExY§ mFi
7
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :crl̈ © mÏ©we§ z¤n`¡ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lxä è cE§ à mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦© n Ÿ§WC¦ «©w Ep«z̈F`§e
:oFxM̈¦Gd© mFi§e l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC© ¥wn§ ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤
:dlcade xp mitiqen zay i`vena
:W¥̀d̈ ixF¥ `§ « n `xFA
¥ ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
à K¤ g§« l xF` oi¥A à lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥« A liC§ ¦aO© d© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:ek oileg 'nb)
aFh mFi z©Xc§ ªw¦l zÄ©W z©Xc§ ªw oi¥A :d¤Ur© £Od© i¥ni§ z¤WW«¥ §l i¦ri¦aXè d© mFi oi¥A à mi¦Orl̈ © l¥̀ x§Üi¦ oi¥A
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOrÎz¤̀
© Ÿ§WC¦
«©we§ Ÿ§lC§
«©ad¦ à Ÿ§WC¦
«©w d¤Ur© £Od© i¥ni§ z¤WX «¥ n¦ i¦ri¦aX è d© mFiÎz¤̀§e à Ÿ§lC§
«©ad¦
:W ¤w§« l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§ ¦aO© d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :L«z¤ Ẍc§
ªwA¦
(.fn dkeq 'nb) gqt ly oexgè iriay ililn ueg ,'epiigdy' mikxan aeh mei ilil lka
.'epigdy' milindn lgd meid oebipd z` obpl mibdep
¤ ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ (.cp zekxa 'nb)
When no minor is present to drink the yeciw wine, the person making yeciw drinks qek aex,
(and recites a dpexg` dkxa if there is more than a ziriax).
(Ideally, an adult should consume zepefn or bread after reciting this yeciw.)
.'ax mely'n lgd miweqtd z` xeaiva mixnfne 'xfrl` iax xn`' mixne` jk xg` .oiid on zezyl zewepizl mipzep
ml̈FrÄ mFlẄ mi¦Ax© §n mi¦nk̈£g ici¦ ¥ n§lY© :`p̈i¦p£g i¦ax§ x©n`¨ xf̈r̈§l`¡ i¦ax§ x©n`¨ 9 8
`x§
¨wY¦ l©` :gk zezixk :cq zekxa 'nb :K¦i«p̈Ä mF¬lW § ax§ ©e í̈i§ ićEO¦
¥ l K¦i©pÄÎlk̈§e bi:cp diryi :x©n`¡¤PW ¤
:lFW§
« kn¦ Fn´l̈Îoi«¥̀ e§ L®¤zxF¨ z« iá¥ d£ `§ « l aẍ mFĺẄ dqw:hiw mildz g"ew :K¦i«©pFA `N̈¤̀ K¦i«©pÄ
:K«Ä mFĺẄ `P̈Îdxè Äc£̀
© ir®¨x§ ¥e i´g© `© Îor«©n© l§ :K¦iz̈« Fpènx© §À§ dÀe¨§lW
© K®¥li¥gA§ mF¬lẄÎi«d¦ i§ h-f:akw
© Kxä§
©l fr À̈i«i§ ì:hk :K«l̈ aFh́ dẄ§wa© £̀ Epi®¥l¡ ` í̈i§Îzi¥A or©
©n§l
,mikgnd xtq ,i"yx xeciq ,ixhie xefgn) miwized fpky` ipa .mipletde micxtqd gqep ìd 'Ep«M¥ §ln© ' zhnyd 7.
fnx jkl oiè ,diwqete oilet gqep irtyen md mixge`nd mixeciqd .'Ep«M¥ §ln© ' exn` (gwexd xtq ,miciqg xtq
(xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen) .fpky` ilecba
lr jln' dnizg oirn èd epkln `ld 'we .zn` jxac :m` ik ,'zn` epkln jxace' xn`l t"ta 'ibdep oi`
èd ok ik ,a¬S̈¦p LÀ x«§äC§ 'c® :owezi] avp 'c jxac 'py" a"twz yeal 'ky mrhde ?epxn`p `l recne ;'ux`d lk
dehinyd `le dfd `xwna zxcrp zn` zln mb ik ,izrcl zn` eppi` ;"epkln aizk `le [ht:h"iw 'ildza
zafek dpen`k oaeie ,crl miwe zn epkln :e"g rnyie zn` ly '` rleaz ot db`cn edeyry l"pe ?df xeara
zlnl `le] epkln zlnl zn` zln jynz ,'`d rleaz `l m` sè .crl miwe ig k"g` didie zn l` yiy
.epkln zln ehinyd okl ,epilr zltzay 'epkln zn`' enk oaeie [jxace
dltzd xcqn èdy 'iwilcn dna ik mrhd l"p ?yicwe `"x` xn`nl oiwilcn dna oia yeciw mixne`y dn 8.
ot yicwd xg` yeciw xcqln erpn j` . . .dltzd xcqn eppi`y yeciw mcew eilry yicwd mr exn`l ie`x
jl ozie mixne`y dlcada eyr oke .yeciw `la elkìe yeciwd ernyi `le 'icwd xg` migxe`d mdl ekli
(65 sc zldw ixac) .dfd mrhd on ,dlcad xg` cr yicwd mr zelrnd xiy mixg`n la` ,dlcad iptl
9. Four zezkqn in ilaa cenlz conclude with xfrl` iax xn`: zezixk ,zenai ,xifp ,zekxa, acronym K¦i«©pÄ.
_______________________________________________
120
dltzd meiq aeh meile zayl ziaxr
10
.opaxc yicw `le mezi yicw mixne` 'xfrl` iax xn`' xg`
à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§ äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC© ©Bz¦§ i rxek (ohw) mezi
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈© nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
© z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ mi¦Ig© e§ à Ì̈©nW § Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
.epilr mcew (94 'nr) xnerd z` o`k mixteq zxvrl gqt ly ipy mei oiay zezaya
i¥iFb§M Ep«Ür̈ `N¤W à zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi§l dN̈c§ ªB z¥zl̈ lM©d oFc£̀©l g© A«¥ W © §l Epi«¥lr̈
:ri«
©W ¦ Fi `¬l l¥̀Îl¤̀ mi¦l½ £lR© z« § n¦ E k:dn diryi à wix¨ ¦e l¤ad¤§l mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ m¥dW ¤ :mp̈Fn£dÎlk̈§M
i¥da§ b̈§A FGrª z©pi¦kW§ E à lr«©O© n¦ m¦in«© Ẍ©A Fxẅ§i a©WFnE à u¼ x¨¤` c´¥ i§e m» i¦n© Ẅ d´¤hFp bi:`p Èd¤W
:FzxFz§¨ A aEzM̈©M à Fzl̈Ef q¤t«¤̀ à Ep«M¥ §ln© z¤n`¡ :cFr oi¥̀ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` Èd :mi¦nFx§n
lr©O©½ n¦ m¦iń© Ẍ©A mi ¦½ l¡`«d̈ Èd́ Æïi§ i³M¦ L¤ ¼ aä§lÎl¤̀ ¨» a«W ¥ d£ e© mFÀId© Ÿ ´ r§ c«©ïe§ hl:c mixac
à l¥az¥ i¥aW è FiÎlM̈ Erc¥ èie§ Exi«M¦ i© :ux«¤`¨ ir§¥WxÎlM̈
èki¦ Epi«¥ l¡
¨ A aEzM̈©M)
(:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©
,miig xewna xiì zegd azk oke ,'l`xyi zcear' xcqa qtcpy itke ,zewize fpky` zelidw bdpnk 10.
bdpnd oke [mezi] yicwd meyn ,yeciwd xg` ,`pipg iaxc `ziixad xnì" :'` w"q h"qx 'iq zekld xeviw
.cere ,zldw ixaca mb àed df xaqd ,"zelidw aexa
_______________________________________________
121
dltzd meiq aeh meile zayl ziaxr
daiyiae mirp lewa zay lila zeax zelidwa xn`p 'lcbi' xnf
(.mi`xep mini ipebipa 'mler oec`'e 'lcbi' mixy xetk mei lila) .dpya y`xle aeh meil ecgiizpy mipebip yi
The additional hyphens and lines are from the 'dpyd lkn xefgn' 1722 (n"ctt) jexa x"a lìgi
11
:FzEì¦vn§ Îl¤̀ zr¥ oi¥̀§e `v̈§n¦p
| à à g©AY© W § i¦e§ i©g mi¦dÎl¡` lC§
©bi¦
:FzECÎ§g`© §l sFq oi¥̀ m©be§ mN̈r¤ ¡p à FcEg¦iM§ ci¦gï oi¥̀§e - cg̈¤̀
:FzẌÎc§ªw eil̈¥̀ | KFxrÎ©£ p `l à sEb FpÎi¥̀§e sEB©d zEnC§ Fl oi¥̀
:Fzi¦WÎ`x§¥l zi¦W`x¥ oi¥̀§e à oFW`x¦ à `x§ä¦p x¤W £̀ xäC̈Îlk̈§l oFnc© §w
:FzEk§ln© E FzN̈Îc§ªb dxFi ¤ à xv̈FpÎlk̈§l à ml̈Fr | oFc£̀ FP¦d
:FYxÎ©
§ `t§ z¦ e§ FzN̈ªbq§ i¥W§p`© Îl¤̀ à Fpz̈§p Fz¨`ÎEa§p r©t«W ¤
:Fzp̈ÎEnYÎz¤̀
§ | hi¦AÎ©nE ì¦ap̈ à cFr d¤WÎn§M l¥̀ x§ Üi¦A§ mẅ `l
:Fzi¥A o©n`¡Î¤p à F`Îi¦a§p c©iÎlr© à l¥̀ à FOÎr§ ©l o©zp̈ à z¤n`¡ zxFY ©
:Fzl̈ÎEf§l à mi¦nl̈ÎFr§l à FzC̈ xi¦nï `l§e à l¥̀ d̈ si¦l£gÎ©i `l
:Fzn̈Îc©§wA§ xäC̈ sFq§l hi¦An© à EpixÎz̈§
«¥ q r©cÎFi§
«¥ e d¤tFv
:Fzr̈Î§Wx§¦M rx© rẄÎx§¨l oz¥ Fp à Flr̈Î§tn¦ M§ c¤q«g¤ Wi¦`§l l¥nFB
:Fzr̈ÎEW§i u¥w i¥MÎ©gn§ à zFC§t¦l à Ep«g¥ Îi¦Wn§ oi¦nï u¥w§l g©lW§ i¦
:FzN̈Î¦dY§ m¥W crÎi © c¥r£ | KExÄ à FC§qg© Îax§A l¥̀ d¤IÎ©gi§ mi¦zn¥
12
:edrxl yi` mixne` dpyd y`x ly oey`x lila
dy`l yi`l
:i¦az«¥ M̈Y¦ däFh dp̈Ẅ§l :a¥zM̈Y¦ däFh dp̈Ẅ§l
miyp miyp`
:dp̈§az«© M̈Y¦ däFh dp̈Ẅ§l :Ea«z¥ M̈Y¦ däFh dp̈Ẅ§l
:x©n§l o¥ke§ e` :d«Ÿ`© m©B :dper jxaznde
.'aFh mFi hEb' :zkxaa edrx z` yi` jxan dltzd xg` dpyd y`x ly ipy lila
------------------
.'ceakd xiy'e 'cegid xiy' ly ztzeyn dxin`l zqpkd ziaa mix`yp miax xetk mei lila
------------------
(zldw ixac) .dxez ixtq mr dxez zgny lila oitiwn oi`
------------------
.(337 'nr) zqpkd ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg (ze)zaya
------------------
- ycwnd zia oipaa ,'ahid dpa') 'heb if oriea' e` 'heb ìea' : edrxl yi` ld`n dltzd xg` gqt ly oey`x lila
.('aexwa ezia dpai èd xic`' - 'dxiy ltnrh oiic ìea oep h`b xbihkrnl`' aiagd dcbdd heit oeylk
11. lcbi was composed according to the Arabic meter, (the technique is that the words are
sung together according to different rules (czi czi etc.), and not according to their meaning).
Although we apply Western melodies to it, we may not change the heit. The logic behind
this is, that the ohiit relies on the singer’s intelligence, to understand the meaning, although
the phrases are not sung as simply as they could be.
fpky` bdpn approximately four hundred years ago, was to recite lcbi at the end of zixgy and
ziaxr daily (l`xyi zcear pg. 154). Eventually the bdpn disappeared, since the lcbi was not
sung or said aloud. In some zelidw, lcbi was still said on ziaxr aeh mei (n"ctt bdpn), and in
some zelidw it was also sung on ziaxr zay.
.jepigd xtqe ,c"a`x ,o"anx ,zetqez zehiye 'i`ctqexk iax xn`' :fh dpyd y`x 'nb oiir 12.
oiey f"der iigc d"xa dnizgd xikfdl oiè az¥ M̈¦Y däFh dp̈Ẅ§l exagl xne` cg` lky d"xc '` lila mibdep
zlrezd edfe daehl k"deia mzgpe azkpe x"fbd rxwp z"iyra xfeg m` azkpy t"r`c `l` mc` lka
(edil` xef` xeciq) (c"k w"q a"twz `"xbda) ."azkz" `l` "mzgze" xnel oi` okle ,k"dei cr mzgp epi`c
_______________________________________________
122
mkilr melye mipad zkxa zay lil xcq
1
:èd zay lila wiecnd xcqd
.ìvend ,yeciw ,mici zlihp ,lig zy` ,eik`ln ik ,mkilr mely ,mipad zkxa
2
xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` mi`xep miniae miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh ,zay i`venae
:jxaznd lr mdici 'a migipn mikxande
:d¨`¥le§ l¥gx¨ à dẅ§ax¦ à dxÜ§
¨ M mi¦ l¡
` K¥nU¦ i§ zepal | d®¤X©pn§ k¦ e§ m¦x§
©t ¤̀§M mi ¦½ l¡
` ĹènU¦« i§ k:gn ziy`xa mipal
:J̈«¤Pgªi«e¦ Li¤l ¥̀ ei²p̈R̈ | ¯ïi§ xì̈
¥̧ :Lxè
«¤nW
§ i¦e§ ï§i L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ ek-ck:e xacna
.epeyl zegv itk elyn dkxa siqedl leki cg` lke
,zeevnl oiicr eribd `ly mixrpd lk z` zqpkd ziaa jxan axdy ebdp zay lilae
.`l eze ,'dypnke mixt`k micl` jniyi' :gqepa clid y`x lr eici izy zpizpa
mkilr mely
Today the common bdpn is to sing each stanza three times. This heit is about four hundred and
fifty years old, and originally it was written to be sung once, (and not on zay but rather in the
zexawd zia)! The first mention of mkilr mely to mik`ln, (but much shorter than the way it is done
today), is by wcv ilbrn xefgn, printed in dpiheiaq in the year 5317, as the end of a dpigz said in a
cemetery. That later was made into the longer mkilr mely we recite today and to the minlerd lk oeax
some recite today, since zay is mentioned. The xteq mzg did not recite mkilr mely since he
considered it hubris to assume that one is accompanied home by angels, just as the jexr ogly
rules we no longer recite 'EcA§ k© z§ d'¦ before entering a bathroom.
mikEx ¦ aE § ,LizŸ¤ eix¦A§ lM̈ mr¦ e§ in¦ r¦ ,zŸeU£r©l cizr̈ ¦ dŸ`© xW£̀ ¤ e© z̈iUr̈
«¦ xW£̀ ¤ lM̈ lr© ,mŸelẄd© oŸec£̀ dŸ`© KExÄ
i¦pM¥ f©Y§ ,mŸelẄ§lE miaŸ¦ eh mi¦Ig§ © l i¦pc¥w§ t§ z¦ e§ i¦pk¥ xä
§ Y§ ,mŸelẄd© oŸec£̀ ,m¥lẄ aä¥lA§ L§pŸevx§ miUŸ¦ erW¤ Li¤k`§ ¨ ln©
ir© ẄR§ i©pŸer£ xia£ ¦ rz© e§ ,i`Ÿ© ex lM̈ i¥pi¥raE § Li¤pi¥rA§ ,aŸeh l¤kU¥ e§ cq« ¤ gë
¤ og¥ `Ÿvn¦§ l ,ir¦ x©§f rx¤©f z ¤̀ e§ ir¦ x©§f z ¤̀ e§
xia£ ¦ rz© e§ .zŸepŸe£r hErn¦ KŸeYnE ¦ ,cŸeak̈e§ xWŸ ¤ r KŸeYnE ¦ ,dg̈n§ U¦ aŸx KŸeYn¦ ,zŸezÄW© l¥Aw§ © l i¦pk¥ f©Y§ .iz`Ÿ
© hg© e§
.zEi¦pr£e© zFlc© i¥pin¦ lM̈e§ ,d¤ec§ n© i¥pin¦ lM̈e§ ,mir¦ x¨ mi`¨ ¦ lg£ i¥pin¦ lM̈ ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i Ln§ r© lM̈nE
¦ ,izi¥
¦ a i¥pA§ lM̈nE ¦ ,i¦pn¤ n¦
K¤ln«¤ d© dŸ`© KExÄ .dä£d`© AE § d`¨ x¦§iA§ Ÿecar̈§ § l ,cŸeak̈e§ xWŸ ¤ r aŸxe§ ,À̈d© m¨lŸerd̈ i¥ig© e§ ,aŸeh x¤v¥i Ep«¥lig§ ¦ pY© e§
,melẄd© i¥k £̀§ln© ,melẄ§l m¤k £ eA ,min£ ¦ gx© i¥k £̀§ln© m¤k¨l melẄ ,melẄd© i¥k £̀§ln© m¤k¨l melẄ .cŸeaM̈d©
.melẄ§l m¤k £ eA KExÄ ,z¥xẄd© i¥k £̀§ln© ,min£ ¦ gx© d̈ i¥k £̀§ln©
1. fpky` bdpn considers the wearing of a hat special synagogue attire, therefore upon returning
from synagogue, one leaves one’s hat on and does not to remove it for yeciw, however,
one is not required to put it on again for oefnd zkxa.
2. mipad zkxa according to the mipey`xd bdpn, was done after zay lil ziaxr, sqen zay, and
zay i`ven. It is an extension of the dkxa ('zay heb' or 'jèe heb') with which we greet others.
For our children we add, dypnke mixt`k miwl` jniyi, or jxnyie 'c jkxai. One does not do so
after dgpn zay, when people typically remain in synagogue. The (aà dryz 'ld) dxexa dpyn,
mentions that mipad zkxa is only omitted zay i`vena lgy aà dryz.
_______________________________________________
123
mkilr melye mipad zkxa zay lil xcq
:mixetk mei axrl l"gnx zlitz jezn

Epi«dŸl¡
¥ ` ï§i Èd dŸ`© Ẅ ,Ep«M¥ l§ n© Epia¦ `¨ ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i idŸl¡
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¦ ` ï§i Li«p¤ẗ§l Epg«©
§ p £̀ micFn
¦ min¨
¦ lFrd̈ lM̈ oFAx¦
z¤k«¤l¨l eik̈x¨c§ A¦ Epg§
¥ pnE
© FnW§ zWEc
© w§ A¦ Ep«W¥ c§ w© n§ d© ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i xEv K¤ln
«¤ l ¥̀ d̈ .c¤rë m¨lFr§l Epi«zFa£̀
¥ idŸl`«
¥ e¥
.dp̈Ẅe§ dp̈Ẅ lk̈A§ Epi«zFn
¥ W§ `© xia£
¦ rnE
© Epi«r¥ ẄR§ ar̈k̈ dgFn
¤ d© .Epx£
«¥dh© n§ Fzx£
¨dh© aE
§ ,eiz̈Fv§ n¦ lk̈A§
,Èd min£
¦ gx© `¥ln̈ K¤ln«¤ iM¦ .l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i zi¥A Fnr© zFpF£r ixi¥ M¦ f§ n© lM̈ zFiR¦ mzFq
¥ e§ Ep«¥pih¦ q§ n© lk̈A§ x¥rFBd©
.migv̈§
¦ p gv¥
© pl§ E xFcë xFc§l Ep«ri
¥ WFnE
¦ Ep«¥l £̀Fb
4 3
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ à oFi§lr¤ i¥k £̀§ln© à zxẌ©
¥ d i¥k £̀§ln© à m¤ki¥lr£ mFlẄ
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ à oFi§lr¤ i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẌ©d i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẄ§l m¤k £̀FA
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ à oFi§lr¤ i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẌ©d i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẄ§l i¦pEk« xÄ
è
è
è
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ à oFi§lr¤ i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẌ©d i¥k £̀§ln© à mFlẄ§l m¤kz`¥
è v
è v
è v
5
:Li«k¤ x¨CÎlk̈§
§ A LÀ xn̈§
§ W¦l K®N̈Îd¤Ev© i§ eik̈¨`§ln© i´M¦ ì:`v mildz
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ L®¤̀FaE L¬ z`«
è v¥ Îxn̈§Wi¦ À̈i«i§ g:`kw
3. According to l"fix`d bdpn, which became accepted among some fpky` ipa, all males assembled
join hands and dance around the table seven times while singing mkilr mely.
4. The reading K¤ln«¤ , instead of K¤ln«¤ n¦ , is preferred by oicnr awri 'x and others.
':Li«k¤ x¨CÎlk̈§ § W¦l K®N̈Îd¤Ev© i§ eik̈¨`§ln© i´M¦ ' :xn¡

§ A LÀ xn̈§ © `P¤W¤ ,FA oici¦ r¦ n§ od¥ ,FzF` oiE¦©ln§ d© zx¥Ẍd© i¥k £̀§ln© i¥pW§ ,xn© `¨ `ẅix¦f§ ia¦ x§ 5.
(.fh dbibg 'nb)
_______________________________________________
124
lig zy` zay lil xcq
(`l-i:`l ilyn) lig zy`

:Dx§ «¨kn¦ mi´¦pi¦pRè n¦ wgx§ ë `®v̈§ni¦ iń¦ l¦ig© Îz¤W «¥̀
:xq̈§gi¤ `´l ll̈Ẅ§ À e D®l̈§rA© a¬¥l DÄ g©hÁ̈
:d̈i«¤Ig© iń¥ i§ lM xÎ`l§e aFh́ Edz´§ ©ln̈§B
r®¨
:d̈i«R¤M© u¤t´g¥ A§ Ur©Y©À e© mi®Y¦ W § t¦ E x¤n´¤v dẄxèC«
:D«n̈g§ ©l ì¬a¦ Ÿ» wgÀ̈ x¤ §On¦ x®¥gFq zFÍ¦p ¢̀«M̈ dz̈èid«
:d̈i«¤ xr«£©p§l wg§ À e D®z̈i¥a§l sx¤´¤h oÝ¥ Y©
¦ e dl̈§i©lÀ cFr§ Ä A mẅ³Ÿe©
:mx«¤M̈ r̈èh´p̈ d̈iR¤À k© ixè ¬¦Rn¦ Ed®¥gT̈Y© ¤ dń̈n£«f̈
¦ e dcÜ
:d̈i«¤ rFx§«f uO¥À `© Y© èe d̈i®¤pzn̈
§ fFŕ§a dxè ´¨b«g̈
:Dẍ«¥p l̈§i´©Na© d¤Ak§ i¦Î`«l x§gq© aFh́Îi¦M dn̈r£h
D®¨
:K¤lẗ« EkènŸ ´ d̈iR¤À k© e§ xFWi¦® Ma© d´g̈èNW ¦ d̈ic¤i
:oFi§«a ¤̀«l̈ d¬g̈èNW ¦ d̈icï§ À¤ e i®¦pr̈«¤l dÚ̈x«èR̈ DR̈M
:mi«¦pẄ W¬ª al̈ Dzi¥ À̈ AÎlk̈ i¬M¦ b¤l®Ẍ¦n D´z̈i¥a§l `xi ¦ l«
´¨ zÎ`
:D«ẄEa§l oń̈B̈x© §è§ W¥W D®N̈Îdz̈èUr«¨ mi ¬¦a© x§n ©
:ux«¤`¨ Îi¥pw§ ¦fÎm¦r FY§ À aW ¦ A§ D®l̈§rA© mix´¦r̈èXA© rćF ¨p
:i«¦pr«£©pMè «©l d¬p̈z«è p̈ xFb£ À g«e© xM§ ® nY© ¦ e dz̈èUr« oic´¦q̈
:oFx£ «g`«© mFí§l wg©À U§ Y¦ e© D®ẄEa§l x¬¨ cd̈§eÎfr
:D«p̈FW§lÎlr© c¤qgÎz À xF© z§ ¬e d®n̈§kg̈§a d´g̈z« è R̈ d̈iR6
:l«k¥ `z `´l zEl§ À vr© m¤g¬¤le§ D®z̈i¥A zFḱi¦ld£ dÏ¦tFv
:D«l̈£l«d© i§«e© D¨ÀN§rA© d̈Exè®X`© i§e© d̈i¤pä Enw´¨
:dp̈«N̈MÎl
ª r© zi¬¦lr̈ Y§ `©À e§ l¦i®g̈ EUr´¨ zFpÄ zFÁx©
:l«N̈d© z¦
§ z ì´d¦ ïÀ i§Îz©`x¦ §i d¬Ẍ¦` i¦ I®d© l¤a´d¤e§ o¥gd© 7 x¤w´W ¤
:d̈i«U¤ r«£n© mix´¦r̈èXa© d̈El£l«d© i«e¦ d̈i®¤cï ixè ´¦Rn¦ Dl̈ÎEpY §
dxFY
¨ W¥ie§ cq¤ g¤ lW¤ dxFY ¨ W¥i ik¦ e§ ':D«p̈FW§lÎlr© c¤qgÎz ¬ e d®n̈§kg̈§a d´g̈zè R̈« d̈i¦R' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n"
À xF© z§ © xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 6.
.cq¤ g¤ lW¤ Dp̈i ¥̀ W¤ dxFY
¨ ìd¦ Ff Dn̈W¦ § l `¨NW¤ ,cq¤ g¤ lW¤ dxFY ¨ ìd¦ Ff Dn̈W¦ § l dxFY¨ `¨N ¤̀ ?cq¤ g¤ lW¤ Dp̈i ¥̀ W¤
(:hn dkeq 'nb) .cq¤ g¤ lW¤ Dp̈i ¥̀ W¤ dxFY
¨ ìd¦ Ff Dc̈O© § ll§ `¨NW¤ ,cq¤ g¤ lW¤ dxFY ¨ ìd¦ Ff Dc̈O© § ll§ dxFY
¨ ,ix¥n§ `¨ C§ `M̈i`¦
.(dgtynd zxdh) dcp ,dlg zyxtd ,zexp zwlcd o¥gd© zeaiz iy`x 7.
_______________________________________________
125
aeh meie zay lil yeciw ziaxr
1
crend leg zaye zay lil yeciw
4 3 2
u¤`¨ d̈§e m¦i¬©nẌ©d E²Nk§
ªie© b-`:a :i«X ¦X ¦ d© mF¬i (x¤aÎi¦di§«e© ax¤rÎi¦
¬¤ di§«e© `l:` ziy`xa ygla)
ir¦½ i¦aX
è d© mFÍ©A ÆzA§W¦Ie© d®Ür̈ x´¤W £̀ FY§k`©ln§ ir¦½ i¦aXè d© mFÍ©A Æmi¦ l¡ ` l³©ki§e© :m«`¨ ä§vÎlk̈§e
Æza© Ẅ Fa³ i´M¦ F ® ` WC© ¥wi§e© ir¦½ i¦aX
è d© mFíÎz¤̀ Æmi¦ l¡
` K¤x³ä§ie© :d«Ür̈ x¬¤W £̀ FY§k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n
:zFU« r«£©l | mi¦ l¡ ` `¬¨
xÄÎx¤W £̀ FY§ ½ k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n
:i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ ix§
¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
à Ep«ä dv̈x§«ë ei ¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
dN̈¦gY§ mFi Èd i¦M :zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur©£n§l oFxM̈¦f à Ep«l̈i¦g§pd¦ oFvx§
äE dä£d`© A§ FWcẅ
§ z©AW © e§
ÎlM̈¦n à Ÿ§WC¦ «©w Ep«z̈F`§e à Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§«¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à Wc¤w« i¥̀ ẍ§wn¦ §l
:zÄ©Xd© WC© ¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep«Ÿ§lg© §pd¦ oFvx§äE dä£d`© A§ LèWcẅ
§ z©AW© e§ :mi¦Ord̈
©
milbx yelyl yeciw
:i©zFAx§
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©e op̈xn̈
¨ ix§
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:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
Ep«n̈n£ Fx§e à mr̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
dg̈Ep§n¦l zFzÄ©W zaya] dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY©
¦« e :ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èwe§ à oFWl̈ÎlM̈¦n
[mFiÎz¤̀§e d¤
Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎz¤̀ :oFUÜ§l mi¦Pn© §fE mi¦Bg© à dg̈§nU¦ §l mic¦rFn £ [E
1. The reason we wash before yeciw is in order for yeciw to be said as close as possible to the dcerq.
The Talmud (`p zekxa 'nb) mentions that according to lld zia one should first drink the wine,
and only afterward wash one’s hands. Those who follow this bdpn maintain that it is not as
important to wash immediately before eating. (In addition, since our hands may not be clean,
it is better to wash them, even before drinking the wine). One should pour the wine before
washing one’s hands. (fpky` bgpn iyxy)
yeciwd mcew eici lehil yi dlgzklc `"ie dbd .i"hpr jxane eici lhep ,qek lr yciwy xg` (ai 'iq `rx 'q g"e`)
.i"hp iptl qekd `lni n"ne] bdpnd oke (xehde h"kt n"dbde (`"ayxe) t"r wxt ikcxne ,y"`xd) ,oiid lr ycwle
.zepyl oiè el` zepicna heyt [(miig xewn) .g"a ,wqtd ied `l r"kl caricae ,eqek cg` lkly fpky` ipal y"ke
2. The bdpn is to recite elkie (miweqt) while standing and eizevna epycw xy` (zekxa) while sitting.
[On aeh mei, since no miweqt are recited, one sits for the entire yeciw.]
3. Originally the bdpn was to begin yeciw with 'iyyd mei' (because the first letters of
minyd elkie :iyyd mei spell out the Divine Name). However, for many generations, the bdpn has
been to begin with xwa idie axr idie (since we don't want to begin a weqt in the middle, and idie
axr is at an `®Ÿg©
§ pz§ ¤̀ ), but to recite it in an undertone.
Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© dp̈z§ d¦ W¤ cn© ¥ ln§ ?i¦l dÖ¨l dxi¨ z§ ¥ i `"d ,':i«X
¦X ¬¤ di§«e©' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,Wiw¨
¦ d© mF¬i x¤aÎi¦di§«e© ax¤rÎi¦ ¦ l Wix¥ xn© `¨ 4.
EdFz§l m¤kz§ ¤̀ xi¦fg£ n© i¦p £̀ ,e`©l m`¦ e§ ,oini§
¦ Iw© z§ n¦ mY¤ `© dxFY
¨ d© mi¦lA§ w© n§ l ¥̀ xÜ¦§ i m`¦ ,md¨ ¤ l xn© `¨ e§ ,ziW`
¦ x¥a§ dU£
¤ rn© mr¦
(.gt zay 'nb) .EdFaë
_______________________________________________
126
5
dxez zgnye zxvr ipiny ilil zekq ilil zereay ilil gqt ly g-f ilil
à d¤Gd© zx«¤v¤rd̈£ b©g i¦pi¦nW
§ à d¤Gd© zFMª Qd© b©g à d¤Gd© zFraẌ©
ª d b©g à d¤Gd© zFS©Od© b©g
Ep«z¥ g̈§nU¦ o©n§f Ep«z¥ g̈§nU¦ o©n§f Ep«z¥ xFY
Ÿ§WC¦
«©w Ep«z̈F`§e Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§ «¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à W ¤w« `ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ zaya]
oFUÜ§aE dg̈§nU¦ A§ [oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ zaya] LèWcẅ § ic¥rFnE
£ [z©AW © e§ zaya] à mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
© n
mi¦Pn© èGd© e§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC© ¥wn§ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :Ep«Ÿ§lg© §pd¦
dpyd y`xl yeciw
:i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ ix§
¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
à oFWl̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«n̈n£ Fx§e à mr̈ÎlM̈¦n Ep«ÄÎx©gÄ« x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
[mFiÎz¤̀§e d¤ Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎz¤̀ dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY©
¦« e :ei ¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦èwe§
6
z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à Wc¤wÎ`
« ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ dr̈ExY§ oFx§k¦f zaya] dr̈ExY§ mFi à d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦fd©
:crl̈
© mÏ©we§ z¤n`¡ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lxä
è cE§ à mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
© n Ÿ§WC¦«©w Ep«z̈F`§e Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äÎi¦M :m¦ix§«¨vn¦
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC© ¥wn§ ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:dlcade xp mitiqen zay i`vena
:W¥̀d̈ ixF¥ `§
« n `xFA
¥ ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
à K¤ g§« l xF` oi¥A à lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥« A liC§ ¦aO© d© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:ek oileg 'nb)
aFh mFi z©Xc§ ªw¦l zÄ©W z©Xc§ ªw oi¥A :d¤Ur© £Od© i¥ni§ z¤WW«¥ §l i¦ri¦aX
è d© mFi oi¥A à mi¦Orl̈ © l¥̀ x§Üi¦ oi¥A
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOrÎz¤̀
© Ÿ§WC¦
«©we§ Ÿ§lC§
«©ad¦ à Ÿ§WC¦
«©w d¤Ur© £Od© i¥ni§ z¤WX «¥ n¦ i¦ri¦aX è d© mFiÎz¤̀§e à Ÿ§lC§
«©ad¦
:W ¤w§« l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§ ¦aO© d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :L«z¤ Ẍc§
ªwA¦
--------------------------
.zekq ly ipye oey`x ilila epiigdyl dkeqa ayil micwdl ,(`"qxz 'iq `"nxde r"eyd zrck `lc) fpkyà bdpnd
t"r` cnern dkeqa ayil zkxa jxal oekp (.epiigdy jk xgè dkeq ayil 'a lila mbc edl `xiaq mipexg` daxde)
y"n zlef l"p mb ,i"zd k"ke àq [`pepnd ax] yxtnd axd dyr jkye ,xdefa xèank èd `xdeiy l"ixdn azky
(miig xewn) .`"bnae 'g q"x g"ae i"nx ,i"a 'ir ,cnern zeidl mie`x zeevnd zkxa lkc meyn ied eziiyrl xaer meyn
:dM̈ª
QA© a¥Wi¥l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à ei ¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :zekql
--------------------------
.(.fn dkeq 'nb) gqt ly oexgè 'f ililn ueg ,'epiigdy' mikxan aeh mei ilil lka
.dkxa ly qekn oiaeqnd lkl mb ozie ,einbel èlnk ayein dzyie
.(xcqd lila mb yeciw miyer ziaa) gqt ly ipye oey`x lil mb 5.
gqep i"qa mb oke `zil mibdpna la` ,zaya d"x lgyk oilet gqep i"qa d"k .yc¤w« `ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ zaya] 6.
evx `l jkl oic lr dxen drexz oeylc (a"twz 'iq) yeala xiaqde (`zi` milbx 'bay t"r`) iaxrnd fpky`
(edil` xef` xeciq) .oyid gqepk eqxb eixg`y oilet ixeciq aex la` ,dadà dlin dixg` jenql
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127
What today is commonly known as dlg, was called Barches or Berches in most of Germany
and Hungary, and Tascher in certain areas of Southern Germany. This was because of
the weqt in (ak:i ilyn) 'xiyrz ìd 'd zkxa', which the inlyexi cenlz states refers to zay,
and since there were many zekxa said in public including the dkxa for dlg zyxtd. As une` sqei 'x
writes when he was young, the only ingredients were flour and water. Eventually spices
were added, which he rules is good to do zay ceakl. Some would smear oney on them,
or they were baked together with meat. In order that they would not later be eaten with milk
during the week, they bore a special design. At the time of the une` sqei 'x they made a few cuts
in it with a knife, in order that they look different. In regarding their shape, some German Jews
formed them to look like the letter “e”, whereas Polish Jews braided them.
.dpyn mgl lr jxai k"gè
:ux«¤`¨ d̈Îo¦n m¤glÀ ci:cw mildz ì¦vFO©
« d ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
gipdl aehe .oeilrd lr oirvea aeh meia lilae zay meia la` oezgzd mgl lr oirvea zay lila ztd rvaie
,cgè cg` lkl dqext oiaeqnl mb ozie .zevnd lr xiarn epi`y `vnp oeilrdn xzei eil` aexw oezgzd
epgley lr dxez ixac cnly xgè dcerqd xgè .dcerqd lkl el witqzy dlecb dqext reval devne
,(cren e` mei eze`l jiiyd oebipa eze` xiyl mibdepe) 'ebe oeiv zaiy z` 'c aeya zelrnd xiy xenfn xnì
.htynk yly oirn dkxa eixgè otbd ixt `xea oiid lr jxane
---------------
dpyd y`x ilila
:df z` df mikxan oiaeqnd 'ìvend' ixg` ,dpyd y`x ly '` lila
(dp̈§az«© M̈Y¦ / i¦az«¥ M̈Y¦ / a¥zM̈Y¦ ) :Ea«z¥ M̈Y¦ däFh dp̈Ẅ§l
The first source for bread with honey seems to be the oycd znexz (jiixhye` bdpn), who mentions
it as a dpyd y`x bdpn. This is discussed as well by the mdxa` obn. The xeh, the l"ixdn and
the `fiinxiee ibdpn cite the bdpn to dip an apple into honey. (The awri zeay explains,
so there should be no doubt whether to make the dkxa on the apple or the honey).
In earlier generations there was a bdpn to dip the head of the lamb in honey.
After yeciw and ìvend have been said in the home,
it is customary to take an apple dipped in honey and to recite:
:urd̈
¥ ix§
¦R `xFA
` à iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ
After partaking of the apple and honey, recite:
:dẅEz§nE däFh dp̈Ẅ Epi«¥lr̈ WC©
¥gY§
è W à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
---------------
zexinf
.ald zgny z` mixxerne
7
,xcde ceaka llk jxca mipiit`zn fpky` ipa ly zexinfd ipebip
.zaya xeq`d setizl e` cewixl miìan mpi`y micaekne mipicr miavwna miiepae ,milin zexfg hrnk mda oi`
Regarding the singing of zexinf, it seems most places had the bdpn of singing them only
between ziy`xa zay and lecbd zay. This is mentioned as well by une` sqei axd.
ek 'q sqei o`vk bdep
aŸÎl©`" aizk aeià .dkxal zay iab jetda xnel yi dllwa aei` xn`y dn lk l"f f"nyzz oniq miciqg xtqa
.dcerq lka zaya zexinf xnel eknq dfn xytè .zegayze zexiya zaya opxl mc`l el yiy o`kn .":Fa« d´p̈p̈x§
'exp ing e"n ipec` izi`x znàe .ziy`xa zay cr lecbd zayn mze` oixnfn oi`y bdpnd hytzp okidn izrci `le
dcerqa mb zexinf xnfl bdep 'exp n"` ipecè .minybd zenia od dngd zenia od dpyd zezay lka oze` xnfny bdep
,"l`xyi xney oyii `le mepi `l dpd" ,"oyii `le èd xega mepi `le èd xic`" ,"dpen`de zxc`d" epiid ziyily
.l`xyi xney oyii `le mepi `l dpd miiqne oyii `le 'ipya .mepi `le xne` dpey`x `wqta k"`d lk oke
.a"aez milyexil dilic `yicw `xag mr rqpy l"f l"bq ciqg `cei x"xedn bdp oke
In fact, we have many more mipebip which have been passed down, for the zay lil zexinf
then we do for zay mei. There were those who would sing zexinf for the dipy dcerq and for
ziyily dcerq as well.
"!aFh mFiA§ oic¦ T§ x©n§ `¨le§ oig¦ R§ h© n§ `¨le§ oiw¦ R§ q© n§ `¨l" ,(:el dvia 'nb dpyn) o©pY§ ,iIA© `§ © l op̈g̈ ax© xA© à̈x¨ Di¥l xn© `¨ 7.
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zt¤ qFY
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(:dnw zay 'nb) !ici¦ n¦ `¨le§ Ed§l op̈ix¦n§ `© `¨le§ ,KW© g§ Y¤ W¤ cr© EzẄe§ i¦lk§ `¨ ẅC§ Ed§l o©pi¥fg̈ `ẅe§ ,ìd¦ `z̈iixF`© C§ mixER ¦ M¦ d© mFiC§
_______________________________________________
128
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_______________________________________________
129
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(.hk dlibn 'nb) .zFWx¨c§ n¦ iYäE
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,mirbt ly xiy ède ,'eke mildza cin ['dynl dltz' xg`] eixg` el jenq èdy 'oeilr xzqa ayei' xenfne' 11.
:[yeal] .'migqt iaxra `zi`ck ,zay lila oiievnd oiwifnd on lvpdl ,zaya eze` mixneè ,eixg` eraw
,':L«¤l¢d`«¨ A§ a¬©x§wi¦Î`«l r©b¤pÀ e§' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ ,mirb̈§
¦ pC¦ xn© `¨ C§ o`n© .mirb̈§
¦ p lW¤ xiW¦ oix¦nF`
§ W¥ie§ ,mirb̈
¦ R§ lW¤ xiW¦ (oixne` yi) 12.
aizkc okynd znwda dyn exn`y itle oeilr xzqa ayei .mirbt ly xiye] .'s¤l ¤̀À | ÆLC¦ èSn¦ lR¦³ i' ,mirb̈
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`zi` ikde epilr epicl` 'c mrep idie mkici dyrna dpiky dxyzy oevx idi okxa dne dyn mze` jxaie (hl zeny)
mirbt :dcezl xenfn seq cr dynl dltzn mildz xtqa dyn xn`y mixenfn xyr cg`n èd mipdk zxeza
(:eh zereay 'nb) (my i"yx) [:wifdl mc` ipaa oirbety oiwifn
13. Later generations established the bdpn of repeating the last weqt during zixgy.
,d"vx 'iq xeha y"nke) zay i`vena wx `l` ,`xnfc iweqta weqtd zlitk driten `l mipyi mixecqa
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(f"vz 'iq dyn dhnae h"kw 'iq hwld ilaya mb 'ire
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'di el xga awri ik' ea aizkc ,dxez ozna xacn ède ,'eke .''c my z` elld di elld' ,['xzqa ayei' xg`] eixgè' 14.
.'ziy`xa dyrnn èdy ,'ebe 'uxàe minya dyr i"i dyr utg xy` lk' ea aizk mbe ,dxez ozn i"r èdy ,'ebe
:[yeal]
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16 15
lecbd lld zxinà mb ayil ebdp
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:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M ÛÛ m¦i®Ö©dÎlr© ux¨ ¤`d̈ r ´©x§l
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M mi®¦lc§B mixF` ´¦ d¥ r§l
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M mF®IA© z¤l´¤Wn§ n¤§l W¤nX ¤ d© Îz¤̀
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:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M ÛÛ i ®¦n¡ `«d̈ K¤l´¤n oFgi¦q§l
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M o®ẄÄ©d K¤l´¤n bFr§lE
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:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M Ep®l̈Îx©k«f̈ Ep¬¥lt§ W ¦ Aè W ¤
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15. What is lecbd lld? opgei iax explains that because the xenfn develops from one great idea
to another and as it reaches its peak it praises God “Who provides bread for all flesh”.
We praise God for His unlimited strength, for his role in history, for His great miracles,
and for His awesomeness, and yet we consider His attention to each individual as the quality
most deserving of praise. iel oa ryedi iax explains the title lecbd lld as based on its twenty six
verses, which correspond to the twenty six generations of humanity before God gave the
Torah – when we were granted the ability to earn existence – when the world existed entirely
on God’s abundant mercy. The l"xdn explains that it is not coincidental that the numerical
value of God’s Ineffable Name – which represents His Unlimited Mercy – is twenty six.
.g"iw migqte e"pe 'c sc zekxa 'nb .ixvnd lld èd aeh meie yceg y`x ly llde ,lecbd lld èd df ,eced 16.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'èd xic`' oebipa - lecbd lld xn`p gqta 17.
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:Èd« Ep´¥P¦bn̈« E Epx§¥fr¤ ®ïi«©l d´z̈Mè g¦ Ep«W ¥ t§ ©p
:Ep§gḧ« ä FẂcẅ § m¥Wa§ i³M¦ Ep®¥A¦l gń© U§ i¦ FaÎi¦M
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èqg© Îi«d¦ i§
ixg` ltep èdy iptn ,b"l 'iqa èdy i"tr` ,'ebe 'i"ia miwicv eppx' xenfn [e"lw xenfn xg`] eixg` mixneè' 18.
eixg` xikfde ,epnr dyry micqgd lk lr 'ebe xepka i"il ecede ,eicqg aex lr ,i"ia miwicvd eppxiy 'lecbd lld'
[yeal] .'ziy`xa dyrn oirn èdy ,'ebe 'eyrp miny 'c xaca'
,d¨ld¦ z§ d¥ep§ `¨N ¤̀ 'd«N̈d¦ z§ d¬ë`p̈' ix¦w§ Y¦ l`© ?':d«N̈d¦ z§ d¬ë`p̈ mixẄ§ ¦v Eṕ£px©' ,aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,`R̈R̈ xA© `p̈p̈ig¦ ax© Wx©C̈ 19.
À¦ i©l 'c«®A© mi¦wiC©
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:m«ïk§ C¨ zFx́d̈§p E`§Ui¦ m®l̈Fw zFx́d̈§p E`è ´ U«p̈ À̈i«i§ | zFx̧d̈§p E ³̀ Uè «p̈
:«ïi§ mFx́Ö©A xiC©¦` m®ïÎixè¥AW § n¦ mixi ¬¦ C©
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è a¥ §l c À̀ n§ EÄpn§ ¤̀¤p | Li ¤̧ cr«¥
cibdl' aizkc ,micqgd lr z"iyl d`ced k"b èdy ,'ebe 'i"il zecedl aeh ,zayd meil xiy xenfn' eixg` oikneq' 20.
:[yeal] .'df lk lr ,'zi el ze`cedd xwir èdy ,'lecbd lld' xenfnl mikiiy mlek ixde ,'ebe 'jcqg xweaa
. . . À̈d© m¨lFr¨l Fl zni¤ ¤ Iw© ox¤T¤ d© e§ ,dxFY
¨ `¨N ¤̀ i¦pA§ z ¤̀ cO©¥ ln§ i¦pi ¥̀ e§ ,m¨lFrÄW¤ zEpn̈E` lM̈ i¦p £̀ gi¦
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¥ i`xFd§ © p ia¦ x§ 21.
diryi) ' © k½ Eti´¦lg£«©i 'ç i³¥Fw§e' :xnF`
¥ Edn© FzEx£rp©A§ .FzEpw¦ § fA§ dëw§ z¦ e§ zix£ ¦g`© Fl z¤pzFp
¤ e§ ,FzEx£rp©A§ rx© lM̈n¦ FYx§O© W© n§ `¨N ¤̀
(.at oiyeciw 'nb) .'d®äi¥UA§ oEáEp§i cFr' :xnF` ¥ Edn© FzEpw¦ § fa§ (`l:n
,zayd zqipk lr yxcp ède ,'ebe 'zayd meil xiy xenfn'l jenq èdy ,'ebe 'yal ze`b jln i"i' xenfn eixgè' 22.
.'ek 'zay xy` l`l' cqiizp df lr xy` ,'ebe eycw `qk lr ayie ,eyeal zx`tza shrzpe ,ezk`ln d"awd miiq
:[yeal]
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until onè on` to a special oebip.
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¥ l däFh wi¦fg£ p©e§ E`FA ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 27.
(.dk `xza àa 'nb)
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143
`xwnd inrh oebipa dxn`l ebdp mid zxiy
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m¦ix§
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è ¦Ie© m¦ix§
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:FC§ «ar© d¤ n§aE ï½ i©A« ÆEpin¦¸ £̀«©I«e© wcpq
(dcedi gk) .z"qa dzìxwa mbe ,dxnfc iweqta 'dxiy'd oipbpn (gqt ly 'f meiae) dxiy zaya
28
Exèn`«Ie© ï½ i«©l Æz`G©d d³¨
xi¦Xd© Îz¤̀ l ¥̀¹ x§
Üi¦ i¥̧p§aE Ád¤ nÎxi¦W«ï f´`¨ lden giÎ`:eh
qE¬q d`¨½ B̈ d`b̈Îi« ¨W¦ `¨ 29

´ M¦ Æïi«©N dxi³ wcpq xn`¥
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i¦lÎi¦di§«e© D½ï Æzx§
¨n¦fe§ i³¦Gr̈ lden :m«Ïa© d¬n̈x¨ Faè x§«e
i¬¥l¡ ` Ed½e¥§p`© §e« Æi¦l ¥̀ d³¤f30 wcpq drEWi«
®¨ ¦l
ï§i d®n̈g̈§ln¦ Wi´`¦ ï§i lden :Ed§pn«¤ £ x£̀©
« e i¦a`¨
x¬©ga§ n¦ E m®Ï©a d´xï¨ Fli¥ge§ dr² x© §R zaè ¬ Mx© §n wcpq :Fn§«W
ÎFn§M zlFv§na¦ Ec¬ x«èï En®ªiq§ k© i§ z dY§ lden :sEqÎm© « ia§ Erè ¬ Ahª eiẄ¦lẄ «
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qx́£dY«© LèpF`§ « B ax§
¬aE lden :a«i¥F` ur¬©x§Y¦ ï§i
g© Ex§³aE wcpq :W«T©
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c¥pÎFn§k Eaè ¬ S¦p m¦in©½ Enx§r´¤¤p ÆLiR©¤̧`
x¬©n`¨ lden :m«ïÎa¤lA§ z dz§ E`è ¬ tẅ« mi®¦lèfp«
.lewa xne`y ,'ebe xari cr ,'ebe dknk in ,'ebe jpini ,'ebe dngln yi` 'c miweqtn ueg ygla mixne` 28.
?dxi¨ W¦ Exn§ `¨ cvi¥ © ke§ ,dxi¨ W¦ xnFl © mdi¥ ¤ pi¥r Epzp̈§ ,mÏd© on¦ l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § i Elr̈W¤ dr̈ẄA§ ,à̈iw£ ¦ r ia¦ x§ Wx©C̈ mFiA© FA ,op̈Äx© EPŸ 29.
''ç«©N dxi³¨W¦ `¨ ' mix¦nF`
§ od¥ e§ ''ç«©N dxi³ ¨W ¦ `¨ ' xn© `¨ dWŸ ¤ n ,miw¦ x¨R§ iW` ¥ x¨ eix£ ¨g`© oi¦pFr od¥ e§ ,l¥Nd© z ¤̀ `x¥w§ O© d© lFcb̈M§
z ¤̀ `x¥w§ O© d© oḧẅM§ ,xnF`¥ i¦li¦lB§ d© iqFi ¥ ia¦ x§ lW¤ FpA§ x¤fr¤ i¦l` ¡ ia¦ x§ .''ç«©N dxi³
¨W¦ `¨ ' mix¦nF`§ od¥ e§ 'd`¨½ B̈ d`b̈Îi«
´ M¦ ' xn© `¨ dWŸ ¤n
´ M¦ ' xn© `¨ dWŸ
`b̈Îi« ¤ n ''ç«©N dxi³
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¥ ÈdW¤ dn© lM̈ eix£ ¨g`© oi¦pFr od¥ e§ ,l¥Nd©
d¨Nig¦ Y§ g© zFR
¥ ÈdW¤ ,zq¤ ¤ pM§ d© zi¥aA§ rn© W§ lr© qxFR ¥ d© xtFq ¥ M§ xnF` ¥ dïn§ g§ ¤ p ia¦ x§ .'d`¨½ B̈ d`b̈Îi«
´ M¦ ' mix¦nF` § od¥ e§ 'd`¨½ B̈
i¦li¦lB§ d© iqFi
¥ ia¦ x§ lW¤ FpA§ x¤fr¤ i¦l` ¡ ia¦ xE§ ,`z̈i§iO© w© `z̈§NiO¦ `© ' n`¥ ® l' xa© q̈ däiw£ ¦ r ia¦ x§ ?i¥bl§ ti
§ n© ẅ i`n© A§ .eix£ ¨g`© oi¦pFr od¥ e§
.`Ẅix¥A§ dWŸ ¤ n gzẗ
© C§ ' n`¥® l' ,ic¥c̈£d ic£ ¥dA© Ed§lEM xEn£̀ C© ' xèn`«Ie©' xa© q̈ dïn§ g§ ¤ p ia¦ xE§ ,`z̈§NinE ¦ `z̈§NiO¦ lM̈`© ' n`¥ ® l xa© q̈
(:l dheq 'nb)
d ¤̀ p̈ zivi ¦ v¦ ,d ¤̀ p̈ xẗFWe§ d ¤̀ p̈ a¨lEle§ ,d`p̈ ¨ dk̈Eq eip̈ẗ§l dU£ ¥ r ,zFv§ n¦ A§ eip̈ẗ§l d ¤̀ p̈z§ d¦ ,'Ed½e¥§p`© §e« Æi¦l-¥̀ d³¤f' ì̈§pY© 30.
,xnF`
¥ lE`Ẅ À̈`© .oi`p̈ ¦ oi`¦ xi¨ W¦ A§ FkxFk § e§ ,on̈E` x¨la© § lA§ d ¤̀ p̈ qFn§lEwA§ ,d`p̈ ¨ Fic§ A¦ FnW¦ § l FA aFzkE § ,d ¤̀ p̈ dxFY ¨ xt¤ q¥
(:blw zay 'nb) .mEgx©e§ oEpg© d¥id¡ dŸ`© s`© mEgx©e§ oEpg© Èd dn© ,Fl dnFC ¤ i¥ed¡ 'Ed½e¥§p`© e§'
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144
Fn´¥̀ l̈§nY¦ wcpq l®l̈Ẅ w´¥Ng© £̀ bi¦V`© sC¬ x¤̀ § a²¥iF`

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m¦in© A§ zx¤t¤½ Fr«M© ÆEl£lv̈« m®ï Fn´Q̈M¦ L£gEx§«a
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li´g¦ oE®fB̈x¦ §i mi¦Or© Erè ¬ nẄ
« wcpq :L«W
¤ cẅ
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E¬p£pFM« ip̈c£̀ Wc̈¾ Tè n¦ lden ®ï§i Ÿ§lrR̈ © L² Y§è aW ¦ §l
| ¬ï§i lden «¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i wcpq Ñ
:cr¨ :Licï
«¤
'cre mlerl jelni 'c' weqtd z` miltek mid zxiy seqa :cr¨
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(mdxcea`) minrt eilr mixfeg okle ,dxnfc iweqt z` mkqn ':cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i'
dpyd y`xl sqena zeiekln iweqtn miweqt dyely mitiqen dxiyd ixg`
(fpky` iciqg xeciq) elek mlerd lr 'd zeklna mezgl ick
:m«i¦FB©A l ¥À E d®k̈ElèOd© iï©l i¦M hk:ak mildz

¦ Fn« E³lr̈§e31 `k:` dicaer
:d«k̈El§Od© ïi«©l d¬z̈èi«d̈e§ e®Ür¥ x´d© Îz¤̀ hR§W¦l oF½Iv¦ x´d© A§ Æmi¦rW
:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©À d mFÍ©A u¤x®¨`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln¤§l ²ï§i d¯ïd̈§e h:ci dixkf
:miniiqn
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥l¡
` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW
§ c:e mixac à xn`¥l aEzM̈ Lzè xFz§
¨ aE
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'mizif ipy' dxe`nd oebip- 'oF½Iv¦ x´d© A§ Æmi¦rW
¦ Fn« E³lr̈§e' mixne` dkepg zaya 31.
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145
.(i"yx xeciq) 'znyp' ligzn zixgyl xeav gilyy mipey`xd ztewza
: dnirpae lewa lkd ofgd xne` 'dz` `l`' cr 'znyp'n
m¥nFxzE § x¥̀ ẗY§ xÜÄÎlM̈ g© Ex§«e à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ Kxä ¥ Y§ i©gÎlM̈ z©nW § ¦p 1
l¥̀FB K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈ oi¥̀ Li«c¤r̈§lA© n¦ E à l¥̀ dŸ©` ml̈Frd̈Îcr§ ©e ml̈Frd̈Îo¦n à ci¦nŸ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lx§ èk¦f
- dŸ«`¨ `N̈¤̀ K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈ oi¥̀ à dẅEv§e dxv̈ ¨ zrÎlk̈§
¥ A m¥gx§ ©nE q¥px© §tn§ E li¦vn© E dcFR¤ à ri« ©W ¦ FnE
à zFcl̈FYÎlM̈ oFc£̀ à zFIx§ ¦AÎlM̈ D© F«l`¡ à mi¦pFx£g`© d̈§e mi¦pFW`xd̈ ¦ i¥l¡ `
mEpïÎ`l ïi©e :mi¦ng£ x§ ©A eiz̈Fix¦ §aE c¤q«g¤A§ Fnl̈Fr b¥d©pnè d© à zFgÄ§WY© ªd ax§A lN̈ª dnè d©
à mixEq£̀ ¦ | xi¦YO© d© e§ à mi¦nèN`¦ g© i«U¦ O¥ d© e§ à mi¦nEcx§ ui¦wO¥ d© e§ à mi¦pW ¥ i§ xxFrè
¥ nd© :oẄi¦iÎ`l§e
:micFn ¦ Ep§g«©p £̀ LC© èa§l L§l à mi¦tEt§M s¥wFG©de§ à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFQ©de§
à ri © w¦« x¨ i¥ag£ x¤§nM§ Epi«z¥ Fz§tU¦ e§ à eiN̈©B oFn£dM© Ep«¥pFW§lE à mÏ©M dxi¦ ¨ W `¥ln̈ Epi«t¦ EN«`¦
mi¦wi¦Rq§ n© Ep«`¨ oi¥̀ à zFlÏ©`M̈ Epi«¥l§bx§ ©e à m¦in«© Ẅ ix§¥W¦pM§ Epicï§ «¥ e à g© xÏ©
«¥ ke§ W¤n«X¤ M© Epi«¥pir§ ¥e
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:Ep«Ör¦ e§ Epi«z¥ Fa£̀Îm¦r z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W zFaFH©d mi¦nr̈§R zFaäx§ i¥Ax§ ¦e mi¦tl̈£̀ i¥t§l`© s¤l«¤̀
à Ep«Ÿ§lM© §lM¦ räÜ§aE à Ep«Ÿ§p©f ar̈xÄ ¨ :Ep«z̈ic§ ¦R micä¦ r£ | zi¥An¦ E à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«Ÿ§l`© §B m¦ix§
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« rÎ`l§
à Epi«t¦ A§ Ÿ§nU «© x¤W £̀ oFWl̈§e à Epi«R¥ `© A§ Ÿ§gt«© P̈¤W dn̈Ẅ§pE g© Ex§«e à Ep«Ä Ÿ§b«©NR¦ W ¤ mixä¥̀
¦ o¥MÎlr©
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£ie§ En£nFxi¦e Ex£̀ ẗi¦e EgèAW © i¦e Ekxäi¦
£ e EcFi m¥d o¥d
Li«¤pẗ§l dn̈FwÎlk̈§e à rx§ ©kY¦ L§l Kx«¤A¤ Îlk̈§e à r©aẌz¦ L§l oFWl̈Îlk̈§e à dcFi ¤ L§l d¤RÎlk̈ i¦M
:aEzM̈¤W xäC© ¨M à L«n¤ W § ¦l ExèO©fi§ zFil̈§kE ax«¤wÎlk̈§ ¤ e à LE`« xi¦ ¨ i zFaä§lÎlk̈§e à d¤eg£ Y© W § z¦
:F«lèfB¦ §n`Y | i ©¸ n§vr© l¬M̈ 2 i:dl mildz
« n oFÀia§ ¤̀§e i¬¦pr̈§e EP®¤On¦ w´f̈g̈«n¥ i¦pr̈ li´S¦ n© LF¬nkÅ̈ i³n¦ ïÀ i§ d» p̈x©
à `xFP©
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£i i¦nE à KN̈Îd¤eW §i in¦ Ñ
§ i¦ i¦nE à KN̈Îd¤nc¦
à L«W
¤ cẅ
§ m¥WÎz¤̀ Kxä§
¥ pE Lx¤̀ẗ§
§ pE L£gA¥ W © §pE L§l¤Nd© §p :ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ ¥pw oF½i§lr¤ l´¥̀ hi:ci ziy`xa
:FW« cẅ
§ m¬¥WÎz¤̀ ia©À ẍ§wÎlk̈§e ®ï§iÎz¤̀ i¦Wt§ ©p i´k¦ x«£Ä | çe¦c̈§l `:bw mildz :xEn¨`M̈
awri xa dcedi 'xn izrny" l"fe y"eixh bdpnk ède f"qw zpyn i"ik xecql aiaq oyi yexita iz`vne 1.
oa oerny `"ie dtk oa oerny l"dfa iz`vn xg` yexitae .l"kr "jl dnci in cr znyp cqi `tik oa oerny 'xy
"znyp 'p epit eliè 'e epexfr dpd cr 'r dnci in 'n cr okey 'y epiidc rxtnl ea eny fnxe znyp z` cqi ghy
[cxtq ixeciq zeawra 'eliè' qxb xteq izay 'x xeciq] (l`xyi zcear xeciq) .l"kr
(y"`x) .ohw unwa `le unwa lM̈ dlind 'i©zFn§vr© lM̈' 2.
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146
(cr okeya ligzn n"deg zaya) 'lecbd' ligzn zxvr ipinye zekqa 'l`d' ligzn zereaya
§ cFa§kA¦ lFcB̈©d
:L«n¤ W £zA§ l¥̀ d̈
:L«¤Grª zFnvªr©
'jlnd' ligzn xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 'xeabd' ligzn crend leg zaya mbe gqta
3
:`V̈¦pe§ mx¨ `¥QM¦ Îlr© (a¥WFi k"eie d"x ) a¥WFI©d K¤lO
«¤ d© :Li«z¤ F`xFp§ ¨ de§ g©v«¤pl̈ xFA¦Bd©
è A `xFP©
.'cr okey' ligzn zekq crend legae zaya
:Fn§W WFcẅ§e à mFxn̈ à cr© o¥kFW 4
:d«N̈d¦ z§ d¬ë`p̈ mixẄ§ ¦v Eṕ£px© `:bl :aEzk̈§e 5
À¦ i©l ®ïi«A© mi¦wiC©
xetk meile dpyd y`xl dpyd lkl
:mn̈F x z¦ ¦ i§
§ Y mixẄ i¦tA§ :lN̈d© z¦
§ Y mixẄ ¦ i§ i¦tA§ 6
:Kx© Ä z¦ § Y mi¦wiC¦ v © ix§¥ac§¦aE :Kx©Äz¦§ Y mi¦wiC¦ v© ix§¥ac§¦aE
:WC¨ w© z¦ ¦ q g£ oFW§la¦ E
§ Y mici¦ :mn̈Fxz¦ § Y mici¦¦ q g£ oFW§la¦ E
:lN̈ d© z¦§ Y mi¦WFc w§ ax«¤w§ ¤aE § Y mi¦WFc w§ ax«¤w§
:WC¨w© z¦ ¤aE
xFCÎlk̈§A Ep«M¥ §ln© L§nW ¦ x©`R̈z¦ § i dP̈x§
¦A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A LèOr© zFa£ax¦ zFl£dw§ n© a§ E
l¥Nd© §l zFcFd§l à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗ§l à mixEvè
¦ id© ÎlM̈ z©aFg o¥MW ¤ :xFcë
c¦eCÎzFgè
¨ AW§ z§
ªe zFxi¦W ix§ ¥aCÎlM̈
¦ lr© à q¥Nw© §lE d¥Nr§ ©l Kxä§
¥ l xC©
¥d§l m¥nFx§l x¥̀ ẗ§l g© A«¥ W
© §l
:L«g¤i¦Wn§ LC§èar© i©Wi¦Îo¤A
à ux«¤`¨ äE m¦in«© Ẅ©A à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d K¤lO«¤ d© l¥̀ d̈ à Ep«M¥ §ln© crl̈ © L§nW ¦ g©AY© W§ i¦
à dx§ ¨n¦fe§ l¥Nd© à dg̈ä§WE xi¦W à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¤̀p̈ L§l i¦M
à zEk§ln© E dẌc§ ªw à zx«¤¤̀ t§ z¦ e§ dN̈¦dY§ à dxEa§ ¨ bE dN̈c§ªB à g©v«¤p à dl̈Ẅ§nn¤ E fr
à zFgÄ§WY© ªA lFcB̈ K¤ln«¤ à l¥̀ à ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ7 :ml̈FrÎcr§ ©e dŸr¥©n zF`cFd§¨ e ekx§ Ä Ñ
:mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g à l¥̀ à K¤ln«¤ à dx§¨n¦f ixi¦
¥ WA§ x¥gFA©d à zF`l̈§t¦Pd© oFc£̀ à zF`cFd© ¨ d l¥̀ 8
« ze®lrnd« xi¬y was initially only inserted here during daeyz ini zxyr by cxtq gqep in Europe.
miwnrnn
It is a l"fix` bdpn, which was not accepted by mifpky` across Europe,
although many Eastern European mifpky` eventually adopted its recital.
3. (sqei o`vk bdep) .eiykr ayei eyexit ayei la` .ayil libxd rnyn ayeid ik .'ayeid' `le 'ayei jlnd' oiligzn
4. In fpky` zelidw worshippers were expected to oren silently. When a pious eastern European
came and raised his voice in prayer, it was not uncommon for elderly members to turn around
and recite, “Wir haben schon einen Chasen” [We already have a Cantor].
dŸ©` KExÄ' oebipa ':d«N̈d¦ z§ d¬ë`p̈ mixẄ§ ¦v Eṕ£px© :aEzk̈§e' milind z` ofgd xne` zixgya xekf zyxt zay 5.
À¦ i©l 'c«®A© mi¦wiC©
.dlibnd zkxa ly 'ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi «¥l¡
` 'c
.cgeind oebipa 'mixyi ita' mixne` dxez ixtq ipya oda mi`xewy zezaya 6.
,zxvr ipiny - zekq ,'èd xic`' - gqt :zxn`p yicw mr 'gazyi' zkxa seq cr 'jln l-` i"à'n zekqa 7.
'zencw`' zligz - zeraya ,dxez zgny zetwd - dxez zgnya ,'ci zpzn' - zeray 'a ,gqt ly oexg`
.yicw ivgd seq cr da jiynne
.yicw ivgd seq cr da jiynne 'èd xic`' oebipa ofgd xne` 'ze`cedd l-`'n gqta 8.
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147
rny zìxw zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
à Dz¥ Erx¦§k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC©©wz¦§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek ofg
à l¥̀ x§Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à Dz¥ Ek§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ rxek ofg Ex§n`¦ e§ - aixẅ ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©£A
dltza micner m` mb mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈© nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
KxÄ
© z¦
§ i ea wiqtdl mi`yx oi`y mewna
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦
§ i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd à Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek ofg `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § à l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
9
à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n (`N̈r§«¥lE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa ) `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek ofg - `n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
,xeaivd mr cgi 'cre mlerl jxeand ii jexa' :xne` ofgd 'ekxa' zxinà
.dxezl milerd ly 'ekxa'a bdpnd oke .ea `veike dyecw ziipra enk ,eixg` `le
: ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` ofgd cera 1
: 'ekxa' zxinà jix`n ofg
i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ Îl¤W Fn§W `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦ §i
à oFx£g`© Èd§e oFW`x¦ Èd¤W :Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d à mi¦kl̈èOd© Ek x£Ä
E¬f§lr¦ e§ Fn§
À W D¬ï§A zFaẍr«£¨ a´¥ x«l̈ ENq¿ d:gq mildz mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀ eic̈r̈§lA© n¦ E
:dN̈¦dzE
§ dk̈x§ÄÎlM̈Îlr© mn̈Fx§n Fn§WE :ei«p̈ẗ§l
: ldwd xnì myd ofgd obpnyk
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ ï§iÎz ¤̀
: ldwd xnì 'jxand' ofgd obpnyk
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : K ä nè d©
: eicgi ofge ldw
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l à K äènd© ï§i KExÄ
: 'lkd z`' cr xvei zkxa y`x z` mx lewa xne` ofg
:lM©dÎz¤̀ à `xF¥ áE mFlẄ d¬¤ r K¤Wg½ `xFaE´¥ ÆxF` x¬¥vFi f:dn diryi
epwzpy micgein miyicwa wx '`lirle `lirl' miltek xetk meie (dpyd y`x dgpnn ueg) dpyd y`x zeltza 9.
.llk '`lirl' miltek oi` ,xetk mei caln ,daeyzd ini x`ya .miltek oi` mezi yicw lka j` ,ofgd zxin`l
`zil mipyi mixecqa la` ,`"hnae `"na àede a"twz 'iq yeala exewn letkl meid laewnd bdpnd
.df bdpn àed `l - yeald cinlz - q"yx xeciqa elitè .(k"y zpyn uxid 'x xeciql yexita wx edep`vne)
(edil` xef` xeciq)
,'eke 'gazyie jxazi' mixne` ldwde 'ekxa'a jix`n u"ydy ebdp" :xehd ixac ìad '` sirq f"p 'iq g"e` `"nxa 1.
dpynd zvrk ,ef dxin` dlha ,'ekxa' oebipa u"yd jix`n oi` mda zenewna ."'ekxa'a jix`n èdy cera
jix`n ofgd fpky` zlidw ly dpibpd zxeqna mpn` .wezyl ahen jix`n ofgd oi` m`y ,'d w"q my dxexa
.micrena ode zaya od lega od 'ekxa' zxin` lk oebipa
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148
3 2
:xvei zkxa zligzl jynda mx lewa exne` ofge ,df fexga migzet xvei mixne` mibgae zezaya
:i¦d«i¤e© x©n`¨ l¤t`¥

« n zFxF` à mi¦Ig© x©vF`§A ml̈Fr xF`
.(151 'nr) 'ux`l xi`nd' mixne` lega lgy aeh meia
4
,oibexiql 'jecei lkd' mixne` zegilqd ini cr lecbd zayn
.dlilg xfege ,elew z` ldwd rinyn eixg`y weqtae mx lewa xne` ofg cg` weqt
(`qw ,ixhie xefgn)
:ïi«M© WFcẅ oi¥̀ Exènì lM©de§ à LEgè

« AW
© i§ lM©de§ à LEcFi
« lM©d :ofg
à gx§¨fn¦ ix¥r©
£W zFz§lC© mFiÎlk̈§A g© z«¥ FR©d l¥̀ d̈ :lM©d x¥vFi à dl̈«Q¤ LEn£
« nFx§i lM©d :ldw
à DŸ§aW
¦ oFk£On¦ dp̈ä§lE Dn̈FwèOn¦ dÖ©g ì¦vFn à ri«
© w¦ x¨ i¥pFN©g r«
©wFaE
¥ :ofg
:mi¦ng£ x© zC¦
©nA§ `xÄ¤
¨ W à eiäèWFi§lE FNMª ml̈Frl̈ xi¦`n¥ E :ldw
à mi¦ng£ x§
©A d̈i«¤lr̈ mix¦C©
¨le§ ux«¤`¨ l̈ xi¦Ò¥ d© :ofg
:zi¦W`x§
¥a d¥Ur©
£n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A WC©
¥gn§ FaEh§aE
:ml̈Fr zFni¦n `¥V©pz¦
§ Od© e§ x¨ tèOd© e§ gÄWè
ªnd© à f¨`n¥ FC©a§l mn̈FxèOd© K¤lO«¤ d© :ldw
à Ep«¥Grª oFc£̀ à Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx© à mi¦Axd̈
© Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A à ml̈Fr i¥ l¡
` :ofg
:Epc«¥r©
£A aB̈§Un¦ à Epr§
«¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Ep«A¥ ©BU§ n¦ xEv
:KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE à LY§
è lA¦ q¤t ¤̀ à L«z¤ l̈Ef oi¥̀ e§ à LèMx§r§
¤M oi¥̀ :ldw
:À̈©d ml̈Frd̈ i¥Ig© §l Ep«M¥ §ln© Lzl̈Ef

è oi¥̀ e§ à d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i LèMx§r§
¤M oi¥̀ :ofg
:miz¦ O¥ d© z©Ig¦ z¦
§ l Epri¦
«¥ WFn L§NÎd¤nFC« oi¥̀ e§ à g© i«W
¦ Ö©d zFni¦l Ep«¥l £̀FB LY§
è lA¦ q¤t«¤̀ :ldw
2. It is common on special occasions, that only a xvei and a zlef are recited. For example, on the
zeiyxt rax` zezay (zlef ,xvei). On dkepg zay however, (zlef ,dxe`n ,xvei) are recited, the dxe`n
being said instead of an ote`.
,ziy`xa zay ,zxvr ipiny ,crend leg zaye ,zekq ,xetk mei ,dpyd y`x ,yceg y`x zay ,dlin zixa zay 3.
,crend leg zaye ,gqt ,lecbd zay ,dipyde dpey`xd zewqtde zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg ly dipyde dpey`xd zay
.daeyz zay ,engp zay ,zereay
4. In the winter jecei lkd and oec` l-` are recited silently, while in the summer jecei lkd is recited
responsively ldw and ofg and oec` l-` is sung responsively in the same manner.
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149
mibdep yie ,ldwe ofg oia oibexiql 'oec` l-`' heitd z` mb xnele jiyndl ebdp zegilqd ini cr lecbd zayn
mceakl ofgd obpn zqpkd zial zclei dàyk oke ozg yiyk .dpyd zezay lka dnirpa 'oec` l-`' obpl
oièyipd ixg`y zayae oiqexi`d ixg`y zayay ozg .cgein oebipa heitd seq cr 'mz`va migny'
.(oièyipd iptly zaya `le)
:dn̈Ẅ§pÎlM̈ i¦tA§ K ä§nE KExÄ £Od© ÎlM̈ lr© oFc¨` à l ¥̀ 5
à mi¦Ur© :ofg
:FzF` à mi¦aa£ Fq dp̈EazE § zr©C«© à ml̈Fr `¥ln̈ FaEh§e Flc§B̈ :ldw
:däM̈x¤
§Od© Îlr© cFak̈§A xC§ ¨d¤pe§ à W ¤T©
« d zFI©gÎlr© d¤̀B̈z¦§ Od© :ofg
©e c¤q«g¤
:FcFa§k i¥pt§ ¦l mi¦ng£ x§ à F`§qk¦ i¥pt§ l¦ xFWi¦nE zEk§f :ldw
:l¥MU§ d© a§ E dp̈i¦aA§ zr©c§ ¨ i§

«©A mxv̈ à Epi«¥ l¡ ¨ W zFxF`§n mi¦aFh
` `xÄ¤ :ofg
:l¥aY¥ ax«¤w§ ¤A mi¦lW è Fn zFi§d¦«l ¨ bE g© M«

à m¤dÄ o©zp̈ dxEa§ :ldw
\\ :ml̈Frd̈Îlk̈§A mëi¦f d¤̀ p̈ à D©bp« mi¦wi¦tn§ E ei¦f mi¦`¥ln§ :ofg
:m¤d¥pFw oFvx§ dn̈i¥̀ A§ mi¦UFr à m¨`Fa§A mi¦UÜ§e mz̈`¥vA§ mi¦gn¥ U § :ldw
¦e dl̈¢dv̈
:FzEk§ln© x¤k«¥f§l dP̈x§ è cFak̈§e x¥̀ R§
à Fn§W¦l mi¦pzFp :ofg
:lewa 'ynyl `xw'n ligzn ofgd sxega
:dp̈äèNd© zxEv § de§ d¨`x¨
© oi¦wz¦ ¤ ©l `x¨ẅ Ñ
à xF`Îgx§©f¦Ie© W¤n«X :ldw
à mFxn̈ à̈§vÎlM̈ FlÎmi¦pzFp è g©aW «¤ :ofg

- Wc¤T© Ü à dN̈c§ªbE zx«¤¤̀ t§ Y
« d zFI©ge§ mi¦Pt© F`§e mi¦tx§ ¦
à FcFa§k `¥QM¦ Îlr© a©Wï§e dN̈r©z¦ § p i¦ri¦aX
è d© mFI©A à mi¦Ur© £Od© ÎlM̈¦n z©aẄ x¤W £̀ l¥̀l̈ :ofg
à i¦ri¦aXè d© mFi l¤W g©a«W ¤ d¤f :zÄ©Xd© mFi§l `ẍẅ b¤pr« à dg̈EpèOd© mFi§l dḧr̈ zx«¤¤̀ t§ Y¦
:FY§k`©ln§ ÎlM̈¦n l¥̀ z©aẄ « FA¤W
:z«ÄX © d© mFí§l xiW ¦À xF¬n§fn¦ aÎ`:av mildz :x¥nF`§e g© A«¥ W © n§ i¦ri¦aXè d© mFi§e :ldw
dN̈c§ªbE xẅ§i g©a«W ¤ :eixEv§¨ iÎlM̈ l¥̀l̈ Ekxäi¦ £ e Ex£̀ ẗ§i Kk̈i¦t§l (®ïi«©l zF ¬ d§l aFhÀ 6)
:Wc¤w« z©AW © mFi§A FzẌc§ ªwA¦ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOr§©l dg̈Ep§n li¦g§pO© d© à lM x¥vFi K¤ln«¤ l¥̀l̈ EpY¦ èi
:z©gŸ« n¦ ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlr§©e à lr«©O© n¦ m¦in«© Ẍ©A à x©`R̈z¦
§ i Ep«M¥ §ln© Lx§
èk¦fe§ à WC©
©wz¦§ i Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i L§nW¦ :ofg
:dl̈«Q¤ à LEx£̀ « ẗ§i à z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W xF` ixF¥ `§ « nÎlr§©e à Licï«¤ d¥Ur© £n g©a«W ¤ Îlr© à Epri¦«¥ WFn KxÄ © z¦
§Y
,zelfn a"i cbp zeaz a"i dpexgàe ,zexacd zxyr cbp zeaz xyr dpey`xae ,`zia `tlà cgein ,ea lkd azk 5.
oa my cbp zeize` a"k md cgie ,yxetnd my cbp a"r ollka ody zeaz 'g cg` lkay miirvn` dryz ex`ya
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .`"zia `"tl` xcqn zeà ligzn wlg lke miwlg 'al wlgzn fexg lk ik rce . . . .l"kr a"k
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .micxtq ixecqae `nex xefgna `l mb i"ik ixecqa epi` 6.
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150
.(gwexd xeciq) legak 'ux`l xi`nd' mixne` zaya lg epi`y aeh meia
EAÄ xÎd«
© n̈ ck:cw :zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur© £n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A WC© ¥gn§ FaEh§aE à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A à d̈i«¤lr̈ mix¦C©
¨le§ ux«¤`¨ l̈ xi¦Ò¥ d©
x¨ tèOd© e§ gÄWè ª nd© à f¨`n¥ FC©a§l mn̈Fxènd© K¤lO«¤ d© :L«¤pï§pw¦ ux¤À̈ d̈ d¬¨`èln̈« z̈i®U¦ r̈ dń̈k§ g̈§A mN̈ª À̈i«i§ | LiU¤̧ r«£n©
à Epr§«¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Ep¥A©BU§ n¦ xEv à Ep«¥Grª oFc£̀ à Epi¥lr̈ m¥gx© mi¦Axd̈© Li«n¤g£ x§
©A à ml̈Fr i¥ l¡
` :ml̈Fr zFni¦n `¥V©pz¦ § Od© e§
à Fn§W¦l cFaM̈ x©vï aFh à dÖg © ix¢¥df̈ lrẗ © E oi¦kd¥ à dr̈C¥ lFc§B KExÄ l ¥̀ :Epc«¥r© £A aB̈§Un¦
:FzẌc§ ªwE l¥̀ÎcFa§M mixè ¦Rq© n§ ci¦nŸ à iC©W © i¥nn£ Fx mi¦WFcw§ ei¨à̈v§ zFPR¦ à FGrª zFai¦aq§ o©zp̈ zFxF`n§
:dl̈«Q¤ à LEx£̀
« ẗ§i à z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W xF` ixF¥ `§
« nÎlr§
©e à Licï«¤ i¥Ur©
£n g©aW ¤ Îlr© Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ KxÄ
© z¦
§Y
.zepiw oebipa zvw obpn oefg zaya ,èd xic` oebipa gqta ,meid oebipa d`xia seq cr epixev jxazzn mipbpn aeh meia
à Ep«M¥ §ln© crl̈ÎL§
© nW ¦ g©AY© W
§ i¦ :mi¦WFc§w `xFA ¥ à Ep«¥l £̀Fb§e Ep«M¥ §ln© EpxEv
«¥ KxÄ © z¦
§ Y :ofg
d¨`x¦
§iA§ mi¦ri¦nW § n© E à ml̈Fr mEx§A micè ¦nFr mN̈Mª eiz̈xẄ§£ n x¤W £̀©e à miz¦ xẄ§ £ n x¥vFi
à mixEx§ ¦ A mN̈Mª à mi¦aEd£̀ mN̈Mª :ml̈Fr K¤ln«¤ E mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡ ` ix§ ¥aC¦ lFw§A c©g«©i
à mN̈k§ ªe :m¤d¥pFw oFvx§ d¨`x¦ §ia§ E dn̈i¥̀ A§ mi¦ r mN̈k§ ªe mixFA¦ ¦ B mN̈Mª
mi¦gAè W
© n§ E mi¦kxä§
£ nE à dx§ ¨n¦fa§ E dxi¦
¨ WA§ à dx¢ ¨dḧ§aE dẌc§ ªwA¦ m¤di¦RÎz¤̀ mi¦gzFR è
- mi¦ki¦ln§ n© E mi¦WiC§
¦wn© E mi¦vix¦r©
£nE mix£̀
¦ ẗ§nE
:Èd WFcẅ `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d K¤lO«¤ d© l¥̀ d̈ m¥WÎz¤̀ ldw
à d¤fl̈ d¤f zEWx§ mi¦pzFp§ è e à d¤Gn¦ d¤f m¦in«© Ẅ zEk§ln© lr m¤di¥lr£ mi¦lAè w© n§ mN̈k§ ªe :ofg
à mi¦pFr cg̈¤̀ M§ mN̈Mª dẌc§ªw à dn̈i¦r§pa¦ E dxEx§
¨ a dẗÜ§A à g© Ex« z©g«©pA§ à mxè ¨vFi§l WiC§¦wd© §l
- d¨`x¦ §iA§ mixè
¦nF`§e
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
® v í̈i§ WFcẅ WFcẅ ¯ 7 b:e diryi ldw
² | WFcẅ
8
'mipte`de' mewna 'zeigde' mixne` ote` mixne`yk mibgae zezaya Wc¤T©
« d zFI©ge§ mi¦Pt© F`d̈§e ofg
9
:mixetikd meie dpyd y`xa caln . . . mi¦`Vè ©pz¦
§ n lFcB̈ Wr©x§
«©A
EPxï« mi¦tx§
ÜE Ex«¥̀ ẗ§i mi¦ax§
ªkE ExxFW§
«¥ i zFI©gd© e§ ofg
. . . aEx§kE o©tF`§e dÏ©gÎlM̈ i¥pR§ Ekxä§
«¥ i mi¦N ¥̀ x¤̀§
§ e
:FnFwè
¬ ai:b l`wfgi ldw :mixè
¦nF`§e mi¦gAè W
© n§ mz̈Ör§
ªl à mi¦tx§
Ü z©Or§
ªl
dyecwa oke ayein xveie jexae yecw mixne`yk oteba drepz oiyery dfn hytzpc d`xp) - dlbcn cigidy `"ie 7.
f"acx z"ey mikqd oke ,(xdefd mya dt i"ad y"nke dbda a"lw 'qa y"nk xveiay dyecw enk dpicy `xcqc
mixteq zkqnn e"itq oiire .d"qwz 'iq y"nre ,cg` laewnl melga eaiyd minyd on jky azke 'i 'iq
oteb midiabnc miyer dtiy l"pe .xecid dl oiyery [f"acx z"eya] e"k 'iqae .dxne` cigidy `"ik 'il rnync
†('b ,h"p oniq miig xewn) .a"w r"nx z"eyre ,dxinà zvw
,ziy`xa zay ,dxez zgny ,zekq ,xetk mei ,dpyd y`x ,yceg y`x zay 8.
.dlin zixa zay ,daeyz zay ,engp zay ,zereay ,crend leg zaye ,gqt ly mipey`xd minid
.dlgz exn` l`xyiy cr dxiy `"`y iptn mrhd bidpnd l"pe .'exxeyi zeigde' `"`y n"ctt w"w bdpn 9.
'lecb yrxa' aizk mipte` iab la` .lld `"` df mrhny oicd mei èdy iptn dxiy `"` dpyd y`xae
(sqei o`vk bdep) .oicd zni` iptn 'lecb yrxa' xnel jixv `wec dpyd y`xae (l`wfgic weqtd oeyl èdy)
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151
zFgÄ§Wz§ªe Ex«n¥ ì zFxi¦n§f à mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ K¤lO«¤ §l à Ep«Y¥ i¦ zFni¦r§p KExÄ l¥̀§l
r©xFf
«¥ à zFng̈§ln¦ lr«©A© à zFWc̈£g d¤ r à zFxEa§B lrFR ¥ FC©a§l Èd i¦M :Eri«n¦ W § ©i
:zF`l̈§t¦Pd© oFc£̀ à zFN¦dz§ `xFp¨ à zFÈtx§ `xFA ¥ à zFrEW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© à zFwc̈§v
mixF`
´¦ d¥ r§l f:elw mildz :xEn¨`M̈ :zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur©£n ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A FaEh§A WC© ¥gnè d©
¨ xF` Ñ 'dxe`n' heitd o`k mixne` dkepgc '` zaya10 :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M mi®¦lc§B
oFI¦vÎlr© Wcg̈
:zFxF`èOd© x¥vFi ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :FxF`§l dx¥ ¨dn§ Ep«N̈kª d¤M§f¦pe§ à xi¦`Ÿ
:Epi«¥lr̈ Ÿ§ln«© g̈ dx¨zi¦
¥ e dl̈Fc§B dl̈§ng¤ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«Ÿa§ d© £̀ dÄx© dä£d`© ldw [lèny i"r]
Ep«¥Pg̈Y§ o¥M à mi¦Ig© i¥Tgª mcè ¥O©lY©
è e à L§a EgèhÄ¤W Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ xEar© £A à Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨
li¦MU§ d© §lE oi¦ad̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦lA§ o¥ze§ à Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx© à m¥gxè©nd© on̈£gxd̈ © a¨` Epi«a¦ `¨ :(Epcè § 11)
«¥O©lzE
L«z¤ xFY
¨ cEn§lz© ix§ ¥aCÎlM̈Îz¤̀
¦ m¥Iw© §lE zFUr©£le§ xn§W¦l à c¥O©lèlE cn§l¦l à r©n§ « W¦l à
dä£d`© §l Ep«a¥ ä§l c¥gi©e§ à L«z¤ xFz§¨ A Ep«A¥ ¦l w¥Ac§ ©e à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ Epi«¥pir¥ x¥̀ d̈§e :dä£d`© A§
à Ep§gḧ« Ä `xFP©¨ de§ lFcB̈©d LèWcẅ § m¥Wa§ i¦M :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WFa¥pÎ`l§e à L«n¤ W § Îz¤̀ d¨`x¦ §i§lE
Ep«k¥ i¦lFz§e à ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax© §`n¥ mFlẄ§l Ep«¥̀ i¦ad£ e© 12 Ñ :L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A dg̈ènU§ ¦pe§ dl̈i«¦bp̈
:oFWl̈§e mrÎlM̈¦
© n Ÿx«§g© ä Ep«äE à dŸ«`¨ zFrEW§iÎlrFR ¥ l¥̀ i¦M :Ep«v¥ x© §`§l zEI¦nn£ Fw
'dad`' heitd o`k mixne` aà 'h iptle zereay iptl zaya à z¤ n`¡A¤ dl̈«q¤ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l Ep«Ÿa§ x¥
©we§
:dä£d`© A§ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOr§
©A x¥gFA©d ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dä£d`© A§ Lc¤ §g©i§lE L§l zFcFd§l
.ofg ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
z` minilyn yie .xeaiva ode cigia od 'on`p jln l`' zxin` dl minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,ofg ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx oeayg
it lr dìxwd xwir èdy oey`xd weqtd llek `xwnd inrha dlek y"w z` èxwl jixv dligzkl
,hxta fpky` ipa ly dnecwd `xwnd inrh zpibpae ,mda lbxen m` ,`xwnd inrh zpibpa rny zìxw .miweqtd
.mei lka miinrt rny zìxw ly `ziixe`c devnd z` miiwl zxgaend jxcd ìd
milind iiehia lr - `ziixe`c y"wa xzeiae - dltzd lka citwdl jixv miwcwcnde miweqtd it lr
oia mb fpky` ipa elicad epiptly zexecae ,fpky` ipa ly ef ìd dpekpd mlegd ziibd .zwcwecn ycewd oeyla
.(cpled ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"l`l o"ir oiae (dixbped ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"kl z"ig
'cg`' ly z"ilca jix`dl `xnbd oic lr citwdl jixv fpky` iwqet itl .zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd
,zehiyd lr itl y"w onfa miwcwcnd md miax .(zeincwd zepeilrd miipiyd ixeg`n dyelw oeyld zcrxda)
.l"fg zxeqn itl dyrizy y"w mvra mb xcdl mivn`zny dl` md ixyè
.dkepg zay ly 'Epxè

«¥nFW l-¥̀ i¦M' oebipa zxn`p 'Wc̈g̈ xF`'n dkxad znizg ,'mizif ipy' oebipa 'dxe`n' dkepg zaya 10.
mllkn q"yx xeciqe i"q aexa la` ,mdixg`y mixeciqae `"xe r"x xeciqa d"ke i"q zvwna d"k 11.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .ef daizl `zil
12. The bdpn is to hold the two front zeiviv in the left hand, as mentioned by the following miwqet;
`pxih wifii` epiaxl mibdpnd xtq, dnly ly mi, mdxa` obn, axd jexr ogly, jexr ogly xeviw and
oglyd jexr. This was echoed by fpky` iwqet (`yiinxee ibdpn, [hxetwpxt ibdpn] clet oxd` 'x,
xiì zeg, and une` sqei xtq (although he held all four zeiviv, l"fix`d bdpnk)).
_______________________________________________
152
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14
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m®Ä Ÿx©
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¦e Li¤p½ ä§l mÝ̈§P©PW ² ev© n§ i¯¦ p«`¨ xW£̀
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cïÎlr© zF`§l m¬Ÿx© §Ww§ E :L«n¤ Ew§aE LèAk§ Ẅ§aE« Kx¤C© ½¤a ĹY§ è k¤la§ E ÆLzi¥ ¤̧ aA§ L³ Y§è aW
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´ t§ q© `«¨ e§ WFw§ ® ln© E d´¤xFi FY¦rA§ m²¤kvè x© §`Îx«h© n§
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dí¤d§ i¦Î`«l§e Æmi¦n©¸ Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ x³©vr̈§e mk¤À Ä ï¹ i§Îs©` dxg̈§ ¸¨ e :m«d¤l̈ mzi¦ ¤ eg£ Y«© W§ d¦ e§ mix¥½¦g £̀ mi´¦ l¡ `
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§iÎlr©
:Li«x¤r̈§Wa¦ E Lzi¥ ¤ A zF¬fEf§nÎlr© m²Ÿ§az© k§ E :L«n¤ Ew§aE LèAk§ Ẅ§aE« Kx¤C© ½¤a ĹY§ è k¤la§ E ÆLzi¥¤̧ aA§
lr©µ mk¤½ i¥pa§ iń¥ i¦e Æmk¤ i¥ni§ EA³ x¦ §i or©n©¸ §l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd17
:ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlr© m¦in© Ẍ©d i¬¥ni¦M m®¤dl̈ z´z¥ l̈ m¤ki ¥ a£̀© « l ²ï§i r¯A© W
§ ¦p xW£̀ ¤̧ dn̈½ c£̀« ¨ d̈
.xi`¦ n¥ ia¦ x§ ix¥a§ C¦ ,oiwi
¦ q¦ t§ n© Eid̈ `¨le§ ,c«g̈ ¤̀ 'c Epi ¥l¡
` 'c l®¥̀ x§ § mix¦nF`
Üi¦ r©nW § ?rn© W§ z ¤̀ oik¦ xFM§ Eid̈ cvi¥© M ,op̈Äx© EpŸ 13.
.cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W KExÄ mix¦nF` § Eid̈ `¨NW¤ `¨N ¤̀ ,Eid̈ oiwi
¦ q¦ t§ n© ,xnF`
¥ dc̈Ed§i ia¦ x§
wr«£©i `¬ẍ§w¦Ie© ,Wiw¨
¦ l oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ C§ ,Wiw¨ ¦ l oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ Wix¦c̈c§ M¦ ?(...m¥W KExÄ) Di¥l op̈ix¦n§ `© `n̈r§ h© i`n© o©p£̀ e©14.
Ò̈W¤ xn© `¨ ,dp̈ik¦ W§ EpO¤ n¦ dẅ§NY© q¦ § pe§ ,oinÏ
¦ d© uw¥ eip̈ä§l zFN©bl§ aŸw£ri© Wwi ¥ A¦ mk¤½ l̈ dc̈i´¦B`© e§ ÆEt§q`«¨ d¥ x¤n`ÀIe© ei®p̈ÄÎl¤̀
,eip̈Ä Fl Exn§ `¨ ,eÜ¥r EpO¤ n¦ `v̈ÏW¤ wg̈v¦ § i ia¦ `¨ e§ ,l`¥rn̈W¦
§ i EpO¤ n¦ `v̈ÏW¤ md̈xä§ `© M§ ,lEqR§ iz¦ Ḧn¦ A§ W¥i mFlẄe§ qg©
dr̈Ẅ Dz̈FÀ§ ,cg̈ ¤̀ `¨N ¤̀ EpA¦ ¥ lA§ oi ¥̀ KM© ,cg̈ ¤̀ `¨N ¤̀ LA¦§ lA§ oi ¥̀ W¤ mW¥ M§ Exn§ `¨ ,c«g̈ ¤̀ 'c Epi ¥l¡ ` 'c l®¥̀ x§ Üi¦ r©nW §
.cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W KExÄ ,xn© `¨ e§ Epia¦ `¨ aŸw£ri© gzR̈ ©
FzF` mix¦nF` § Ed§IW¤ Epiw¦ z§ d¦ ,aŸw£ri© Fxn̈£̀ ?EdExn`¥ § p `¨l ,Epi¥Ax© dWŸ ¤ n Fxn̈£̀ `¨l ?EdExn`¥ § p cia£ ¦ rp© iki¦ d¥ op̈Äx© ix¥n§ `¨
oi¦pin¦ `M̈i¥lC§ `r̈C§ x§d§© paE
¦ ,oi¦piO¦ d© znFr
¤ x§Y© i¥pR§ n¦ ,mx¨ lFwA§ FzF` mix¦nF` § Ed§IW¤ Epiw¦ z§ d¦ ,EdÄ`© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ . . . .i`¦ W£ © gA©
(.ep migqt 'nb) .i`¦ W£ © gA© D¨l ix¥n§ `¨ `ŸW§ d© cr©
LèWt§ ©pÎlk̈§a .'[Li¤
¼ pẗ§l oń̈`¡«¤p] »Faä§lÎz¤̀ z̈`´v̈n̈E' (g:h dingp) ea xn`py mdxa`k L¬ aè ä« §lÎlk̈§A .zea`d zeize` .Ÿ§
½ ad© ´`¨ e§15.
':K«l̈ EP¬¤
x§Vr£̀
© V ¥ r© i¦l½ Îo¤YY«¦ x´¤W £̀ Ælk§e' (ak:gk ziy`xa) dia aizkc awrik L «¤`§nÎlk̈§aE .d"awdl eytp xqny wgvik
(mixehd lra) :(al ixtq)
xFn¡` `¨N ¤̀ ,Fl xn`Ÿ© ze§ m¥Bn© § bY§ l`© ,xäC̈ mc̈`¨ L§l l`© W¦
§ i m`¦ W¤ ,Lit¦ A§ mic¦ C̈Egn§ dxFz
¨ ix¥a§ C¦ Ed§iW¤ ,'mÝ̈§P©PW
¦ e§' ,op̈Äx© EpŸ 16.
(b:my) ':L«A¤¦l g© E¬lÎlr© ma¥À z§ M̈ Li®¤ r§Av§ ¤̀Îlr© m¬¥
x§Wẅ' :xnF`
¥ e§ (c:f ilyn) 'Y§ ®¨` i¦ ǵ£̀ dn̈§kg̈«l xń¡ `' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ,cÏn¦ Fl
(:l oiyecw 'nb)
.df z` xiaqny 'b wlg fpky` bdpn iyxya oiir 17.
_______________________________________________
153
md¤½ ¥l £̀ Ÿ
´ x©
§n`«¨ e§ Æl¥̀ x§
è e m®¨ c§« l m¤dic§ ¥ba¦ i¬¥t§pM© Îlr© z²v¦ i¦v m¬¤dl̈ EU̧r̈§e18
m®¨ ` mz¤ i¦Ur«£e© ï½ i§ zé§vn¦ ÎlM̈Îz¤̀ ÆmY¤ x© §k§fE F À ` m´¤zi¦`xE§ 19 z¦ ¼ vi¦v§l m» k¤ l̈ dí̈d̈§e
Exè
½ M§fY¦ or´©n© §l :m«d¤ix£
¥g`«© mi¦pf m¬¤Y`© Îx¤W £̀ mk¤½ i¥pir«¥ ix£ ´¥g`«© e§ Æmk¤ a§ a© §l i³¥
¹ l§e
.ofgd oke oexg`d weqtd axd mr ldwd exne`
m¦ix§
½©vn¦ ux´¤¤̀ n¥ Æmk¤ z¤̀
« ` í̈i§ iº¦p £̀
:m«k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i¦p £̀ mi¦ l¡
ziviv zyxt xne` ofg jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè 'zn`' dlina elew mixn ofg
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le ,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr
`¤pe§ xẄï§e mÏ©we§ oFkp̈§e ai¦Si©e§ zn ¤` ¡
21 20
ueg zlef mixne`y zezaya mixne` aEd¨è§ on̈¡
zereay iptly zay cr xii` yceg y`xn xiC© ¦è§ `xFp§ ¨ e mi¦rp̈§e cn̈§g¤pe§ ai¦ag̈§e
:aà dryzl fenz f"i oiay zezayae
xẄï§e mÏ©we§ oFkp̈§e ai¦S©ie§ zn¡ ¤ ` ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ d¤Gd© xäC©¨d d¤tï§e aFh§e lÄªwn§ E oT̈z§ ªnE
xäC© ¨d d¤tï§e aFh§e on̈¡ `¤pe§ o¥bn̈ à awr© £i xEv Ep«M¥ §ln© ml̈Fr i¥ l¡ ` z¤n`¡ :cr¨ ¤e
Epi«¥pÄÎlr© Epi¥lr̈§e Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ lr© d¤Gd© à mÏ©w Fn§WE à mÏ©w Èd xFcë xFc§l à Epr§ «¥Wi¦
r©x«¤f | zFxFCÎlM̈ lr§ ©e Epi«z¥ FxFCÎlr§©e à z¤ n«Ïw© crl̈
© Fzp̈En¡ è¤ FzEk§ln© E à oFkp̈ F`§qk¦ e§
:Licä
«¤ r£ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ crl̈ © à micn̈¡ ¦ g¤pe§ mi¦pn̈¡`¤p à mi¦nÏ©we§ mi¦ig̈ eixä¨ cE§
mi¦pFx£g`© d̈Îlr§ ©e mi¦pFW`xd̈Îl
¦ r© Epi«¥pÄÎlr© à Epi«¥lr̈§e Epi«z¥ Fa£̀Îlr© :mi¦nl̈Fr i¥nèlFr§lE
:xFar© £i `l§e wg cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l :Licä «¤ r£ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©x«¤fzFxFCÎlM̈ lr§ ©e à Epi«z¥ FxFCÎlr§ ©e
Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Èd dŸ©`Ẅ z¤n`¡ aFh xäC¨ à mi¦pFx£g`© d̈Îlr§ ©e mi¦pFW`xd̈Îl
¦ r©
dŸ©` :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥
à dŸ«`¨ Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ K¤ln«¤ Ep«M¥ §ln© Èd :xFar© £i `l§e wg dp̈En¡ è¤ z¤n`¡ à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l mÏ©we§
Ÿ§l`«© b̈§M Ep«¥l¢̀b̈§l x¥dn© L§nW ¦ or«©n© §l à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Èd dŸ©`Ẅ z¤n`¡
j̈§nW ¦ ml̈Fr¥n z¤n`¡ :Epi«z¥ Fa£̀Îz¤̀ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ l¥̀FB Ep«¥l £̀FB à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ K¤ln «¤ Ep«M¥ §ln©
à dä£d`© A§ `ẍ§w¦p Epi«¥lr̈ | lFcB̈©d Ep«¥li¦Sn© E EpcFR «¥ à Ep«z¥ r̈EW§i xEv Epxè «¥vFi
:L«z¤ l̈Ef cFr mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀ :L«z¤ l̈Ef cFr mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀ à L«n¤ W § ml̈Fr¥n
(fh:v mildz yxcn d`x) micad yeal mik`lnk mithern eidzy dvex ip` d"awd xn` .z²v¦ i¦v m¬¤dl̈ EU̧r̈§e18.
ceaka `qkle riwxl dnecy zlkza dev okl .(e"ht izax `zwiqt d`x) shern ize` mzi`x xy`ke
(mixehd lra) :(:bn zegpn d`x)
19. The bdpn of holding the zeiviv originated from the time of the cenlz and therefore
is considered a `xnbc dpic. The zeiviv are kissed only while reciting the words 'eze` mzi`xe'.
20. When a zlef is recited on certain zezay and miaeh mini a shorter form of aivie zn`
and mipey`xdÎlr, which was the ancient l`xyi ux` text is likewise said. According to the l"ixdn
('b zereayl gqt oiay minid ipic) the bdpn is to recite the longer version of aivie zn` when reciting
the zezlef between a) xii` yceg y`x and zereay and b) between fenza xyr dray and aà dryz.
21. [A] zlef should not be added to the passage aivie zn` on dpyd y`x ... because the entire portion
as such describes the reign of God as King of the Universe. Moreover, it is pointed out that
the fifteen expressions of homage in this paragraph should recall the fifteen instances in which
the word xtke, implying forgiveness and pardon, occurs in the portion of the dxez dealing with
xetk mei (fh wxt `xwie), and that the six repetitions of the word zn` there are an allusion to the
Creation of the world which was completed on dpyd y`x ... This portion of the service should
remain unaltered on the mi`xep mini. [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 185]
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154
22
.zlef mixne` milbx ylyae zezaya
xFCÎlk̈§A m¤dix£ ¥g`© m¤di¥pa§ ¦l ri«
©W¦ FnE o¥bn̈ à ml̈Fr¥n Èd dŸ©` Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ zx§©fr¤
Wi¦` ix§ ¥W`© :ux«¤`¨ i¥qt§ `© Îcr© Lzẅ è c¦§ve§ Li«h¤ R̈§Wn¦ E à L«a¤ ẄFn ml̈Fr mEx§A 23 :xFcë
L«O¤ r§
©l oFc¨` Èd dŸ©` z¤n`¡ :FA¦lÎlr© mi¦Uï Lxä è cE§ Lzè xFz§ ¨ e à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ §l r©nW § ¦IW
¤
oi¥̀ Lic«¤r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd dŸ©è§ oFW`x¦ Èd dŸ©` z¤n`¡ :mäix¦ aixl̈ ¦ xFA¦B K¤ln«¤ E
24
:Ep«z̈ic§¦R micä ¦ r£ zi¥An¦ E à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«Ÿ§l`© §B m¦ix§
«©vO¦ n¦ :ri« ©W ¦ FnE l¥̀FB K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈
mici¦ ci¦
¦ e à Ÿ§rA«© h¦ mic¥ ¦fe§ à Ÿ§rwÄ
«© sEqÎm©ie§ à Ÿ§l`«¨ B̈ LxFk§ è aE à Ÿ§bxd̈ «© m¤dixFk§
¥ AÎlM̈
EgèAW ¦ z`fÎlr© Ñ :x«z̈Fp `´l m ¤À n¥ c¬g̈¤̀ m®¤dix«¥v̈ m¦i¬©nÎEQ©ki§e© ì:ew mildz à Ÿx«§a© r¤ ¡d
à zF`cFd§ ¨ e zFkx§ Ä à zFgÄ§Wz§ ªe zFxi¦W zFxi¦n§f mici¦ c§ ¦i Epzp̈§ è e à l¥̀ En£nFx§e mi¦aEd£̀
à mi¦lẗ§W D© i«A¦ §bn© E à mi¦`¥B li¦RW § n© à `xFp§ ¨ e lFcB̈ à `V̈¦pe§Îmx¨ à mÏ©we§Îi©g l¥̀ K¤ln«¤§l
:eil̈¥̀ mr̈§EW© zr§ ¥A FOr§ ©l d¤pFr§e à mi¦NC© x¥fFr§e à mi¦ep̈r£ dcFtE ¤ à mixi¦ ¦ q £̀ ì¦vFn
:K ä§nE Èd KExÄ à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀§l zFN¦dY§
:mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§ à dxi¦ ¨ W Epr̈ L§l l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥pa§ E d¤ n
:`¤l«t¤ d¥Ur¬ zN¦dz§ `¬¨ xFp Wc¤T© ® A xĆ§¨`¤p d¨ nM̈ i¬n¦ ï½ i§ Æm¦l ¥̀ Ä« d¨ nk̈Îi¦
³ n« ì:eh zeny ldw
à mÏ©d z©tU§ Îlr© à L§nW ¦ §l mi¦lE`§b EgèAW ¦ dẄc£ ¨g dxi¦¨ W ofg
:Exèn`¨ e§ Eki«¦ln§ d¦ e§ EcFd mN̈Mª c©g«©i
:cr¨
«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh ldw
à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ xEv ofg
à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zx§©fr§
¤A dn̈Ew«
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦e§ dcEd§
¨ i Lèn ª̀§pk¦ dc§
¥tE
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ l©`B̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 26 25
.dpexg`d ze` cr mx lewa df z` mb mixne`
,dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep miniae milbx ylya
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(301 'nr) dpyd y`x ly ,(263 'nr) milbx yly ly
,ziy`xa zay ,zxvr ipiny ,crend leg zay ,zekq ,yceg y`x zay ,dlin zixa zay 22.
,crend leg zay ,gqt ,lecbd zay ,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg ly dpey`x zay
.daeyz zay ,engp zay ,mixvnd oiay zezay ,zereay ,zereayl xii` yceg y`x oiay zezay
,'eke 'r©nW
§ ¦IW ¥W`© ' zerayae ,'eke 'ml̈Fr mEx§A' mx lewa ofgd ligzn xetk meie dpyd y`xa 23.
¤ Wi¦` ix§
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .(dxikf 'q) 'eke 'Ep«Ÿ§l`© §B m¦ix§
«©vO¦ n¦ ' gqtae ,'eke 'oFW`x¦ Èd dŸ©` z¤n`¡' zekqae
«©vO¦ n¦ ' milina ligznd rhwd z` - glya zyxt 24.
.gqt ly iriaye glya zyxtl cgein oebipa ofgd xne` 'Ep«Ÿ§l`© §B m¦ix§
recid oebipa mixne` l`xyi l`b cre dycg dxiy milindn lgdy yie ,l`xyi l`b cr df oebipa mikiynnd yi
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .dlin zixal
25. Unlike oilet gqep, which included the additional verse ':l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ WFc§w Fn§W zFà̈§v 'c¬ Ep«¥l £ B'
(c:fn diryi) before the end of the l`xyi l`b zkxa, ancient fpky` gqep did not contain this verse.
à mi¦pÄ ri«
©W¦ FY zFa¨` l©l§bA¦ miniiqne (icec gxa) 'dle`b' mixne` crend leg zaye gqt ly mipey`xd minia 26.
.:m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l à dN̈ ª̀§b ì¦az̈§e
_______________________________________________
155
crend leg zayle zayl dcinr zixgy zixgy
zayl zixgy ly dcinr
.dgpna `le zixgya `l ,'ekxa' `le gztd yicw z` `l mixne` oi` zezaya
:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ ci¬¦Bi© i ¦À E g®Ÿ§tY¦ i´z© ẗ§U ip̈c£̀ fh:`p mildz1

i¥ l¡
` à md̈x§
ä`© i¥ l¡
` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
mi¦aFh micq̈£
¦ g l¥nFB à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP©
¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀ d̈ à awr«£©i i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§
¥qg© x¥kFf§e à lM©d d¥pw§e
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daey zaya
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
«¥kf̈
:md̈x§
©W¦ FnE x¥fFr K¤l«n¤
:ri«
©W¦ Fd§l ax© à dŸ©` miz¥
¦ n d¥Ig© n§ à ip̈c£̀ à ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
à mi¦lFg `¥tFx§e à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§

©A miz¦ n¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§
à zFxEa§B lr«©A© LFnk̈
¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡
` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀
¦ xiY©
¦ nE
:dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ K¤ln«¤ à KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga la`] daey zaya
:mi¦ng£ x§
© a©` LFnk̈
« i¦n
:miz¦ O¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦zn¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡

`¤pe§
,'dlq xikf`' zeaexw mixne` xekf zyxta ,'zenf f`n f`' zeaexw mixne` milwy zyxta u"yd zxfga 1.
ycegd zyxta ,('dywd z`f' rhwd z` mda mixne` oi`) .'one` zlev`' zeaexw mixne` dxt zyxta
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'ixht ipe`' zeaexw mixne` lecbd zaya ,'micec zr miz`' zeaexw mixne`
_______________________________________________
156
32
: dltzd zxfga u"yl dyecw à WFcẅ L§nW ¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`
m¥WM§ à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p cala ofg :dl̈«Q¤ LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE
aEzM̈©M à mFxn̈ i¥nW § A¦ FzF` à mi¦WiC§ ¦wn© W
¤ : daey zaya) l¥̀ d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© :WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d©
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§ ® v í̈i§ WFcẅ WFcẅ ² | WFcẅ ¯ eicgi ofge ldw
à mi¦tx§ Ü z©Or§ ªl mi¦`Vè ©pz¦
§ n à lFw mi¦ri¦nW § n© wf̈g̈§e xiC© ¦` à lFcB̈ Wr©x«© lFw§A à f¨` ofg
:FnFwè
« On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi ofge ldw :Ex«n¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl
?oFI¦vA§ Kl§nY¦ i©zn̈ :Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ mi¦Mg© n§ i¦M à Epi«¥lr̈ Kl§nz§ ¦ e à ri«© t¦ Fz Ep«M¥ §ln© LènFwèOn¦ ofg
à Lxi¦ è r m¦«©lẄEx§«i KFz§A WC© ©wz¦§ z§e lC© ©Bz¦
§ Y :oM§WY¦ cr¨ ¤e ml̈r§l à Epi«n¥ ï§A aFxẅ§A
à L¤Grª ixi¦ ¥ WA§ xEn¨`d̈ xäC© ¨M à LzEk§ è ln© dp̈i«¤̀ x§z¦ Epi«¥pir§ ¥e :mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE xFcë xFc§l
:L«w¤c¦ §v g© i«W
¦ n§ c¦eC¨ ic§
¥iÎlr©
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨ À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡ ` ml̈Fr§
À l | Æïi§ K³l§ni¦ i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
Epi«R¦ n¦ Epi«¥ l¡ ` L£ga§ W¦ e§ à WiC§ ¦w©p LzẌ è c§ ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈ § ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l ofg
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤l«n¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daey zaya) l¥̀ d̈
à Ÿ«z© p̈ FW`x§A zx¤̀ ¤ t§ Y¦ li¦lM§ :FN z̈`ẍ« ẅ on̈¤̀¤p c¤ar¤ i¦M à Fw§lg¤ z©pY© è nA§ d¤ n g©nU§ i¦ 5 4
à zÄ©W zxi¦ © nW § m¤dÄ aEzk̈§e à FcïA§ cixFd ¦ mi¦pä£̀ gªl i¥pW § E à i©pi¦q x©dÎlr© Li«¤pẗ§l Fc§nr̈§A
z²Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ zFŪr«£©l z®Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îi«¥pa§ Exè
¬nẄ « e§ fh:`l zeny :L«z¤ xFz§ ¨ A aEzM̈ o¥ke§
6
Æïi§ d³Ür̈ min¦À ï z¤W´W ¥ Îi¦M m®l̈r§l è¦d zF`¬ l ¥̀½ x§ Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Æoi¥aE iÀ¦pi¥A :m«l̈Fr zix§ ¬¦A m ¨ c§« l
:W«t© P̈¦Ie© z©aẄ ir¦½ i¦aX è d© ÆmFI©aE ux¤`¨½ d̈Îz¤̀§e m¦iń© Ẍ©dÎz¤̀
2. The xagn (`:dkw miig gxe`) states that congregants should not recite ycwp [jyicwp] together
with the ofg; rather they should remain silent and concentrate on the ofg’s recitation until
he finishes that portion, at which point they should recite, '....yecw ,yecw' The dxexa dpyn
explains, that congregants should remain quiet because the ofg is their messenger, and if they
recite ycwp along with him, he no longer appears as their messenger.
3. The paragraphs recited on zay (for example: 'ek ,`ln eceak ,lewa f`) may be said by ldw as well.
During the time of the mipey`x however, they too were said only by the ofg. fpky` iwqet did
not stop the xeaiv from saying them, but they did not insist on them doing so either. As is
shown in the miidlcex ixeciq, they are marked as sections exclusively recited by the ofg.
zg` dlitza oilltzn ep` oiè ,dgpne sqene xveie dlila zaya epzlitz oipyn ep` dn iptn xn`z mè 4.
zezay 'b cbpky cg` ipeaxpn izrnye .dlitze dlitz lka epzxga dz` oilltzn ep`y aeh meia enk
.ziy`xa ini zyyd àe ycewne eycw d"awdy ,ziy`xa zay cbpk zycw dz` ,zelitzd eli` minkg epwiz
dxez xn oiae xn oia ickn àiwr 'x 't opixn`ck ,dnkyda zaya dpzip dxezdy ,ipiq zay cbpk ,dyn gnyi
.dgpne zixgy ziaxr zlitzn oipyn ep` oitqend zlitz lky ,denzl oi` zay zpkzae .dpzip zaya
l`xyi mbe .cg` enye cg` i"i didi èdd meia (h:ci dixkf) '`py ,àl cizrly zay cbpk cg` dz` zlitzae
(ixhie xefgn) .ux` eyxi mlerl miwicv mlek jnre (`k:q diryi) '`py ,cg` ieb
(dcedi gk) .cgein oebipa 'dyn gnyi' u"yd zxfga ofgd xne` exzi 'it zaya 5.
zÄX© n¦ uEg ,ì̈q§ d¤ x§t© A§ md¨ ¤ l ozp̈
© ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ il§ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© md¨ ¤ l ozP̈© W¤ zFv§ n¦ lM̈ ,igFi© oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 6.
dxi¨ z§
¥ i dn̈Ẅ§p ,Wiw¨ ¦ l oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ xn© `¨ . . .'m®l̈r§l è¦d zF`¬ l ¥̀½ x§
Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Æoi¥aE iÀ¦pi¥A' :xn`
© ¡¤PW¤ ,`r̈§pv¦ A§ md¨ ¤ l ozP̈
© W¤
za© ẌW¤ oëi¥M .':W«t© P̈¦Ie© z©aẄ' :xn`
© ¡¤PW¤ ,Epni
¤ d¥ Dz̈F` oi¦lhFp
§ zÄW© i ¥̀ v̈Fn§lE ,zÄW© ax¤r¤ mc̈À̈ ¨ Èd KexÄ WFcT̈d© ozFp ¥
(.fh dvia 'nb) .Wt¤ ¤ p dc̈a§ `¨ ie©e
_______________________________________________
157
à mi¦li¦qt§ icè
¥aFr§l Ep«M¥ §ln© FY§lg© §pd¦ `l§e à zFvx£̀ ¨ d̈ i¥iFb§l Epi¥ l¡` ï§i FY©z§p `l§e
wr©
£i rx¤ ©fl§ à dä£d`© A§ FY©z§p LèOr© l¥̀ x§ § i¦ `l 7 Fzg̈Ep§nA¦ m©be§
Üi¦§l i¦M :mi¦lx¥r£ EpèMW
à L¤aEH¦n EbèPr©z¦ § ie§ ErèAU§ i¦ mN̈Mª à i¦ri¦aW § i¥WC© èwn§ mr© :Ÿx«§g̈Ä mÄ x¤W £̀
:zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur© £n§l x¤k«¥f à z̈`ẍ« ẅ Fz` mi¦nï zC§ ©ng¤ FY§WC¦ ©we§ FA z̈i«v¦ x¨ i¦ri¦aX
è a© E
à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§ LizF§
¤ vn¦ A§ Ep«W¥ C©
èw à Epz¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ à Epi¥zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ `
Ep¥li¦g§pd© e§ :z¤n`¡A¤ LC§ èar̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦l x¥dh© e§ à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§ L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè «¥AU
©
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥ad£ `« l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ L§a EgènU§ i¦e§8 à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ z©AW © oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i
:zÄ©Xd© WC© ¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
i¥X`¦ e§ 9 :L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦
§l dcFa
¨ rd̈
§ aE l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr§
©A Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i d¥vx§
zcFa
© r£ ci¦nŸ oFvx§¨l i¦dzE § à oFvx§
Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥
¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE§ l¥̀ x§Üi¦
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦
10
.'àie dlri' mixne` crend legae yceg y`xa
ïe§ d¤̀ x¥
ïe§ ri«
`
LèOrÎlM̈
©A oFI¦v§l LèaEW§A Epi«¥pir¥ dp̈i«¤fg¡z¤ e§
7. In the uncensored ci azk of the gwex, the gqep is 'mi¦lx¥r£ Ep§MW
§ i¦ `l'. Due to the influence of the
censors, the text was changed in some mixeciq to 'mi¦rẄx§'.
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Fa EgE«pï§e :mixne` oilet gqep itl 8.
9. One could read the phrase either oevxa lawz dadà . dxdn mzltze l`xyi iyè or mzltze l`xyi iyè
oevxa lawz dadà dxdn ., therefore according to n"ctt bdpn, one pauses both before and after
the word 'dx¥
¨dn§ '.
liaya `l` à epi`y itl àie dlria zay ly xikfn oi` zaya lgy yceg y`x ,ixhie xefgna dziè 10.
ebdpe mya i"ad zrc mle` .bdpnd okye mipexg` daxd mya eh w"q dxexa dpynd t"ke (l"ixdn) .yceg y`x
.àie `lria zay oixikfny b 'rq `"nxde mlerd
_______________________________________________
158
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv ofgd
opaxc micen Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ rxek
Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ rxek :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i swef
i¥l¡` Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥l`«e¥ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i swef xFc§l Èd dŸ©` Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv
zFkx§ Ä :zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi Epxè«¥vFi à xÜÄÎlk̈ Epi«¥Ig© Îlr© L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp ¤ :xFcë
lr© à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l zF`c̈Fd§e zFcEwèRd© Epi«z¥ Fn§W¦pÎlr§ ©e à Lcï§ «¤ A mixEqè
¦ Od©
à Ep«n¥èIw© zE
§ Ep«¥Ig© Y§ o¥M à Ep«Ÿn§ ©Iw¦ e§ Ep«z̈i¦ig¡d¤W¤ à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤ Li«Q¤¦pÎlr§ ©e à Kl̈
§ zFx§vg© §l Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡ `z¤ e§ à zrÎlk̈è ¥ AW ¤ Li«z¤ FaFh§e Li«z¤ F`èlt§ ¦pÎlr§ ©e
aä¥lA§ LC§ èar̈§lE à L«¤pFvx§ zFUr© £le§ Li«Tª ¤g Elk̈Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢ «¨dv̈§e x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤
hrn mirxek :Kl̈ micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W ¤ lr© à m¥lẄ à Licq̈£ «¤ g EO«z© Î`l i¦M m¥gxè ©nd© e§ à Li«n¤ g£ x©
:zF`c̈Fd©d l¥̀ swef KExÄ dlind mixne`yk :Kl̈ Epi«e¦w¦ ml̈Fr¥n
à zFng̈§lO¦ d© lr§©e à zFrEWY© è d lr§
©e à zFxEaèBd© lr§ ©e à oẅx§R© ªd lr§
©e à mi¦Q¦Pd© lr©
LèOrÎl© r© dr̈Ẅxd̈ è oëï zEk§ln© dc̈ènr̈¤WM§ à eip̈äE i©pFn§Wg© lFcB̈ o¥ M op̈g̈Fi o¤A Edïz¦ § Yn© i¥ni¦A
Ÿc«§n© r̈ à mi¦Axd̈
© Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A dŸ©è§ :L«¤pFvx§ i¥Tgªn¥ mxi¦ ¨ ar©£d§lE à L«z¤ xFY ¨ mg̈i¦MW § d© §l à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦
Ÿx«§q© n̈ :mz̈n̈§w¦p z¤̀ Ÿ§nwp̈«© à mp̈iC¦ z¤̀ Ÿ§pC«© à mäix¦ z¤̀ Ÿ§ax«© à mz̈xv̈ ¨ zr§ ¥A m¤dl̈
c©iA§ mi¦rẄxE§ à mixFd§ ¦ h c©iA§ mi¦`n¥ h§ E à mi¦Hr§ ©n c©iA§ mi¦Ax§ ©e à mi¦WN̈©g c©iA§ mixFA¦ ¦ B
LèOr§ ©lE à L«n¤ l̈Fr§A WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ m¥W z̈i«U¦ r̈ L§lE :L¤zxFz ¨ i¥wqè Fr c©iA§ mic¥ ¦fe§ à mi¦wiC© ¦v
à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦ §l Li«¤pä E`«Ä K©M x©g`«© e§ :d¤Gd© mFI©dM§ oẅx§tE ª dl̈Fc§b dr̈EWY§ z̈i«U¦ r̈ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦
z©pFn§W Erèaẅ§e à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© A§ zFx¥p Ewi¦lc¦ §de§ à L«W ¤ C§
¨wn¦ z¤̀ Ex£dh¦ e§ à L«¤lk̈i¥d z¤̀ EP¦tE
:lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l l¥Nd© §lE zFcFd§l à EN«¥̀ dM̈ªpg£ i¥ni§
:cr¨
¦ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i mN̈MÎl
ª r§©e
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :L«z¤ ix§
¦a i¥pA§ mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© l§ aFz§kE :daey zaya

¤e Ep«z¥ r̈EW§i l¥̀ d̈ à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW¦ Îz¤̀ El£ld© i¦e à dl̈«Q¤ LEcFi
_______________________________________________
159
:ofgd xne` (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga
.(276 'nr) ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
à LC§
«¤ar© d¤ n ic§¥iÎlr© däEzèMd© à dxFY© ¨ A z¤W«¤NWè ªnd© dk̈xè ÄA© Ep«k¥ xÄ £ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
:xEn¨`M̈ à L«W ¤ Fc§w mr© mi¦p£ M eip̈äE ox£d`© i¦Rn¦ dxEn£̀ ¨ d̈
11
¥̧ oevx idi ok :Lxè «¤nW § i¦e§ ï§i L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ ek-ck:e xacna
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mi¦ng£ x§©e c¤q«g¤e¨ à o¥g à dk̈x§
äE à däFh à mFlẄ mi¦U
à Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i à Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© p̈ Li«¤pR̈ xF`§a i¦M à Li«¤pẗ xF`§A cg̈¤̀ M§ Ep«N̈Mª à Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«k¥ xÄ
£
Li«¤pir§
¥A aFh§e :mFlẄ§e mi¦Ig© e§ mi¦ng£ x§ ©e dk̈x§äE dẅc§ ¨vE à c¤q«g¤ z©ad£ `© e§ mi¦Ig© zxFY©
à L«n¤ Fl§WA¦ dr̈ẄÎlk̈§aE zrÎlk̈§
© Kxä§
¥l
(bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga] : daey zaya ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:[ofgd iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd
a¥zM̈¦pe§ x¥kG̈¦p à däFh dq̈p̈x©
§tE à mFlẄ§e dk̈x§Ä mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§ " l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
© ¥ nd© 12
Kxäè
":mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à l¥̀ x§
© e Ep«`¨ à Li«¤pẗ§l :mFlẌ©A
i¦Wt§ ©pe§ à mCz¦ i¦Wt§ ©p i©lèlw© n§ ¦le§ à dn̈x¦§n x¥AC¦ ©n i©zẗ§UE à rx¥ ¨n i¦pFW§l xv§p à i© l¡ `
mi¦aW è Fg©dÎlk̈§e :i¦Wt§ ©p sCx§Y¦ Li«z¤ F§vn¦ a§ E à L«z¤ xFz§¨ A i¦A¦l g©zR§ :d¤id§ Y¦ lM©l xẗr̈¤M
or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«n¤ W § or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ :mz̈FaèWg§ n© l¥w§lw© e§ mz̈v̈r£ x¥td̈ dx¥ ¨dn§ à dr̈x¨ i©lr̈
Li®¤ cic§
©n§l f:q mildz :L«z¤ xFY¨ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«z¤ Ẍc§ ªw or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«¤pi¦ni§
ïÀ i§ Li®¤pẗ§l iÁ¦ ¦l oFí§bd¤e§ it¦¿ Îix§
¥n`¦ | oFv̧x§¨l Ei§«d¬i¦ eh:hi :i¦p«¥pr«£e© eppre Ĺ§pi«n¦ i§ dr̈i¦WFd
à mFlẄ d¤Ur© £i Èd à ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :i«¦l £̀ b§ « e ixEv
¬¦
:o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈
: xneè h`l swef
à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥¨dn§ A¦ WC§
¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
§ r©
£p mẄ§e :L«z¤ xFz§ ¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§
:z«I¦pn« c©
« e dcEd§
¨ i z¬©g§pn¦ ï½ i«©l Ædäxèr§«ë c:b ik`ln
.dyecwl ofgd ribiy cr xeavae ,zen` 'c jeld ick cr eizeriqt elky mewna cnere
.ygla 'gztz izty ipc`' dlgzn xneè lewa lltzne xfeg ofgd
.(251 'nr) .yicw mcew dltzd xnb xg` lld cin mixne` crend lege dkepge yceg y`xa
zekxa 'b cbpk weqta zeaiz dylye , M© ä`© Îz¤̀ K¬©x¥A 'd«² e© (`:ck ziy`xa) dia aizkc mdxa` zekfa .¬Lk§ x«¤äi§11.
« A md̈x§
wgvi cbpk .xì̈ ¥̧ :('b weqt my) Lik¤½ x£á̈n§ Ædk̈x«§ä £̀«e© (my) d«k̈x§Ä d¥id§ «e¤ (a:ai ziy`xa) L§
½ kx´¤ä £̀«e© ,ea exn`py
xfril` iax iwxta `zi`ck ,ediigde eipir z` d"awd xi`de (a"lt `"xc iwxt d`x) zne dciwra d`xy
:'mFlẄ§a' i¬Y¦ a§ W
© e§ (`k:gk my) dia aizke (`:hk ziy`xa) ei®l̈§bx© awr«£©i '`¬V̈¦Ie©' dia aizkc awri cbpk .`V̈¦ ¸ i :(`"lt)
(mixehd lra)
.lld iptl cgeind oebpa 'melya l`xyi enrÎz` jxand' zeln wx obpn ofgd dkepgae crend lega yceg y`xa 12.
_______________________________________________
160
lawzz yicw aeh meil zayl zixgy
:xn`¥
©e fi:ci xacna
«© f e:dk mildz
13
à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A :(o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦
§ i rxek ofg
:aixẅ
£A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
à `¥V©pz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix¦A § rxek ofg `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n (`N̈r§«¥lE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek ofg :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
äE mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© :ldw
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :Ì̈©nW
w l¥̀ x§
è oFdzFl§
è v l©Aw© z¦
§Y
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
In some congregations, zayd meil xiy xenfn is recited after the dcinr zixgy. However, according to
the zldw ixac (n"ctt ibdpn Year 1818, pg. 76) it is said after sqen (after cegid xiy and ceakd xiy).
(an ,a"g 'rexf xe`') : lkidd on dxez xtq z`ved iptl mixne` w"w zvw aeh meiae zaya
21
:Li«U¤ r©
£nM«§ oi´¥̀ e§ iÀ̈pc£̀ | mi¬¦ l¡ à̈« LFnM̈Îoi¥̀ g:et mildz
:xc¨
« e xFCÎlk̈§
¬ A LÀ Y§ è lW
è ln«© bi:dnw
:cr¨«¤e m¬l̈r§l Kl§ni¦ | ¬ï§i gi:eh zeny K» l̈n̈ í̈i§ `:bv K¤l«¤ í̈i§ fh:i
© Kxä§
©l fr À̈i«i§ ì:hk mildz
:¦m«l̈ẄEx§«i zF¬nFg dÀ¤pa§ Y¦ oF®Iv¦ Îz¤̀ LèpFv« x¦§a däi´h¦ i¥d k:`p à mi¦ng£ xd̈ © a©`
:mi¦nl̈Fr oFc£̀ à `V̈¦pe§ mx¨ l¥̀ K¤ln«¤ à Ep§gḧ« Ä c©a§l L§a i¦M
.cgein oebipa xn`p dlibnd zìxw iptly lawzz yicw ,bgd zelibnd mi`xewy h"ei inia e` crend leg zaya 13.
1. The ancient bdpn was, for the to ax speak before dxezd zìxw twice a year on lecbd zay and
daey zay. In the modern era, mipax began speaking every mikxan zay and devn xa zay,
and then this was done prior to sqen.
daey zay zyxc (xeaivd ceak iptn lecb zilha shrzn) yxec axd ,dxez xtq z`ved iptl ,'lawzz' yicw xg`
: milna miiqn èd ,dcbà milyne dklda jiynn ,dcbà gzet ezyxc z` .gqt ipiiprn lecbd zay zyxc e`
.opaxc yicw mixne` dyxcd xg` .'on` epinia dxdna lèb oeivl àe'
2. jenk oi` and mingxd a`, l`xyi rny and epicl` cg` etc. were not recited in fpky` bdpn
(with the exception of the `cxeit w"w (Fürth)). The recital of these miweqt originated
in ztxv gqep (France), and became part of jiixhye` gqep (Austria) as did other French mibdpn,
which became the basis of oilet bdpn (Poland). These miweqt are chanted in Golders Green
Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London. (fpky` bdpn iyxy)
_______________________________________________
161
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved aeh meile zayl zixgy

(Ausheben)
,dxezl lecb ceak miwleg aeh meiae zaya dxez xtq z`veda
.zxceqn dxiya miwqetd lk z` mixneè ,d`vedd oteà miwcwcn
:Li«¤pR̈¦n Li¤̀§pU ª̧ e ïÀ i§ | dń̈Ew d®¤ n x¤nÌ́©e ox¨`«d̈ ©q¬ §pA¦ i²d¦ i§e©3 dl:i xacna
© n§ Eq¬ªpï§e Lia¤½ è`« ÆEvtï§
:¦m«l̈ẄExi¦ « n ï§iÎx©acE§ dxFz
½¨ `´v¥ Y¥ ÆoFI¦Sn¦ i³M¦ b:a diryi
:FzẌc§ ªwA¦ l¥̀ x§Üi¦ FOr§ ©l dxFY
¨ o©zP̈¤W KExÄ
4
.dxez xtq z`ved zrya xn`l oeiv ixryn dlitz
:z«n¤ `¡«e¤ c¤q¬¤gÎax§ ©e m¦iR© `© K¤x¬¤̀ oE®Pg© e§ mEgx© l¬¥̀ ï½ i§ | í̈i§ f-e:cl zeny
t"b ÆdT ¥©pe§ d®¨`Ḧ©ge§ r© t¤e¨ o²er̈ `¬¥ p mit¦½ l̈£̀«l̈ Æcq¤g¤̧ x¬¥vp
xetk meiae dpyd y`xa :mixne` lega elgy aeh mei inia zeldw zvwa
5
à däFh§l Epi«z¥ Fl£̀ W § n¦ `¥Nn© à ml̈Frd̈ oFAx¦ à däFh§l i¦A¦l zFl£̀ W § n¦ `¥Nn© ml̈Frd̈ oFAx¦
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à Epi«Y¥ ä i¥W§p`© zFpFrÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e à Epi«z¥ FpFrÎlM̈
£ (izepae ipae izy` zè) i¦pM «¥©fe§ à L«z¤ n̈£̀ zipelt
Epx£
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.'izltz ipè' ,mi`xep mini ly 'oeax'e zecn b"i mixne` mi`xep mini oebipa dxez xtq z`ved - dax `pryeda 3.
4. The recitation of the zecn b"i on milbx yly is a late milaewnd bdpn. In n"ctt they were said
exclusively on mi`xep mini (zldw ixac pg. 163 and pg. 178, and Japhet's Sheet Music, pg. 107).
(zldw ixac page 322 "dxez xtq z`ved zra milbxa 'ebe izltz ipè r"yax zecn b"i xikfdln md".
Additionally, in Japhet's book, pages 85-86 there is no mention of the zecn b"i on aeh mei).
.zaya lgy s` eze` mixne` xetk meia la` ,zaya lgy dpyd y`x ly oey`x meia mixne` oi` 5.
.'izltz ipè' ,mi`xep mini ly 'oeax'e zecn b"i mixne` dax `pryeda
_______________________________________________
162
6
:lega `le zaya `l ,dxez xtq z`ved zra "diny jixa" dltzd z` xeaiva xnel ebdp `l ,fpky` zelidw aexa
.ldwd lr eiptyk cnere oinil exifgne eici 'aa elawn ofge oini cia elhep dxez xtq ìvend
: ldwd eixgè 'l`xyi rny' ofgd xne` fpky` zelidw zvwna

mx lewa xne` ofgd
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡
` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW
§ c:e mixac
7
:Fn§W (`xFp§
¨ e :dax `pryeda mixne` yie xetk meie dpyd y`xa) WFcẅ à Epi«¥pFc` lFcB̈ Epi«¥ l¡
` cg̈¤̀
:'elcb' dnirpae mx lewa xne` ofgd
:eC§ èB 8 c:cl mildz
dxez xtqy in lke .my oixewy lcbnl enr dlere epini jxc dpete jlede dlrnl ecia xtqd ofgd diabne
ezeell jixv dxez xtqa rbetd lke .ewyple el xyt` m` eici izya ewagle eiptn cenrl aiig eiptl xaer
xrnrnl`l dxez xtqd mr dlere epini jxc dpete ofgd jlede :mixne` ezkild jxcae ,xrnrnl`d cr
: dnirpa ldwd xne` ezkild jxcae ,my oixewy
u¤x®¨à̈E m¦iń© Ẍ©A lkÎi«M¦ cFd©

¤̧ tY©
¦ de§ d³¨xEaèBd© e§ dN̈¸ cèªBd© ï§iÂ Ĺ§l ì:hk '` d"c
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½ nO© d© ï¸ i§ L§³l
:Èd« WFcẅ
¬ eil̈§À bx© mc£¬ d«©l Ee£gY© W§ d¦«§e Epi ¥À l¡
` ³ïÆi§ En£
¿ nFx« d:hv mildz
:Epi«¥ l¡
` ³ïÆi§ En£
¿ nFx« h:hv
6. fpky` ipax, were fundamentally opposed to institutionalizing the recitation of diny jixa.
They attempted to conceal the xdef and dlaw ixac from the masses. The fact that it has become
widespread among most Jewish communities lends no proof to its propriety. (`"cig)
The precise text is itself subject to controversy. The following is a list of arguments raised
against reciting it: 1) diny jixa was not recited by our ancestors or by the mipey`x, as it was not
included in the l"fg zxeqn or the mipe`b. Neither the jexr ogly nor the `"nx makes any mention
of this dlitz. 2) Some object to the expression '`pkinq oidl` xa lr `le' which on its face, may
sound as lending credence to Christianity or Sabbateanism. (,d"ly xeviw ,xiì zeg ,dcedia rcep
aeh my xzk) 3) One must ensure not to misinterpret the phrase 'diziixe` xwic dinwne dinw `pcibqc'
to mean that we bow before something other than èd jexa yecwd. (,oegvpd xtq f"ìx ,mipe`b
dlecbd zqpk) 4) Not everyone is worthy of honestly stating, 'èd jixa `ycewc `car `p`'.
To use that description about ourselves as this (myd car) is the phrase that the dxez ascribes
to epiax dyn. (miig utg) 5) Reciting this on zay maybe forbidden, since on that day dkld
forbids praying for one’s personal needs, (zay zxez ,xe` ixe`n) and according to dlaw ixac,
it is inappropriate to recite it on weekdays, and possibly even on yceg y`x and aeh mei.
(ig yi` oa ,oilxw ,`"cig ,àx 'il` ,i"x`d iazk) (“Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz” p. 90)
7. Most likely `xepe was added on mi`xep mini because they are 'mi`xep' mini.
'`xepe' dlind dpiiev mixge`n mixeciqae .(cere b"rxq mixteq 'qn znizqke) h"eie zay lka i"q lka d"k
(edil` xef` xeciq) .'c w"q c"lw 'iq x"à f"r xird xake ,cala mi`xep minil
8. The ofg faces the congregation while reciting 'iz` 'cl elcb' (which makes much more sense
considering the first word of the weqt).
(:`v `xza àa 'nb) .Di¥l in¥ wFn
§ Ì̈n© X§ n¦ ,`z̈EBx©§B Wix¥ ENit¦ `© ,ax© xn© `¨ à̈x¨ xa© op̈g̈ ax© xn© `¨ ':W`x§«l | l¬k§l `¥V©pz§ O¦ d© e§' 9.
_______________________________________________
163
10
exxeyl ebdpy zelidw yi .da zekix`d z` xyt`n onfd mda mireaw minia dbdped 'lkd lr' zxiy
,(n"ctt bdpn) 'ci zpzn' ea oixewy aeh mei lka mb exxeyl ebdpy yi ,dxez zgnya wx
.ezaya zay icin s` exxeyl ebdpy yie ,llkd on `vei `la miaehd minid lka exxeyl ebdpy yi
.ldwd zg` dwiqte ofgd obpn zg` dwqit ,oibexiql ìd meid cr zlaewnd dxiyd
:`¥V©pz¦
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:À̈©d ml̈Frd̈§e d¤Gd© ml̈Frd̈ à `xÄ¤
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:l¥̀ x§
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ë ®ï§i cFá§M dl̈§b¦pe§ :x©n`¡¤pe§ :ofg d:n
Epi«z¥ FW§t©p li¦Si©e§ à mi¦pz̈i¥̀ zix§

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©i Èd à mi¦ng£ xd̈
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à mi¦nl̈Fr z©hi¥lt§ ¦l Epi«¥lr̈ ogï§e à mi¦ÈUèPd© Îo¦n rxd̈
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yeal (a 'iq c"lw oniq) writes, that lkd lr is not recited on weekdays, since people have to
10. The
go to work, therefore dlitz should not be lengthened unnecessarily. For the same reason,
dxnfc iweqt is shorter on weekdays then on zay. Because of `xeaivc `gxih, lkd lr is sung
only on aeh mei when ci zpzn is recited. In some places, the bdpn is to sing it every zay.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'lkd lr' mixne` oi` dax `pryeda
_______________________________________________
164
(daizd on wgxd zqpkd zia jezay) [(dnia) xrnrnl`d] lcbnd lr ofgd ribda
(.iel mewna dlery odk e` ,obqe iàb ,`xew] .dniad lr `vnp xaky inl t"at cenri mixne` oi`)
(.cgein oebipa eze` mixne` dxez zgnyae devn xaa) zixgy aeh meiae zaya
:(o¥n`¨ ldw) o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à FA mi¦qFg©dÎlk§l ri«
©W £ie§ 11
¦ Fi§e o¥bï§e xfr©
à aẍ§w o¥ M :dxFY©
¨ l cFak̈ EpzE
§ à Epi«¥ l`¥l lc«¤b Ead̈ lM©d
o¥ M©d ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr©
£i
,l`xyil ezeaiyga dey ield xy`k ,odk mewna iel dler dligzkl zqpkd ziaa odk oi` xy`k
:'axw odk' xg` mixne` 'obie xefrie' e` 'd`xze dlbze' zxinàe
:"o¥ M mFw§nA¦ i¦e¥Nd© ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr©
£i aẍ§w o¥ M mFw§nA¦ i¦e¥l à o¥ M o`©M oi¥̀ m¦`"
:mixne` odkd zgz l`xyi dlere ,llk iel oi`y e` ,ield on blten l`xyi my yi mè
:"o¥ M mFw§nA¦ ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr© Üi¦ à o¥ M o`©M oi¥̀ m¦`"
£i aẍ§w o¥ M mFw§nA¦ l¥̀ x§
(.'cenri' llk mi`xew oi` obqde iàbde dìxw lrad)
dn̈i¦nY§ í̈i§ z³©

xFY» h-g:hi mildz :FzẌc§ ªwA¦ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ FOr§ ©l dxFY¨ o©zP̈¤W KExÄ
a®¥lÎi¥gOè U© n§ mixẄ§
¦ i í̈i§ i³¥
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© Kxä§
¥ i | ïÃ i§ o®¥Yi¦ FÓr§ ©l fr À̈i«i§ ì:hk :m¦i«p̈ir¥ z¬©
xi¦`n§ dxÄ À¨ ¬ï§i z¬©ev§ n¦
:FAÎmi
« ¦Ä g«d© | lk§³ l ÈdÀ o¬¥bn̈ d®ẗEx§v í̈i§Îzx§ «©n`¦ F¬Mx§CÅ© mi¶n¦ Ÿ l¥̀
» d̈ `l:gi
ª ¦Ig© m®¤ki¥dl¡ « ` ïi«A© miw¦½ a¥ C©
èd ÆmY©¤ è§ c:c mixac :eicgi ofge ldw
.xi¦ht§ n© cnr©
£i :mifixkn f`y ,xetk meia caln ,mx lewa mi`xew oi` xihtnl
The original bdpn was for three people to stand next to the xrnrnl`, around the xtq,
the o¤bq¤ lra ([oey`x] iàb), dìxw lra and dler, to mirror xege ,oxd` ,dyn. It is common nowadays,
for there to be five people. In more "Yekkish" synagogues when one has just received an dilr,
typically one stands to the left of the dìxw lra.
The xeav need not have their heads covered with a zilh during dxezd zìxw,
and may only have their zetik on, while some will replace their hats.
dlere mcewn shern did `l m` zilha shrzn èxwd ,zilha shrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk
.dlilbe ddabde dqpkde d`vedk zevn x`y oky lke ,dìxwd zra iyily e` ipy dxez xtq `yepd s` ,lcbnl
.i¦e¥l mFw§nA¦ :ofgd fixkn odkd ixg` iel oi` m` .dilrd xtqn `la (ield) ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x cenri
.('eke iriax ,iyily) dilrd xtqn z` dlerd myl oitiqen oi` ,dxezl zelrl mi`xewyk
.my `la ,"iriay cenri" : mi`xew oexg`d z`
.dilra micaekn md ik ,ok iptl miricen xihtne iriayl .llk mi`xew oi` xihtn
(169 'nra zetqed d`xe) .cgein oebipa ' nr© £i' mi`xew 'devn xa xrple ozgl .'d¤vx¦§IW £i' :zellwd zyxtl
¤ i¦n cnr©
mrh 'k `le ."dlbz xne` ofge mrc dk`ln leha meyn h"ie zaya wx lkd lr `"è" c"lw 'iq g"` yeal 'k 11.
?'xeza 'i`xewy 'ini x`yae dgpna mixne`y 'eke 'dlbze' zgz 'eke 'xefrie' h"ie zixgy zaya mixne` dnl
'xhtdd xg` dnvrl dkxa depwzy itl dìxwd iptl giyn zìa zywa h"ie zixgy zaya ehinydy l"pe
zeeydl `ly èd ?z`fd 'xhtdd zkxa 'ixne`y s` ziprz zgpna 'eke 'dlbze' 'ixne`y dne .'eke 'epgny'
'`d oednzd cer dnzz l` dzre .dle`bd lr zeywae zeltz ziprza zeaxdl mdl gep mbe .h"ie zayl ziprz
(72 sc zldw ixac) .dncwda
_______________________________________________
165
(Aufgerufen)
dxezd xtq z` gzti .oinia dlri ,zeey mikxcd izy mè .dxvw jxca enewnn dlri dxezl zelrl `xwpd
.eici izya dxezd xtq z` fgìe eciay ziviv ici lr ewypie dìxwd z` ea ligzdl jixvy weqtd z` ze`xl
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) : lewa jxaie cvl eipt jetdi .'da miwifgnl ìd miig ur' : ygla dligz mixne` yi
£ 12 xne` jxand
:cr¨
: jiynn jxand
:dxFY©
dxez xtqa zfge` dcal epini ci x`yze dxez xtqdn zil`nyd eci xiqi dxeza zexwl `xewd ligznyke
dxezd xtq l` eidi mrd lk ipf` mbe .dlna dln `xewd mr ygla `xwi èd mbe ,dìxwd onf lk
lewd z` mixdl mibdep minieqn mirhwa) .d`xiae dnià mzlki lka da oiekle `xewd itn dìxwd renyl
(.cgein oebipa mi`xwpy mirhw yie elitydl e`
.wqtd meyn wzey dlerde ,oey`x weqt ixg` oey`x weqt ixg` zencw`d z` mi`xew zereay ly oey`x meia
:jxane dxezd xtq z` llebe miiqy weqta ziviva wypi dìxwd xg`le
à z¤n`¡ zxFY
:dxFY©
zqpkd zia jezl lk`n ixac miqipkn oi` sè ,dxezl mzelra devn xa xrp lr e` ozg lr miwznn mikilyn oi`
.dlin zixa zekxale zay lila ofgd yeciwl oii caln ,miphwl ode milecbl od
epxnì `l iriay dler la` ,"!Æw©Gg © z¦

§ pe§ w³©fg£ " : milind izy z` mi`xew ,dxez iyneg dyngn cg` lk meiqa
.('oexg` e`' mb exikfi mixikfn mè ,zxzein 'iriay' dlind)
.("w¥fgzpe wfg wfg" : milin yely `le) ai:i a lènya ewecwce `xwnd oeylk
:lnebd zkxa
,`vie mixeq`d ziaa yeag didy ine ,`txzpe dleg didy in ,dxyr ipta cqg lnebd z` zecedl mikixv drax`
dxezl eze` oi`xewe ; aeyiil ribiyk xacna jldy ine ,epnn dlre mia cxei didy ine
: ef dkxa jxane siqen dxeza dzìxw lr dpexg` dkxa jxae `xwy xg`le
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ [ax i"r]

¤ à zFaFh mi¦aÏ©g§l l¥nFB©d
:aFhÎlM̈ i¦p«©ln̈èBW
:dl̈«q¤ à aFhÎlM̈ Lèln̈§bi¦ Èd à aFhÎlM̈ Lèln̈èBW
¤ i¦n :ldw
_______________________________________________
166
:dxezl dlerl jxiay in

à ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀Kxä§
¥ i Èd à wr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥
©AW¤ i¦n : ekxan13
ofgde
à dxFY©
¨ d cFa§k¦le§ à mFwÖ©d cFa§k¦l dl̈r̈¤W xEar© £A à Fl x¤W £̀ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e FzF`
Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ (à l¤bxd̈
¤ cFa§k¦le§ 'ci zpzn ly jxay in' mixne`y minia)
Ed«k¥ xäi¦
£ e à eic̈ï d¥Ur©
£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§
Ä g©lW § i¦e§ à dẅEv§e dxv̈ÎlM̈¦
«¥nW§ i¦
xetk meia daeyz ini zxyrae dpyd y`xa 'ci zpzn ly jxay in'
à dg̈i¦lq§ E dl̈i¦gn§ x¤tq¥ A§ Ed¥aY§
è ki¦e§ à mi¦ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ Ed¥aY§
è ki¦e§ à l¤bxl̈
«¤ zFlr©
£l Ed«M¥©fi¦e
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxiay in'a ofgd ekxiay xgè
.'jxiay in'a ekxai dipyd eziilr xgè ,dpey`xd eziilr ixg` ,'jxiay in' zxin`n ofgd rpni zqpkd ziaa iel oi` m`
,oyid bdpnd lr xenyl mikiynn ,zewdaend fpky` zelidw ipa
.mila` `le dìxwd xg` yicwd xnì dxeza `xewd e` ofgy micitwne
.yicwd zxin` iptl ea e`xwy xtqd l`nyl eze` migpn xihtnl sqep xtq yiyk
(yicwd zxin`l dnial oey`xd z` mixifgn oi` mixtq dyly yiyk)
14
D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ ©ie§ à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§ äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC©
©Bz¦
§ i rxek ofgd
:o¥n`¨ rxek ofdd Ex§n`¦ e§ - aixẅ ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©£A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§ (o¥n`¨ ldw)
à l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦ § ie§ xC© ©dz¦
§ ie§ à `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦ § ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W § i¦e§ KxÄ© z¦
§ i rxek ofgd
(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd à Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek ofgd `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW §
à `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦ ¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n [`N̈r§ «¥lE dax `pryede xetk mei dpyd y`xa] `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek ofgd - `n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C©
dgkezd zyxtl dlerl jxiay in
dl̈r̈¤W xEar© £A ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥ ©AW
¤ i¦n
:FYè « gk© Fz§
« A uwŸÎl©
À è§ q®¨`n§ Y¦ Îl©` i´¦pA§ ï§i x´q© En ì:b ilyn Fn§vr§ ©A m¥Iw¦ e§ à dg̈¥kFY©d z©ìx§ ¦w¦l
WFcẅ©d FA m¥Iw© i§ d¤f x©kW § A¦ :x«q̈En zF¬gkè FY« miÀ¦Ig© Kx¬¤ ¤c§e xF`® dxF¨ ź§e dëv§ n¦ x´¥p i³M¦ bk:e :x¥nF`§e
EkèRd© z¦§ i zFll̈èTd© lk̈§e :oi«¦lŸ miń¦ k̈£g a ¤w§ ¤A mi®¦Ig© z©g´k© FY zr© © W o¤f À̀ `l:eh wEqR̈©d Èd KExÄ
¬ï§i Lèa«d¥ £̀ i¬M¦ d®k̈x§
ä¦l dl̈l̈èTd© Îz¤̀ L§² N Li¯¤l¡` Æïi§ ÁKt£d«©Ie© e:bk mixac :ai¦zk§ c§¦M dk̈x§ ä¦le§ däFh§l eil̈r̈
dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§ Ä g©lW § i¦e§ à dl̈£gn© E r©b«¤p lM¦nE à dẅEv§e dxv̈ÎlM̈¦ ¨ n Ed«¥li¦S©ie§ Edxè
«¥nW§ i¦e§ :Li«¤l¡`
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§ £ e à eicï¨ d¥Ur©
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r Ed«k¥ xäi¦ £nÎlk̈§A
eipa ezy` xikfdl ila 'el xy` lk zè eze`' wx ofgle axl jxay in zkxaa hxetwpxta mixne`y mrhd 13.
xne` okl . . . ecnrn itl cg` lka oeyld dpeyiy itl ?'mdizepae mdipae mdiype' ldw lya xne` xy`k ,eizepae
miyp mlerl mdly ,ldwd lk lya la` .md miax m` s` mikxean x`yl mb ok xne` zeeydle .llk jxc wx
zldw ixac - .hxta mxikfn ,zepae mipae
dipyd ezivgn zegtl - yneg meiq ;ycegd zkxa zngn cgein oebipa zxn`p dipyd ezvign - oikxan zay 14.
yceg y`xl cgeind oebip - daey zay ;mi`xep mini oebip - x"de k"ei d"x ;xtqd meiq ceakl xgap oebipa xn`p
;('yicw qrxdì' ipebipa - yie) dxez zgny zetwd oebip - z"y ;zekq oebip - r"ye zekq ;daey zaye lel`
xn`p oey`xd wlgd 'yceg y`xe dkepg zay') ;'mizif ipy' dkepg zay ly 'dxe`n'd oebip - zah g"xe dkepg
;dyxt dze` oebipa yicw ly dipyd ezivgn - zeiyxt 'c ;(dkepg zayl cgein oebipa ipy ewlge ,g"x oebipa
cgein xn`p - oefg zay ;'zencw`' oebipa - zeray ;'èd xic`' oebipa - gqt ;oqip ycegl cgeind oebipa - lecbd zay
yceg y`xl cgeind oebip - lel` g"x zay ;xgap oebipa zxn`p dipyd ezivgn - engp zay ;oefg zayle a` g"xl
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .mi`xep mini ipebipn cgà e` daey zaye lel`
_______________________________________________
167
While the mc` iig, oglyd jexr, dxexa dpyn, axd jexr ogly, amongst others, rule that jxay in
should be restricted to a okeqn dleg on zay, inexplicably much of Eastern European Jewry
seem to be lenient regarding this practice. Traditionally, no jxay in was recited for the sick on
zay, since zay is ' r§f§Nn¦ ì¦d', and we do not want to cause undue sadness, unless there is serious
danger that the sick person might pass away without any proper jxay in having been recited for
him. The jxay in for the sick is recited in a special gqep after one’s dilr whether on a weekday or
on a zay if the above conditions have been met. If a sick person needs a jxay in and none of the
miler has made one for him, his jxay in is recited after the end of the last dilr (xihtn). A jxay in
is always accompanied by a donation (even if only a nominal) not just 'dxeara/exeara milltzny';
this de facto also limits the mass recitation of names and sometimes the same name many times
per year. fpky` bdpn is not in favor of numerous jxay in's for the sick, just as one does not recite
additional miyicw or zekxa. A jxay in maybe said more than once in two instances: a) if the
patient took a noticeable turn for the worse e"g, or b) a medical procedure is being performed
between now and the next dxezd zìxw, and the procedure entails some risk or the possibly of
improvement. A general milegl jxay in for all the sick at once is quite uncommon.
meia ea zenl okeqn dlegl xg` gqep ìxa ly jxay in
wx zaya dxin`l jxay in)
`¥Rx¤ ¦W i¦nE à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥ ©AW
¤ i¦n (meia ea zenl okeqn dlegl
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¤ i¦n
egx§ ¦i i¥n `¥Rx§ ¦e à Ep«A¥ x© d¤ n ic§ ¥iÎlr© dxn̈
¨ i¥n wi¦Yn§ d¦ e§ K¤ln«¤ Ed«Ïw¦ §fg¦ `¥Rx¤ ¦W i¦nE à awr© £ie§
'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀ `¥Rxi¦ © e Kxä§
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d¤Gd© WecT̈©d ld̈T̈©dÎlM̈ [x¤c«¤p i¦lA§ ] EpY¦ è IW
¤ xEar£ ipelt ic§
¥iÎlr© dxn̈ ¨ i¥n wi¦Yn§ d¦ e§ DŸ§rxS̈¦
©n
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¥ i Èd à rẄi¦l`¡
cx¥¥Y `l§e à dl̈l̈§n ª̀d̈ eW§t©pe§ egEx§l ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x 'x xcP̈¤© W xEar£ ipelt 'x oa ipelt
ez`§tx§ ©l eni¦lg£ d© §l eil̈r̈ mi¦ng£ x© `¥lÖ¦ze§ à dl̈e`§ « W eW§t©p exEar© £A dẅc§ ¨v ipelt 'x oa ipelt
E`x¥ ïe§ à eiä£e`§e ei¨ ex§wÎlM̈ oevx¦ §M à ezei§gd© l§ E eti¦lg§ d© l§ E ewÖ©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ à [x¤c«¤p i¦lA§ ]
mï zelv§ ªnA¦ Ki¦lW § z© e§ à ei ¨ ewc¦ §ve§ ei¨ eIk§ ªf eip̈ẗ§l Edx§«¥fr̈i¦e à Ed«¥li¦v©ie§ Edx§ «¥nW§ i¦
g©lW § Y¦ à eil̈r̈¥n L§qr© ©M z¤̀ Li«n¤ g£ x© EWèAk§ i¦e§ à eiz̈`H©gÎlM̈ à iëC§ Ux¤r«¤ lr© Edc«¥r̈§qi¦e à Ed«n¥ i¦lg§ ©ie§
à sEB©d z©ÈtxE§ W¤t¤Pd© z©Ètx§ à dn̈¥lW § d¨Ètx§ el lM̈ lr© dn̈¥lW § d¨Ètx§ el g©lW § i¦e§
l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥leg lk̈§lE el g©lW § z¦ e§ à eixEr§
¨ p x¤W«¤pM§ WC© ¥gYE § lM̈ x¨`W § Kez§A à eixäi¥̀§ ¨ e etEB
à dl̈r̈zE § dẗExz§ `¥Rx© §n à dk̈x§ Ä `¥Rx© §n à dM̈Ex£̀ `¥Rx© §n :o¥n`¨ à l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥leg
:o¥n`¨ à dl̈§ng¤e§ dp̈i¦p£g `¥Rx© §n
dà xy`k za zcleil jxiay in dà xy`k oa zcleil jxiay in
dzcil xg` zqpkd zial
(dzcil xg` ycegk) (dzcil xg` ycegk) dzcil xg` zqpkd zial
wr©£ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥ ©AW ¤ i¦n wr©£ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥ ©AW¤ i¦n
za zipelt z¤ c«¤leI©d dẌ¦`d̈Îz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd za zipelt z¤ c«¤leI©d dẌ¦`d̈Îz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd
à aeh lG̈©nA§ z¤c«¤leP©d DŸ¦A m¦r zipelt xEar© £A à aeh lG̈©nA§ c©leP©d Dp̈§A m¦r zipelt
Dl̈r©
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£AW¤
ecT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ ...mc̈r© £A [x¤c«¤p i¦lA§ ] o¥Yi¦
d¤M©fi¦e oxè ¥nW
§ i¦e§ ox§¨fr§
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¤A i¦di§ Èd KExÄ WecT̈©d
à mi¦ni¦rèPa© E eH©A DŸ¦AÎz¤̀ lC© ¥b§l m¥̀ d̈Îz¤̀ eH©A Dp̈§AÎz¤̀ lC© ¥b§l m¥̀ d̈Îz¤̀ d¤M©fi¦e
à ze§vn¦ §l à xeWi¦n g ©`§ « A Dk̈ix¦c© §dl§ E à eWi¦n g ©`§ « A ekix¦c© §dl§ E à mi¦ni¦rèPa© E
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à mi¦ eh mi¦Ur© £n§lE dR̈ªg§l :o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à mi¦ eh mi¦Ur© £nl§ E dR̈ªg§l à d ëY§l
_______________________________________________
168
15
'ltniee' ìand clil jxiay in
à ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x c¤l«¤Id© z¤̀ Kxä§
¥ i Èd à awr©
£ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
©AW¤ i¦n
Ed«¥Ig© i¦e Edxè
«¥nW
§ i¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ à dxFY ¨ x¤tq¥ §l dR̈©n acP̈¤ © W xEar© £A
eik̈x¨c¦ §A z¤k«¤ll̈§e FzxFz§ ¨ A zFb£d©l ï§i m¦r m¥lẄ zFi§d¦«l FA¦l z¤̀ o¥pFki¦e
c¤q«g¤e¨ o¥g `v̈§ni¦e§ eik̈x¨C§ lk̈§A g© i¦lv§ ©ie§ à mi¦nÏ©d lM̈ eiḧR̈§Wn¦ E ei¨ wª g eiz̈F§vn¦ xn§W¦le§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à mi¦aFh mi¦Ur© £n§lE dR̈Eg§l dxFz§ ¨ l lcB̈
© FzF`x¦§l eiz̈Fa£̀ EM§fi¦e§ à mc¨
¨è§ mi¦ l¡
` i¥pir§
¥A
devn xal
,(dnia) xrnrnl`d l` eia` à ,'jxiay in'd iptl ,dxezl eziilra dpexg` dkxa devn xa xrp jxiay xg`
: ezkxa lr 'on`' mipere ,lewa jxane ey`x lr eici gipn
:d¤f l¤W FW§pr̈¥n i¦pxḧ§
«© R x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
: gqepa zeklne my `la ygla dkxad z` xnel ebdpy yi mipexg`d zexeca
:d¤fN̈¤W FW§pr̈¥n i¦pxḧè
«© RW¤ KExÄ
devn xal jxiay in

à dëv§ n¦ x©A ei§d¦l ein̈ï Eri«¦Bd¦ W
¤ t"at xEgÄ©dÎz¤̀ Kxä§
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ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥©AW¤ i¦n
à el dÜr̈ x¤W £̀ d¨ eH©dÎlM̈ lr© WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d Fn§W¦l d¨` ëd§e g©a«W ¤ o¥Y¦l d ëY©l meI©d dl̈r̈§e
à ï§i m¦r m¥lẄ zei§dl¦ eA¦lÎz¤̀ o¥peki¦e Ed«¥Ig© i¦e Edxè «¥nW § i¦ Èd KExÄ WecT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦
mi¦nÏ©dÎlM̈ eiḧR̈§Wn¦ E à ei ¨ Tª g à ei¨ e§vn¦ xn§W¦le§ à eik̈x¨c¦ §A z¤k«¤ll̈§e à FzxFz§ ¨ A zFb£d©l
dxFY©
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¥A c¤q«g¤e¨ o¥g `v̈§ni¦e§ eik̈x¨C§ lk̈§A g© i¦lv§ ©ie§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à mi¦aFh mi¦Ur© £na§ E
ozgl jxiay in
à ezl̈©MÎz¤̀§e t"at oz̈g̈¤d z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«¥ ea£̀ Kx¥ ©AW¤ i¦n
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è IW
¤ xEar©£A
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à dl̈¦dz¦ § le§ m¥W§l l¥̀ x§Üi¦A§ z¦iA«© zep§a¦l EM§fi¦e§ à m¤dic§ ¥i d¥Ur©£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§
Ä
15. A ltniee (from the German, “cloth”, derived from Old German, bewimfen, meaning “to cover
up” or “conceal”) is a long, linen sash used as a binding for the dxez xtq by German Jews.
It is made from the cloth used to swaddle a baby boy as his dlin zixa, uniting the communal
world of the synagogue with the individual’s own life cycle. At a baby’s zixa, the lden places
a long swatch of white cloth - the ltniee - under the pillow. Afterward, the ltniee is beautifully
decorated - it can be either painted or embroidered - with the child’s name, date of birth,
and the Hebrew phrase which states ':miaeh miyrnle dtgle dxezl qpki ok zixal qpkpy myk'.
There are many variations as to what takes place at the ltniee ceremony. One common
approach is to bring it to synagogue when the boy turns three and is toilet-trained. He and
his father get the dilr of dlilb, and together they wrap the ltniee around the dxez.
(Variations include the child’s age, the type of dilr, and the extent of the child’s participation
in the actual ceremony.) (fpky` bdpn iyxy)
.axdn dkxa lawne miigd ivr z` wifgn jk xgè ,hiyen ède ltniee ìan clid
_______________________________________________
169
.ozgd l` xnf
,'oiqexi`'d xg`y zaya ,epiid ,(xihtn `le [iyily] daeyg dilr lawn) ezgny zezaya dxezl dlery ozg
eceakl mixnfn ,'jxay in' zxin` mcew dxeza èxwl eniiqa ,dixg`ly zayae ezpezg iptly zaya oke
.elek z` xnfl ie`x j` ,oey`xd fexgd z` wx mixnfnd yi .b`xtn `xw xecbia` iax exaigy 'cigi cg`' xnf
.el mixnfn oi` ipy beeifa ozg .oey`xd fexgd z` wx mixnfn ziy`xa ozgle dxez ozgl
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:DïÎEl£ld© à Ed¤fi¥̀ e§ d¤f Èd i¦n à Ed«U¥ r©£nM§ lrFRÎW¥
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ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥ ©AW¤ i¦n
FgEx däcp̈§
§ e à FA¦l FÙ̈§PW ¤ xEar© £A à FY§gR© W
§ n¦ lk̈§e à eiz̈Fp§A à eip̈Ä à FY§W`¦ z¤̀§e
cFa§k¦le§ à dxFY©
¨ d cFa§k¦l à mFwÖ©d cFa§k¦l à xEA¦v i¥kxv̈§ § l z¤q«¤pM§ d© zi¥a§l dp̈Ÿ©n o¥Y¦l
«¥nW
§ i¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ à WFcT̈©d ld̈T̈©d
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r Ed«k¥ xäi¦
£ e à eic̈ï d¥Ur©£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§
Ä g©lW § i¦e§
fpky` bdpn is to bow when one faces the xtq. Bowing towards the dxez during ddabd
is an explicit `ztqez (ci:ci mixteq) “…open the dxez xtq to reveal three columns, lift it up
and show the text to the congregation standing to the right, the left, in front and behind.
Since it is a mitzvah for all men and women to see the text, to bow (rexkl) and to recite
"...ytp zaiyn dninz 'c zxez ,l`xyi ipa iptl dyn my xy` dxezd z`fe". The bdpn to bow, connotes
bowing the head and the top half of the body ('a sirq c"lw g"e` jexr ogly).
The bdpn to point towards the xtq with one’s pinky finger is of Turkish and Moroccan origin
(micxtqd bdpn), and is discussed by the frel mrn and by iblt miig ax. It seems that the bdpn was
brought to l`xyi ux` by the micxtq, (The micxtq living in mlyexi by and large followed Turkish
mibdpn, since l`xyi ux` was ruled by the Turks for four hundred years), and from there it spread
amongst some mifpky` as well.
.eze` millebe midiabn dxez xtqa dìxwd enilydy xg`
dxez xtq ly azkd cbp mihiane dxezd xtq l` hrn mirxek dxez xtqd midiabnyk
.'xicìe' cr 'dxezd z`fe'n miweqtd z` dnirpa mixnfn yi dxezd zdabda
:dìxwd mcew dxez xtqd midiabn eid mipy`xd inia
ï§i i¬R¦ Îlr© bk:h xacna :l«¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¬¥pA§ i¥pt§ ¦l d ¤½ n mÚ̈Îx¤W £̀ d®¨ xFY©d z`f§e cn:c mixac
d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi :x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦ ´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b ilyn :d«¤ nÎc©iA§
:cFak̈§
« e x¤Wr´ Dl̈e`n§À UA¦ D®p̈i¦ni«A¦ mi¦nï K ¤`´ fh :mF«lẄ d̈i´¤zFaiz§ ¦ pÎlk̈«e§ m ©p® Îi¥kx§c©
:xiC§
¦« ì©e§ dxFY ¨ liC§
¬¦b©i Fw® c¦
_______________________________________________
170
dxhtdd zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
After the lleb has rolled the xtq closed, while the ltniee is wrapped around the xtq,
someone holds the miig ivr so that the xtq is held steady. This bdpn is still kept in Holland, and in
newly established Yekkish zelidw. Five people are required; 1) to roll up the ltniee after it has
been removed from the Torah and then hand it to the lleb, 2) ddabd, 3) dlilb, 4) one to hold the
dxez as the ltniee is being wrapped around 5) handing the lirn, ci and silver adornments (which
according to the dxexa dpyn is a different ceaik). (Rolling the ltniee after it has been removed
from the xtq is done before ddabd [this may be done by women as well - the ltniee would be
passed over to the miyp zxfr, rolled and given back]).
:'dxeabde dlcbd 'c jl' mixne` yi dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
Ideally, one should chant a dxhtd out of a `zxht` xtq (a single scroll containing all the zeiyxt
miìapd that pertain to the zezay of the year). If one is unavailable, the most important thing is to
find a dxhtd xtq where the letters are actually typeset onto the pages and not merely copied. If
one has a choice of two books in typeset print, a j"pz or a yneg, one may follow the dxneg of the
mdxa` obn and use a j"pz (and not to rely on 'cl zeyrl zr). This however, is not fpky` bdpn.
According to fpky` bdpn, one chants the dxhtd out of a `zxht` xtq, even if there is a full ìap
available. The xteq mzg rules, that carica, one may chant a dxhtd by heart oicd xwirn.
dxezl dlerd `xew dxhtdd z` .`xciqd oiprn miìapa oixihtn dxez xtq zlilb z` exnby xg` zaya
.slw iab lr eica aezk ,dpyd zezayl zekiiyd miìap zeiyxt ly sqe` epiid ,`zxht` xtq jezn envra
.dxez xtqk llbpe eicv ipya micenr ipy el mireaw .minrhe cewip ea yie dyecw myl eazkp eay zexkf`d
oex` `le devn iyinyzl cgein oexà xtqd z` migipn .dxez xtqk ('ltniee') dtna jexke lirna sehr èd
xne` epi` ldwd .`zxht` xtq ly 'dqpkde d`ved'a dxyr mizye dxyr zg` ipak mixrp micakn .ycewd
,ycewd oex` l` eiptyk dfkxna `l` xrnrnl`d cva cner xihtnd oi` .xihtnd mr mx lewa dxhtdd z`
.ea e`xwy dxezd xtq eixeg`ny s`
.miynegn mtcendn zenewn dnka dpey zexhtdd xcqa fpky` bdpn
: ef dkxa xihtnd jxai dxhtdd zìxw mcew
d¤ix§
¥ac§
¦a d¬v̈x§ ë mia¦½ Fh mi´`¦ i¦a§pA¦ Æxg© Ä x³¤W £̀ ml̈Frd̈
½ K¤l´¤n ÆEpi«d¥Æ l¡
` ïÆi§ d³Ÿ©` KEÆxÄ
FO½ r© l´¥̀ x§
Üi¦a§ E FC§
½ ar© d´¤ n§aE ÆdxFY© ¨ A x¥ µgFA©d ïÀ i§ dY©
¹̈ ` KEx̧Ä z®¤n`¡A¤ mixn̈¡ ´¦ `«¤Pd©
:wc«¤v¤d© e§ 16 z¤n`¡«d̈ i¬¥̀i¦a§pa¦ E
is the gqep in mixteq zkqn, oe`b mxnr ax, mdxcea`, m"anx, gwex and ixhie xefgn.
16. wc«¤v¤ d© e§
This is n"ctt gqep and oilxa as well, (and micxtqd gqep).
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(gwexde ,b"rx ,ixhie xefgn b"ke) .'wc«¤v¤d© e§' cxtq xeciqe l"yxdn xeciq zqxib sicrd q"yx
_______________________________________________
171
dxhtdd zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
: el` zekxa xihtnd xne` dxhtdd zìxw ixg`

à zFxFC©dÎlk̈§A wiC©
¦v à mi¦nl̈Frd̈ÎlM̈ xEv à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
17
.eixg` on` dpri `l :wc«¤v¤e¨z¤n`¡ eixä
¨ CÎlM̈¤
§ W à m¥Iw© n§ E x¥Acè
©nd© à d¤UFr§e x¥nF`d̈ on̈¡
`¤Pd© l¥̀ d̈
aEWïÎ`l xFg¨` Lixä

«¤ C¦
èn cg̈¤̀ xäc§
ë à Lixä
«¤ C§ mi¦pn̈¡
`¤pe§ à Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ Èd dŸ©` on̈¡
`¤p
:eixä
¨ CÎlk̈§
§ A on̈¡
`¤Pd© l¥̀ d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ on̈£gx§
©e on̈¡
`¤p K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à mẅix¥
18
à mẅp̈ mFw§pY¦ (ri«
©W¦ FY) W¤t«¤p z©aE«lr©
£l à Epi«¥Ig© zi¥A ì¦d i¦M oFI¦vÎlr© m¥gx©
:d̈i«¤pä§A oFI¦v g© O«¥ U
© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥
¨dn§ A¦
à L«g¤i¦Wn§ c¦eC¨ zi¥A zEk§ln© a§ E à LC§

«¤ar© ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ A§ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Ep«g¥ Oè U
©
à FcFa§MÎz¤̀ mix¥
¦g £̀ cFr El£g§pi¦Î`l§e xf̈ a¥W«i¥Î`l F`§qM¦ Îlr© à Ep«A¥ ¦l l¥bï§e àï dx¥
¨dn§ A¦
:c¦eC¨ o¥bn̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cr¨ ¦ W 19 à Fl Ÿ§rA«© W
¤e ml̈Fr§l Fx¥p d¤Ak§ YÎ`N¤ § ¦p LèWcẅ
§ m¥Wa§ i¦M
:df mixne` ,gqt crend leg zaya mb ,dpyd zezay lka
©e 20 à mi¦ì¦aèPd© Îlr§
Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© P̈¤W à d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFiÎlr§ ©e à dcFa
¨ rd̈Îl
£ r§ ©e à dxFY©
¨ dÎlr©
à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i à lM©dÎlr© :zx«¤`¨ t§ z§
¦ lE cFak̈§l à dg̈Ep§n¦le§ dẌc§
ªw¦l à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i
:cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l ci¦nŸ i©gÎlk̈ i¦tA§ L§nW
¦ KxÄ
© z¦§ i à Kz̈F` mi¦kxä§
£ nE à Kl̈ micFn
¦ Ep«`¨
:zÄ©Xd© WC©
¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
.eiptl cnerd devn xad xrpl o`k yxec axd devn xa zaya
my lblbi `l xihtnd okle .xeha èd ok ,dkxad meiq my oi`y ':wc«¤v¤e¨ z¤n`¡ eixä
¨ C§' xg` on` dpri `l 17.
(hkxz oniq dxhtd ipic une` sqei) .miaxd z` liykdl `ly meiq èd el`k ezenirpa oebipd z`
18. The gqep was changed to riyez ytp zaelrle, due to censorship. n"ctt bdpn is to recite mwp mewpz
(even though it was not printed in the xeciq), but the word riyez which was printed in the xeciq
came into the gqep as well, therefore the gqep became 'epinia dxdna mwp mewpze riyez ytp zaelrle'.
19. 'd¤Ak§ i¦' is oilet gqep, 'd¤Ak§ Y¦ ' is fpky` gqep.
20. The bdpn is to recite 'd¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFi'. The l"ixdn cites the bdpn of calling zay, g© FpÖ©d mFi which is
jiixhye` bdpn (Austria), and says that although there is a proof that i"yx approved of this bdpn, he
does not understand why they did not retain the weqtd oeyl, 'zÄ©Xd© mFi'. Historically, i"yx practiced
ztxv bdpn (France). jiixhye` bdpn is partially based on ztxv bdpn which was influenced by bdpn
micxtqd. g© FpÖ©d mFi is ancient laa bdpn (Babylonia) and cxtq bdpn (Spain).
_______________________________________________
172
ldwl dkxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
:df mixne` ,zekq crend leg zaya mb ,milbx ylya

[mFiÎlr§
©e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎlr§
©e à mi¦ì¦aèPd© Îlr§
©e à dcFa
¨ rd̈Îl
£ r§©e à dxFY©
¨ dÎlr©
dxez zgnye zxvr ipinya zekqa zereaya gqta
d¤Gd© zx«¤v¤rd̈
£ b©g i¦pi¦nW
§ d¤Gd© zFMª
Qd© b©g d¤Gd© zFraẌ©ª d b©g d¤Gd© zFS©Od© b©g
à dg̈§nU¦ l§ E oFUÜ§l [dg̈Ep§n¦le§ dẌc§
ªw¦l zaya] à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© P̈¤W
à Kz̈F` mi¦kxä§£ nE à Kl̈ micFn¦ Ep«`¨ à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i lM©dÎlr© :zx«¤`¨ t§ z§ ¦ lE cFak̈§l
WC©¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l ci¦nŸ i©gÎlM̈ i¦tA§ L§nW ¦ KxÄ © z¦
§i
:mi¦Pn© èGd© e§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya]
.(267 'nr) 'ci zpzn' o`k mixne` ,lega elgyk ,zxvr ipiny ,zereay ly ipy mei ,gqt ly oexgà
.(175 'nr) ldwl jxay in ixg` eze` mixne` zaya elgyke
:df mixne` dpyd y`xa

[mFiÎlr§ ©e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎlr§ ©e à mi¦ì¦aèPd© Îlr§
©e à dcFa
¨ rd̈Îl
£ r§ ©e à dxFY© ¨ dÎlr©
:zx«¤`¨ t§ z¦ l§ E cFak̈§l à [dg̈Ep§n¦le§ dẌc§ªw¦l zaya] à Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© P̈¤W d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦fd©
i©gÎlM̈ i¦tA§ L§nW ¦ KxÄ© z¦§ i à Kz̈F` mi¦kxä§
£ nE à Kl̈ micFn¦ Ep«`¨ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i lM©dÎlr©
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :crl̈ © mÏ©we§ z¤n`¡ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lxä è cE§ à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l ci¦nŸ
:oFxM̈¦fd© mFi§e l`x§
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC©¥wn§ à ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤
.yeciwl zrk dwqtd mikxer oi` okle milegl `l` zeriwz iptl lek`l xzed `l
(.zrk miln dpyd y`xa dlin yiyk)
:df mixne` zixgya xetk meia

[mFiÎlr§ ©e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFiÎlr§ ©e à mi¦ì¦aèPd© Îlr§©e à dcFa ¨ rd̈Îl
£ r§ ©e à dxFY©¨ dÎlr©
dl̈i¦gn§ ¦l à [dg̈Ep§n¦le§ dẌc§ ªw¦l zaya] à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© P̈¤W d¤Gd© mixER¦
¦ Md©
à Kl̈ micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i lM©dÎlr© :zx«¤`¨ t§ z§ ¦ lE cFak̈§l à dxR̈© ¨ k§lE dg̈i¦lq§ ¦le§
z¤n`¡ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lxäè cE§ à cr¨
¤e ml̈Fr§l ci¦nŸ i©gÎlM̈ i¦tA§ L§nW ¦ KxÄ © z¦
§ i à Kz̈F` mi¦kxä§ £ nE
à l¥̀ x§Üi¦ zi¥A FOr© zFpFr© £le§ Epi«z¥ FpFr©
£l g©«¥lFq§e l¥gFn K¤ln«¤ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :crl̈ © mÏ©we§
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC©
¥wn§ à ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤ à dp̈Ẅ§e dp̈ẄÎlk̈§A Ep«z¥ Fn§W`© xi¦ar©
£nE
:mixER¦
¦ Md© mFi§e
(324 'nr) zenyp zxkfdl ce`n xvw onf micgin dxhtdd xg` xetk meia
.zenyp zxkfd zxin` zrya zqpkd zian mi`vei oi`
[.(175 'nr) ldwl jxay in ixg` eze` mixne` zaya lgyke]
_______________________________________________
173
.eze` mixne` oi` lega lgyk mi`xep miniae aeh meiae ,'owxt mewi' mixne` exihtdy xg`l zaya
.ea e`xwy dxezd xtq eixeg`ny s` ,ycewd oex` l` eiptyk dfkxna `l` (dnia) xrnrnl`d cva cner ofgd oi`
à i¥gi¦ex§ i¥pFf§nE à i¥kix£̀
¦ i¥Ig© e§ à i¥ng£ x§
©e `C̈§qg¦ e§ `P̈¦g à Ì̈©nW § Îo¦n oẅx§Rª mEw§i
à `n̈Ï©we§ Ì̈©g `r̈x©§f à ì̈§lr© ©n `xFd§
¨ pE à `ẗEB zEix© §aE à Ì̈©nX § c¦ `Ÿ§r©Iq© e§
op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈§
¨ l :`z̈§ixF`© i¥nB̈z¦ § Rn¦ lEh§ai¦Î`l̈ ic§ ¦e wEq§ti¦Î`l̈ iC¦ `r̈x©§f
à i¥Nk© i¥Wix§¥l à l¤aä§A ic§ ¦e l¥̀ x§Üi¦c§ `r̈x© §à§ iC¦ `z̈ẄiC© ¦w `z̈xEa£ ¨ g
à oFdici¦ ¥ n§lY© Îlk̈§l :à̈äC§ i¥pÏc§©lE à `z̈äi¦zn§ i¥Wix§¥lE à `z̈ë§lb̈ i¥Wix§¥lE
`n̈èlr©c§ `M̈§ln© :`z̈§ixF`§
© A oi¦wqè r©CÎo`©
§ n lk̈§lE à oFdici¦ ¥ n§lz© ici¦
¥ n§lY© Îlk̈§lE
à oFdi¥pW § ¦l `M̈x©
§` o¥Yi¦e§ à oFdi¥nFi `¥Bq§ ©ie§ à oFdi¥Ig© Wi¦Ri© à oFdz© è i Kxä§
¥i
Ì̈©nW§ a¦ iC¦ oxn̈¨ à oi¦Wi¦A oi¦rx© §nÎlM̈¦nE à `ẅr̈ÎlM̈¦n oEaèfY¥ W § i¦e§ oEwxR̈
è z¦
§ ie§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :oC̈¦re§ o©n§fÎlM̈ à oFdC§ èrq© A§ `¥di§
(zldw ixac) .lewa elk ipyd owxt mewi xnìy ie`x xzei
((p ,a"g 'rexf xe`') .eixg`y 'jxay in'd z` `le df 'owxt mewi' xne` oi` zecigia lltznd)
à i¥gi¦ex§ i¥pFf§nE à i¥kix£̀
¦ i¥Ig© e§ à i¥ng£ x§
©e `C̈§qg¦ e§ `P̈¦g à Ì̈©nW§ Îo¦n oẅx§Rª mEw§i
à `n̈Ï©we§ Ì̈©g `r̈x©§f à ì̈§lr© ©n `xFd§
¨ pE à `ẗEB zEix© §aE à Ì̈©nW § c¦ `Ÿ§r©Iq© e§
`l̈d̈§wÎlk̈§l :`z̈§ixF` ¨ i¥nb̈z¦ § Rn¦ lEh§ai¦Î`l̈ ic§ ¦e wEq§ti¦Î`l̈ iC¦ `r̈x©§f
Kxä§
¥ i `n̈èlr̈c§ `M̈§ln© :Ì̈©W§pE `l̈§th© à Ì̈x©r§ ¥f m¦r Ì̈©ax§ èax© à oicd̈
¥ `ẄiC© ¦w
oEwxR̈
è z¦§ ze§ à oFki¥pW§ ¦l `M̈x©
§` o¥Yi¦e§ à oFki¥nFi `¥Bq§ ©ie§ à oFki¥Ig© Wi¦Ri© à oFkz© èi
Ì̈©nW§ a¦ iC¦ oxn̈ ¨ à oi¦Wi¦A oi¦rx© §nÎlM̈¦nE à `ẅr̈ÎlM̈¦n oEaèfY¥ W § z¦ e§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :oC̈¦re§ o©n§fÎlM̈ à oFkC§ èrq© A§ `¥di§
oixikfn oi` ok` ,mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely z` ea mi`xewe zaya miznd zenyp xikfdl mibdep zelidw daxda
(zereay iptly zaya oeiq ycegd oikxann ueg) ycegd oikxany zaya `le dlin e` dpezg yiyk
oixikfn oi` oteè xvei mixne`y zay lka èd llke ,mixet oyeya `le dkepga `le ycg y`xa `le
.(oixikfn oi` n"ctt w"wa) oixikfny daey zayn ueg
,oebi xxerl `ly ick ,ygla `xew ofgd oefg zaye zereay iptly zaya owxt mewi xg`
.(298 'nr) mingxd a` (291 'nr) 'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn
_______________________________________________
174
(:ycegd oikxany zaya jxiay in mixne` oi`) :dnirpae mx lewa cala ofgd xne` ldw ly 'jxiay in'
ld̈T̈©dÎlM̈Îz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥ ©AW
¤ i¦n
à m¤di¥pa§ E à m¤di¥W§pE m¥d à Wc¤T© « d zFNi¦dw§ ÎlM̈ m¦r à d¤Gd© WFcT̈©d
à dN̈¦tz¦§ l zFI¦q¥pk§ i¥YÄ mic£ ¦g©iOè W
¤ i¦nE :m¤dl̈Îx¤W £̀Îlk̈§e à m¤di¥zFp§aE
à xFÒ̈©l x¥p mi¦pzFP¤ è W i¦nE à l¥NR© z¦ § d§l mk̈Fz§A mi¦À̈¤W i¦nE
:mi¦I¦pr©£l dẅc̈§vE à mi¦gxF`§ è l z©tE à dl̈C̈§ad© §lE WEC¦w§l o¦i«©ie§
[:i¦pW¥ e§ i¦Wi¦ng£ e© i¦pW¥ d¤Pr©z¦ ¤ i¦nÎlk̈§e : siqen a"da ziprz iptly zaya]
§ IW
à mxk̈§
¨ U m¥lW © i§ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d à dp̈En¡ À¤ mxEA¦
¨ v i¥kxv̈§
§ A mi¦wqè Fr¤W i¦nÎlk̈§e
à mp̈FrÎlk̈§
£ l g©lq§ i¦e§ à mẗEBÎlk̈§l `R̈x¦ §ie§ à dl̈£gn© ÎlM̈ m¤dn¥ xi¦qï§e
à m¤dic§ ¥i d¥Ur©£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§ Ä g©lW § i¦e§
mitiqen zaya lgy xetk meia zaya lgy dpyd y`x 'à mixne`y minia zeidl lgy zaya
x¤tq¥ A§ m¥aY§è ki¦e§ mitiqen daey zayae mitiqen 'ci zpzn ly jxay in'
dg̈i¦lq§ E dl̈i¦gn§ à mi¦Ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ m¥aY§

è ki¦e§ à l¤bxl̈
«¤ zFlr©
£l m¥M©fi¦e§
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :m¤di¥g £̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r
.zeklnd melyl dlitz
The l`xyi zcear xeciq (pg. 231) contains miklnl dreyz ozepd. A footnote cites both the ea lk
and mdxcea` as sources for this bdpn. The older miidlcex ixefgn do not contain a prayer either
for the country or for the head of state.
zE¬k§ln© bi:dnw FzEk§ln© à mi¦ki¦qèP©l dl̈Ẅ§nn¤ E mi¬k¦ l̈§ Å O©l dr̈À EWY§ o¬¥zFP©d i:cnw mildz
Kx®¤
¤C mÏ©A o¬¥zFP©d eh:bn diryi :dr«¨x¨ a¤x¬¤gn¥ FC§ À ar© c¬e¦CÎz¤̀
¨ d¤vFR©d i:cnw mi®n¦ l̈rÎlM̈«
dl̈§rn«© §l `¥U©pi¦e lC©
¥bi¦e m¥nFxi¦e xfr© ¥ i Èd à :d«äiz§
£ie§ xFv§p¦ie§ xFn§Wi¦e§ Kxä§ ¦ p mi¦Gr© m¦i¬©na§ E
dxv̈ÎlM̈¦
¨ nE Edxè«¥nW
§ i¦e§ Ed«¥Ig© i§ ein̈£gx§
©A mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ :FcFd mExï (ipelt) Ep«¥pFc£̀ z¤̀
d¤pt§ i¦Îx¤W £̀ k§aE eip̈ẗ§l ei¨`§pFW li¦Ri©e§ eil̈§bx© z©gY«© mi¦Or© x¥Ac© §ie§ à Ed«¥li¦Si© w¤f«¤pe¨ oFbï§e
zEpn̈£gx© eixÜ§ ¨ e eiv̈rFiÎlM̈
£ a¥la§ E FA¦lA§ o¥Y¦i ein̈£gx§ ©A mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ à g© i«¦lv§ ©i
dcEd§
½¨ i r´W © EŸ¦ e:bk dinxi Epi«n¥ ï§aE ein̈ï§A à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦re§ Ep«Ör¦ däFh zFUr© £l
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :oFvx¨ i¦di§ o¥ke§ l ¥̀FB ½ ÆoFI¦v§l `³äE `k-k:hp diryi g©h®¤al̈ oḾ§Wi¦ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦e§
In n"ctt, dreyz ozepd was not recited (zldw ixac pg. 74), as long as they were not forced to recite it.
0
[.mkeza xy xar `le ux`d dpzp mcal mdl xy` ini lk mlern hxetwpxta exn` `l 'eke "dreyz ozepd" la`]
_______________________________________________
175
ycegd zkxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
ycegd zkxa
(Rosh Chodesh Benshen)
.zenyp mixikfn oi` fè ,'ixy`' mixne`y mcew àd ycegd z` mifixkne mikxan yceg y`x iptly zaya
21
: zaya mikxv zywa xeqi` meyn ,'epilr ycgzy 'eke oevx idi' dpigzd z` mixne` oi`
d¤Gd© Wc¤g© « dÎz¤̀ Epi«¥lr̈ WC©
¥gY¤ è W à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`¥e Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ à Li«¤pẗèNn¦oFvx¨ i¦di§ (:fh zekxa 'nb) [ax zltz]
à dk̈x§ ÄÎl¤W mi¦Ig© à däFhÎl¤W mi¦Ig© à mFlẄÎl¤W mi¦Ig© à mi¦MEx£̀ mi¦Ig© Ep«l̈Îo¤Yz¦ e§ :dk̈x§ ä¦le§ däFh§l
m¤dÄ W¥IW ¤ mi¦Ig© `"p) `§hg¥ z©`x¦ §i m¤dÄ W¥IW ¤ mi¦Ig© à zFnv̈r£ uEN¦gÎl¤W mi¦Ig© à dq̈p̈x© §RÎl¤W mi¦Ig©
Ep«ä i¦dY¤
è W mi¦Ig© à cFak̈§e x¤WrÎl¤« W mi¦Ig© à dÖ¦lk§ E dẄEA m¤dÄ oi¥̀ W ¤ mi¦Ig© à (`§hg¥ z©`x¦ §ie§ m¦in«© Ẅ z©`x¦
§i
:dl̈«q¤ o¥n`¨ à däFh§l Ep«A¥ ¦l zFl£̀ W § n¦ E`èln̈§IW ¤ mi¦Ig© à m¦in«© Ẅ z©`x¦
§ie§ dxFY
¨ z©ad£ `©
: 'dyry in' xneè gzet ofgd .clend z` mifixkn oi` ycgd zkxaa
Ep«z̈F` l©`§bi¦ Èd à zEx¥g§l zEc§ar¥
©n mz̈F` l©`b̈§e à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l mi¦Q¦p dÜr̈¤W i¦n g‰ew
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ mix¥
¦ag£ à ux«¤`¨ d̈ zFt§pM© r©Ax©
§`n¥ Epi«g¥ C¦
¨p u¥Aw© i¦e à (aFxẅ§A)
:fixkne erexfa dxez xtqd z` lhep ofgd
yceg y`x lg) yceg y`x lg) W ¤w z©AW © mFi§A d¤id§ i¦ ... Wc¤g« W`x ofg
(: fixkn oey`x meia (fixkn zayae zay axra
däFh§l Epi«¥lr̈ À̈©d ...d mFi©A d¤id§ i¦
... Wc¤g« W`x ofg ... Wc¤g« W`x ofg fixkn '` meiae) yceg y`x ini ipyl)
oFW`xd̈
¦ mFi©A xg̈n̈§l d¤id§ i¦ i¦XX
¦ d© mFi§A d¤id§ i¦ :(oFW`xd̈
¦ mFi©a Fzx¢
¨gn̈§lE (...d mFI©aE fixkn
: fixkn ipy meiae) W ¤w z©AW © mFi§aE ... Wc¤g« W`x ofg
:(i¦pW
¥ d© mFI©aE :däFh§l Epi«¥lr̈ À̈©d
.'d"awd edycgi' zxinà cin ligzn `l` ,'didi ipelt yceg y`x' zfxkd lr xfeg epi` ldwd
à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zi¥A FOrÎlM̈
© lr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d Ed«W ¥ C©
ègi§ eilr xfeg ofgd
22
.ycg ezeà lgy mieqnd mei e` aeh mei ly oebipa 'melyle miigl'n
:o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e :(o¥n`¨ ldw) dn̈g̈¤p§lE dr̈EWi¦l (o¥n`¨ ldw) dg̈§nU¦ §lE oFUÜ§l (o¥n`¨ ldw) mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l
.'ixy`' zligz z` mb obpl mikiynn df oebipa
21. fpky`bdpn does not recite this 'oevx idi' (zldw ixac pg. 89, n"ctt bdpn, xteq mzg, `"xb).
According to the yi` oefg one should always recite the short edycgi and not recite the oevx idi,
even in a synagogue which says the longer edycgi and/or the oevx idi, because of zaya mikxv zywa.
(milwy zyxt) xc` e` hay .mizif ipy ly oebipa zah .xev fern ly oebipa elqk ,zetqeze dkld oebipa oeygxn 22.
èd xic` ly oebipa oqip .mixet oebipa xcè xc` (.xgap oebipa zxaern dpya hay) .ycgd e` milwy ly oebipa
fenz .zencw` ly oebipa oeiq (zetqeze dkld oebipa yie) .xnerd zxitq ly icec dkl oebipa xii` .dcbdd jezay
.cede xc` ly oebipa lel` .oefg zay ly icec dkl ly oebipa a` mgpn .zti ly mixvnd oia ly icec dkl ly oebipa
The correct name for this fall month is the one word oeygxn (eh w"q ekw 'q d"` oglyd jexr).
Older sources attest to this as well (as opposed to just oeyg). When the eighth month is mentioned
in the dpyn and cenlz, it is referred to as oeygxn. A few examples include: ,:cv migqt ,c b :` ziprz
:`"i ,:f dpyd y`x. Throughout all of i"yx’s Biblical and Talmudic commentary, he also refers to
the month as oeygxn. Surprisingly, there are even customs that developed around the error.
The assumption is that it is called oeyg xn (the bitter oeyg) either due to its lack of holidays or
because it is when epin` dxy died.
_______________________________________________
176
dxezd xtq zqpkd aeh meile zayl zixgy
.'ixy`' ly mipexg` mipye mipey`x miweqt ipy mipbpn

:dl̈«Q¤ LE¬l£ld© i«§ cFrÀ L®¤zi¥a iá¥ W ¥W`© 23 d:ct
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mi®¦ltè P©
À r§
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.a` ycg oikxanyke ,dxitqd inian ueg ycgd mikxanyk `le ,dline dpezg yiyk `le wcv jzwcv
zFNi¦dw§ à mixẄ§ ¦ id© e§ mi¦ni¦nY©
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'qpbx`q' yael epi` ofgd .dpal zkext oilez 'gqt ly '` meia lh zlitze zxvr ipinya myb zlitz' iptl 23.
.mi`xep mini ipebipa ,dxez xtq zqpkd xcqe 'elldi' ,eteqe 'ixy`' zligz .(lhiw)
.mi`xep mini ipebipa 'xA¤Å c«©i§ 'cÀ z¬©Nd¦ Y§ ' 'ix§
¥W`© ' llek ,dxez xtq zqpkd - 'ci zpzn' iniae dax `pryed
.oexà mixtqd z` gipn envra axd
_______________________________________________
177
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

(Einheben)
24
: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel ofgd
: zaya
:(ctx ,xeh) dxez ozn lr df xenfn zxinà ycewd oex`l dxezd xtq z` mieeln
:fr¨ « e cFaM̈
¬ mi®¦l ¥̀ i´¥pA§ ïi©«l Eád̈ c¬e¦c§ Å¨l xFn§ À fn¦ hk
:W ¤wÎz
« x©c© §dA§ ïÀ i«©l E¬eg£ Y«© W
§ d¦ Fn§ ® W cFá§M ïi©«l Eád̈
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¬ dÎl«¥̀ m¦i¬Öd©Å Îlr© ïÀ i§ lFw¬
:xcd̈««¨ A¤ ïÀ i§ lFw¬ © M©® A ¬ï§iÎlFw
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§ a Fń§M oÀix¦ §Ue§ oF¬pä§l l¤brÎFn§ ®¥ M m¬¥ ci¦wx©§Ie©
:W«¥̀ zFa£ ¬ d«©l a ¥À g ¬ï§iÎlFw
:Wcẅ
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:mF«l ¨ a© FÓrÎz¤̀© Kxä§
¥ i | ïÃ i§ o®¥Yi¦ FÓr§ ©l fr À̈i«i§
: lega lgy aeh meia
è í§e la¥À Y¥ D®¨`Fl§nE ux´¤`¨ d̈ ïi©«l 25 xF¬n§fn¦Å cÀe¦c§
:D«ä i¥aW ¨l ck
:d̈«¤p£pFk§
« i zFxd̈§
À pÎlr§ cq̈§i miÓ¦ i©Îlr© ÈdÎi¦M 26
©e D®¨
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À n¦ E ®ï§iÎx©da§ d¬¤l r© £i Îi«n¦
:d«n̈x¦
§n§l rÁ© W
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:Fr§« Wi¦ i¬¥ l¡ `n«¥ dwÀ̈ c§
¨ E ®ï§i z´¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§
ä `´V̈i¦
24. First the ofg receives the xtq with both hands from the iàb (other times from the diabn).
When there is only one xtq he receives it comes from his left, two mixtq from his right, and
three mixtq from directly behind him. The ofg turns to the South fairly quickly and usually
before he finishes 'ecal'. Other times (except maybe dgpn xetk mei) he turns around towards
West and receives the xtq directly from the diabn and turns to South as soon as he has a firm
grip. Therefore he might begin 'elldi' facing West Southwest or South.
. . .lr© n̈ ,dk̈xä§ `¨lA§ d¤Gd© m¨lFrd̈ on¦ d¤pd¡ P¤d© lk̈e§ dk̈xä§ `¨lA§ d¤Gd© m¨lFrd̈ on¦ d¤pd̈¥IW¤ mc̈`§ ¨ l xEq`¨ ,op̈Äx© EpŸ25.
,ì̈W§ w© `¨l ,(fh:diw mildz) ':mc̈« `¨ Îi¥pa§ ¦l o¬©zp̈ ux¤`d̈§
À̈ e 'c©®l m¦in© ¨ m¦iń© Ẍ©d' aiz¦ kE
§ 'D®¨`Fl§nE ux´¤`¨ d̈ 'c©l' aiz¦ M§ ,in¥ x¨ i¦e¥l ia¦ x§
(:dl zekxa 'nb) .dk̈xÄ§ xg© `§ © l o`M̈ ,dk̈xÄ§ mcFw ¤ o`M̈
oiti
¦ w¦ O© W¤ ,zFxd̈§p dr̈Äx§`© e§ miO©
¦ i dr̈a§ W¦ EN ¥̀ ':d̈«¤p£pFk§
« i zFxd̈§ ©e D®c̈q̈§i miÓ¦ i©Îlr© ÈdÎi¦M' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n̈ ,op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 26.
À pÎlr§
lW¤ DÖ©ie§ (c ,z©lig¥ lW¤ lW¤ DÖ©ie§ (b ,mFcq§ lW¤ DÖ©ie§ (a ,ì̈x§a¤ h§ lW¤ DÖ©i (` :miO© ¦ i dr̈a§ W¦ od¥ EN ¥̀ e§ ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i ux¤ ¤̀ z ¤̀
oFinFxi
§ w¦ e§ (b ,KEnx©§ie§ (a ,oC¥x©§i (` ,zFxd̈§p dr̈Äx§`© od¥ EN ¥̀ e§ .lFcB̈d© mïe§ (f ,ì̈n§ R© q§ `© m©ie§ (e ,ik¦ ai
§ q¦ lW¤ DÖ©ie§ (d ,`z̈§lig¦
(:cr `xza àa 'nb) .db̈itE ¦ (c
_______________________________________________
178
:dl̈«q¤ aẃr«£©i Li¤pẗ i¬¥¸ wè a© n§ ei®Ẅx§C« eyxc xFĆ d¤f

:cFaM̈©
« d K¤l´¤n `Faï§
À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦§ R E`èU«P̈d¦§e mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§
:d«n̈g̈§ln¦ xFA¦ ¬ B ïÀ i§ xFA¦
® be§ fEǴ¦r ï§i | cFa¬ M©
Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f i¬n¦
:cFaM̈©
« d K¤l´¤n àï§À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦
§ R E`§ E mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§
:dl̈«q¤ cFáM̈©d K¤ln¤ Èd³ zFà̈§ ® v ¬ï§i | cFa¬ M© Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f Èd́ i³n¦
.ycewd oex`d z` gzet f` wxe xtqd z` el xqen ofgdy xxazn ,zaya dqpkdd iabl zldw ixacd ly eixacn
Üi¦ i¬¥t§l`© zFa£ax¦« ï½ i§ dá̈EW x®©nì dgªpa§ E 27
:l«¥̀ x§ el:i xacna
:L«¤Grª oFx£̀«
¬ e© dY© À̈ ` L®¤zg̈E«pn§ l¦ ï§i dń̈Ew i-g:alw mildz
:Ep«¥Px§
©i Li¬¤ ci¦qg£«e© w¤c®¤vÎEWèAl§ i¦ Li¬¤pd£ M«
:L«g¤i¦Wn§ i´¥pR§ aW ¥À ŸÎl©` L®¤ C§ar© cé¦C¨ xEar«£©
:Ea«fr«£Y© Îl«`© iz¦À xF¨ Y« m®¤kl̈ iY´ ¦ z© p̈ aFh g©w´¤l i³M¦ a:c ilyn
:x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦ ´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b
:mF«lẄ d̈i´¤zFaiz§ ¦ pÎlk̈«e§ m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi:b
:mc«¤w§
¤M Epi¥nï W¬¥ C©g däEWp̈«½ e§ aeype ÆLi¤̧l¥̀ | ³ï§i Epai¦ ¥̧ Wd£ `k:d dki`
à D¥zErx¦ §k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦§ ie§ lC© § i 28 rxek ofg
©Bz¦
:aixẅ
£A à l¥̀ x§Üi¦Îzi¥AÎlk̈c§ i¥Ig© a§ E à oFki¥nFi§aE oFki¥Ig© A§ à D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ i©e§
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈© nèlr̈ i¥nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
à `¥V©pz¦
§ ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ x©`R̈z¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
© z¦
§ i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek ofg `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦§ ie§
`z̈xi¦
¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦§AÎlM̈¦n (`N̈r§«¥lE mitiqen lhe myb zelitz iptle xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ rxek ofg :`n̈èlr̈§A oxi¦ ¨ n £̀ C© `z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª
.(257 'nr) yceg y`x zay ly sqen o`k mixne` yceg y`x zaya
.(268 'nr) milbx yly ly sqen o`k mixne` crend leg zayae milbx ylya
.(325 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(307 'nr) dpyd y`x ly sqen o`k mixne` mi`xep minia
mit¨¦ l £̀ i¥pX§ n¦ zFgR̈ lr© ,dxFW

¨ dp̈ik¦ X§ d© oi ¥̀ W¤ ,cO©
¥ ln§ ':l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¬¥t§l`© zFa£ax«¦ 'c½ dá̈EW x®©nì dgªpa§ E' ,op̈Äx© EpŸ 27.
,dÏa¦ xE§ dÏx¦t§ A¦ wqr̈
© `¨l d¤fe§ ,cg̈ ¤̀ xq¥ g̈ zFaäx§ i¥pWE§ mit¨ ¦ l £̀ i¥pW§ l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i Eid̈W¤ ix£ ¥d ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ In¦ zFaäx§ i¥pWE
§
(.bt `nw àa ,:bq zenai 'nb) ?l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § In¦ w¥lY© q§ Y¦ W¤ dp̈ik¦ X©
§ l mxFb
¥ d¤f `v̈n¦
§ p `¨l
.cgein oebipa '`lrl' ea miltek ,mi`xep mini oebipa - 'lhe myb zelitz' sqen iptl yicwd obpn ofgd 28.
According to n"ctt bdpn, the yicw before sqen of lh and myb is in the oebip of mi`xep mini itqen
until `lrl. From `lrl we switch to the mybe lh oebip, and the ofg recites aloud in that melody
as well, ':m¤W«¤Bd© cixFnE « ai¦Xn© ', (and on gqt, 'lhd
¦ g© Exd̈ © cixen' or 'c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§ '). The dlirp oebip is
not sung at all.
The zldw ixac page 337 asks why don’t we sing 'xFA¦B dŸ©`' in the melody used on every zay
or aeh mei on which zeaexw are recited? He assumes the reason the regular oebip zay and not
the oebip heit is sung, is so the ofg gets used to the new change to the dltzd gqep. This should
be sung in the manner as he will be singing it on the upcoming zezay.
_______________________________________________
179
zayl dcinr sqen sqen
zayl sqen zltz

lltzd m` caricae ,zery 'f seqn xzei oi` sqen zltz onf .`l oia xira xeav yi oia sqen zltza aiig cigi lk
dxeq` dcerq la` mcew zvw merhl xzen .oinelyz dl oi` sqen lltzd `le meid lk xar .`vi ,meid lk dze`
.dial ylgc o`nl `l` dviakn xzei (sqen iptl)

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.milwy zyxt ipebipa zeaexw mixne` ycegd zyxte milwy zyxt zezaya u"yd zxfga 1.
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.oefg zayn dlicadl ick df lr mitiwn zereay iptly zaya hxtae ,dyecwd z` obpl mibdep yi 3.
.milwy zyxt sqen ly 'jipt xe`' heitd oebipa dze` mipbpn ycegd zyxte milwy zyxt zezaya
4. l`xyi rny and mkicl` 'c ip` were inserted here in the fifth century, when special government
officials were posted in the synagogues to prevent the xeaiv’s proclamation of God’s Oneness.
Toward the end of orenen, when the spies had left, the rny was recited in an abridged form.
dyecwd gqep lr .minkg ederahy oinei wizr rahn èd 'epcil` èd cg` ,cg` 'c' sqen zyecw gqep 5.
zexeca hyt `"xbde l"fix`d zrtyda .ceqd zxez it lr edewnip mde ,fpky` iciqg epbd 'cg` cg`'
fpky` ipa ixeciqa miiwe xixy oiicr x`yp meid .dipyd 'cg`' dlind z` hinydl bdpnd mipexg`d
.wdaend fpky` bdpn illtzn axwae
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181
:sqen zyecwa 'mkicl`' heit mitiqen ote` da mixne`y zaya
7 6
.ziy`xa zayl .wfg lèny ea mezg .daey zayl
.wfg dcedi ea mezg eze` mixne` oi` zewizeed zelidwa
(cere `fiinxee ,`vpbn ,n"ctt)
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à d¤pa§ i¦ DN̈¦Y lr© xi¦rdÀ̈ à zi¦W`x¥ ¥nM§ zFpFc§f x¥Rk© iÀe¦ à mi¦ng£ x§©l oiC¦ zC¦ ©n à Kt£di© eiz̈FCn¦À
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g©wl̈ c©iÎlr§©M u©gn§ i¦ DÄ c¥aFrdÀ̈ à zi¦Wt§ g̈ zix§¦A m¤dl̈ xkÀ§f à mi¦nv̈§e mi¦Pr©z¦ § n dxv̈§
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.engp zayl .dkepg (ly dpey`x) zayl
.wfg lèny xa dcedi ea mezg .wfg dcedi ea mezg
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à m¤kl̈ i¦nC¢ EpY¦ è Y l`©À à ÀFnÀ W §À EkxÀ£AÀ̈ à m¤ki¥pi¥aE Wc¤w«À lEaÀ§f à mi¦li¦l`¡ sFlg£À à ci¦Ak§ d© n¥
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The miheit for dlin zixa zay are only said when the zixa is performed on zay itself. The heit
'mkicl`' for oièyip zay is said only when the wedding is performed on Friday, and the oièyip zcerq
is on zay. This is quite uncommon today, therefore, this heit has not been said for many years.
.wfg lèny ea mezg .oièyp zayl .dlin zixa zayl

fx¨ zFgEx eik̈¨`§ln©À à Fnl̈ir¥ q¥M à mÜ Fp§kW ¦À m«k¤ i¥dl¡
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¦ W § ¦l g©«¥lFW
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Erc¥ §i dÀ¤f à FnFwènA¦ oFpB̈ à oFI¦v d¥fg£À à FnEw mFi§l
èie§ E`x¦ i©zxFMÎlM̈
è z`f Erc¥ èi à zix£ ¦g`© A§ mFlẄ§e
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¦ f K¦i«© l¡
` K©ln̈ oFI¦v§l x¥nF` à zix§ ¦a
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§ ¥ac§ ¦aE ofg
` ml̈Fr§
Epi«¥ l¡
è c§ ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥pl§ E L«¤lcB̈
§ ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l ofg
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤l«n¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l Epi«R¦ n¦
'c jelniy mzlitz z` jk jezne ,d"awl mzkxae mik`lnd yeciw z` mixikfn ep` da dyecwd meiqa 6.
milltznd epldwa opeaziy zekfa ,epl xtkl eingx z` ywal o`k mb mitiqen ep` ,xece xecl oeiv lr mlerl
,epl`bie ezreay z` mdl miiwi miwicvd epizea` zekfae ,mixetkd meia miprzne minie zelil eil`
.minlerl ezekln z` epilr lawpy ick
z` dpaie ,dligza jlny enk lkd lr 'c jelniy dcizrd dle`bl epzeewz z` ricedl mitiqen ep` o`k 7.
epici lr z`hazn ezkelnyk ,ielba epilr 'c zkelnl dkfp jka xy`k ;epiaie`n eplivie ,ycwnd ziae milyexi
.dzkldk ziy`xa zay zxinya
.ìapd edil` i"r dnly daeyza aeyp xy`k didiy zeielbd ueaiw lr ywal mitiqen ep` dyecwa 8.
.oeiv 'c aeya aey ze`xl dngpl dkfp ,'c mr zixa ze`l epl ìdy ,eply zayd zxiny zekfae
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182
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à d̈i«k¤ q̈§p ixEC¥ q¦ mr¦ à d̈i«W ¤ ExR ¥ z̈i«E¦v¦ à d̈i«z¤ FpèAx§ẅ z̈i«v¦ x¨ zÄW © Ÿ§pM© Y¦ 9
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` ï§i Ep«E¥v© Y© ¨ à Ex«g̈Ä dN̈cª§B d̈ixä «¤ C§
:iE`xM̈
¨ zÄ©W s©qEn o©Axẅ §
à Ep«v¥ x©§`§l dg̈§nU¦ a§ Ep«¥lr© £YW ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
à mx¨c¦ §qM§ mici¦ ¦ nY§ à Epi«z¥ FaFg zFpèAxẅÎz¤̀ § Li«¤pẗ§l d¤Ur© £p mẄ§e à Ep«¥lEa§bA¦ EprḦ «¥ z§¦e
à dä£d`© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l aix§ ¦w©pe§ d¤Ur© £p d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFi s©qEnÎz¤̀§e :mz̈k̈§ld¦ M§ mi¦tq̈EnE
à LcFa§
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à i¦ri¦aW § i¥WC© èwn§ mr© à b¤pr« i¥̀ xFè w§ « e zÄ©W ixè ¥ W à L«z¤ Ek§ln© A§ EgènU§ i¦
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:zi¦W`x§ ¥a d¥Ur© £n§l x¤k«¥f à z̈`ẍ« ẅ FzF`
Ep«w§
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èw à Ep«z¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ `
:z¤n`¡A¤ LC§ èar̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦l x¥dh© e§ à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A Ep«g¥ Oè U © e§ L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè «¥AU© :L«z¤ xFz§¨ A
12
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥ad£ `« l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ L§a EgènU§ i¦e§ à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ z©AW © oFvx§ äE dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ Ep«¥li¦g§pd© e§
9. zay zpkz, the first twenty-two words of which run in a reversed zia sl` acrostic, is found
in the ixhie xefgn and was known to oe`b mxnr ax.
.(iztxv gqep) '` i"zke ,(icxtq gqep) 'n i"zk `,hcinycleb 'cdn ,oe`b mxnr ax xcq (1 :miade`d 10.
,b zefepb ,o"a`xl qgeind xeciq (3 .(ixwird ci azk) ` i"zk ,aiw 'nr ,`"yz milyexi ,oe`b dicrq ax xeciq (2
.drw 'nr ,a"lyz milyexi ,`fiinxbn dnly epiax xeciq (4 .(l"end ztqed ile`) yxb mr iade`d - .`w 'nr
.hqw 'nr ,`"g ,l`tx 'cdn ,bidpnd xtq (5
azk ,dreci dpi` e`ven ux` ,i"p mipaxl n"dia) 'f i"zk ,hcinycleb 'cdn ,oe`b mxnr ax xcq (1 :iade`d11.
dlitz ibdpne dlitz ,xyiilt `xfr (3 `nc` i"zk ,aiw 'nr ,`"yz milyexi ,oe`b dicrq ax xcq (2 .(iwlhi`
dn`zdae ,dnecwd dqxibd jky xeaq - .89 'rd ,53-52 'nr ,g"yz milyexi ,dfipbd ztewza miil`xyi-ux`
`yiinxee xefgn (5 .iwgvi ciec axd ici lr wcapy cid azk ,gwexl dlitzd xeciq iyexit (4 .hqwhd dpainl
.uxcpeln ofg i"xl miig ur (7 .(htx 'nr ,`"g ,hcinycleb 'cdn deyd) `"vw oniq ,ixhie xefgn (6 .a"l zpyn
zixw ,qpez w"w ly dkld ibdpn sqe` :qcd ilr ,oeahq cec axd azk micxtqd lv` mb dfa dkeand lr
,xzei zi`xp miade`d `qxibd ziwecwc dpigany i`cea miade`d/iade`d ze`qxibd oipra" :367 'nr ,r"yz xtq
mipe`bd aex ze`qxiba ep`vn oky cer dne .`qxib inwe`l qxhpewa fef`n xi`n iax oe`bd azky enke
,bidpnd xtq ,iq`nl'bq ozp x"a dnly iax xeciq ,oe`b dicrq ax xeciq ,oe`b mxnr ax xeciq :mipey`xde
:iz`vn dcedi x"a ozp epaxl (23 'nr) mikgnd xtqae .xwi x"a dcedi iaxl zeltzd yexit ,gwexd xeciq
ur xtqae ixhie xefgna iade`d zqxib ogky` jci`n .xeviw myl seqa yxb mr 'iade`d ,"dixac 'iade`d"
e`viy eppnf ipaxn yie ,(yxbd wgnpe 'iade`d aezk did my mby xxazi k"``) yixcpeln ofg awri iaxl miig
(xbxeand .y axd) ".(f"tx divipie ,daev mx` xefgn zqxib oke) cxtq ixeciqa c`n dhytzdy ef `qxib ayiil
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_______________________________________________
185
dltzd meiq aeh meile zayl sqen
dlitzd meiq
1
According to fpky` bdpn, boys under devn xa do not lead any dlitz.
3 2
(oe`b mxnr ax xcq) .dnirpa mixne` 'epicl` oi`' gay
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¦ vFn
¦ oi ¥̀ oḧẅ[e§ dhFW
¤ Wx¥g] ¥ . . . 1.
(.hk sc dpyd y`x 'g dpyn) .oz̈äFg ic§¥i miA¦ x©d̈ z ¤̀
2. Preceding epicl`k oi` with the three miweqt, cel` in ik ,'ck yecw oi` ,'c l` dew, is a l"fix` bdpn
not fpky` bdpn.
g"i ly 'f wx `"` h"eiae zezayae .mei lka xnel miaiigc zekxa d`n meyn epicl`k oi` ly `nrh xwir 3.
xn` eli`k iede dz` jexa k"gè ,minrt rax` cg` lk dcep in oi` .on` a"i epicl`k oià ecqiizpe dltzc
(l"ixdn) .ixhie xefgna èd oke ,h"i oipind zkxa mr zekxa g"i ixd 'f jpiè minrt a"i on`p jln l` dz` jexa
.micgein mipebipa 'epicl`k oi`' mixnfn miaeh miniae mi`xepd minia 4.
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'epicl`k oi`' mixne` 'lhe myb zelitz' xg`
5. zxehwd meht was never said on weekdays in fpky`, because it would not be recited properly.
_______________________________________________
186
.g"i wxt mixteqe ,cinz zkqn seq dpyn

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187
.'epilr' mixne` jk xgè (349 'nr) dltzd seqa milne 'epilr' z` oiblcn zqpkd ziaa dlin yiyk
epilr is only recited just before leaving the synagogue.
Therefore, it is postponed in case of dlin zixa.
i¥iFb§M Ep«Ür̈ `N¤W à zi¦W`x§

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8
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(zldw ixac) .'eke "epilr" xne` envrl cg` lk 6.
xg` llk yicw `"` (a 'irq ,dp 'iq 'miig xewn' xtqa xiì zegd ,cky q"eq gwexd xtq ,hv 'iq ixhie xefgna oiir) 7.
s` xn`pe jzxeza aezkk xn`y) yicw xnel oi` - (n"ca y"ire b"lw oniq) xehe gwex ,ixhie xefgna d"ke 'epilr'
.(f 'iq ,g"e` ,c"g milrt ax z"ey ig yi` oad azk jk) 'epilr' xg` l"fix`d zrcl mb(y xn` èd ,ok it lr
yeal y"nk mrhd l"pe .epilr xg` yicw 'ixne` oi`y hxeawpxe w"w dt epbdpn h"p oniq une` sqei 'k 8.
'iwxtl `l` mei lka exn`l l"d `l lecb gayl eze` 'iayegy oeiky 'eke zexinf mirp` oipra b"lw g"`
eigaya xtql e"a jlna 'it` xqend jxc df oi` ik scbne sxgn f"d mei lka lld xne`d lk l"fix`y c"re
(156 sc zldw ixac) .uvelzne xnfnk mdita f` didie zeixad ita k"k mlibcdl `ly ick mei lka 'ilecbd
_______________________________________________
188
zayd meil cegid xiy
1
zayd meil cegid xiy
,lega cegid xiy xnel mibdep oi`y ozeà elitè zeldwd aexa
2
.zexinf mirp` eixg` mipbpne zayl cegid xiy mixne` zaya mewn lkn
3
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¤ cẅ
§ xi¦r Ep«Ä à mg̈Ep§A ofg
:K®¥
xä£̀ KxÄ ¨ v 11
´¥ Dci¥ à mi¦nï - Kx¤`§
« l a¥W ¥̀ÎdR« à x¤n`Y©
« e ldw
13 12
:w¤c®¤vÎEWèAl§ i¦ Li¬¤pd£M« s©` à w¤c®¤vÎi¥ga§ ¦f EǵèA§fi¦ mẄ i¦M ofg
1. In those zelidw where cegid xiy is said daily they should continue saying it. Those zelidw
which do not, do not have to begin saying it. cegid xiy was said on zay by most zelidw, since
a) one has more time, and b) it is short. According to some miwqet, it is not recommended to
recite either cegid xiy or ceakd xiy without a oipn.
.xetk mei lila xnìdl cizry iptn ,daey zayn ueg 2.
(zldw ixac) .leg oebpa ,zay ly cegid xiy ifexg ldw mr silgn oezgzd ofg 3.
g:ciw my 'ir 10. f:ai mildz 9. `l:ci zeny 'ir 8. ì:h dingp 'ir 7. e:dk mildz 6. i:i dinxi 5. i:dnw mildz 'ir 4.
h:alw mildz 13. hi:bl mixac 12. h:alw my 11.
_______________________________________________
189
zayd meil cegid xiy
:Exi«W
¦ ïÎs©` ErÀ rF § i¦ 15 L§l
£ x«z¹ à Ex«O¥©fi§ zFni¦r§p à i¦e¥N © ziá¥ E14 ldw
:ï§i à L§nW
¦ EcFi§e EcèAk© i§ à ¨À i§ i¥̀ x¦
§ie§ à l¥̀ x§
Ü¦i ziÁ¥ ofg
:mi¦pFx£g`© l̈ m©B à ai¦hiY¥ o¥M à mi¦pFW`xl̈
¦ à `§n z̈Fai¦h¡d ldw
:Epi«z¥ Fa£̀Îlr© à Ÿ§UU
«© x¤W £̀ M© à Epi«¥lr̈ `p̈ Ui¦UŸ à iï§ ofg
:ai¦hiz¥ i¦M à ml̈Fr§l L§lÎdcFp§
¤ e à ai¦hi¥d§lE zFAx©
§d§l à Ep«z̈F` ldw
:`x§
¨w¦p L§nW
¦ à d̈i«¤lr̈ i¦M à dx¥
¨dn§ Lxi¦
è r d¤pa§ Y¦ à ï§i ofg
:DÄx¦
§wA§ à ï§i ml̈Fr§l oM§Wz§
¦e à DÄ g© i¦nv§ Y© à c¦eC¨ ox«¤w§
¤e ldw
:dg̈§pn¦ ax©r¤
¡Y à mc«¤w¤ i¥ni«k¦ e§ à dg̈èA§f¦p dÖ«Ẅ à wc«¤v¤Îi¥ga§ ¦f ofg
:L«¤pFvx§ zFUr©
£l à mi¦vt¥ g£ i¦M à Li¤pR̈ xF`§A à LèOr© KxäE
¥ ldw
16
:Ep«N̈kª L¬ Oè r© `p̈Îh¤Ad© à Ep«v¥ t§ g¤ d¤Ur©
£Y à LèpFvx¦
§aE ofg
:dl̈«Q¤ L´¤zk̈x¦ © r«© 18
§a LèOrÎl ½ bq§ mr§´©l L§l zFi¡d 17 à Ep«Ÿx©
à dN̈ª §gA§ ldw
19
:L«Y¤ x©
§`t§ Y¦ m¥W§l à l¥Nd© §pE à L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ xR¥À q© §p à ci¦nz̈§e ofg
:K ä§n à Kxä
¥ YÎx¤
§ W £̀ lM̈Îz¤̀ i¦M à K ä§i LèOr© Lz«
è k̈x¦
§An¦ E ldw
:i¦à̈§v i¥ni§ÎlM̈ à Ed«k¥ xä£̀©
£ e à i¦`xFA
è dl̈£ld© `© à icFr§
¦« A i¦p £̀©eofg
:m®l̈r«d̈ cr§ ´©e l̈Fr«d̈Îo¦n à ml̈Fr§l à K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W ¥ i³d¦ i§ 20 ldw
Exè³n`«Ie© m®l̈r«d̈ cr§ ´©e ml̈Fr«d̈Îo¦n l ¥̀½ x§ Üi¦ i´¥ l¡` Æïi§ KExÄ³ el:fh '` d"c :aEzM̈©M 21 g"ew
Kxä§
½© n Æ`d̈l̈¡ `ÎiC¦« D³¥nW § `¥̧e¡d«¤l xn©½ `¨ e§ Æl`¥I¦pc̈« d³¥pr̈ k:a lìpc :«ïi«©l l¥Nd© e§ on¥½ `¨ Æmr̈d̈Îlk̈
:ì«d¦ ÎD«¥l iC¬¦ `z̈xEè a§ « bE `²z̈ènk§ g̈ iC¯¦ `®n̈èlrÎc
«¨ r§ ´©e `n̈èlrÎo¦
«¨ n
ÆdÏcF¦ d« d³ïèax¥
«¥W d¹ï§pa§ W© g£ i¸¦pÄ l¥̀i¦nc© §we§Â rE
© Ẃ¥i m¿¦Ie¦§l«d© Ex́èn`«Ie© d:h dingp :x©n`¡¤pe§
L ½¤a§M m´W ¥ ÆEkx«£äi¦e m®l̈Fr«d̈Îcr© ml̈Fr«d̈Îo¦n mk¤½ i¥dl¡ « ` í̈i§Îz¤̀ ÆEkx«£Ä EnEwÀ d½ïg§ z«© t§ dí¨§pa© W§
:d«N̈d¦ zE
§ dk̈x§ ÄÎlM̈Îlr© m¬©nFx§nE
n© `¨ e§ ml̈Fr«
À d̈ cr§ ©Ä e | ml̈Fr³d̈Îo¦
¸ n l ¥̀¿ x§ Üi¦ i¶¥ l¡ ` Æïi§ÎKExÄ «³ gn:ew mildz :x©n`¡¤pe§
l®d̈T̈©dÎlM̈ i¥pir§ ¥l ï½ i§Îz¤̀ çi¦eC¨ K¤x³ä§ie© biÎi:hk '` d"c :x©n`¡¤pe§ :D«ïÎEl£ld«© on¥À `¨ mrd̈ÎlM̈ ¬¨
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e ml̈Fr«n¥ Epia¦½ `¨ l´¥̀ x§ Üi¦ Æi ¥ l¡
` Æïi§ d³Ÿ©` KEx̧Ä ciÀe¦C¨ x¤nÌ́©e
a:biw my 20. bi :hr my 19. h:b mildz 18. a:ci mixac 'ir 17. g:cq diryi 16. :dq my 15. k-hi:dlw my 'ir 14.
(zldw ixac) ."m«l̈Fr" cr "aEzM̈©M" ygla jk xgè 21.
_______________________________________________
190
miaeh minie zay ceakd ixiy
1
ceakd xiy
.da sehr epi` m` ,zilha shrzn ceakd xiy ceakl ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
:miàd (i-f:ck mildz) miweqtd z` ygla mixne` yi ycewd oex` zgizta
:cFaM̈©
« d K¤lń¤ `Faï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦ § R E`èU«P̈d¦ e« mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§
:d«n̈g̈§ln¦ xFA¦
¬ B ïÀ i§ xFA¦
® be§ fEǴ¦r ïi« | cFa¬ M©
Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f i¬n¦
:cFaM̈©
« d K¤lń¤ àï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦ § R E`§ E mk¤À i¥W`x«¨ | mix¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§
:dl̈«q¤ cFáM̈©d K¤ln¤ Èd³ zFà̈§ ® v ¬ï§i | cFaM̈ ¬ d©Å K¤l¶¤n d»¤f Èd́ i³n¦
.ldwd iweqt z` mb xnel ofgle ,ofgd iweqt z` mb ygla xnel ldwl ie`xe2
4 3
:bxr«£z© iW
¦¸ t§ ©p Li´¤l ¥̀ i¦M à bFx¡
` ¤̀ mixi¦
¦ We§ zFxi¦n§f mi¦r§p`© ofg
:LcFq
«¤ fxÎlM̈
¨ à zr©cl̈
«© à Lcï
«¤ l¥vA§ dcè
¨ng̈ i¦Wt§ ©p ldw
:LicFCÎl¤̀
«¤ i¦A¦l d¤nFd à LcFa§
«¤ kA¦ ixè
¦Ac© iC¦
¥n ofg
:zFcic§
¦i ixi¦
¥ WA§ c¥Ak© £̀ L§nW
¦ e§ à zFcÄ§k¦p à L§A x¥Ac£̀
© o¥MÎlr© ldw
:LiY¦« r§ c§
©i `l§e LèPk© £̀ LèOc£̀
© à Liz¦« i¦`x§ `l§e LcFa§ ¨Rq© £̀ ofg
è M dxè
:L®¤ ©d à z̈i«O¦ C¦ 5
cFd cFá§M xc£ «¤ r£ cFq§A Li«¤̀ i¦a§p c©iA§ ldw
à Licä
:L«z¤ N̈r§
ªR s¤z§
« l à EP¦M à L«z¤ xEa§ è cª§B ofg
¨ bE LzN̈
:Li«U¤ r©
£n i¦t§l LEe©«W§Ie© è EOC¦ldw
à L§Wi¤Îi¦tk§ `l§e LzF`
:zFpFi§nCÎlk̈§
¦ A cg̈¤̀ LèPd¦ à zFpFi§fg¤ ax§A LE«li¦Wn§ d¦ ofg
:zEx£gW
© e§ däi¥UA§ LèW`x xr§
©UE à zEx£ga© E dp̈§w¦f L§a Ef¡g¤Ie©ldw
:ax¨ Fl eicï¨ zFng̈§ln¦ Wi¦`M§ à aẍ§w mFi§A zEx£ga© E oiC¦ mFi§A dp̈§w¦f ofg
:FW« cẅ
§ rF ¦ Fd 7
© x§¬fE FÀpi¦ni§ F¬NÎdr̈i«W à FW`x§ ¨ i r©aF¬k 6 W©ag̈ ldw
® A drEW§
1. Recently discovered manuscripts of ceakd xiy reveal that what was originally thought to be a
ciqgd dcedi 'x composition, was composed by an earlier ohiit. mibdpn vary regarding where
it is sung, a) before zixgy aeh meie zay, b) after sqen aeh meie zay, c) daily, d) after zixgy zay
before dxezd zìxw. It is included in all miidprciid ee"x ixefgn for miaeh mini, and the mixeciq,
l`xyi zcear (Baer) and the zn` zty after sqen zay (zldw ixac pg. 76 [g"rwz zpy])
(zldw ixac) .eixg`y z` ldwe ,oey`xd fexgd xne` ofgy "zexinf mirp`" ifexg ldw mr silgn zay oebpa k"gè 2.
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'ceakd xiy' mixne` 'lhe myb zelitz' xgè xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 3.
`:gv mildz 7. fi:hp diryi 6.g:dnw my 5. k:an mildz 'ir 4.
_______________________________________________
191
miaeh minie zay ceakd ixiy
8
:dl̈§i«l̈ i¥qi¬q¦ x§ eiz̈FSªew§ E à `l̈§n¦p FW`x zFx` i¥l£lh
© ofg
:ia¦½ v§ z¤x´¤hr«£©l 9 i¦NÎd¤id§ i¦ Èd§e à i¦AÎu¥tg̈ i¦M i¦AÎx¥̀ R̈z§ i¦ldw
10
:FWcẅ
§ m¥W cFa§M g©vn«¤ lr© w©ge§ à FW`x zEnC§ f®R̈ xFdḧ m¤z´M
¤ ofg
:dxḧ
¨ r£ dxè
¨Hr¦ Fl à FzÖ ª̀ ¨`t§ z¦ i¦av§ cFak̈§lE o¥g§l ldw
à dx¨
11
:zF g§W mi¦l½ Y© §lY© Æeiz̈FSªew§ ga§ i¥ni¦aM§ FW`x zFtèlg§ n
à zFxª © ofg
¬ r© 12 `P̈ d¤lr©
:Fzg̈§nU¦ W`xÎlÀ¹ £i §`t§ z¦ i¦av§ wc«¤S¤d© d¥e§p ldw
à FYx©
13
:zx«¤¤̀ t§ z¦ i¦av§ dk̈El§n s¬i¦pv§ E à zx«¤h¤ r£ Fcïa§ i¦dY§ à FzN̈ªbq§ ofg
:mcè
ÄM¦ à eip̈ir§ ¤̧ n¥ 14
¥A Exèwï xW£̀« ¨Pr¦ zx«¤h¤ r£ m¨Ù̈§p mi¦qEnr£ldw
à mcè
15
:eil̈¥̀ i¦`xẅ§
§ A i©l ¥̀ aFxẅ§e ¦ t§ E i©lr̈ Fx¥̀ R
à eil̈r̈ ix¥̀ § ofg
:mFc¡
`n¥ F`Fa§A Fkx§c§
ä dxER
¨ ½ è§ ģv
à mc¨` FWEa§l¦l mFc¨ © 16 ldw
17
:eip̈ir¥ c¤b«¤p§l ï§i z¬©pnªY§ §d oi¦li¦tY§ x¤Ww«¤ofg
à ep̈r̈¤l d¨`x¤
:x¥̀ R̈z¦ ¥À Fi 19
§ d§l mÄ zF¬Nd¦ Y§ aW ©A d´¤vFx« 18 ldw
à x¬¥̀ ẗ§i miÀe¦p̈r£ FO® r§
21 20
:WFxC§ LèWxFC
¤ mr© à xFcë xFC à W`x¥
®n `¬¥w à z®¤n`¡ L¬ xä § x
è CÎW` ofg
:Li«¤l ¥̀ ax§
©wY¦ izP̈
¦ x§¦e © W oFn£d ziW
à Li«¤lr̈ à `p̈ ixi¦ ¦ ldw
22
:z ¤h́§w oFM³ Y¦ i´z¦ N̈¦tzE
§ à zx«¤h¤ r£ LèW`x§l i¦dY§ à i¦zN̈¦dY
§ ofg
:Li«¤pÄxẅÎl
§ r© à x©WEi xi¦WM§ à Li«¤pir§
¥A WxÎz © W x©wiY
¨ xi¦ ¦ ldw
23
:xi¦AM© wiC©
¦v ci¦lFnE l¥lFg§n à xi«A¦ W
§ n© W`x§¬l d¤lr©
£z i¦zk̈x¦
§A ofg
¼ miń¦ Ü§aM¦ L§l g©w Dz̈F`§e 24
:W`x à W`x i¦l r©pr©
£pz§ izk̈
¦ x¦§aaè E ldw
25
:Li«¤l ¥̀ bxr©
£z i¦Wt§ ©p i¦M à Li«¤lr̈ à i¦gi¦U `p̈ a´x©r«¡i¤ ofg
.mxne`l ebdp `le ,ce`n zxge`n ztqez md ,ceakd xiy xg` minieqn mixeciqa eqtcpy miweqtd
.mei ly xiy zxinà mikiynne mezi yicw mixne` oi`
b:aq diryi 'ir 13. e:flw mildz 'ir 12. ì:d my 11. ì:d mixiyd xiy 'ir 10. d:gk diryi 'ir 9. a:d mixiyd xiy 8.
c:ak my 19. c:hnw mildz 18. g:ai xacna 'ir 17. i:d mixiyd xiy 16. f:c mixac 'ir 15. c:bn my 'ir 14.
cl:cw mildz 'ir 25. bk:l zeny 'ir 24. k:ì ilyn 'ir 23. a:`nw mildz 'ir 22.c:`n diryi 'ir 21. qw:hiw my 20.
_______________________________________________
192
dltzd meiq zayl sqen
mei ly xiy
FA¤W W ¤w« zÄ©X mFi mFI©d
:WC§
¨wO¦ A© mixè
x¤Á©A ci´¦Bd© §l :oFi§«lr¤ Ĺ§nW ¦ §l x¥O©f§lE ®ïi«©l zF ¬ d§l aFhÀ :z«ÄX © d© mFí§l xiW ¦À xF¬n§fn¦ av
í̈i§ i¦pY´© g§ O© U¦ i³M¦ :xF«Pk¦ A§ oFíB̈d¦ i¥lr£ l¤a®p̈Îi¥lr«£e© xFUr̈Îi´¥lr£ :zF«li¥NA© LÀ z«è p̈E¬n¡ `«e¤ L®¤
C§qg©
:Li«¤ aèWg§ n© Ewè ¬ nr«¨ c À̀ n§ ®ï§i Li´¤Ur«£n© Eĺc«èB̈Îd©n :o«¥Px£̀ © Li´¤ cï i¥Ur© £nA«§ L®¤lr«¢ẗA§
Evi¦vÏ©e a¤Ur¥À F¬n§M | mir¦¸ Ẅx§ © x§³tA¦ :z`«fÎz¤̀ oi¬a¦ ïÎ`«l liq¦À § E r®¨ c¥i `´l xr© ©AÎWi«`¦
d´¥Pd¦ Îi«M¦ À̈i«i§ Li«¿a¤ iè`« d¶¥Pd¦ i³M¦ :«ïi§ m¬l̈r§l mFxn̈ À d¬Ÿ©è§ :crÎi «© c¥r£ m¬¨ cènẌ« d¦ §l o¤e®¨` i¥l £ŔÎlM̈
:o«p̈r£x«© o¤n´W ¤ A§ i ¦À N©A i®¦px© §w mi´¥̀ x¦ §M mx´¤Ÿe© :o¤e`«¨ i¥l £R¬ ÎlM̈ EcÀ x«èR̈z¦ § i Ec®¥aì Liá¤ iè`«
f¤ ¤̀ M§ g®¨ x§ti¦ xń̈Ÿ©M wiC© ¦v :i«p̈§f`¨ dp̈§r¬©nW § Y¦ mir¦À x§
¥n i´©lr̈ mi¦nT̈©A i¬¨ xEW§ Å A iÀ¦pir¥ h¬¥AY© e©
d®äi¥UA§ oEáEp§i cFr :Egix§ ¦« ti© Epi´¥ l¡` zFx§vg© A§ ®ï§i ziá¥ A§ mi¦lEz§W :d«¤BU§ i¦ oFṕäèNA©
:FA« dz̈¬l̈§er© dzlrÎ`l«e§ ixE À¦ v ®ï§i x´ẄïÎi«M¦ ci¦Bd© §l :Ei§«di¦« mi´¦P©pr£x«©e§ mi¦pW ¥ C§
(.mila` ipyn xzei yi m` mezi yicw xn`p)
(zldw ixac) 'sq`l xenfn xiy' ok mb aeh meiae zaya mixne` n"ctta
(.xetk meiae aeh meiae zaya eze` miblcn wxì iep ,oexeyi zcr ldw w"wa dfd onfa la`)
:l«¥̀ hẃ§WYÎl© ¦ è§ Wx¡ ©gYÎl©
¤ ` K®l̈Îi¦nCÎl© ¢ ` mi´¦ l¡ ` :s«q̈`¨ §l xFń§fn¦ xi¦W bt
EvÀ r«£ïz«
§ i¦e§ cFq® Enix´¦r«£©i LèOrÎl © r«© :W`x« E`èU´p̈ Li ¤̀è À pU © § E o®Ein̈¡d«i¤ Li¤aièF`« d´¥Pd¦ Îi«M¦
a´¥l Ev́rF« £ p i³M¦ :cFr« l´¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îm«W ¥ x¥kG̈¦iÎ`«l§e iF®Bn¦ mći¦ ¥ gk§ ©pe§ Ek§l Exè À n`«¨ :Li«¤pEt§vÎlr©
w®¥ln̈r«£e© oFOr§ ©e lá̈§B :mix§¦« bd© e§ a¬¨`Fn mi®À¦l`rè ¥nW § i¦e§ mFc¡` i´¥l¢d`«¨ :Ezx§«ki¦ zix§ ´¦A Li¤lÀ r̈ e®¨
C§g©i
m¬¤dl̈Îd«U¥ r£ :dl̈«q¤ hFĺÎi¥pa§ ¦l rF © x§f E«i³d̈ m®Ö¦r dé¨l§ ¦p xEX©`Îm©B :xFv« i¥aW è i¬Îm¦r z¤W¤lÀ R§
Fn´z¥ i¦W :d«n̈c£̀« ¨ ©l o¤ C Ei¬d̈ x`CÎoi ® r« ¥a§ Ecè ¬ nW§ ¦p :oFWi¦ « w l©g´©pA§ oia¦À ï§k `¬¨ xèqi¦qM«§ o®ïc¦
§nM§
z ¥À Ep®N̈ dẄxi´ è ¦p Exèn «¨ x´¤W £̀ :Fn«k¥ i¦q§pÎlM̈ rÀ̈Pn§ ªlv© § E g©a¬¤fk§ E« a®¥̀§fk¦ e§ a´¥r§M Fn¥aic§ ¦p
dad̈«
À̈ ¤l § E xr®ïÎx© r§ ©aY¦ W¬¥̀ M§ :©gExÎi¥ « pt§ ¦l Ww©À M§ l®©B§l©Bk© Fn¬¥zi¦W i ©À l¡ ` :mi«¦ l¡ ` zF`§ ´p
wè a© i«e¦ oF®lẅ m´d¤i¥pt§ `´¥Nn© :m«¥ld£ a«© z§ L¬ z« è ẗEq§aE L®¤ xr«£q© A§ m´t¥ Cèx§Y¦ o¥M :mixd̈ ¦« h¬¥d©lY§
L®¤C©a§l í̈i§ Ĺ§nW ¦ dY© Ä̈ `Îi«M¦ ErÀ c¥ èie«§ :Ec«a¥ ì§e Exè ¬Rg§ ©ie«§ crÎi©À c¥r£ E¬ld£ Ä« i¦e§ EWa¥i :«ïi§ Ĺ§nW ¦
:ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© oFÀi§lr¤
.la` my oi` m` elit` xn`p mezi yicw
_______________________________________________
193
dltzd meiq zayl sqen
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
© z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
German zelidw which follow oilet bdpn, chant (3 'nr) mler oec`, at the end of sqen zltz on zay.
No additional mixenfn (i.e. yceg y`x - iytp

À i¬kxa« or dkepg - kpgÎxiy xenfn)
¿
are to be included within xeaiva dlitz.
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` mlerl
.dxdei iede miciqg bdpn èd ik ,zeltzd ixg` 'iryie ix́e` 'c³ | cȩcl' xenfn xnel oi`
xge`n bdpn .a .ze`zaya ceygd mini zcngn wtwetn exewn .` mixg` minrh yi)
.oey`xd mrhd llba ezxin`n mirpnp miciqgd zecrn miax .c zereawd zelitzd lr mixenfn siqedl oi` .b
(.dltzd ixg` dpyd lk exn`l creiny `"i .d .mipniz y"ke lawzd `l llk micxtqd lvè
dyxc e` xeriy lk xg` .dkld e` dpyn micnel ea ,zqpkd ziaa xvw xeriy miiwzn dltzd xg` cin
.'eke 'dvx xn` ìywr oa ìppg iax' xnel oinicwnd yi `zzrnye dklda xeriy xg` .opaxc yicw mixne`
.ef dxin` ekixvd `l `zcbà dyxc xg`
,zay i`venae xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh
:d¨`¥le§ l¥gx¨ dẅ§ax¦ dxÜ§
¨ M mi¦ l¡ ` K¥nU¦ i§ zepal | d®¤X©pn§ k¦ e§ m¦x§ ©t ¤̀§M mi ¦½ l¡ ` ĹènU¦« i§ k:gn ziy`xa mipal
¥̧ :Lxè
«¤nW
_______________________________________________
194
dax yeciw xcq miaeh miniae zay
dax yeciw xcq

1
reci bdpn dzid `le dilhi` ipa zvwne `vpiaext ipa bdpn èti` dzid ìdd zra 'exnye' zxin`
.xweaa dpey`x ycwne zay lila yciw `ly in iabl wx 'exnye' zxin` xikfd l"ixdnd .cxtqe fpky` ipa axwa
:m«l̈Fr zix§¬¦A m¨ c§« l z²Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ zFŪr«£©l z®Ä©Xd© Îz¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îi«¥pa§ Exè
¬nẄ
« e§ fi-fh::`l zeny :zaya
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3
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:aw« r«£©i i¬¥ l`«¥l hR§
À̈ Wn¦ Èd® l´¥̀ x§
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:xetk meia milke`d milege micli
:Ex«d̈h§ Y¦ ï§i i¬¥pt§ ¦l mk¤½ i¥z`H́©g ÆlM¦n m®¤kz¤̀
§ x´d¥ h© §l m¤ki¥lr£ x¬¥Rk© i§ d²¤Gd© mF¬Ia© Îi«M¦ l:fh `xwie
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4
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¥ ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
.dpyn mgl lr jxan jk xgè dkxa ly qekn zezyl oiaeqnl mb ozepe ayein dzeye

« d ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
.cgè cg` lkl dqext oiaeqnl ozie lkìe oeilrd mgl lr rveae
:mixne` la`d lv` :(dl) el mixne` dlegd oixwanyk
m¥g©p§Nn¦ ì¦d zÄ©W wFr§f¦Nn¦ ì¦d zÄ©W
:mFlẌ©A Ez§aW ¦ e§ àl̈ däFx§w dn̈g̈¤pe§ :mFlẌ©A Ez§aW
¦ e§ àl̈ däFx§w d¨ÈtxE§
1. The miweqt of exnye and zayd mei z` xekf are said while standing, however the dkxa of ixt `xea
otbd is recited seated. One can hold the yeciw cup either in one’s palm (dlaw it lr) or not.
(`l sc dlibn dpyn) .FPn© f§ A¦ cg̈ ¤̀ e§ cg̈ ¤̀ lM̈ oz̈F` oixFw
¦ Eid¦§ IW¤ oz̈ëv§ n¦ 2.
. . . ?od¤ Ör¦ zÄW© aiz¦ k§ d̈e§ . . . od¤ Ör¦ ziW`
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¦ x¦v§ 'c ic£
¥rFn
. . . mixER
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¦ a§ x©C§ DEg£̀
© `ẗi¦lg§ Y© ax© i¥pŸ 3.
d¤f xnF`
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?Èd i¥pFfn§ C¦ `p̈Xi¦
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» l hR§ Üi¦§l wǵ i³M¦ ' aiz¦ kE
À̈ Wn¦ Èd® l´¥̀ x§ § .dp̈Ẅd© W`Ÿx
(.fr dvia 'nb) .(ak:fn ziy`xa) ' r½ x© §R Æmd¤l̈ o³©zp̈ xW£̀ gÎz¤̀ E³lk§ `«¨ e§' :aiz¦ k§ C¦
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4. Until 300 years ago both o¤t«B̈d© and o¤t«¤Bd© were used, in the past o¤t«¤Bd© was used more than o¤t«B̈d© ,
however, the printers of more recent mixeciq stuck to o¤t«B̈d© (since it is the end of the dkxa).
_______________________________________________
195
aeh meile zayl dgpn dgpn
. zayl dgpn zltz

1
(mcxhynà mibdep/ebdp jky zexnl) .(10 'nr) cinzd zyxta ligzn dltz lrad zelidw zvwna
2
.zay oebipa mixn`p 'oeivl àe' 'ixy`' milbx ylyae dlirp xetk meia dpyd y`xa
è Fi« ix§
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mi®¦ltè P©
À r§
.'oeivl àe' obpne dazd iptl xaere zqpkd zia zilha shrzn dltz lrad zaya
:«ïi§ m ª̀§p w® r«£©iA§ r© t¤ i¬¥aẄ§lE l ¥̀FB ½ ÆoFI¦v§l `³äE 3 `k-k:hp diryi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
Li®t¦ A§ iY§ ¦ nÚ © Îx¤W £̀ ixä
© cE§ Li¤l½ r̈ x´¤W £̀ Æig¦ Ex ï½ i§ xń© `¨ Æmz̈F` i³z¦ ix§ ¦A z`f́ iÀ¦p £̀«e©
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dŸr«©n¥ ï½ i§ xń© `¨ ÆLr£x©«§f r©x³¤f iR¦¸ n¦ E L¹ r£x©«§f iR¦¸ n¦ E ÁLi¦Rn¦ EWEnïÎ`«
¿ l
xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi :l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zF¬Nd¦ Y§ aW
¥À Fi WFcẅ
® d¬Ÿ©è§ c:ak mildz
1. This was the bdpn in oilxa which was instituted by Professor Abraham Berliner and this is still
the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London.
.zaya lgy s` k"ia 'ixne` oi` 'ebe 'i¦z«N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e©' la` .dlirp iptl cr 'eke oeivl àe 'ebe ixy` mixne` oi` 2.
'ebe izltz ipè weqt 'ixneè" a"vx g"` yeal y"n micw` ?eze` 'ixne` zaya lgy h"iay s` ,enrh oiadle
r"yax d"ad iptl cec xn` 'ebe izltz ipè dixza aizke xky izey zepibpe xry iayei ia egiyi yxcnd t"r
n"n ,'ebe izltz ipè epizyy t"r` `l` ok `l epè 'ifgete 'ikled 'ixkzyne 'izeyyky d"` x`yk ef dne` oi`
dgpn onfa jk lk zexky giky oi` 'dl eivg h"ia opirac l"wc oeikc xnel il xyt` 'eke eze` 'ixne` oi` h"ia
(308 sc zldw ixac) ."zaya
jix`dl `ly ick zixgya dze` mixne` oi` zayae ,zixgya xnìdl ef dyecw lry mixaeqd yi mznerl 3.
.(gwex xeciq) zixgyl dnlyd oirn ìd dgpna dzxin` okl .xeaivd z` gixhdle dlitza
_______________________________________________
196
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_______________________________________________
197
à d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ Li«Tª ¤g xn§W¦PW ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
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äE däFh Wxi¦ © pe§ d¤̀ x¦§pe§ d¤ig§ ¦pe§ d¤M§f¦pe§
x¤a¤B½ d© KEx́Ä f:fi dinxi :J̈cF` «¤ m´l̈Fr§l i ©À l¡ ` ¬ï§i mC¦ ®i `´l§e cFak̈ Ĺx¤ §O©fi§ or³© ©n§l bi:l
ï½ i§ DíÄ§ i¦µM crÎi
®© c¥r£ ïi«a© E¬gh§ A¦ c:ek diryi :Fg© « ha§ n¦ ï§i d¬ïd̈§e ®ïi«A© g©ha§ i¦ x¬¤W £̀
¨ liC§¬¦b©i Fw® c¦
.leg oebipa lega lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`xa yicw ivg
.zay oebipa zaya lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`xa yicw ivg
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
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§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
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`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦§AÎlM̈¦n (`N̈r§«¥lE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `N̈r§ «¥l
.(263 'nr) milbx ylyl dltza mikiynn lega lgy aeh meia
.eixg` dper ldwde 'izltz ipè' dltz lrad obpn ycewd oex` zgizt mcew zaya
:Lr§
«¤Wi¦ z¬¤n`¡A«¤ i¦p¥pÀ r£ L®¤
C§qg© Îax§ ` oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥ ï¿ i§ | ÆL§lÎi¦z«N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e© 5 4 ci:hq mildz
Ä mi¬¦ l¡
4. Others feast, and take their feast as an occasion for lewd conversation and drunken
carousing like that at yexeyg`'s banquet. They give sway to their rude passions and rebel
against God. Of Israel, however, it is said, 'Ÿc®Ä§ § k¦p iFB©l Ÿ§t¬©qï 'c½ ÆiFB©l Ÿ§t³q© ï', “You, Eternal, have
caused this nation to increase, and have accordingly been honored.” (Isaiah 26:15). When
Israel eats and drinks, they acknowledge that all good comes from His hand. Thus, at dgpn
on zay, having eaten and drunk our zay feast, we recite, L®¤ C§qg© Îax§ Ä mi¬¦l¡ ` oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥ 'c¿ | ÆL§lÎi¦z«N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e©
:Lr§
«¤Wi¦ z¬¤n`¡A«¤ i¦p¥pÀ r.
£ After eating is a time favorable for our prayer, just like before eating.
The gwex notes that the weqt immediately before this one says,':x«k̈W
¥ i¬¥zFW zFÀpi¦b§pE xr®Ẅ
© i¥aW ¦ ï'
§ í i¦a EgiÚ
“Those who sit in the gates are talking about me; I have become the subject of drunken
melodies.” (Psalm 69:13). Instead of relaxing after drinking into rxd oeyl and cruel jokes,
no matter how musical, we are moved to prayer by our bodily satisfaction.
What is the time of favor for our prayer? All twelve hours in the day, and all twelve
in the night, as the twelve words in the weqt (izltz ipè) signify. This fact is also known from
the weqt (f:c mixac), ':ei«l̈ ¥̀ Ep¥̀ xẅÎlk̈§
§ A Epi ½¥l¡
` í̈i«M© ei®l̈¥̀ mi´¦ x§w mi ¦l¡
` F¬lÎx¤W £̀ lFcB̈ M' .
½ iFb́Îi¦n i¦µ
(:g zekxa 'nb) .oi¦lN§ R© z§ n¦ xEAv¦ d© W¤ dr̈ẄA§ ?'oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥' iz© n̈i ¥̀ ,'oFvÀ x¨ zr³¥ 'c¿ | ÆL§lÎi¦z«N̈t¦ z§ i³¦p £̀«e©' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© 5.
_______________________________________________
198
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved zayl dgpn
,(.at `nw àa 'nb) zepxw iayei meyn zay ly dgpna dxeza e`xwiy owiz `xfr
.iyinge ipy inia dxezd zìxw z` renyl mileki mpi`y i"yx yxite
.mixihtn oiè ,dàd zayd ly `xciqd y`xa miyp` 'b ea mi`xewe dxez xtq miìven dgpn zaya
,dlilbe ddabd ,dqpkde d`ved ilra mde ,zilha mithrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn iyer lke dxezl milerd
.dlà `veike 'ceakd xiy'l ycewd oex` igzet mdenke ,iyily e` ipy dxez xtq i`yep ,obq lra
,dxezd zìxwa dgpna zqpkd ziaa devn el yiy in . . . elld zepicna" ,zexec ipn fpky` zevetza laewn bdpn
dpi` zilh ztihr df bdpn ly enrh oiadl lw (xiì zeg) ."u"yc dyecwd xg` cr dgpn zltzn shern x`yp
zevx`d aexa .zilh opirl dgpnl zixgy oia wlgl daiq oi` dltzd zeaiyg cvne ,`wec zixgy zlitz ipicn
,fpkyày epizeax ebidnd mipt lk lr .xeaivd lr gixhdl `ly ick dgpna lecb zilh ztihr epizeax ebidpd `l
.`wec dyecw xg` cr dze` heyti `l ,dgpn ly dxezd zìxw zngn zilha shrzd xaky in ik
dltzd xwiry epizeax exaqy oilitz oiprl dnec df ?dltzd seq cr zilhd zhiyta oipiznn md oi` dn iptn
xeaivd aex zay ly dgpnay oeik ,eppiprl mb jk .dfl xarn jynp epi` oilitze zilh zgpd aege dyecw cr èd
.dltzd xwirn xzei zilh sehira jiyndl dxezd ilerl ebidpd `l ,zilha shern epi`
:Li«¤pR̈¦n Li¤̀§pU
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199
(dazd on wgxd zqpkd zia jezay) lcbnd lr dltz lrad ribda
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¦ e (ixhie xefgn)
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ª ¦Ig© m®¤ki¥dl¡ « ` ïi«A© miw¦½ a¥ C©
èd ÆmY©
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.(371 'nr) zaya dgpnl zeiyxtd xcq d`x
(Aufgerufen)
£ 6 xne` jxand
:cr¨
: jiynn jxand
:dxFY©
à z¤n`¡ zxFY
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dxezl dlerl jxiay in
.dgpn ly dxezd zìxwa mb 'jxiay in'a dxezd iler lk z` mikxan
awr©£ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
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à Fl x¤W £̀ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e FzF` à ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd
à dxFY©¨ d cFa§k¦le§ mFwÖ©d cFa§k¦l dl̈r̈¤W xEar© £A
dẅEv§e dxv̈ÎlM̈¦
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eic̈ï d¥Ur©£nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§ Ä g©lW§ i¦e§
(mi¦ig© d© x¤tq¥ A§ Ed¥aY§ è ki¦e§ daeyz ini zxyra)/Ed«k¥ xäi¦
£ e
.o¥n`¨ :x©n`p§e à eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxay in'a `xewd ekxiay xgè
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200
.(gwexd xeciq) dìxwd ixg` yicw `"` okle ,dlitzd iptly yicwl dxezd zìxw oia wqtd oi` zay ly dgpna
:mixneè hrn mirxeke dxez xtq ly azkd cbp oihian dxez xtqd oidiabnyk
:d«¤ nÎc©iA§ ï§i i¬R¦ Îlr© bk:h xacna :l«¥̀ x§

Üi¦ i¬¥pA§ i¥pt§ ¦l d ¤½ n mÚ̈Îx¤W £̀ d®¨
xFY©d z`f§e cn:c mixac
m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi:b :x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦
´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur«¥ gi:b ilyn
t¥ g̈ ¬ï§i `k:an diryi :cFak̈§

« e x¤Wr´ Dl̈e`n§
À UA¦ D®p̈i¦ni«A¦ mi¦nï K ¤`´ fh:b :mF«lẄ d̈i´z¤ Faiz¦ §pÎlk̈«e§
:xiC§
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§v or´©n© §l
:'dxeabde dlcbd 'c jl' mixne` yi dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
7
.dpyid fpky` zxeqn `l ìd ik ,o`k 'zayd mei xiy xenfn' xnel ebdp `l dizepae n"ctta
L®¤
C§qg© x¤Á©A ci´¦Bd© §l :oFi§«lr¤ Ĺ§nW
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© d© mFí§l xiW
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U¥ r«£n© A«§ L®¤lr«¢ẗA§ í̈i§ i¦pY

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oi¬a¦ ïÎ`«l liq¦À § E r®¨
c¥i `´l xr©
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¬ nr«¨ c À̀ n§ ®ï§i LiÚ¤ r«£n© Eĺc«èB̈Îd©n :o«¥Px£̀
© Lićï¤
mFxn̈
À d¬Ÿ©è§ :crÎi
«© c¥r£ m¬c̈ènẌ
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i®¦px©
§w mi´¥̀ x¦
§M mx´¤Ÿe© :o¤e`«¨ i¥l £R¬ ÎlM̈ EcÀ x«èR̈z¦
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g®¨
x§ti¦ xń̈Ÿ©M wiC©
¦v :i«p̈§f`¨ dp̈§r¬©nW
§ Y¦ mir¦À x§
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xEW§
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¤ A§ i ¦À N©A
mi¦pW
¥ C§ d®äi¥UA§ oEáEp§i cFr :Egix§
¦« ti© Epi´¥ l¡
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:FA« dz̈¬l̈§er© dzlrÎ`l«e§ ixE
À¦ v ®ï§i x´ẄïÎi«M¦ ci¦Bd© §l :Ei§«di¦ mi´¦P©pr£x§
«©e
mingx `ln l-` was not said or accepted in fpky` because a) it is a relatively recent dlitz and in
general, the tendency was not to accept such zelitz in synagogue b) there seems to be
Kabbalistic/esoteric aspects to it, which fpky` ipax felt, should be reserved only for dbixcn ilra
and not for the general public. We do see that sometimes micigi did recite this dlitz in fpky` for
instance, during a ctqd, (usually by mipax from Poland where the bdpn was adopted).
7. The addition of zayd meil xiy xenfn on dgpn zay is a micxtqd bdpn advanced by the mdxcea`.
It was commonly recited in Hamburg because of the many Portuguese Jews there. It was
added by the Hamburg mifpky` only after oicnr awri 'x, the ax of Hamburg incorporated it
in his xeciq. This is likewise the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in London.
_______________________________________________
201
dxezd xtq zqpkd zayl dgpn
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: xneè ,ycewd oex`l exifgdle (dnia) xrnrnl`dn ekiledl dxezd xtq z` lhep dltz lrad
D®¨ cq̈§i miÓ¦ i©Îlr© ÈdÎi¦M :D«ä i¥a è í§e la¥À Y¥ D®¨`Fl§nE ux´¤`¨ d̈ ïi©«l xF¬n§fn¦Å cÀe¦c§ ¨l ck
m¦iR©À k© iw§¬¦p :FW« cẅ § mFw§ ¬ nA¦ mEwïÎi«
À n¦ E ®ï§iÎx©da§ d¬¤l r© £i Îi«n¦ :d̈«¤p£pFk§
« i zFxd̈§ À pÎlr§©e
®ï§i z´¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§ä `´V̈i¦ :d«n̈x¦
§n§l rÁ© W
§ ¦p `l§e i¦®Wt§ ©p eytp `§e´Ẍ©l `Ú̈p̈Î`«l | x³¤W £̀ a¬ä¥lÅ Îx©aE«
| mix¸¦r̈§W E ³̀ U§ :dl̈«q¤ aẃr«£©i Li¤pẗ i ¥̧ wè a© n§ ei®Ẅx§C« eyxc xFĆ d¤f :Fr§ « Wi¦ i¬¥ l¡
`n«¥ dwÀ̈ c§
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fEǴ¦r ï§i | cFa¬ M©Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f i¬n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d K¤l´¤n `Faï§ À e m®l̈Fr i´g¥ z¦§ R E`èUP̈¦d«§e mk¤À i¥W`x«¨
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:dl̈«q¤ cFáM̈©d K¤ln¤ Èd³ zFà̈§ ® v ¬ï§i | cFa¬ M© Å̈ d K¤l³¤n d»¤f Èd́ i³n¦ :cFaM̈©
« d K¤lń¤
dń̈Ew i-g:alw mildz :l«¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¬¥t§l`© zFa£ax¦« ï½ i§ dá̈EW x®©nì dgªpa§ E el:i xacna
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ci¦qg£«e© w¤c®¤vÎEWèAl§ i¦ Li¬¤pd£ M« :L«¤Grª oFx£̀«¬ e© dY©
À̈ ` L®¤zg̈E«pn§ l¦ ï§i
:Ea«fr«£Y© Îl«`© iz¦À xF¨ Y« m®¤kl̈ iY´¦ z© p̈ aFh g©w´¤l i³M¦ a:c ilyn :L«g¤i¦Wn§ i´¥pR§ aW ¥À ŸÎl©`
m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi:b :x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦ ´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b
:mc«¤w§¤M Epi¥nï W¬¥C©g däEWp̈«½ e§ aeype ÆLi¤̧l¥̀ | ³ï§i Epai¦
¥̧ Wd£ `k:d dki` :mF«lẄ d̈i´¤zFaiz§ ¦ pÎlk̈«e§
:leg oebipa dcinrd iptl yicw ivgd aeh meia e` zaya
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
©dz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
.(263 'nr) milbx ylyl dltza mikiynn zaya lgy aeh meia
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(301 'nr) dpyd y`x ly dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep minia
_______________________________________________
202
crend leg zayle zayl dcinr dgpn dgpn
crend leg zayle zayl dgpn ly dcinr

:leg oebipa - u"yd zxfg ly zepey`xd zekxad
à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡ ` à md̈x§
ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
d¥pw§e mi¦aFh micq̈£ ¦ g l¥nFB à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀ d̈ à awr«£©i i¥ l`«e¥
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§ ¥qg© x¥kFf§e à lM©d
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
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:md̈x§
:ri«
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¦ Fd§l ax© à dŸ©` miz¥ ¦ n d¥Ig© n§ à ip̈c£̀ à ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`
:m¤W«¤Bd© cixFnE ¦ g© Exd̈« ai¦Xn©
à mi¦lFg `¥tFx§e à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§ ©A miz¦ n¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§
à zFxEa§B lr«©A© LFnk̈ « i¦n :xẗr̈ i¥pW ¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡ ` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀ ¦ xiY©
¦ nE
:dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ K¤ln«¤ à KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE
:mi¦ng£ x§
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« i¦n
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,'exnì jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` ofgd
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae'
à WFcẅ L§nW ¦ e§ WFcẅ dŸ©`
à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p cala dltz lra LEl£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE
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xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi à L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© :WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daey zaya)
:FcFa§
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:Ex«n¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl dltz lra
:FnFwè
« On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§
¥ac§ ¦aE dltz lra
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡` ml̈Fr§
.zay oebipa (bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga d`lde o`kn
Epi«¥ l¡
` L£ga§ W
¦ e§ à WiC§
¦w©p LzẌ
è c§ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE à L«¤lcB̈
1
:WFcT̈©d (K¤lO«¤ d© : daey zaya) l¥̀ d̈
.u"yd zxfg zyecw ixg` zilhd xiqn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk 1.
_______________________________________________
203
à u¤x®¨À̈ cg̈¤̀ iF¬B l ¥̀½ x§ ©M Æin¦ E2 `k:fi '` minid
Üi¦ ĹèOr§ 4 3
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à l¥bï md̈x§ ä`© à Ÿ«z© p̈ LèOr§ ©l dẌc§ ªwE dg̈Ep§n à dr̈EW§i zx«¤h¤ r© £e à dN̈c§ ªB zx«¤¤̀ t§ Y¦
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:L«n¤ W
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Ep«w§
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à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦ §l dcFa¨ rd̈ £ a¥Wd̈§e à mz̈l̈¦tz¦ § aE l¥̀ x§Üi¦ LèOr§ ©A Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¥vx§
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:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§Üi¦ zcFa © r£
ïe§ d¤̀ x¥
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.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv z"ad
Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ rxek ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i swef
i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i swef Èd dŸ©` Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv :cr¨ ¤e
:zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi Epxè «¥vFi à xÜÄÎlk̈ L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp ¤ :xFcë xFc§l
à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ l§ zF`cFd§¨ e zFkx§ Ä à Lcï§
«¤ A mixEqè
Ep«¥Ig© Y§ o¥M à Ep«Ÿn§ ©Iw¦ e§ Ep«z̈i¦i¡gd¤W
¤ lr© à Kl̈ zFcEwèRd© Epi«z¥ Fn§W¦pÎlr§ ©e
zFx§vg© §l Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡ `z§¤ e à Ep«n¥§Iw© zE
§ à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤ Li«Q¤¦pÎlr§ ©e
à L«¤pFvx§ zFUr© £le§ Li«Tª
¤g xn§W¦l à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ à zrÎlk̈§
micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© à m¥lẄ aä¥lA§ LC§ èar̈§lE Elk̈Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢ «¨dv̈§e x¤wa¨« e ax¤r«¤
KExÄ dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek :Kl̈ à Licq̈£«¤ g EO«z© Î`l i¦M m¥gxè ©nd© e§ à Li«n¤ g£ x©
:zF`cFd©
¨ d l¥̀ swef :Kl̈ Epi«e¦w¦ ml̈Fr¥n
':c«g̈ ¤̀ | 'c¬ Epi¥l¡
` 'c¬ l®¥̀ x§ § ' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ ,m¨lFrÄ zg© `© däih£
Üi¦ r©nW ¦ g i¦pEziU£¦ r mY¤ `© ...Wx©C̈ (dixfr oa xfrl` iax) cFre§ 2.
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Üi¦ ĹèOr§ © `P¤W¤ ,m¨lFrÄ zg© `© däih£ ¦ g m¤kz§ ¤̀ dU¡ ¤ r ¤̀ i¦p £̀ e©
. . . cg` dzà zeaiz c"p dpn jenqa okle ,'dgepn mei' mipey`xd ixeciq x`yk qxb `le 'dyecwe dgepn' qxb epax 3.
(gwexl dlitzd xeciq lr l"vf xlyxd dyn iax oe`bd)
mixkfen 'fe .iriay èd zaydy liaya ,'fa ligzne iriay weqtd df (g:k zeny) ':FW«À C© §w§l zÄ© ¹ Xd© mF¸i¬Îz¤̀ ÁxFkf̈ ² ' 4.
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§ n̈ £̀©e L³̧ C§ Â pa¦ E | dÝ̈`© ' weqta
§ar© LY¤À a¦ EÎ«Ĺ§
(mixehd lra)
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ mä EgE«pï§e :mixne` oilet gqep itl 5.
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à mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§
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© e Ep«`¨ à Li«¤pẗ§l :mFlẌ©A
6. fpky` bdpn requires that whenever there is dxezd zìxw, the dlitz concludes with mely miy
in order to recite the words 'miig zxez epicl` 'c epl zzp jipt xeà ik'.
,ax mely oiligzn ikd e`la la` 'ek epicl` xne`y onf lk oke mely miy zixgya xnel ebdpe" ,f"kw 'iq seq `"nxd l"f
"zay ly dgpna oixewy dxezd ìdy 'Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© p̈ Li«¤pR̈ xF`§a' dia aizke lièd zay ly dgpna mely miy oiligzn yie
(edil` xef` xeciq) .l"kr
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205
dltzd meiq zayl dgpn
à mCz¦ i¦Wt§ ©p i©lèlw© n§ ¦le§ à dn̈x¦ §n x¥AC¦ ©n i©zẗ§UE à rx¥ ¨n i¦pFW§l xv§p à i© l¡ `
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à L«n¤ W § or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ :mz̈FaèWg§ n© l¥w§lw© e§ mz̈v̈r£ x¥td̈ dx¥ ¨dn§ à dr̈x¨ i©lr̈ mi¦aW è Fg©dÎlk̈§e
oEv́èl«g̈i¥ or© ©n§l f:q mildz :L«z¤ xFY ¨ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«z¤ Ẍc§ ªw or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«¤pi¦ni§ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£
¥n`¦ | oFv̧x§¨l Ei§«d¬i¦ eh:hi :i¦p«¥pr«£e© eppre Ĺ§pi«n¦ i§ dr̈i¦WFd Li®¤ cic§¦i
Epi«¥lr̈ à mFlẄ d¤Ur© £i Èd à ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :i«¦l £̀ b§ « e ixEv
¬¦
:o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e
: xneè h`l swef
¨dn§ A¦ WC§
¨wO¦ d© zi¥A d¤pÄ¦iW¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` iï§ Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
§ r©
£p mẄ§e :L«z¤ xFz§ ¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§
:z«I¦pn« c©
« e dcEd§
¨ i z¬©g§pn¦ ï½ i«©l Ædäxèr§
«ë c:b ik`ln
.mixne` oi` lega oepgz mixne` oi`y minia .(aà xyr dyngae haya xyr dynga mb) 'jzwcv' mixne` zaya
.libxd oebipa mly yicw mixneè ('dax medz' milnd iptn) 'jzwcv' mixne` oi` daey zaya la`
.la`d ziaa `le dzynd ini zraya ozg ziaa 'jzwcv' mixne` oi`
:z«n¤ `¡ L¬ zè xFz«
¨ e§ m®l̈Fr§l wc´¤
¤v Ĺz« §v 1 anw:hiw
è ẅc¦
:LFnk̈
« iń¦ mi ¦À l¡ ` zF® c§b z̈i¬U¦ r̈Îx¤W £̀ mFx¬nÎc
Å̈ r© mi ¦À l¡
` L¬ z«
è ẅc¦
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3
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è ẅc¦
4
.aeh mei ly dgpnl cgein oebipa yicwd mipbpn milbx yly
.zay oebipa zaya mè leg oebipa lega lgy dpyd y`x
:xn`¥
©e fi:ci xacna
«© f e:dk mildz
à D¥zErx¦
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1. "By the time the dgpn zay is concluded, the day is on the decline, zay is drawing to a close
and thoughts of our life's task, of the striving and creating, the struggling and suffering of the
coming week gradually seep back into our consciousness. On those zezay that do not bear a
festive character in addition to the holiness of the ordinary zay, no attempt is made to repress
these workday thoughts. But these brief miweqt from the mildz offer us some truths which we
should take to heart and which should serve to give the proper direction to our thinking as we
approach the beginning of a new week." (yxid l`tx oeyny axd xeciq)
,oe`b mely xy ax) dyn zn ef dryay iptn ,zay ly dgpna oicd weciv iweqt dyely mixne`
.(`"r l zegpn ,zetqeza àen
| ÆLz« §v' ,xn© `¨ dÄx© .'d®Äx© mFd́§Y Li¤hR̈§Wn¦ ' i¥pt¦§ l cFn£r©l l©kEi in¦ 'l- ¥̀Îi
è ẅc¦ À x¥x©
£dM«§ | ÆLz« §v' `¥ln̈§l`¦ ,dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 2.
è ẅc¦
(:g oikxr 'nb) .'d®Äx© mFd́§Y Li¤hR̈§Wn¦ 'W¤ i¥pR§ n¦ 'l- ¥̀Îi
À x¥x©
£dM«§
mc̈`¨ i¥pa§ EN ¥̀ ,ax© xn© `¨ dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ e§ ?':'c« ri´
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(:d oileg 'nb) .aiz¦ M§ DicEg§¥ l 'dn̈d¥ A'§ `k̈d̈ ' n̈¥da§ E m«c̈³¨`' aiz¦ M§ mz̈d̈ ?dn̈d¥ a§ M¦ on̈v§ r© oini
¦ U¦ nE
§ ,zr© c©A§ oiOEx£ ¦ r od¥ W¤
.('yicw qrxdì') dpyd icren ipebipa - z"ya ,('yicw ipenft') zegilq ly mipenft ipebipa - zxvr ipinya 4.
_______________________________________________
206
dltzd meiq zayl dgpn
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w l¥̀ x§
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è v l©Aw© z¦
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
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:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
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à Fzl̈Ef q¤t«¤̀ à Ep«M¥ §ln© z¤n`¡ à cFr oi¥̀ à Epi«¥l¡ ` Èd :mi¦nFx§n i¥da§ b̈§A
mi ¦½ l¡ `«d̈ Èd́ Æïi§ i³M¦ L¤
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¨ A aEzM̈©M)
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.seqd cr 'lawzz'n oebipa xne` dltz lrad ,lega oepgz mixne` oi`y minia 5.
_______________________________________________
207
iytp ikxa zayl dgpn
iytp ikxa 1
.'mly yicw' xg` miàd mixenfnd z` zelidw daxda mixne` ,llka cr `le ,'lecbd zay' cre 'ziy`xa zay'n
d¬¤hFp d®n̈§lV
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n§À Wi¦ r®¨xÎlM̈¦n L¬ xn̈§ § Wi¦ À̈i«i§ :dl̈§i«N̈A© g© xï§
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1. The Sephardic custom of reciting iytp ikxa and the chapters of zelrnd xiy, was accepted in
many places in Europe although not in n"ctt.
2. The yeal (h"qxz oniq g"e`) explains that, many people begin on ziy`xa zay to recite
iytp ikxa, which sings of creation. The fifteen mixenfn which follow it, the levitical songs
for the procession up fifteen steps to the Temple courtyard, also allude to creation in that
King David of the yxcn sang them first in order to relegate the flood waters back to the
great deep under the earth.
,mi¦pt§ A¦ n¦ aWFi
¥ K¤ln¤ mc̈ë xÜÄ zC©n¦ ,mc̈ë xÜÄ zC©n¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© zC©n¦ M§ `¨NW¤ d ¥̀ xE§ `FA ,`p̈i¦pg£ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 3.
,uEgA© n¦ oxÖ§ W© n§ Ède§ mi¦pt§ A¦ n¦ oia¦ WFi
§ eic̈ä£r ,o¥M Fpi ¥̀ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© zC©n¦ ,uEgA© n¦ FzF` oix¦O§ W© n§ mr© e§
(:bl zegpn 'nb) .':L«¤pi¦ni§ c¬©iÎlr© Lè xènW« 'c¬ ' :xn¡
À Nv¦ 'c¬ L®¤ © `P¤W¤
KExÄ WFcT̈d© Eli`¦ e§ ,uEgA© n¦ FzF` mix¦O§ W© n§ eic̈ä£re© ,mi¦pt§ A¦ n¦ aWFi ¥ mc̈ë xÜÄ K¤ln¤ ,m¨lFr lW¤ Fbd̈§pn¦ (xn© `¨ qElw§ § pE`)
(.ì dxf dcear 'nb) .':m«l̈FrÎcr§ è v¥ Îxn̈§Wi¦ 'cÀ ' :xn¡
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_______________________________________________
208
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209
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210
zea` iwxt dpyn
zea` iwxt 2 1
,zea` zkqna cg` wxt zay lka mixne` zxvrl gqt oiay zezay ly dgpna 'lawzz' yicw xg`
miwxt ipy zay lka mixne` ,fenza xyr drayl zereay oiay zezaya .dxez oznl dpkdk
,fenza xyr dray xgè dxezd cenila zewfgzdk (ipy wxtn 'ìppg iax'e oey`x wxtn 'l`xyi lk' wx mixne`)
.opaxc yicw `le mezi yicw mixne` zea` zxin` xg` .llk wxt mixne` oi` ,zegeld ea exazypy
oey`x wxt
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1. The bdpn to learn zea` iwxt after dgpn zay is an ancient one, and is discussed by oe`b mxnr ax
(1100 years ago), (a"vx oniq g"e` xeh). The bdpn is also discussed by zea` iwxt lr i"yx (the
beginning of 'e wxt).
2. When learning multiple miwxt at the same time, 'l`xyi lk' is said only once, before learning
and 'ìppg iax' once, after learning, one or multiple miwxt.
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211
zea` iwxt dpyn
mk̈FY¦n Ò̈¤W ,Lixä

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222
zea` iwxt dpyn
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223
zea` iwxt dpyn
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7
K À̈ ` dg¤Ä §pY© | ÆLkè ¤Nd© z¦
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224
zay i`venl ziaxr
Whether one should drink water during zeynyd oia is discussed amongst the miwqet. Some
explained this to be the case every zeynyd oia, but fpky` iwqet were concerned only in regard to
zeynyd oia on zay i`ven. This is based on dlaw concerning the drinking of water after the time
in which the zenyp are in limbo, before they must return to mpdib. When one of the zetqezd ilra
ate ziyily zcerq during zeynyd oia - mz epiax strongly opposed the practice. This caused ipa
fpky` not to eat ziyily zcerq at this time, whether accompanied with water or not. When the
xteq mzg settled in Hungary, he followed the local schedule, and ate ziyily zcerq after dgpn, but
he made sure not to have any water on the table. In this regard, wine and fruit juice are not
considered water.
,`xnba mb rnyny enke dgpn iptl lek`l mlern bdpnd did jk
.mz epiax eilr qrke dgpn ixg` lek`l bidpde bdpnd z` dpiy mleyn epiaxe
The xteq mzg was similarly opposed to the recital of '`zcerq epiwz`' because of the Kabbalistic
concepts mentioned, which should not be revealed publicly. Practically speaking, it is best if one
can omit it without causing a zwelgn.
1
zay i`venl zepibpa gvpnle jexa cecl
oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` - zay i`vena xwira - cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday ,mit` zlitp
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa ,crend lega
meiae ,mitevx miphw miakek 'b e`xiy cr mipznne ,ycewd lr legn siqedl ick dltzd mixg`n zay i`vena
:(la` ziaa `"` la`) dl` mixenfn 'a xnfl mibdep megx ède miligzny mcewe .ealn wtqd `viy cr opernd
dl` mixenfn ipy ziaxr zlitzl mcew zilh ila enewna obpn dltz lrad zay i`vena
(.aeh mei i`ven èdy zay i`vena jexa cecl mixnfn oi` zaya lgy aeh mei) : reci oebipa mze` mixneè
:d«n̈g̈§lO¦ ©l iz©À FrèAv§ ¤̀ a®ẍèw©l ićï
© cÓ¥ ©lnè «d© ixEv À¦ | Æïi§ KEx³Ä» | çe¦c§
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:i«Ÿg§ z© iÓ¦ r© ccFx«
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è g© Y«è e© WFÀp`¡Îo¤A Edr®¥c«Ÿ¥ e© mc¨ ¨`Îd«n̈ À̈i«i§
:x«a¥ Fr l´v¥ M§ einï À̈ d®n̈C¨ l¤a´d¤©l mc¨ ¨`
:Ep«Ẅr¤ ¡ie«§ mixd̈«´¦ A¤ r©B c®¥ xz§
¥ e Li´¤nẄÎh©d ï§
:m«O¥ dªzE
§ LiS¤À g¦ g¬©lW § m®¥vi¦tzE § wxÄ ¨ wFx́§A
1. On zay i`ven, jexa cecl not (zelrnd xiy) was recited by all zelidw, and is still said in old
zelidw (ifpky`) inlyexi, and in micxtqd zelidw. The dxexa dpyn quotes it as a aeh bdpn
(therefore Litvaks should recite it as well). Its recitation was stopped by miciqg. Since there
was never a yicw according to the ancient bdpn, it was not added later. (Only one or two
communities in Hungary said yicw after jexa cecl.)
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225
zay i`venl ziaxr
:x«k̈¥pÎi´¥pA§ cÀ©In¦ mi®A¦ x© m¦iÓ© n¦ i¦pl¥ i¦Sd©§e i¦p´v¥ R§ mFx¬O¦

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226
rny zìxw zekxa zay i`venl ziaxr
.zay i`venle legl dizekxae rny zìxw 2

3
.cgeina jex` oebipa 'ekxa' xneè ,zcgein dnirpa jiynne 'megx ède' ligzn dltz lrad zay i`vena
FR©® ` ai´W
¦ d̈§l dÁ̈x¦ §d§e zi¬g¦ W ³ e 4 xne` dltz lrad gl:gr
§ «©iÅÎ`l«e§ »oFr̈ x¬¥Rk© i§ | mEÆgx© Èd§
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« gÎlM̈ xi ¦À ïÎ`«l§e
x©`R̈z¦
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© z¦§ i : ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lra
Èd¤W :Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d à mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ l¤W Fn§W `¥V©pz¦ § ie§ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ :'ekxa' zxinà
zFaẍr«£¨ a´¥ x«l̈ ENq¿ d:gq mildz :mi¦ l¡ ` oi¥̀ eic̈r̈§lA© n¦ E à oFx£g`© Èd§e oFW`x¦ Ek x£Ä 5
:dN̈¦dzE
§ dk̈x§
ÄÎlM̈Îlr© mn̈Fx§n Fn§WE :ei«p̈ẗ§l E¬f§lr¦ e§ Fn§
À W D¬ï§A
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¤e ml̈Fr§l à FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W à KExÄ : ldwd xnì myd dltz lra obpnyk ï§iÎz ¤̀
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lra obpnyk :K ä nè d©
:c r¨
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à mi¦Pn© èGd© Îz¤̀ si¦lg£ n© E à miY¦ r¦ d¤PW © n§ dp̈Eaz¦§ aE à mix¦r̈§W g© z«¥ FR dn̈§kg̈§A
à dl̈§i«l̈ë mFi `xFA ¥ :FpFvx¦ §M ri«© w¦ xÄ
Epi«¥lr̈ KFl§ni¦ à ci¦nŸ à mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ :Fn§W zFà̈§v ï§i à dl̈§i«l̈ oi¥aE mFi oi¥A liC§
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2. According to fpky` bdpn, the recital of 'legl ycew oia licand (jexa)' without myd my is
insufficient to be able to perform dk`ln after miakekd z`v on zay i`ven. During the times
of the mipey`x, women would just recite the full dkxa, oia licand mlerd jln epicl` 'c dz` jexa'
'legl ycew. Nowadays, women oren the zay i`venl dcinr, remembering to include 'epzppeg dz`'.
Thereafter, dk`ln may be performed but one must make dlcad before eating.
.zeklne mya jxal oi`y jexr ogleyd zhiyl yygn dk`ln zeyery iptl dcinr zelltzn miyp
yicw ivg ly oebipa dpyd y`x i`venae zegilq inia ,lel` oebipa lel` ycega 'ekxa'e 'megx ède' obpn dltz lrad 3.
.zay i`ven ly oebipa milbx yly i`venae xetk mei i`vena .xzeia ea mikix`ne ,mi`xep mini iptly
4. The dltz lra ascends to the cenr for megx ède. megx ède is a way of saying that in the evening,
when there are no sin offerings, God provides atonement. (gwex)
.('ekxa orbicvng') 'ung ly ekxa' eze` qipkne xzeia 'ekxa' mikix`n gqt ly oexg` i`vena 5.
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227
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
o n̈¡ ¤p n«¤ l ¥̀
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iweqt mcew mei lka mibdep ep`y enk oe`b mxnr ax xcqa owiz ok lr ylyi envr meie mei lka yxtl l"pe . . .
(ineil `kixv `l d"c 'qez .l oiyeciw 'nb) .`xnbe dpyne `xwn xnel dxnfc
dv̈EgA§ lä`© .aiz¦ M§ 'dn̈½ c̈£̀«d̈ lr©µ mk¤½ i¥pa§ iń¥ i¦e Æmk¤i¥ni§ EA³ x¦
§i or©n©¸ §l' xn© `¨ e§ Dn© Ÿ ,l¤aäA§ i¥aq̈ `M̈i`¦ ,op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x¦§l Di¥l Exn§ `¨ 7.
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228
'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
Ep§g«©p £̀©e à Fzl̈Ef oi¥̀ e§ Epi«¥ l¡
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à dxi¦ ¨ W Epr̈ L§l l¥̀ x§Üi¦ i¥pa§ E d¤ n :m¤di¥lr© ElèAw¦ oFvx§ Ä FzEk§ln© E :Fn§Wl¦ EcFd§e
- mN̈kª Exèn`¨ e§ à dÄx© dg̈§nU¦ A§
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229
,l`xyi ux` ipal ode laa ipal od minkg ici lr dpwzp 'epipir e`xi' zkxa mr 'mlerl 'c jexa' iweqt zxin`
okle ,l`xyi ux`l elry dl` s` mifpky` lk lv` mxn`l did laewne ,`pc zncwn l`xyi ux` ixeciqa eàede
lr ,l`xyic `rx`c `xne n"ctt c"a` ,d"lyd jxry 'miny xry' xeciq llek miqtcpd mdixeciq lka z`vnp
xeìa el azk okle ,"onè on` mlerl 'c jexa xninl epiwz i`xza opax" ik epiiva) l`xyi uxà bdpy mibdpnd it
,'mlerl 'c jexa' mb mihinyn zay lil ziaxra 'exnye' mixne` mpi`y `"xbd icinlz .(xzqpe dlbp it lr
: `plieea iyi`d ebdpn it lr ,ux`l uega ode l`xyi uxà od
.dxyr dpeny ixg` 'dz` `l`' cr dnilydle ,xeaiva dlitz witqdl ick ef dkxa blcl xzen
8
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«¨l Fl m²¤kz¤̀
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Ep®i¥lr̈ í̈i§ ĹC§

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cF³p L» zi¦
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¬ e | ÆLOè r© Ep§g³©p £̀«e© bi:hr :LC©
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8. fpky` bdpn is to sit for mlerl 'c jexa, so people don't think they are dxyr dpeny `vei.
_______________________________________________
230
Lcï§
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,minyae xp `la qekd lr milican ,'lawzz' yicw o`k mixne` aeh mei i`vena .miàd legd zenin cgà
mixne` dxyr dpeny xg` mixeta .'epilr' (237 'nr) 'mrp idie' mb mitiqen zay i`vena .(243 'nr) 'epilr' mixneè
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dltzd meiq ziaxr
mrp idie
,(dnw ,ixhie xefgn) 'dkxa ly xenfn' dpeknd ,`v xenfn z` mixne` zay i`vena
,(eh zereay ,i"yx) dkxad zligz èdy 'mr³
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.(dvx ,xeh) ':i«z¦ r̈EWi¦
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À¥ d¬¥Ur©
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Kl̈ K¤qí¨ | Fz̧x§

ä ¤̀ A§ :zFE©«d x¤aC¦
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®¥AU§ © mi¦nï K ¤`)
1. The bdpn is not to recite oeilr xzqa ayi on a zay i`ven before aeh mei.
2. The gwex ('k oniq) says that all of zia sl` is found in this dlitz except for the "o¦i©f", to signify,
that it is not said on zay i`ven before seven occasions:
:crend leg zay and zxvr ipiny, zekq, xetk mei, dpyd y`x, zereay, gqt
3. The bdpn in the later generations is to repeat the last weqt on zezay i`ven. une` sqei (ep oniq)
cites the xeh and the Siddur R' Hertz Treivish as the source for the repetition on zezay i`ven.
In this way the Name of God is complete, and this guards against miwifn. The gwex
(h"twz cenr ,xeciqd lr gwexd yexit) writes, the reason for the repetition of the mini jx` as well
as reciting oeivl àe on zezay i`ven, is to lengthen zay, in order to delay the return of
the sinners of Israel to mpdib. The first time mini jx` should be said silently, the second time
it should be said out loud.
_______________________________________________
237
dltzd meiq ziaxr
mei ly enevira - (fi,ai zeny) 'd½¤Gd© mFÍ©d Æmv¤r§
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½ ÆoFI¦v§l `³äE' mixne` oi`
.(dlibn zekld ,bidpnd xtq)
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:l«¥̀ x§
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¤v Lz«è ẅc¦
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:dl̈«q¤ aw´ r«£©i i¥ l¡ ` Epl̈Îa« ¸ B̈U§ n¦ Ep®Ö¦r zFà̈§ ´ v í̈i§ g:en :dl̈«q¤ Epz¥Ä r̈EW« « i§
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à z¤n`¡ zxFY © Ep«l̈ o©z«p̈e§ à mi¦rFY©dÎo¦n Ep«l̈iC§ ¦ad¦ e§ à FcFa§k¦l Ep«`¨ xè
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d¤M§f¦pe§ à d¤Gd© ml̈FrÄ Li«Tª ¤g xn§W¦PW ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§
:À̈©d ml̈Frd̈ i¥Ig© §lE g© i«W ¦ Ö©d zFn§i i¥pW § ¦l dk̈x§ äE däFh Wxi¦ © pe§ d¤̀ x¦§pe§ d¤ig§ ¦pe§
x¤a¤B½ d© KEx́Ä f:fi dinxi :J̈cF` «¤ m´l̈Fr§l i ©À l¡ ` ¬ï§i mC¦ ®i `´l§e cFak̈ Ĺx¤ ©n§l 4 bi:l bi:l
§O©fi§ or³©
ï½ i§ DíÄ§ i¦µM crÎi
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¨ liC§¬¦b©i Fw® c¦
5
:xn`¥ ©bi¦ dŸ¾ r©e§
« l Ÿ §A© C¦ x¬¤W £̀«M© i®p̈c£̀ © Ḿ `p̈ÎlC§ fi:ci xacna
:dÖ«d¥ m´l̈Fr«n¥ i¦M Li®¤

cq̈£g«e© i¨§i Liń¤ g£ xÎxk§
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:aixẅ
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l©Nd© z¦
©dz¦
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äE mi¦ng£ x§
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(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :Ì̈©nW
w l¥̀ x§
è oFdzFl§
è v l©Aw© z¦
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:m«l̈FrÎcr§
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
§ Îo¦n À̈x© `n̈l̈§W `¥di§
:ux«¤`¨ e¨ m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
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§ le§ ,d¨li©NA© d¨Ni¦bO§ d© z ¤̀ zFxw¦
§ l mc̈`¨ aiÏg© ,d`¨ xi¨ A¦ `¨lEr xn© `¨ FA§lg¤ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 4.
(.c dlibn 'nb) .':J̈cF`
«¤ m´l̈Fr§l i À©l¡
` 'c¬ mC¦ ®i `´l§e cFak̈
(mixehd lra) :zepeiqp 'ia eze` zqipy mdia` zwcv mdl xekf zepeiqp 'ia jeqp m` xn` .dlecb c"ei 'lC§
©bi¦' 5.
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239
dltzd meiq ziaxr
.(94 'nr) 'jl ozie' iptl xnerd z` mixteq xnerd zxitq inia
.(336 'nr) 'jl ozie' iptl dkepgd zexp z` dltz lrad wilcn dkepg zay i`venae
jl ozie
(.oilet bdpnk miweqtd ztqez z` mixne` oi`)
dkxa iweqt
:Wxi« z¦ e§ ob̈C¨ ax§¬e u¤x®¨`d̈ i¥Pn© W § n¦ E m¦in©½ Ẍ©d Æl©Hn¦ mi ¦½ l¡ `«d̈ ÆL§lÎo¤Yi¦« e§ 6 hk-gk:fk ziy`xa
Li´x¤x£`« L®¤O¦` i´¥pA§ l§ E¬eg£ Y«© W § i¦e§ egzyie Lig¤½ `© §l Æxi¦a§b d³¥e¡d miO¦½ ª̀§l ÆL§l ³ªeg£ Y«© W§ i¦« e§ miO¦À r© LEć§ar«©©i
l¬©dw§ ¦l z̈i¦id̈§e L®¤Ax© §ie§ Lx§èti©e§ L½ è `« Kxä§ ´¥ i ÆiC© ©W l³¥̀ e§ c-b:gk :KExÄ « Li¤kx«£än§ E« xEx¨ ½`
Lixª ½¤bn§ ux´¤¤̀ Îz¤̀ ÆLY§ è Wx§¦l K®Ÿ¦` Ĺr£x©§f§lE L§l md̈½ x§ ä`© z´M© x¦ §AÎz¤̀ ÆL§lÎo¤Yi¦« e§ :mi«O¦ r©
k³ x¦
§A J̈k¤½ x£á̈i¦e ÆiC© ©W z³¥̀ e§ J̈xè À¤fr§ i©e§ Lia¦¹ `¨ l`¥ ¥̧ n dk:hn :m«d̈x§ ä`© §l mi¦ l¡ ` o¬©zp̈Îx¤W £̀
ÆExèa«B̈ Lia¦À `¨ zḱx¦ §A :m©gx¨ «ë m¦cẄ © z¬kx¦ §A z©g®Ÿ z¤v´¤ x mFdY§ z¬kx¦ §A lr̈½ n¥ Æmi¦n©¸ Ẅ
:ei«g̈ ¤̀ xi¬¦f§p cwcẅ§ § lE sq¥½ Fi W`x́§l Æ̈oi¤̧i§dY¦« m®l̈Fr zŕ§a¦B z©e£̀ Y© Îcr«© ixFd ½© zḱx¦ §AÎlr©
Ĺè xiz¦« e§ Lè ¹ pb̈¸ C§ Lzn̈
¤ c©Â§`Îix§ ¦« tE Ĺèph§ a¦ Îix§¦« R Kx¥ ´©aE L®¤Ax¦ §de§ Lèkx«©a¥ E Lè ½ a´d¥ £̀«e© eh-bi:f mixac
:K«l̈ z¤z¬l̈ Li ¤ a£̀«©l r¬©AW § ¦pÎx¤W £̀ dn̈½ c£̀« ¨ d̈ lr©µ L¤p½ `v zx́Y§ è Wr§ ©e ÆLitl̈£̀Îx©
¤̧ bW § Lxd̈§À¤ vi¦e§
8 7
LèOn¦ ²ï§i xi¯q¦ d¥ e§ :L«Y¤ n§ d¤a§ a¦ E dxẅ ¨ r«£e© xw¬¨r̈ L§ ² a d¬¤id§ i¦Î`«l mi®O¦ r«©d̈ÎlM̈¦n d¤id§ Y¦« KExÄ ¬
:Li«¤̀èpUÎlk̈§
« A mp̈z̈§pE KÄ½ Æmn̈i¦Ui§ `³l Ÿ§rcï À© x´¤W £̀ mir¦¹ ẍ«d̈ m¦ix§
¸©vn¦ Ái¥ec© §nÎlk̈§e i¦lgÎlM̈ ®
Ÿ©` KExäE
¬ L®¤ a§A dŸ©` KExÄ ¬ e :dcV̈© «¤ A dŸ©` KExäE ¬ xirÄ ®¦ dŸ©` KExÄ ¬ 9 b:gk mixac
L®¤Y§nd¤a§ ix§´¦tE Lz«
è n̈c©
§` ix§ ¬¦tE Lè² ph§ a¦ Îix§
¦« R KExÄ ¯ c :L«Y¤ x© §`W§ n¦ E L£̀§ph© KExÄ ¬ d :L«z¤ `¥vA§
g´©lW§ n¦ lk§aE Lin¤¾ q̈£̀ A«© dk̈½ xè
Äd© Îz¤̀ ÆLY¦ è ` ³ï§i ev©¸ i§ 10 g :L«¤p`v zFx¬Y§ è Wr§©e Li¤tl̈£̀ x¬©bW §
aFH© ¹ d Fx̧v̈F`Îz¤̀
« l | í̈i§ gÝ© t§ i¦ 11 ai :K«l̈ o¬¥ p Li¤l¡
L§Â ` ¬ï§iÎx¤W £̀ ux¤`¨¾ Ä Lè
½ kx´©a¥ E L®¤
cï
6. The recital of jl ozie is an ancient bdpn (xdef). Since zay causes happiness and a new week is
about to begin, we recite dkxa iweqt which are considered a good 'oniq' (similar to the 'mipniq'
on dpyd y`x lil). During zay the miryx leave mpdib and zay i`ven they return; therefore, we
add mrp idie and jl ozie in order to lengthen the dltz.
.mFwÖd© i¥pt¦§ l dxEw£ ¨ r Kz̈¨Nt¦ Y§ `d¥ Y§ `¨NW¤ ' ẍẅr«£e©' ,mici¦ n§ ¦ lY© d© on¦ 'xw¬¨r̈ L§² a d¬¤id§ i¦Î`«l' ,i¦e¥l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 7.
(:cn zexeka 'nb) .dn̈d¥ a§ M¦ Ln§ v§ r© miU¦ n¥ dŸ`© W¤ on© f§ A¦ ?iz© n̈i ¥̀
dr̈W§ z¦ e§ oir¦ W§ Y¦ xn© `¨ ,car̈ © i`n© car̈ © ,ix¥a§ w¦ i¥Al§ wi¦lq̈ ax©C§ ,Din¥ r§ h§ © l ax© ,o¦ir© Ff ,ax© xn© `¨ 'i¦lgÎlM̈ ® LèOn¦ 'c² xi¯q¦ d¥e§' 8.
(:fw `rivn àa 'nb) .ux¤ ¤̀ Kx¤C¤A§ cg̈ ¤̀ e§ ,dr̈x¨ o¦ir© A§
:dcV̈©
«¤ A dŸ©` KExäE ¬ xirÄ ®¦ dŸ©` KExÄ ¬ ' ?i ¥̀ x¨w§ i¥pd£ A© ax© xn© `¨ i`n© ,Edl xn© `¨ ,ax©C§ dici ¥ n§
¦ lz§
© l À̈`© ia¦ x§ Edpig© ¦ MW§ `© 9.
,zq¤ ¤ pM§ d© zi¥al§ KEnq̈ Lzi¥ § A `d§ ¥ IW¤ 'xirÄ ®¦ dŸ©` KExÄ ¬ ' :ax© xn© `¨ ik¦ d̈ Di¥l Exn§ `¨ e§ ':L«z¤ `¥vA§ dŸ©` KExäE ¬ L®¤a§A dŸ©` KExÄ ¬
Lz§ ì¨ A¦ zr© W§ A¦ dC̈¦p wt¥ q̈ LY§ W§ `¦ `v̈n§ Y¦ `¨NW¤ 'L®¤a§A dŸ©` KExÄ ¬ ' ,xir¨
¦ l miaFx¦ w§ Liqk̈§ ¤ p Ed§IW¤ 'dcV̈© «¤ A dŸ©` KExä ¬ '
(.fw my) .LzFn § M§ Li¤rn¥ i ¥̀ v̈¡`v¤ Ed§IW¤ 'L«z¤ `¥vA§ dŸ©` KExä ¬ ' ,Kx¤C¤d© on¦
.'Lin¤¾ q̈£̀«A© dk̈½ xè
Äd© Îz¤̀ ÆLY¦ è ` 'c³ ev©¸ i§' :xn¡© `P¤W¤ ,o¦ir© d̈ on¦ iEnQ̈d© xäC̈A© `¨N ¤̀ ,diïEvn§ dk̈xÄ§ d© oi ¥̀ ,wg̈v¦ § i ax© xn© `¨ 10.
.'Lin¤¾ q̈£̀«A© dk̈½ xè Äd© Îz¤̀ ÆLY¦ è ` 'c³ ev©¸ i§' :xn¡© `P¤W¤ ,FA zh¤ ¤ lFW o¦ir© d̈ oi ¥̀ W¤ xäC̈a§ ,dïEvn§ dk̈xÄ§ d© oi ¥̀ ,l`¥rn̈W¦ § i ia¦ x§ i¥Ac¦ `p̈Ÿ
(.an my)
| 'ć gÝ© t§ i¦' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ,aFh xv̈F`n¥ oic¦ xFi § min¦ ẄB§ d© oi ¥̀ ,WC̈w§ O¦ d© zi¥A ax©g̈W¤ mFIn¦ ,`C̈q§ g¦ ax© xn© `¨ `R̈R̈ xA© mx¨t§ x© xn© `¨ 11.
,aFh xvF` © n¥ oic¦ xFi § min¦ ẄB§ ,mz̈n̈c§ `© lr© oi¦iExW§ l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § ie§ ,mFwn̈ lW¤ FpFvx§ oiUFr ¦ l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § IW¤ on© f§ A¦ .'aFH©
¹ d Fx̧v̈F`Îz¤̀
« L§Â l
(:dk `xza àa 'nb) .aFh xvF` © n¥ oic¦ xFi § min¦ ẄB§ oi ¥̀ ,mz̈n̈c§ `© lr© oi¦iExW§ l ¥̀ xÜ¦ § i oi ¥̀ W¤ on© f§ A¦
_______________________________________________
240
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miA¦½ x© mí¦FB Æz̈i¸e¦§ld¦ e§ L®¤ cï dÚ¥ r«£n© ÎlM̈ z¥̀ Kxä§
¾¥ lE FY¦ ½ rA§ ÆLvè x©
§`Îx«h© n§ z³¥zl̈ m¦in©À Ẍ©dÎz¤̀
miA¦À x© mí¦FB Y§ º̈ ha© r«£d© e§ K®l̈Îx¤AC¦ x¤W £̀«M© Lè ½ kx«©A¥ ÆLi ¤̧l¡
` ³ï§iÎi«M¦ e:eh :d«e¤§lz¦ `¬l dŸ©è§
iń¦ l ¥̀¹ x§
Üi¦ Lix§ ¸¤W`© hk:bl :ElW§ « ni¦ `¬l L§aE miA¦½ x© mí¦Fb§A ÆŸ§lW © n̈« E ha½ r«£z© `´l ÆdŸ©è§
Kl̈½ ÆLiaè ¤̧ `« EW£ ³ gM̈« i¦e§ L®¤zë£̀«©B a¤g¤Îx¤W £̀«e© Lx§½¤fr¤ o´b¥n̈ ï½ i«A© r´W © Fp mr©µ LFnk̈ À
:Kx«c§z¦ Fni¬¥zFn«ÄÎlr© dŸ©è§
meicte dreyi iweqt
:cr«© i¥nèlFrÎc ¬ r© EnèlM̈zÎ`« ¦ l§e EWa¬ z¥ Î`«l mi®n¦ l̈Fr« zrEW © Y§ ï½ i«A© r´W© Fp Æl¥̀ x§
Üi¦ fi:dn diryi
k¤ Ö¦r d¬Ür̈Îx¤W £̀ mk¤½ i¥dl¡ ´ ` Æïi§ m³¥WÎz¤̀ mY§ ¤À l©Nd¦ e§ rF
© aÜ§
½ e ÆlFk¨` m³¤Y§lk© £̀«e© fk-ek:a lèi
k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i²¦p £̀«e© i¦p`¨½ Æl¥̀ x§ Üi¦ ax¤w§ ³¤a i´M¦ mY§ ¤À rci«
© e¦ :m«l̈Fr§l i¦Or© EWa¥ ¬ iÎ`«l§e ì®¦lt§ d© §l
12
z¬©gn§ U¦ e§ dP̈½ x§
¦A ÆoFI¦v E`³äE oEaÀ W§ ªi ï¹ i§ i¥̧iEc§tE i:dl diryi :m«l̈Fr§l i¦Or© EWa¥ ¬ iÎ`«l§e cFr® oi´¥̀ e§
E`v¥½ z¥ d´g̈n§ U¦ a§ Îi«M¦ ai:dp :d«g̈p̈£̀«e© oF¬bï Eqp̈§e EbiV¦½ i© Ædg̈§nU¦ e§ oFUÜ ³ m®Ẅ`xÎlr© ml̈Fr
:s«k̈ÎE`£gn§ i¦ dcV̈© ¤ d i¬¥vrÎlk̈§£ e dP̈½ x¦ Æmk¤ i¥pt§ ¦l Egè ³ vt§ i¦ zFräè
À Bd© e§ mixd̈«
´¦ d¤ oE®läEY« mFlẄ§aE
:drEWi«
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Fn§
½ Wa¦ E`´ x¦ §w Æïi«©l EcFd ³ Èd© À d mFÍ©A mY¤º x© §n £̀«e© :drEW§
«¨ id© i¥pi§r«©O© n¦ oFUÜ§
® A m¦in© ÎmY¤ a§ `© W §E
d®Ür̈ zE`¥b i¬M¦ ï½ i§ Ex́èO©f :Fn§ « W aB̈§U¦p i¬M¦ ExiM¦¾ §fd© ei®¨ li«¦lr£ mi¦Or«©ä EricFd ¬¦
:l«¥̀ x§ Üi¦ WFc§ ¬ w A¥ x¦ §wA§ lFcb̈Îi«
¬ M¦ oF®Iv¦ z¤a´¤WFi i¦Pxë i¬¦ld£ v«© :ux«¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈§A z`f zr¬© ©cEn zrcin
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:Fz« r̈EWi¦
« A dg̈ènU§ ¦pe§ dl̈i¬¦bp̈
mely iweqt
:eiz¦« `ẗxE§ ï§i x¬©n`¨ aFxT̈© ² le§ wFḡẍ«l̈ mFlẄ ¹ | mFļẄ 14 m¦i®z̈ẗ§U ai´¦p aep `xFA ¥ hi:fp
iW ©½ i¦Îo¤a ĹèOr¦ e§ Æci¦ec¨ L§
³ l mi¦
¼ Wi¦lẌ « d© miyelyd W`x́ »iU © n̈rÎz¤̀
£ À a«l̈ g© Ex́§e 15 hi:ai '` d"c
dẄè
i¬¥W`x§ Ä m¥pY¦ è I«e© ci½e¦C¨ m´¥lAè w© i§e© Li®¤l¡ ` Lx«è f̈r£ i¬M¦ Lxè½¤fŕ§l ÆmFlẄ§e L§ À l mFlẄ ¹ | mFļẄ
:mF«lẄ L§lÎx¤W £̀ l¬ke§ mFlẄ ½ Ĺzi« è a¥ E ÆmFlẄ d³Ÿ©è§ i®g̈¤l dM m¬¤Yx© §n £̀«e© e:dk '` lèny :cEcè« Bd©
© Kxä§
©l fr À̈i«i§ ì:hk mildz
.miycgd mixeciqa myn hnypy 'oeaeyi 'c iiecte' weqtd mb mixne` 'e`vz dgnya ik' weqtd iptl 12.
,oc¥
¤r o©bA§ mdi¥¤ piA¥ aWFi
¥ Ède§ ,miwi ¦ C¦ S©
© l lFgn̈ zFU£r©l Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© cizr̈ ¦ ,xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ d`¨ xi¨ A¦ `¨lEr xn© `¨ 13.
Fl½ EpiÉ¦w¦ 'ç d³¤f Epri¦
®¥WFi§«e Fl Epi¬E¦w¦ d²¤f Epi ¬ l¡ ½ d mFÍ©A Æxn© `¨ e§' :xn¡
` d¥̧P¦d Èd© © `P¤W¤ ,FrÄv§ ¤̀ A§ d ¤̀ x§n© cg̈ ¤̀ e§ cg̈ ¤̀ lk̈e§
(.`l ziprz 'nb) .':Fz« r̈EWi¦ « A dg̈ènU§ ¦pe§ dl̈i¬¦bp̈
,'aFxT̈© ¹ | mFļẄ' :xn¡
² le§ wFḡẍ«l̈ mFlẄ © `P¤W¤ ,oic¦ nFr
§ mp̈i ¥̀ mixEn
¦ B§ miwi
¦ C¦ v© ,oic¦ nFr
§ däEWz§ i¥l£rA© W¤ mFwn̈ ,EdÄ`© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 14.
(:cl zekxa 'nb) .aFxT̈©l xc©d̈e§ `Ẅix¥A§ wFgẍ¨l
(.aq oihib 'nb) ''ebe mi¦
¼ We¦lẌ
« d© W`x́ »iU
© n̈rÎz¤̀
£ À a«l̈ g© Ex́§e' :xn`
dẄè © ¡¤PW¤ ?K¤ln§
¤ l mFlẄ oi¦ltFM
§ W¤ o¦iP©n¦ ,ax© xn© `¨ dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 15.
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241
zqpkd ziaa dlcad zay i`venl ziaxr
zqpkd ziaa dlcad

[zldw ixac] yeciw enk dltzd on dppi` dlcad mb ik zilh ila zqpkd ziaa lican dltz lrad
.oiid z` zezyl zewepzl mipzepe ,(zilh mr mibdep zenewn daxdae)
.mdizaa dlcad mixne`yk dlcad iptl miweqt mixne` oi`
:i©zFAx§©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ [mi¦p£M e` axd̈
© EpixFn
«¥ dxFn¤ zEWx¦ §A] ix§
¥aq©
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
: mze` gixny iptl jxane oini cia minyad zè l`ny cia qekd z` lhep dzr
.zeipencw ze`gqepe miwqetd lke 'nbd cbp wgvi xzrie iepiy èd zeayr
:mi¦nÜ§a i¥pi¦n `xFA¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ zay i`vena
: jxane xpd l` eici z` axwn k"g`
:W¥̀ d̈ ixF¥ `§
« n `xFA
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ zay i`vena
: jxane oini cia oiid qek z` lhepe xfeg dzr
à lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§ ¦aO© d© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (.cw migqt 'nb)
:d¤Ur©
£Od© i¥ni§ z¤WW
«¥ §l i¦ri¦aX
è d© mFi oi¥A à mi¦Orl̈© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ oi¥A à K¤Wg§
« l xF` oi¥A
:lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§ ¦aO© d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
oiid z` zezyl zewepzl mipzepe
:(oebip ila mixne` '` meia aà dryz m` diptly zaya e` oefg zaya) reci oebipa 'zelrnd xiy' mixnfn ok ixg`
l®¥k`z i´M¦ Li¤RM© ri´ © ¦bi§ 17 :ei«k̈x¨c¦
§A K¥lÀ d«d© ®ï§i `x§
´¥iÎlM̈ ix§ ¦À 16 gkw
¥W`© zF¬lr£O©Å «d© xiW
aia¦À q̈ mi®z¦ i¥f i´¥lz§
¦ WM¦ Li¤pÄ L¬¤zia¥Å i¶¥zMè x© §iA§ d» Ïx¦R« o¤t¬¤bM§ | L³ Y§
è W ¤̀ :K«l̈ aFh́§e Lix§ À¤W`©
M m¦®l̈ẄEx§«i aEh́§A d¥̀ èE oF¬IS¦Å n¦ ïÀ i§ L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ :«ïi§ `x§
´¥i x¤aBÀ̈ K ©a§
¬ i o¥kÎi¦k d´¥Pd¦ :L«¤pg̈§lW§ªl
:l«¥̀ x§Üi¦Îlr© mFl¨ À W Li®¤pä§l mi¬¦päÎd«¥̀ xEè :Li«¤Ig© iń¥ i§
:aixẅ
© n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
l©Nd© z¦
§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§ g©AY© W
§ i¦e§ KxÄ
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
ehinyd u"arie .fpky` ibdpn ixtqae 'iwqeta iz`vn `l dlcad xg` 'ebe ixy` zelrnd xiy zxin` bdpn 16.
exn` 'lcad xgè 'm¦i®z̈ẗ§U ae´¦p `xFA ¥ ' iptl p"kdaa elicad epiptly 'ipexg`d zexecd cry l"p okl .execiqa
,'zF¬lr£O©Å «d© xiW
¦À ' etiqed 'ipexg` zexecae .zay lilak dfd oexg`d weqtd xg` yicwe ,'mF«l ¨ a© ' cr 'ebe ' xFA ¥ '
(118 sc zldw ixac) .eilr yicw xn`l zelrnd xiy cer yi ik ,'ebe ' xFA ¥ ' xg` licadl ebidpde
,mink̈¢
¦ g ici ¥ n§
¦ lY© WOi¥ W¦ e§ ,Fnv§ r§
© l dẗx¥h§ d ¤̀ Fxe§ ,d¤pFWe§ `xFT ¥ W¤ in¦ lM̈ ,`C̈q§ g¦ ax©C§ Din¥ X§ n¦ `xhEf ¨ xn© Wx©C̈ 17.
,À̈d© m¨lFrd̈e§ d¤Gd© m¨lFrd̈ zFn¨lFr i¥pW§ lgFp ¥ e§ d¤kFf cia¦ f§ ax© .':K«l̈ aFh́§e Lix§ © ¦bi§' ,xnF`
À¤W`© l®¥k`z i´M¦ Li¤RM© ri´ ¥ aEzM̈d© ei¨lr̈
(:cn oileg 'nb) .À̈d© m¨lFr¨l ':K«l̈ aFh́§e' d¤Gd© m¨lFrÄ 'Lix§ À¤W`© '
_______________________________________________
242
dltzd meiq zay i`venl ziaxr
i¥iFb§M Ep«Ür̈ `N¤W à zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi§l dN̈c§ ªB z¥zl̈ lM©d oFc£̀©l g© A«¥ W © §l Epi«¥lr̈
:ri«
©W ¦ Fi `¬l l¥̀Îl¤̀ mi¦l½ £lR© z« § n¦ E k:dn diryi à wix¨ ¦e l¤ad¤§l mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ m¥dW ¤ :mp̈Fn£dÎlk̈§M
:Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d mi¦kl̈èOd© i¥k§ln© K¤ln«¤ i¥pt§ ¦l swef micFnE ¦ mi¦eg£ Y© W § n¦ E mi¦rxFMè rxek Ep§g«©p £̀©e
FGrª z©pi¦kW § E à lr«©O© n¦ m¦in«© Ẍ©A Fxẅ§i a©WFnE à u¼ x¨ ¤` c´¥ i§e m» i¦n© Ẅ d´¤hFp bi:`p Èd¤W
aEzM̈©M à Fzl̈Ef q¤t«¤̀ à Ep«M¥ §ln© z¤n`¡ :cFr oi¥̀ à Epi«¥ l¡ ` Èd :mi¦nFx§n i¥da§ b̈§A
mi ¦½ l¡`«d̈ Èd́ Æïi§ i³M¦ L¤ ¼ aä§lÎl¤̀ ¨» a«W ¥ d£ e© mFÀId© Ÿ ´ r§ c«©ïe§ hl:c mixac :FzxFz§ ¨ A
¥WxÎlM̈
èki¦ Epi«¥ l¡
¨ A aEzM̈©M)
(:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬nW
§ E cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©
.hn xenfn z` xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,fh xenfn mixne` ziaxr seqa la` ziaa
:Li«¤lr̈Îl©A iz¦À äFh« dŸ«`¨ i¬p̈c£̀ ïi©«l Y§ x´§n© `¨ :K«ä i¦zi¬q¦ g̈Îi«M¦ l`À i¦px§ ¬¥nẄ
« c®e¦c̈§l m¬Ÿ§kn¦ fh
Ki´Q¦ `© Îl©A Ex¬d̈nÅ̈ x¶¥g`© m» z̈FaèSr© EA¬ x¦ §i :m«äÎi¦vt§ g¤ÎlM̈ ixi À¥ C©¦è§ dÖ®¥d ux´¤`¨ ÄÎx¤W £̀ mi¦WFc§w¦l
Ki¬n¦ FY dY© À̈ ` i®q¦ Fk§e iw§ ¬¦lg¤ zp̈§n À̈i«i§ :i«z̈ẗ§UÎlr© mzFn§ À̈ WÎz¤̀ `¬V̈¤̀Îl©aE« m®C̈¦n m´d¤i¥Mq§ ¦p
s©` i¦p®v̈r̈§i x´W¤ £̀ ï§iÎz¤̀ Kxä£̀À¥ :i«l̈r̈ d¬¨ xètẄ « zl̈£À g«©pÎs©` mi®n¦ i¦rèPA© i¦lÎElèt«p̈ mi´¦lä£g :i«¦lxF« ¨B
i¦A¦l gń© Ü | o³¥kl̈ :hFO¤̀Îl©« A iÀ¦pi¦ni«n i¬M¦ ci®n¦ z̈ iC§ ´¦b¤p§l í̈i§ i¦ziÄE¦W
¦ :i«z̈Fi§lk¦ i¦pExè¬Qi¦ zFli¥
Àl
LÀ ci«
¦ t§ ©p f́r«£z© `«l | i³M¦ :g©ha«¤ l̈ o¬MW § i¦ ixÜ§
À¦ AÎs©` i®cFa§
¦ M l¤b́Ïe©
:g©v«¤p Ĺèpi«n¦ i¦A zFni¦r§p Li®¤pR̈Îz¤̀ zFgn̈§U r©aÚ mi¬¦Ig©Å g © ³̀ »i¦pri ¥ cF
¦ Y« :z©gẄ« zF`¬ x¦§l
,(zay i`venl ziaxr zltz xg` mb mirwez yi) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
.(337 'nr) zqpka ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg inia
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` ziaxra s`
,zay i`venae xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh
:d¨`¥le§ l¥gx¨ dẅ§ax¦ dxÜ§
¨ M mi¦ l¡ ` K¥nU¦ i§ zepal | d®¤X©pn§ k¦ e§ m¦x§ ©t ¤̀§M mi ¦½ l¡ ` ĹènU¦« i§ k:gn ziy`xa mipal
¥̧ :Lxè
«¤nW
:mF«lẄ L§l m¬¥Uï§e Li¤l½ ¥̀ Æeip̈R̈ | ³ï§i `V̈¦
¸i
_______________________________________________
243
dpald zkxa ziaxr
2 1
dpald zkxa
ei®k̈¨`§ln© ÎlM̈ EdE¬l£l«d© :mi«n¦ FxèOA© EdEl£ À l«d© m¦i®©nẌ©dÎo¦n ï§iÎz¤̀ Eĺ£l«d© | D¸ï El£l¬©d e-`:gnw
m¦i®n̈Ẍ©d iń¥ W
§ EdE¬l£l«© :xF`« i¥akè F¬MÎlM̈ EdEl£ À l«d© g© xï§
®¥ e W¤n´¤W EdE«l£l«© :e«`¨ ä§vÎlM̈ EdEl£ À l«d©
:E`x§ «ä¦pe§ dÉ¨v¦ Èd i³M¦ ®ï§i m´W ¥ Îz¤̀ El£l«d©§i :m¦in̈« Ẍ©d lr¥ ©Ä n | x³¤W £̀ m¦iO©À d© e§
Li®¤ rèAv§ ¤̀ iÚ¥ r«£n© Li¤nW ¨ d´¤̀ x¤̀Îi«
§ M¦ d-c:g :xFa« r«£©i `´l§e oz©À p̈Îwg̈ m®l̈Fr§l crl̈ ´© mći¦¥ nr©£I«e©
:EPcè
«¤wt§ z¦ i´M¦ mc¨
À¨`Îo¤aE EP®¤xèM§fzÎi«
¦ M¦ WFp¡ `Îd«n̈ :dŸ§p«p̈FM x´¤W £̀ mia¦À k̈Fk§
« e g© xï
¬¥
.cnern jxane dpald cbpk eilbx xyiine ,dkxad zlgza gxid ze`xl eipir dlzi
à mi¦wg̈§W `xÄ ¨ Fxn̈£̀ n© A§ x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
mi¦UÜ :mci¦¨ wt§ Y© Îz¤̀ EP©Wi§ `N¤W m¤dl̈ o©zp̈ o©n§fE wg :m¨à̈§vÎlM̈ ei¦R g© Ex§«aE
à WC©
¥gz¦§ Y¤W x©n`¨ dp̈äèN©le§ :z¤n`¡ FzN̈rèªRW
¤ z¤n`¡ lrFR¥ à mp̈Fw oFvx§ zFUr© £l mi¦gn¥ U§ E
mxè
¨vFi§l x¥̀ ẗ§lE à Dz̈Fn§M WC© ¥gz¦
§ d§l mici¦ z¦ rd̈
£ à o¤hä« i¥qEn« r©
£l zx«¤¤̀ t§ Y¦ zx«¤h¤ r£
:mi¦Wc¢¨g WC©
¥gn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :FzEk§ln© cFa§M m¥W lr©
Every weqt is recited three times, similar to oilet bdpn.
:K¥̀ xFè A KExÄ à K¥pFw KExÄ à K¥UFr KExÄ à Kxè
¥vFi KExÄ 3 : minrt 'b
.(eizeravà swef wx eikxaa rxki `ly xdfie) .minrt 'b xneè dpald cbpk cwexe
zexin`d yelyn zg` lka zg` mrt mivtwn 'cwex ip`y myk' zxinà
à KÄ r©Bi¦l lFkï i¦pi¥̀ e§ KC§ ¥b¤p§l c¥wFx i¦p £̀ W
¤ m¥WM§
:dr̈x§¨l i¦A r©Bi¦l i©aièF`ÎlM̈ ElèkEi `l K©M
o¤a®¨`M̈ EńC¦
èi LrF
£ x§«f lc§¬ bA¦ c©gt©½ e¨ Ædz̈n̈i¥̀
¸ m³¤di¥lr£ lŖY¦ fh:eh zeny : minrt 'b
:lRY¦ m¤di¥lr£ dz̈«n̈i¥̀ c©gt«© e¨ lc§bA¦ LrFx§ £ f à EnC¦ èi o¤a`«¨ M̈ : minrt 'b
:mÏ©we§ i©g l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ K¤ln«¤ c¦eC¨ : minrt 'b
: minrt 'b aiyn exiag :minrt 'b exiagl xne`
:mFlẄ m¤ki¥lr£ - :m¤ki¥lr£ mFlẄ
:o¥n`¨ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îlk̈§lE Ep«l̈ `¥di§ aFh lG̈©nE aFh oÖ¦q : minrt 'b
1. The miidlcex ixeciq use the term 'dpald zkxa', which is found in the o"anx, iiga epiax, mxnr ax
oe`b, ixhie xefgn, and the gwex. We do find 'dpal yeciw' in many fpky` sources as well; the
l"ixdn, d"ly, gwex (who cites both terms), the rexf xe`, `pexa i"xdn, the daeyz ixry, dax edil`
and the dxexa dpyn. The reason the term 'yeciw' was used, may have to do with the fact that
from the dpal “perspective”, ycgd yeciw was done. In addition, the rexf xe` posits that there is a
dpiky ipt zlaw when “bentching” the dpal, so that also could be a reason to use the term 'yeciw'.
2. It is an important xecid to wait to recite dpald zkxa until zay i`ven. Only if there is a real
possibility that one will be unable to recite dpald zkxa on zay i`ven due to the weather - it is
said on a weekday. When aà dryz occurs either on Tuesday or Thursday, one refrains from
reciting dpald zkxa until engp zay i`ven.
.zegtd lkl aà dryz xg`l mei cr dpald z` miyicwn oi`
.eal z` creqy iptl dlitzd xg`l cin xetk mei i`vena `weec miycwn ixyzae
,ohw k"b `xwp ède ,[f"h '` ziy`xa] 'ohw xe`n' z`xwpy el oniq dpaldy iptn .awri oniqe 'eke jxvei jxa 3.
.dzenk eycgziy eipal oniq èdy cere ,['a 'f qenr 'èd ohw ik awri mewi in' ea xn`pe ,e"h f"k my ,'ohwd dpa']
_______________________________________________
244
dpald zkxa ziaxr
.(i,ekz ,`"bna àen) ciqgd dcedi 'x bdpn it lr ,dl` miweqt siqedl ebdp
:zFräè
« Bd© Îlr© u¥Rw© n§ mixd̈´ ½¦ d¤Îlr© Æb¥Nc§
©n `®Ä d¤fÎd¥Pd¦ icFC ½¦ lFẃ h-g:a mixiyd xiy
zF½ N£g«d© Îo¦n Æg© i¦B¸ W
§ n© Ep¥l½ zM̈
§ x´g© `© Æcn¥ Fr d³¤fÎd¥Pd¦ mi®¦lÏ©`«d̈ x¤ŕ§l F` ia¦½ vè ¦l ÆicFc
¦ d³¤nFC
:mi«M¦ x£©g«d© Îo¦n ui¦vn¥
i¥pR§ li¦Aw§ d© §l `N̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Ekf̈ `l `¥ln̈§l`¦ :l`rn̈§
¥ Wi¦ i¦ax§ i¥Ac¦ `p̈Ÿ (.an oixcdpq 'nb)
:cÖr§
ªn Ed§pix§ ¦ni¥p KM̈§ld¦ :i¥IA© `© x©n`¨ :mÏC© à Wc¤g©
« A zg̈¤̀ mr«©R© m¦in«© Ẍ©AW
¤ m¤di¦a £̀
D®¨
cFCÎlr© z¤R¤x©z¦
§ n xÄ½ c¦
§Od© Îo¦n Ædl̈r z`Àf iń¦ d:g mixiyd xiy
à dp̈äèNd© z©ni¦bR§ zF`èNn© §l à i©zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ i© l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di¦e
zi¦W`x§ ¥a i¥ni§ zr§ ©aW¦ xF`§kE à dÖ©gd© xF`§M dp̈äèNd© xF` i¦di¦e à hEr¦n mEW d¤id§ i¦« `l§e
mi®¦lcèBd© z `èOd© i¬¥pW § Îz¤̀ fh:` ziy`xa :x©n`¡¤PW ¤ à DḧEr¦n mc¤w« dz̈èid̈¤W Fn§M
:o¥n`¨ m®M̈§ln© cié¦C¨ z¥̀ e§ md¤½ i¥dl¡
« ` í̈i§Îz¤̀ ÆEW§wa¦ E d:b ryed :aEzM̈¤W `ẍ§wn¦ m©Iw© z¦
§ ie§
m¦i¬©nẄ d ¥À r ®ï§i mr¥ ´¦n ix§¦fr¤ :ix§¦« fr¤ àï
¬ o¦i`©À n¥ mixd̈«
®¦ d¤Îl¤̀ i©pir¥ `´V̈ ¤̀ zF¬lr£O©Å «©l xiW¦À `kw
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ xn¥À FW o®Ẅi¦i `´l§e mEpïÎ`«l d´¥Pd¦ :Lxè «¤ W« mEÀpïÎl©` L®¤l§bx© hFÓ©l oÝ¥ i¦Îl©` :ux«¤`¨ e¨
L¬ xn̈§
§ Wi¦ À̈i«i§ :dl̈§i«N̈A© g© xï§
¬¥ e dM̈ ¤À ©iÎ`«l W¤n¬¤Xd© mnFi À̈ :L«¤pi¦ni§ c¬©iÎlr© Lè
À Nv¦ ¬ï§i L®¤
xènW« ¬ï§i
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ L®¤̀FaE L¬ z`«
è v¥ Îxn̈§Wi¦ À̈i«i§ :L«W
¤ t§ ©pÎz¤̀ xn§
À Wi¦ r®¨
xÎlM̈¦n
EdEl£À l«d© ei®¨ xEa§
« bA¦ EdE¬l£l«d© :F«Grª ri © w¬¦x¦§A EdEl£ À l«d© FW® cẅ§
EdEl£À l«d© lFgn̈E
® sź§A EdEl£l«© :xF«Pk¦ e§ l¤a´¥pA§ EdEl£ À l«d© x®ẗFW r©wz ´¥ A§ EdEl£l«© :F«lcª
§B ax́§M
DÀï l¬¥Nd© Y§ dn̈ẄèPd© lḾ :drEx «¨ z§ i¬¥lvè §lv¦ A«§ EdEl£À l«d© r©n®ẄÎi¥lvè §lv¦ a§ EdE¬l£l«d© :a«b̈r§
ªe mi¬¦Pn¦ A§
:D«ïÎEl£ld«©
:dl̈«q¤ EpÝ̈¦` eip̈R̈ x«¥̀³ï Ep®¥kx«£äi«e¦ Ep¬¥Pg̈§i mi ¦À l¡
` :xi«W ¦ xF¬n§fn¦ zÀpi¦b§pA¦ g¬¥S©pn§ ©l fq
À i mi®¦ l¡ ` | mi¬O¦ r© LEcFi :L«z¤ r̈EW§ « i mÀi¦FBÎlk̈§A L®¤Mx§C© ux´¤`¨ Ä zr´©cl̈
©
:dl̈«q¤ m´g¥§pY© u¤`¨ Ä | miO¦Ã ª̀§lE xWi¦ ® n miÓ¦ r© hŔ§WzÎi« ¦ M¦ mi¬O¦ ª̀Å §l EÀp£pxi«
© e¦ E¬gnè U§ ¬i¦
:Epi«¥ l¡
` mi¬¦ l¡` Epk¥À x«£äi§ D®l̈Ea§i d´p̈z«è p̈ ux¤̀
¤ :m«N̈Mª mi¬O¦ r© LEcF À i mi®¦ l¡ ` | mi¬O¦ r© LEcFi
:ux«¤`¨ Îi¥qt§ `© ÎlM̈ FzF À ` E`¬ xi«
è i¦e§ mi®¦ l¡` Ep¬¥kx«£äi§
4
,zay ly xvei heitn 'zexe`n miaeh' ifexg mixnfn oi` sè dpald zkxa xg` yicw `le 'epilr' mixne` oi`
.'jcbpk cwex ip`y myk' zxinà mipencwd epwizy zeciwxd yely caln legna micwex `le
4. fpky` bdpn concludes dpald zkxa here, and does not continue either with epilr or a mezi yicw or
the miweqt from zexe`n miaeh. oilet bdpn is to recite the rest of ziaxr, then dpald zkxa, and then
epilr to finish ziaxr. In either case, epilr is said only once, on leaving the synagogue.
_______________________________________________
245
ziaa dlcad xcq ziaxr
1
ziaa dlcad xcq
(yhiic-yicii) fpky` oeyla
fpky` oeyla xvw xnfd z` ,df xg` df minrt yely ,zay i`vena xnfl bdpnd hyt oilete fpky` zevetza
.df xnfl zepey ze`qxib egztzd mixge`nd zexeca .'mdxa` o`t h`b' milina ligznd (yhiicÎyicii)
:m"y zpya ,qetca ritedy xzeia mecwd gqepd epiptl
.'o¥n`¨ e§ o¥n`¨ ' milina mixneb ziyilyd mrtae minrt dyly xnfd z` mixy
/ sF`©l mrpi¦
¤ i©f oi¦` l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ wl¨`t orpi¦
¤ iC© hª
dr©A / wr©
£i 'pE` wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`© o¨`t h¨`B
/ orn¨
¤ `w l¨`f K¨èe ìC¦ / oi¦d`© C h¦dr¥b W ¤w zÄ©W xrAi¦
¤ l xrC
¤
/ zFkx§
Ä Ev 'pE` lG̈©n Ev orn¨
¤ `w orl¨
¤ `f r¥b`© h orAi¦
¤ f / or¤n`¨ x§t orl©
¤ ` 'pE` f§pE` Ef
o¥n`¨ e§ o¥n`¨ oi¦eerb
¤ mrhEb
¤ Ev 'pE` mFlẄ Ev / zFg§nU¦ Ev 'pE` oFUÜ Ev
dlcad iptly miweqtd mixne` oi` la` ziaa
One pours a slightly overflowing cup and leaves it on the plate.
¦lÎi¦di§«e© ï½ i§ Dí̈ Æzx§

¨n¦fe§ i³¦Gr̈Îi«M¦ c®g̈§t ¤̀ `´l§e g©ha§ ¤̀ i²z¦ r̈EW§
« i l¯¥̀ d¥̧P¦d b-a:ai diryi
drEW§
®¨ id© ¬ïi«©l h:b mildz :drEW§
«¨ id© i¥pi§r«©O© n¦ oFUÜ§
® A m¦in© Îm¤Ya§ `© W
§ E :drEWi«
«¨ ¦l
:dl̈«q¤ aw´ r©
£i i¥ l¡
` Epl̈ÎaB̈§
¸ Un¦ Ep®Ö¦r zFà̈§
´ v í̈i§ g:en :dl̈«Q¤ L´z¤ k̈x¦
§a LèOrÎl
© r«©
:Ep«N̈ d¤id§ Y¦ o¥M :x«ẅi¦e oUÜ§e d®g̈§nU¦ e§ dxF` ¾¦ I©l 2 fh:g xzq`
¨ d¬z̈èi«d̈ micEdè
3
One lifts the cup and spills some of the wine out at this point.
:`ẍ« w§ ¤̀ í̈i§ m¥Wa§ E `®V̈¤̀ zFrEW§

¬ iÎqFM bi:fhw mildz
1. If a woman is by herself, our bdpn is that she should recite dlcad. At the time of the mipey`x,
even when the husband said dlcad, women would drink the wine, however at the time of the
mipexg` this changed).
:xnF`
¥ Èd o¥ke§ ,aFh mFi d¤f dg̈§nU ¦ (bk:e ilyn) 'xF`® dxF¨ ź§e dëv§ n¦ x´¥p i³M¦ ' :xnF` ¥ Èd o¥ke§ ,dxFY ¨ Ef dxF` ¨ 2.
(aqw:hiw mildz) 'L®¤zx§ ¨n`¦ Îlr© i¦ p`« UÚ̈' :xnF` ¥ Èd o¥ke§ ,d¨lin¦ Ef oFUÜ (ci:fh mixac) 'L®¤B©gA§ Ÿ§gn© Ü « e§'
(:fh dlibn 'nb) .(i:gk mixac) ':J̈«O¤ n¦ `x«§ïe§ Li®¤lr̈ `´ẍw§ ¦p c m¬¥W i²M¦ ux¤`¨½ d̈ iÓ¥ rÎlM̈
© ë' :xnF`
ÆE`x§ ¥ Èd o¥ke§ ,oi¦lit¦ Y§ El ¥̀ xẅi¦e
3. It is customary to pour out upon the ground (a small measure of) wine, but only just prior to
the completion of the otbd ixt `xea, lest the blessing itself be recited over an incomplete
measure of wine. This is taken as a good omen for the week to come, for, according to the
Talmud, “Any house where wine is not poured out like water does not enjoy a full abundance
of blessings.” (.dq oiaexir 'nb) [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 79]
_______________________________________________
246
: jxane ecia oii qek lhep
:i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§
©e op̈xn̈
¨ ix§
¥aq©
4
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
: mze` gixny iptl jxane oini cia minyad zè l`ny cia qekd z` lhep dzr
:mi¦nÜ§a i¥pi¦n `xFA

` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ zay i`vena
: jxane xpd l` eici z` axwn k"g`
:W¥̀ d̈ ixF¥ `§
« n `xFA ` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ 5 zay i`vena
: jxane oini cia oiid qek z` lhepe xfeg dzr
à lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§
¦aO© d© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (.cw migqt 'nb)
:d¤Ur©
£Od© i¥ni§ z¤WW
«¥ §l i¦ri¦aX
è d© mFi oi¥A à mi¦Orl̈
© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ oi¥A à K¤Wg§
« l xF` oi¥A
:lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥
« A liC§
¦aO© d© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
6
daeknd xpd oyra migixn yie) xpd ea dakne ogleyd lr ekteye oii hrn xiiyne ,qekd dzeye ayeie
.(devnd aeagl lkd ,'mipir zxi`n dxa ii zevn' mixneè jtypd oiia mdipir mivgexe
4. dlcad has many different variations. In the old mibdpn ixtq, the wine is spilled as one says `xea'
'otbd ixt. One places the qek in the left hand and takes the minya in the right. While saying
'y`d ixe`n' one passes the qek to the right hand and looks at left hand, then passes back the qek
to the left hand and looks at the right hand, once again passing the qek to the right hand for the
concluding dkxa.
In KAYJ - the wine is spilled before dlcad. After the dkxa of 'otbd ixt `xea' the qek is passed to
the left hand until the last dkxa. The minya is taken in the right hand and then put down. One
looks at the right hand for 'y`d ixe`n', and then takes the qek in the right hand and looks at the
left. We then hold the candle in the left hand until the end of dlcad (while saying 'ycw' we lift
the qek in the right hand, and while saying 'legl' we lift the xp in the left hand).
5. There are two mibdpn; a) one gazes at one’s nails both prior to the dkxa (di`x zkxa) and
b) after it (oipdpd zkxa). In practice, both mibdpn are followed.
6. The bdpn of placing the dlcad wine into the corner of the eyes is mentioned by bpia o`nbilrf ax,
a cinlz of the l"ixdn.
_______________________________________________
247
Many families sing the following:
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨ A g© i¦Wn̈ m¦r ,Epi«¥l ¥̀ àï ,dx¥
¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,l¥̀ d̈ m¥W§l ,`¥Pw¦ x¤W £̀ Wi¦`

,l¥̀i¦zEw§i c©iÎlr© ,mFlẄ x©VAª Wi¦`
Üi¦ i¥pA§ Îlr© x¥Rk© i§e© ,WB̈ Wi¦`
.l¥̀ x§
.c¦eCÎo¤
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
§ zFxFC Wi¦`
,eip̈ir¥ E`x¨ ,xÜr̈Îmi¥pW
¨w¦Pd© Wi¦`
,eip̈Ö¦qA§ ,xr̈¥U lr«©A© `x§
§ A xEf¨` ,xFr xFf¥̀ e§ Wi¦`
.eip̈zn̈§
.c¦eCÎo¤
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
¥aFr lr© ,sr©f̈ Wi¦`

,mi¦pÖ©g icè
,mi¦pFr§n i¥nW § ¦pe§ Wg̈ Wi¦`
§ ¦B zFi§dn¦ ,r©AW
.mi¦pẄ WlẄ x©vr̈ ,xḧn̈E lh
© Wi¦`
.c¦eCÎo¤
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,z©g«©p FW§t©p§l `v§n¦l ,`v̈ï Wi¦`

«© §l z¥n `l§e ,mi¦a èrd̈ EdE«lMè §lM¦ Wi¦`
,z©gX
.z©gR«© v© e§ c©M EkxÄ
£ z¦ £n§l Wi¦`
§ p ,Fpr©
.c¦eCÎo¤
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,mi¦dn¥ k§ Eai«W ¨ n Wi¦`

¦ w§ d¦ ,eixq̈E
è n¦ ,W¥̀ ä dp̈r£©p Wi¦`
,mi¦dFa§b i¥nX
:mi«¦ l¡ ¨g`© Eg«q̈ Wi¦`
`d̈ È¬d ï§i hl:gi '` mikln :eix£
.c¦eCÎo¤
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
_______________________________________________
248
,zFaẍr£ i¥nX è n¦ ,©g«¥NY© W§ d¦ §l ci¦zr̈ Wi¦`

,zFaFh zFxFUA§ ÎlM̈ lr© ,ci¦wR̈ Wi¦`
.zFa¨`Îlr© mi¦pÄ a¥l ai¦Wd̈§l ,on̈¡ `¤p xiv¦ Wi¦`
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW § Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
¨`t§ z¦ A§ í̈i«©l i¦z`¹¥Pw¦ `P̧©w i:hi '` mikln ,`x¨ẅ Wi¦`
,dx¨
« r© a©kx¨ Wi¦`
,dẍr̈§qA¦ ,W¥̀ i¥qEqÎl
.dxEa§
¨ wE dz̈i¦n mr«©h© ,mrḧ © `NW ¤ Wi¦`
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨ A g© i¦Wn̈ m¦r ,Epi«¥l ¥̀ àï ,dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW
§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,`ẍ§w¦p Fn§WÎlr© ,i¦AW §Y ¦ Wi¦`
¨ A ,FcïÎlr© Ep«g¥ i¦lv§ Y
,dxFY© ©
,dx¥
¨dn§ A¦ däFh dxFU§¨ A ,ei¦Rn¦ Epri¦ «¥ nW§Y ©
¨ l dl̈¥t £̀ n¥ ,Ep¥̀i¦vFY
.dxF`§
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨ A g© i¦Wn̈ m¦r ,Epi«¥l ¥̀ àï ,dx¥¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,zFix£̀
¨ i¦Rn¦ Ep«¥li¦vY© ,i¦AW §Y ¦ Wi¦`
,zFaFh zFxFUA§ ,Epxè «¥Va© Y §
.zFzÄ©W i¥̀ v̈Fn§A ,zFa¨`Îlr© mi¦pÄ Ep«g¥ Oè U ©Y §
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW § Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
mk¤½ l̈ g©´¥lW Æi ¦ p«`¨ d³¥Pd¦ ck-bk:b ik`ln :aEzM̈©M
ï½ i§ mFí `FAµ iÀ¥pt§ ¦l ì®a¦ P̈©d dÍ̈¦l «¥̀ z¥̀
ÆzFa¨`Îa«¥l ai³W ¦ d¥e§ :`xFP©«¨ de§ lFcB̈©d
m®z̈Fa£̀Îlr© mi¦pÄ a¬¥le§ mi¦p½ ÄÎlr©
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨ A g© i¦Wn̈ m¦r ,Epi«¥l ¥̀ àï ,dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW § Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
,mFl£gA© ,eip̈ẗ d¨`x¤ ¨W i¦n ix§ ¥W`©
.mFlẄ Fl xi¦fg¡d¤e§ ,mFlẄ Fl o©z«P̈W ¤ i¦n ix§ ¥W`©
© Kxä§
¥ i | ïÃ i§ ì:hk mildz
.c¦eCÎo¤
¨dn§ A¦ - ic¦r̈§l¦Bd© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,i¦AW§ Y¦ d© Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀ ,ì¦aP̈©d Ed«Ï¦l ¥̀
_______________________________________________
249
'eke licand heit mixne` dlcad xg`le
.mifexgd iy`xa 'ohwd wgvi' mzg (cxtqn l"f zìb oA§ `¦ dcedi oa wgvi epiax èdy `"i) xagnd
,lg§ni¦ Èd Epi«z¥ `H©g ,lg§l Uc¤wÎoi¥ « A liC§ ¦aO© d©
.dl̈§i«N̈A© mi¦ak̈FM©ke§ ,lFg©M d¤Ax© §i Epr«¥x©§fe§ Ep«R¥ q§ k© 7
,x¥ B i©lr̈ l¥̀l̈ `ẍ§w ¤̀ ,x¤nY« l¥vM§ dp̈R̈ mFÀi
dl̈§i®l̈Îm©be§ x¤a `¬z̈¨` x ¥½ W xń© `¨ ai:`k diryi
,xar© £Y xFar̈ i©`ḧ£g lr© ,xFaŸ x©dM§ Lzẅ è c§v¦À
:dl̈§i«N̈a© d¬¨ xEn§W`© e§ xa® r«£©i i´M¦ lFnz¤̀ § mFí§M c:v mildz
,i¦zg̈Ep§n o¥Yi¦ i¦n ,i¦zg̈§pn¦ z©pFr dẗèlgÀ̈
dl̈§i©lÎlk̈§a d´g¤U§ `© i¦zg̈§p`© a§« | i¦Yr§³©bï f:e
,lḦªpnè d© xr«©W © i¦l g©zR§ ,l©HiªÎl©A i¦lFwÀ
:dl̈§i«l̈ i¥qi¬q¦ x§ i©zFSªEw§ lḧÎ`l̈§
½ n¦p ÆiW¦` W ¤ a:d mixiyd xiy
,mFic¦ §t dp̈Y§ r«©E¥W © £̀ ,mFi¨è§ `xFp ¨ x¥zr̈d¥À
dl̈§ilÀ oF¬Wi¦À§ mF®iÎax¤r§ «¤AÎs¤W«¤pA§ h:f ilyn
,i¦pri«¥ cFY
¦ mi¦Ig© gx©`« ,i¦pri¦
«¥ WFd Dï Liz¦« `x¨w§À
dl̈§i©lÎcr© mF¬In¦ i¦prè
¥½ Sa© i§ dŃ̈C¦
©n ai:gl diryi
,i©qi¦rk§ n© Exènì o¤R ,i©Ur©£n sEp¦h x¥dh©À
:dl̈§i«N̈A© zFx́¦n§f o¥ p i®¨ r D© Fĺ¡ ` d¥I`© i:dl aei`
,x¤ng¨« e l©wÎlr© `p̈Îg©lq§ ,x¤ng© « M Lcï§ è a Ep§g«©pÀ
dl̈§i©lÀ §N dl̈§i¬©le§ x¤ `® ri´ «© A¦ ©i mFi§l mFí b:hi mildz
.dklnd ziel xcq

,ynn jexr ogleyd 'idie ,zifk `l` jixv epi` elit` zay i`vena epgley mc` xcqi mlerl
epi`y mcà mvr yiy ,mixtqa `vnpe .`kln cecc `zcerq ìd `c ,xnìe fixkie ,eceakl sqep xp ok mb wilci okl
.`nbeln zay i`vena oiqg .`nbeln zay ivèna dng zt .zay i`ven ly dcerqd efn `"k dilk` meyn dpdp
7. The xteq mzg comments that the word eptqk in the song 'licand' comes before eprxf.
This is the text of most ancient mixefgn and therefore the accepted gqep. He explains
that the logic is because the heit continues with miakekke legk, the first is to be blessed
like the leg (sand), and the second to be blessed like the miakek (stars). Since it is immaterial
to us which type of money we have, we do care what type of children we have, therefore eptqk
is said first, so that our money will be blessed like leg, and eprxf, which we desire
to be numerous, be the highest quality as the miakek.
_______________________________________________
250
lld xcq zixgy
21
lld xcq
gqt ini x`ye yceg y`xae ,mly lld mixne` zereay bgae ,gqt ly mipey`xd miniae ,dkepgae ,zekq bga
!zqpkd ziaa gqt ly zepey`xd zelila lld mixne` oi` .zixgy zltz xg` lld ivg mixne`
(.xcgdn `vei la` j` ,lld mixne` dkepgae yceg y`xa la` ziaa)
!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` crend lega lldd zxin` iptl oilitzd oivleg oi`

:l¥Nd© d© Îz¤̀ 4 `x§w¦l 3 Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
:«ïi§ m¬¥WÎz¤̀ El£ À l«d© ®ï§i ić§
¥ar© El£l«© | D¸ï El£l´d© biw
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W ¥ i³d¦ i§

:«ïi§ m´W
¥ lN̈ª
À dn§ F`Fa§ ® nÎcr© W¤n¬¤WÎgx§©fO¦ n¦
:FcFa§
:z¤aẄ « l̈ i¬d¦ i¦A§bO© «d© Epi®¥ l¡` í̈i«M© i¦n
:ux«¤`¨ äE m¦i¬©nẌ©A zF`® x¦ §l i¬¦li¦RW
§ O© «d©
:oFi§«a ¤̀ mixï
¬¦ zR§ À W`© n«¥ l®¨C x´ẗr̈«n¥ iń¦ iw§
¬¦n
:FO« r© i¬¥aic§ ¦p mrÀ mi®a¦ ic§ ¦pÎm¦r i¬a¦ i¦WFd§ «l
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© dg¥À̈ nU§ mi¬¦pÄ©dÎm«¥̀ 5 z¦iA©À d© zx¤w¤Ä r£ | ia¦¸ i¦WFn«
,dxFY
¨ oY© nE © ,sEq m©i zì © x¦wE
§ ,m¦ix¨v§ n¦ zì © v§¦ i ;El¨Nd© mixä
¦ C§ dẄin£ ¦ g W¥iW¤ mEWn¦ ?[l¥Nd] © i`d© op̈ix¦n§ `© `n̈r§ h© i`n© o©p£̀ 1.
:aiz¦ k§ C¦ sEq m©i zì © x¦wE § ,'m¦ix§ ®¨vO¦ n¦ l´¥̀ x§ Üi¦ z`´v¥ A§ ' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ m¦ix©v§ n¦ zì © v§
¦ i .gi
© W¦ n̈ lW¤ Fla§ g¤ e§ ,miz¦ O¥ d© zi©Ig¦ zE §
'(mi«¦Ig© «d© zFvÀ x©
§À§ ) 'c® i´¥pt§ ¦l K¥Nd© z§ `« ' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ miz¦ O¥ d© zi©Ig¦ Y§ 'mi®¦li¥̀ k§ Ećèwx«¨ mixd̈´
¦ d' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ dxFY
¨ oY© n© ,' p® Ï©e d¨`ẍ mÍ̈d© '
ix¥n§ `¨ C§ `M̈i`¦ .zFIª kl§ n© cEAr§ W¦ Ff "Ep¬l̈Å `¶l 'c Ep¬l̈ `³l" ,op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ e§ .'Ep¬l̈Å `¶l 'c Ep¬l̈ `³l' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ gi © W¦ n̈ lW¤ Fla§ g¤
(.giw migqt 'nb) .bFbn̈E bFB zn¤ g§ ¤ ln¦ Ff 'Ep¬l̈Å `¶l 'c Ep¬l̈ `³l' ,op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨
-od¥ El ¥̀ e§ ,l¥Nd© z ¤̀ odÄ
¤ xnFB ¥ cigï ¦ dp̈ẄA© mFi xÜr̈ dp̈FnW§ ,wc̈v̈Fd§i oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ mEWn¦ op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 2.
mix¦U¤§ r d¨lFBaE© ,zx¤v¤ £r lW¤ (oeW`x) aFh mFie§ ,gq© R¤ lW¤ oFW`x¦d̈ aFh mFie§ ,dM̈Ep£g in§ ¥ i z©pFnWE§ ,bd̈d¤ in§ ¥ i z©pFnW§
.zx¤v¤ £r lW¤ miaFh¦ minï ¦ 'aE ,gq© R¤ lW¤ mi¦pFW`x¦d̈ minï¦ i¥pWE§ ,dM̈Ep£g in§
¥ i z©pFnWE
§ ,bd̈d¤ in§
¥ i zr© W§ Y-o
¦ d¥ El ¥̀ e§ ,mFi cg̈ ¤̀ e§
xn© `¨ i¥bElC© i¥bN§ c©n§ `ẅC§ `f̈g̈C§ oëi¥M ,Ed§piwEq
¦ t§ `§
© l xa© q̈ ,`g̈x©§i Wix¥A§ `¨li¥Nd© Exẅ `ẅC§ Ed§pi¦fg£ ,l¤aä§l r©lwi § `¦ ax©
(:gk ziprz 'nb) .mdi ¤ ci¥ A¦ mdi¤ zFa£̀
¥ bd§
© pn¦ Dp̈in¦ rn© W§
lldd z` mixneby miniae ,'èxwl' mikxan llda oiblcny miniac `zi` (c"nxze g"tz ,a"kz iq) xeha 3.
,zg` ze` elit` xqgie xenbl jxai m` ik ,'èxwl' cinz jxia bxeaphex m"xdny my azke .'xenbl' mikxan
(edil` xef` xeciq) .`"nxde xagnd dfa ewlgpe ,dlhal dkxa ied
4. The text in the old mixeciq was 'lld' [zldw ixac (pg 68), miidlcex ixeciq]. It then reverted
to the even older gqep of 'lldd' [l`xyi zcear xeciq (pg 328)].
dW£
¤ rn© D¨l (Fl) dÜr̈W¤ ,`p̈ia¦ f§ xA© dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ ?Di¥l i¥rÄin¦ xFf£gI©e© (`:a zeny) ':i«e¦¥lÎz©AÎz¤̀ T¦©Ie© i®e¦¥l ziÁ¥ n¦ Wi¦` K¤l¬¥Ie©' 5.
(.ai dheq 'nb) .'dg¥ À̈ nU§ mi¬¦pÄ©dÎm«¥̀ ' ,Exn§ `¨ zx¥Ẅd© i¥k £̀§lnE
© ,d̈i¤pẗ§l oic¦ T§ x©n§ mïx§nE
¦ oŸxd£ `© e§ ,oFixR¦ `© A§ DäiWFd
¦ ,oigETi¦
¦ l
DäiWFd
¦ ,oigETi¦
¦ l dW£ ¤ rn© D¨l dÜr̈W¤ cO© ¥ ln§ ,`p̈ia¦ f§ xA© dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ ?Di¥l i¥rÄin¦ xFf£gI©e© (`:a zeny) ' T¦©Ie©'
(.kw `xza àa 'nb) .'dg¥
À̈ nU§ mi¬¦pÄ©dÎm«¥̀ ' ,mix¦nF`
§ zx¥Ẅ i¥k £̀§lnE
© ,d̈i¤pẗ§l mix¦xFW
§ n§ mïx§nE
¦ oŸxd£ `© e§ ,oFixR¦ `© A§
_______________________________________________
251
lld xcq zixgy
:f «¥l m r¬©n¥ awÀ r«£©i zi¬¥A m¦ix§ ®¨vO¦ n¦ l¥̀ x§ Ü¦i z`´v¥ A§ 6 ciw
:ei«z̈FlèWn§ n© l ¥̀À x§ § l dć̈Ed§i d´z̈iè«d̈ 7
Üi¦ FW® cẅ§
:xFg¨ « `§l a¬Qi¦ oCÀ¥x©§Id© q®pÏ©e d¨`ẍ mÍ̈d©
:o`vÎi¥
« pa§ M¦ zFrä§ À B mi®¦li¥̀ k§ Ećèwx«¨ mixd̈«¦¤
:xFg¨
« `§l a¬QY¦ oCÀ¥x©§Id© qE®pz̈ i´M¦ mÏ©d Ĺ§NÎd©n
:o`vÎi¥« pa§ M¦ zFrä§ À B mi®¦li¥̀ k§ Ećèwx§Y¦ mixd̈« ¦¤
:aw« r«£i© D© Fĺ¡
` iÀ¥pt§ ¦Nn¦ u¤x®¨` i¦lEǵ oFc¨` i´¥pt§ ¦Nn¦
:m¦in̈« ÎFpèir§ n© §l Win¦À N̈©g m¦i®n̈Îm©b £̀ xEŚ©d i´k¦ tè d©
«d
8
'epxkf 'd' miligzn belica lld mi`xewyk
9
:L«Y¤ n¦ £̀Îlr© LC§Àèqg© Îlr© cFaM̈
® oÝ¥ L§nW ¦ §lÎi«M¦ Ep¬l̈ `lÅ ïÀ i§ Ep¬l̈ `³l ì-`:ehw
:m«d¤i¥dl¡
« ` `ÀpÎd¥I`© m®i¦FB©d Ex́ènì« dÖl̈
:d«Ür̈ u´t¥ g̈Îx¤W £̀ lM m¦i®n̈Ẍ©a Epi¬¥ l`«e¥
:mc¨«¨` ić§
¥i dU¥À r«£n© a®d̈f̈§e s¤q´M¤ m¤di¥Av© r£
:E`« x¦
§i `´l§e md¤À l̈ m¦i¬©pir¥ Ex®¥Ac§
©i `´l§e m¤dl̈Îd«R¤
:oEgi
« x§ ¦i `´l§e md¤À l̈ s¬©` Er®n̈§Wi¦ `´l§e m¤dl̈ m¦i´©p§f`¨
:m«p̈Fx§bA¦ EB§
À diÎ`«
¤ l Ek®¥Nd© i§ `´l§e m¤di¥l§bx© oEWi¦ À ni§ `l§ Ä e | m³¤dic§
¥i
:m«d¤Ä g© ´¥ AÎx¤W £̀ lM m®¤di¥Ur« Eí§di¦« m¤dFn§M
:Èd« m´P̈¦bn̈« E mx§¨fr¤ ®ïi©
«A g´h© A§ l¥̀ x§ Ü¦i
:Èd« m´P̈¦bn̈« E mx§¨fr¤ ®ïi©«a Eǵ§hA¦ ox£d«© ziÁ¥
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cec didy itle eizepefn zepwl `ven mc`y .miweey mewn] (.`r `nei 'nb) .'miweë
¦ W§ mFwn§ d¤f' ,dc̈Ed§i ax© xn© `¨ 13.
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14
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16
lgd bg ly oebip oebk ,yceg eze` lr fnxnd oebipa Î g"xae cren bg eze` ly cgeind oebipa ,llday '`pè' 'eced'
yi .wzey xeaivde mx lewa mxne` èd xy`k xeaivd z` ìvedl ofgd oiekn '`p [e]xnì' iweqta .yceg ezeà
lr 'eced' lr zxceqne ztzeyn diipr lr micitwn la` ,'`p [e]xnì' iweqt z` mb ofgd mr ygla xnel mibdepd
.mx lewa ofgd ly eweqt z` xnel oevx jezn diiprd xcq z` miyaya oiè ,oicd itk ,ofg ly '[e]xnì' zxin` lk
.(gxfnl rprpnd ipt) n"ctt bdpnk zekqd bga alel ireprp*
dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn
eced :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M aFh® Î i¦M í̈i«©l EćFd17 ofg giw
eced :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ `¬p̈ Î x©nì« ofg
eced :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M ox®£d`«© Îzi«a¥ `¬p̈ Exènì« ofg
eced :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M ®ï§i i´¥̀ x¦
§i `p̈ Î Exènì« ofg
zerevx od] zFxqFn
¥ i¥pW§ ,m¨lFr lW¤ FpFAx¦ ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© i¥pt¦§ l ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ ?':ix¥ « l Ÿ§gY©À R¦ ' :aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,à̈x¨ Wx©C̈ 14.
«¨qFn§
ly en` dnrpe] .zi¦pFOr© d̈ dn̈£rp©e§ d̈Ia£̀FO
¦ d© zEx [zeawpd z` zxzdy zgzt] mY¤ g§ Y© R¦ i©lr̈ Eid̈W¤ [lerd oda oixyewy
(.fr zenai 'nb) [(my i"yx) cec zia ikln e`vi dpnne mragx
'm®i¦FBÎlM̈ 'cÎz¤̀ Eĺ£l«d© ' ,xn© `¨ ẅ ik¦ d̈ ?Edi§iY© ci§ a£
¦ r i`n© m¨lFrd̈ zFnE` ,'m®i¦FBÎlM̈ 'cÎz¤̀ Eĺ£l«d© ' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© 15.
(:giw migqt 'nb) .'FC§ À qg© | Epi¥̧lr̈ x³a© b̈»' Ep`¨ o¥kW¤ lM̈ ,Edi§ic£
©dA© ciar̈
¦ C§ zF`¨lt¦
§ pe§ zFxEaB§ `©
16. If one is able to hear all of the ofg's words, then one is `vei with the ofg’s recital of (e)xnì etc.
and should just respond with eced. If one is unlikely to hear all his words clearly, one should
recite (e)xnì etc. in an undertone with the ofg, and respond with eced. One should not hurry and
recite (e)xnì etc. before the ofg.
- zxvr ipinyae crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,xgap oebip - yceg y`x - micgein mipebipa mixn`p 'eced' iweqt 17.
- dkepg ini ,dkepg oebip - elqk g"x ,dpyd icren ipebip - dxez zgny ,(llda mireprpa ipebip) zekq oebip
- crend leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet ipebipn cg` - xc` g"x ,dkepg ipebipn cg` - zah g"x ,'xev fern' oebip
- a` g"x ,('zencw`' zligz) zeray oebip - oeiq g"x ,dxitq ly 'icec dkl' oebip - xii` g"x ,'èd xic`' oebip
.mi`xep mini oebip - lel` g"x ,'oeiv il`' oebip
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´©Qi¦ xQ́©i
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:Fa« Eàï ¬ miw¦À iC© ¦v ®ïi«©l xr¬© ©Xd© Îd«¤f 19
jce`
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«¨ ¦l ilÎi¦ À dY© è e i¦p®z̈i¦pr£ i´M¦ LcFè `« 20
oa`
:d«P̈R¦ W`x́§l dzè À̈ i«d¨ mi®¦pFA©d Eq́£̀«n̈ o¤a ¤̀
z`n
:Epi«¥pir§
¥A z`´l̈t§ ¦p ì¦d z`®G dz̈èi´d̈ i¨§i z´¥̀ n¥
df
:Fa« d´g̈nè U§ ¦pe§ dl̈i¦bp̈ ®ï§i dÚ̈r̈ mFI©dÎd«¤f
.EwiY¥ ?i`n© `C̈q§ g¦ ax§©l 'D-«ï a´g̈x¤
§O' ,Ed§l ì̈r§ Ai
© `¦ .ca§
© lA¦ D-ïa§ g© x§n¤ xn© `¨ dÄx© .od¥ zg© `© ,D-ïa§ g© x§nE
¤ ... ,xn© `¨ ax©18.
(.fiw migqt 'nb)
19. For the Nazis, Jewish religious ceremonies were a matter of curiosity, entertainment, and
especially ridicule. Treblinka’s newly enlarged gas chambers (from mid-October 1942 on),
was a massive white plastered brick building. The gable above the entrance bore a large
yellow painted copper Star of David. Five wide steps with potted flowers on either side
led to the entrance. The building’s main corridor led to ten gas chambers, five on each side.
Each gas chamber’s floor was orange terracotta tile, each stamped with a Star of David,
apparently in order to fool the victims into believing that the building was a Jewish-style
bathhouse. The building’s main entrance was covered by a dark red holy ark curtain, taken
from an unidentified synagogue, which bore the Hebrew inscription: ':Fa« Eàï
¬ miw¦À iC© ©Xd© Îd«¤f'.
¦v 'c«®©l xr¬©
§ p xA© l ¥̀ EnW§ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ (on̈iq¦ j"ce`n j"cyk y"ic` y"ìc) 20.
,ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ 'i¦p®z̈i¦pr£ i´M¦ LcFè `« ' ,oz̈p̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ i¦pn̈g©
,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© `¨ ''c® dÚ̈r̈ mFI©dÎd«¤f' ,eig̈ ¤̀ Exn§ `¨ 'z`®G dz̈èi´d̈ 'c z´¥̀ n¥ ' ,iW¦ © i xn© `¨ ':d«P̈R¦ W`x́§l dzè À̈ i«d¨ mi®¦pFA©d Eq́£̀«n̈ o¤a ¤̀ '
':'c« zi¬¥An¦ mk¤À Ep§kx¥¬©A' ,iW¦
© i xn© `¨ ''c® m´W¥ A§ À̈©d KEx́Ä' ,ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ ':`¨«P d¬g̈i¦lv§ d© 'À¹c `¬P̈¨`' ,eig̈ ¤̀ Exn§ `¨ '`®P̈ dri¬¨W ¦ Fd« 'c `´P̈`¨ '
,ce¦C̈ xn© `¨ 'J̈®¤cF`§e dÝ̈`© i´¦l-¥̀ ' ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© `¨ 'mi®¦ ar«£A© b¬©gÎEx§q`¦ ' ,ol̈Ek Exn§ `¨ 'Ep¬l̈ x¤̀Å³Ï©e 'c | l³¥̀ ' ,l ¥̀ EnW§ xn© `¨
(.hiw migqt 'nb) .ol̈Ek Exn§ `¨ ':J̈«n¤ nè Fx£̀ `'
« i À©l¡
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dpibp dze` jynda exneè ldwd xfeg ,dpibpa exne` ofgdy '`p`' lk xg`
dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn
`®P̈ dri¬¨W
¦ Fd« ï§i `´P̈`¨ `®P̈ dri¬¨W
¦ Fd« ï§i `´P̈`¨ 21
:`¨«P d¬g̈i¦lv§ d© ¨À i§ `¬P̈¨` :`«P̈ d¬g̈i¦l»v§ d© ¨À i§ `¬P̈¨`

jexa
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il`
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eced
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M aFh® Î i¦M ®ïi©«l EćFd 23
à K«p̈vx§ i¥UFr mi¦wiC©

¦v Lici¦
«¤ qg£ e© à Li«U¤ r©
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` ï§i LE«l£ld© i§
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ml̈Fr¥n i¦M 24 à x¥O©f§l mi¦rp̈ L§nW
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¦ Îz¤̀ Eki«¦ln§ i©e§
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dn§ K¤ln«¤ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :l¥̀ dŸ©` ml̈FrÎcr§
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.yicw ivg o`k mixne` dkepga .(leg oebipa mipbpn crend lega) sqen zltz mixne`y minia mly yicw mixne`
.(162 'nr) dxez xtq z`veda mikiynn dkepg zayae ,crend leg zaya ,milbx ylya ,yceg y`x zaya
crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,xgap oebip - yceg y`x - micgein mipebipa mixn`p '`p driyed 'c `p`' iweqt 21.
,dpyd icren ipebip e` dxez zgny zetwd oebipa dxez zgny ,(llda mireprpa ipebip) zekq oebip - zxvr ipinyae
ipebipn cg` - xc` g"x ,dkepg ipebipn cg` - zah g"x ,'xev fern' oebip - dkepg ini ,dkepg oebip - elqk g"x
zeray oebip - oeiq g"x ,dxitq ly 'icec dkl' oebip - xii` g"x ,'èd xic`' oebip - crend leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .mi`xep mini oebip - lel` g"x ,'oeiv il`' oebip - a` g"x ,('zencw`' zligz)
g¥
© Af§ n¦ dp̈Ä Eli`¦ M§ aEzM̈d© ei¨lr̈ d¤l£rn© ,FzFa£rA© qC£ ©de© ,FcEB`¦ A§ a¨lEl lhFP ¥ d© lM̈" xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ EdÄ`© ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 22.
,igFi
© oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ mEWn¦ dïn¦ x¦§i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ .':©gA«¥ §fO¦ d© zFṕx©
§w cr© mi®¦ ar«£A© b¬©gÎEx§q`¦ ' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ,"oÄx§ẅ ei¨lr̈ aix¦w§ d¦ e§
ei¨lr̈ d¤l£rn© ,dïz¦ WE§ d¨lik£̀
¦ A© bg̈¤l xEqi`¦ dUFr¤ d̈ lM̈" izFM ¦ O© d© op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ mEWn¦ i¦fFgO§ d© oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ x§ mEWn¦ op̈g̈Fi ia¦ xE§
(:dn dkeq 'nb) .':©gA«¥ §fO¦ d© zFṕx©
§w cr© mi®¦ ar«£A© b¬©gÎEx§q`¦ ' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ,oÄx§ẅ ei¨lr̈ aix¦w§ d¦ e§ g¥
© Af§ n¦ dp̈Ä Eli`¦ M§ aEzM̈d©
(.giw migqt 'nb) .FzäFhA§ mc̈`¨ lW¤ FzäFg d¤aFBW¤ 'd©l EcFd ,'aFhÎi¦
® M 'c«®©l EćFd' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,`c̈q§ g¦ ax© xn© `¨ 23.
24. The mipey`xd gqep is lÎ` dz` mler cre mlern ik (oe`b mxnr ax xecq, gwex, ixhie xefgn, l"ixdn, xeb`
etc.). This form is present in many miweqt i.e.; (fi:bw mildz) 'ei®¨`x§ ©e m´l̈Fr¥n | 'ç c¤q³¤ge§', and
¥iÎlr© ml̈FrÎcr§
(i:hk '` d"c) ':m«l̈FrÎcr§
©e ml̈Fr«n¥ Epia¦½ `¨ l´¥̀ x§ ` 'ç d³Ÿ©` KEx̧Ä'. This is but one example of many
Üi¦ Æi ¥l¡
instances when l"fg borrowed phraseology from different j"pz iweqt.
_______________________________________________
256
yceg y`xl sqen zltz yceg y`x
yceg y`x zayle yceg y`xl dcinr sqen

.legoebipa - lega lgy yceg y`xa 'yecwd l`d' cre o`kn xne` dltz lrad
.zay oebipa - zaya lgy yceg y`xa 'yecwd l`d' cre o`kn xne` ofgd
` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
:o¥bn̈E ri«
©W¦ FnE x¥fFr K¤l«n¤ :dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l
:md̈x§
ä`© o¥bn̈ iï§ swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
:ri«
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
LFnk̈
`¤pe§
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
.lega lgy yceg y`xa 'ycwp' zyecw
à mFxn̈ i¥nW § A¦ FzF` à mi¦WiC§ ¦wn© W
¤ m¥WM§ à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p cala dltz lra
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
² | WFcẅ
¯ eicgi dltz lrae ldw

ªl
:FnFwè
¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ
§ ix§
¥ac§
¦aE dltz lra
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© xc¨ À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡

` ml̈Fr§
Epi«¥ l¡
è c§ ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈
:WFcT̈©d l¥̀ d̈ 2
.(dyecwdn wlg mixnfn mda) milwy zyxt oebipa ,zeaexw mixne` ycegde milwy zeiyxta u"yd zxfga 1.
.h"ei oebipa d`lde o`kn 2.
_______________________________________________
257
.zaya lgy yceg y`xa 'jvixrp' zyecw

à W ¤T©
« A L§nW
¦ mi¦WiC§ ¦wO© d© à Wc¤w« i¥tx© §U g© i«U¦ cFq§M LèWiC§¦w©pe§ Lèvix¦r©
£p cala ofg
eicgi ofge ldw
:FcFa§
« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§
² | WFcẅ
¯
£ n à ml̈Fr `¥ln̈ FcFa§M ofg
à d¤fl̈ d¤f mi¦l £̀FW eiz̈xẄ§
ªl ?FcFa§M mFw§n d¥I`©
eicgi ofge ldw
:FnFwè
¬ ai:b l`wfgi
à Fn§W mic£ ©A o¤ti¦« Èd FnFwèOn
¦gi©nè d© mr© ogï§e à mi¦ng£ x§ ¦ ofg
:mixè
¦nF` r©nW
§ dä£d`© A§ m¦in«© r©
£R à ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A x¤wa¨« e ax¤r«¤
eicgi ofge ldw
:c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡
` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW
§ c:e mixac
à Epri¦
«¥ WFn Èd à Ep«M¥ §ln© Èd à Epi«a¦ `¨ Èd à Epi«¥ l¡` Èd cg̈¤̀ ofg
mi®¦ l¡
`«¥l m¤kl̈ zF¬id§ ¦«l `n:eh xacna à i©gÎlM̈ i¥pir§
¥l à zi¦pW
¥ ein̈£gx§
©A Epri¦
«¥ nW
§ ©i Èd§e
eicgi ofge ldw
:m«k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i¦p £̀
:sqen zyecwa wfg dcedi ea mzegy 'mkidl`' heit mitiqen ote` da mixne` (dkepg zaya mb) yceg y`x zaya
à Fzg̈ix§¦f W¤n«X
¤ M© à FWC©
ègz¦ § gA§ g© xÏ
«¥ d©À à FzxEa§
¨ bA¦ m¦iz«© r̈§aW
¦ à FW§nW ¦ g© ix§¦« f©iÀ m«k
¤ i¥dl¡
«`3
à Fzp̈i¦kW § z©Xcªw§À zFfÀ g£À à FWèOW © l§ mFId©À zCÀ¨ à FzxR̈©
¨ M WC© ¥g§l à FWC© èwz¦ § dA§ W ¤g© « de§À
:FY©
® AW
© A§ zÄ©W i¬¥ C¦nE FW½ cg̈§
§ A ÆW ¤ģÎiC«¥n¦ bk:eq diryi
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ
§ ix§
¥ac§
¦aE ofg
eicgi ofge ldw
` ml̈Fr§
À l | Æïi§ K³l§ni¦ i:enw mildz
Epi«R¦ n¦ Epi«¥ l¡
` L£ga§ W
¦ e§ à WiC§
¦w©p LzẌ
è c§ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈
§ ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l ofg
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤l«n¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l
:WFcT̈©d l¥̀ d̈ 4
,dnke dnk it ynya èal cizrl xiìy minid zray xe` yecig lr ywal o`k mitiqen ep` dyecwa 3.
.lecbd eny z` ycwl xzeia dkfp jka ik ,dpikyd ielib lr d`xn ède f` daxiy gxid xe` lre
.h"ei oebipa d`lde o`kn 4.
_______________________________________________
258
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dl̈«Q¤ LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE à WFcẅ L§nW

:WFcT̈©d l¥̀ d̈
zycgzn dpaldy itk ,zeycgzdl diitivd z` `han yceg y`x
.(yxid l`tx oeyny axd) mlyexia ycgd gafnd ziipal milgiin ep` sqen zlitza jk meyne
yceg y`x zay sqen legl yceg y`x sqen

LY§
è k`©ln§ z̈i«¦NM¦ à mc«¤T¦ ¤n Lènl̈Fr Ÿx«§v© ï dŸ©` o©n§f à Ÿ«z© p̈ LèOr§ ©l mi¦Wc̈¢g i¥W`x¨
à Ep«Ä z̈i«v¦ x§
ë Ep«z̈F` Ÿ§a«d© `¨ à i¦ri¦aW è d© mFi©A mz̈Fi§dA¦ à mz̈FcèlFYÎlk̈§l dxR̈© ¨M
Ep«ŸW§ C¦
©we§ à zFpFWèNd© ÎlM̈¦n Ep«Ÿn§ n© Fx§e ixi¦
¥ rU§ E à oFvx¨ i¥ga§ ¦f Li«¤pẗ§l mi¦aix§¦wn©
à L«z¤ cFa ¨ r©
£l Ep«M¥ §ln© Ep«Ÿa§ x¥ ©we§ à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ mN̈k§ªl oFxM̈¦f :mc̈r© £A x¥Rk© §l z`Ḧ©g
Îo¤YY¦« e© :z̈`ẍ« ẅ Epi«¥lr̈ WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ e§
:`¥pFU c©In¦ mẄ§t©p zrEW © YE § à Ei§di¦
dg̈Ep§n¦l zFzÄ©W à dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈
z©lFr§e à oi¦kŸ oFI¦vA§ Wcg̈ ¨ g© A«¥§fn¦
Ep`«ḧg̈¤W i¦t§lE à dxR̈© ¨ k§l mi¦Wc¢ ¨g i¥W`x§ ë
ixi¦
¥ rU§ E à eil̈r̈ d¤lr© £p W ¤g« W`x
à Epxi¦ «¥ r däxg̈ è à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©e Ep§g«©p £̀ Li«¤pẗ§l
à Epxẅ§ «¥ i dl̈b̈§e à Ep«W ¥ C§
¨wn¦ zi¥A m¥nẄ§e zi¥A zcFa © r©£aE :oFvx§ ä d¤Ur© £p mi¦Gr¦
mi¦lFk§i Ep«`¨ oi¥̀ e§ à Epi«¥Ig© zi¥An¦ cFaM̈ l©HPªe§ c¦ec̈ ixi¦
¥ We§ à Ep«N̈Mª g©nU§ ¦p WC̈§wO¦ d©
à L«z¤ xi¦ ¨ gA§ zi¥aA§ Epi«z¥ FaFg zFUr© £l mixEn£̀d̈
¦ à Lxi¦
«¤ rA§ mi¦rn̈§W¦p LC§ èar©
à eil̈r̈ L§nW ¦ `ẍ§w¦PW ¤ WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d z¦iA«© A© ì¦aŸ ml̈Fr z©ad£ `© :L«g¤Aè §fn¦ i¥pt§ ¦l
oFvx¨ i¦di§ :L«W ¤ C̈§wn¦ A§ dg̈èNY© W§ ¦PW
§ cÏ©d i¥pRè n¦ :xM§fY¦ mi¦pÄ©l zFa¨` zix§ ¦aE à m¤dl̈
à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ à dP̈x§ ¦A Lxi¦ è r oFI¦vl§ Ep«¥̀ i¦ad£ e©
à Ep«¥lEa§bA¦ EprḦ¦
«¥ ze§ à Ep«v¥ x©
§`§l dg̈§nU ¦ a§ Ep«¥lr©
£YW ¤ à LèWc̈§wn¦ zi¥A m¦«©lẄExi¦le§
à Epi«z¥ FaFg zFpèAxẅÎz¤̀ § Li«¤pẗ§l d¤Ur©£p mẄ§e d¤Ur© £p mẄ§e :ml̈Fr z©gn§ U¦ A§
:mz̈k̈§ld¦ M§ mi¦tq̈EnE à mx¨c¦ §qM§ mici¦
¦ nY§ à Epi«z¥ FaFg zFpèAxẅÎz¤̀ § Li«¤pẗ§l
:mz̈k̈§ld¦ M§ mi¦tq̈EnE à mx¨c¦ §qM§ mici¦
¦ nY§
« d W`x mFi s©qEnÎz¤̀ [e§ d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFi s©qEnÎz¤̀ zaya]
à d¤Gd© W ¤g©
à Lzè xFz§
¨ A Epi«¥lr̈ Ÿ§az«© M̈¤W Fn§M à L«¤pFvx§ z©ev§ n¦ M§ à dä£d`© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l aix§
¦w©pe§ d¤Ur©
£p
:xEn¨`M̈ LcFa§
«¤ k i¦Rn¦ à LC§ èar© d¤ n ic§ ¥iÎlr©
_______________________________________________
259
(zay oebipa) zaya

miÀ¦px§Ur¤ i´¥pW
§ E m®n¦ i¦nY§ dp̈ẄÎi«¥pA§ mi¬U¦ ä§kÎi«¥pW
§ zÄ© ½ Xd© ÆmFi§aE i-h :gk xacna)
:D«M̈q§ ¦pe§ ci¦nŸ©d z¬©lrÎlr© FY© ® AW© A§ z©AW © z¬©lr :FM§ « q¦pe§ o¤ X
¤ a© d¬l̈El§A d²g̈§pn¦ z¤lq̄
(:xEn¨`M̈ Wc¤g« W`x o©Axẅ§ § e (h"ei oebipa miiqne) à zÄ©W o©Axẅ § d¤f (zay oebipa ligzn)
(h"ei oebipa)
®ïi«©l dl̈r Eaix§
¬¦wY© mk¤½ i¥Wcg̈
§ ÆiW¥ `x§ äE ì:gk
:m«n¦ i¦nY§ dr§äW¦ d²p̈ẄÎi«¥pA§ mi¯U¦ ä§M cg̈¤̀
½ l¦i´`© e§ Æmi¦©p¸ W
§ xwäÎi«
³¨ ¥pA§ mixR̈ ¸¦
à l¦i`«© l̈ mi¦px§Ur¤ i¥pW § E à xR̈©l mi¦px§Ur¤ d¨ l§W à xÄc§ ªnM¦ m¤di¥Mq§ ¦pe§ mz̈g̈§pn¦ E
:mz̈k̈§ld¦ M§ mici¦
¦ nz§ i¥pW § E à x¥Rk© §l xi¦rÜ§e à FM§q¦pM§ o¦i«i©e§ U¤a«M¤©l oFxV̈¦re§
(zay oebipa) zaya
à i¦ri¦aW
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ mr© à b¤pr« i¥̀ xFè w§« e zÄ©W ixè ¥ W à L«z¤ Ek§ln© A§ EgènU§ i¦)
mi¦nï zC§
©ng¤ à FY§WC¦
©we§ FA z̈i«v¦ x¨ i¦ri¦aX
è a© E à L«a¤EH¦n EbèPr©z¦
§ ie§ ErèAU§ i¦ mN̈Mª
(:zi¦W`x§
¥a d¥Ur© £n§l x¤k«¥f à z̈`«ẍẅ FzF`
(h"ei oebipa)
Epi«¥lr̈ WC©
¥g (e§ Ep«z¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ zaya) Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
à (o¥n`¨ ldw) dk̈x§ä¦le§ däFh§l d¤Gd© Wc¤g© « dÎz¤̀ (d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFi§A zaya)
5
.ycegl xeywd oebipa 'jnra ik' cr 'dgnyle oeyyl'n obpn ofgd ,(bpeldxrcie) u"yd zxfga
à (o¥n`¨ ldw) dl̈M̈§lk© l§ E dq̈p̈x©
§t§l à (o¥n`¨ ldw) dn̈g̈¤pl§ E dr̈EWi¦l à (o¥n`¨ ldw) dg̈§nU¦ §lE oFUÜ§l
6
:[(o¥n`¨ ldw) r©W«R¤ zxR̈©
© k§lE ] à (o¥n`¨ ldw) oFr̈ z©gi¦lq§ ¦le§ `§hg¥ z©li«g¦ n
§ ¦l à (o¥n`¨ ldw) mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l
.(leg oebip mewna zay oebipa miniiqn yceg y`x zaya) leg oebipa - dltzd seq cr 'jnra ik'n
(à Ÿ§rcFd
«© m¤dl̈ zFzÄ©We§ zaya) à zFO ª̀d̈ÎlM̈¦n Ÿx«§g© Ä l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ LèOr§©aÎi¦M
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ (e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya) WC©
¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :Ÿ§ra«© ẅ m¤dl̈ mi¦Wc̈¢g i¥W`x¨ i¥Tgªe§
:mi¦Wc̈¢g i¥W`x§ë
§l dc̈Fard̈
§ aE l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr§ ©A Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¥vx§
§ à oFvx§ Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE § l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥X`¦ e§
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦ng£ x§
©A oFI¦v§l LèaEW§A Epi«¥pir¥ dp̈i«¤f¡gz¤ e§ :L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§Üi¦ zcFa
© r£
:oFI¦vl§ Fzp̈i¦kW § xi¦fg£ O© d©
ipebipn cgà e` ,xgap oebip - hay ,'mizif ipy' - zah ,dkepg oebip - elqk ,'zetqeze dkld' oebip - oeygxn 5.
- (xcè) ipy xc` ,milwy zyxt iheit ly oebip - oey`x xc` ,mixet ipebipn cg` - xc` ,milwy zyxt
- xii` ,(ycegde milwy zyxt ipebipa mixn`pd miheitdn ueg) 'èd xic`' oebip - oqip ,mixet ipebipn cg`
cgeind oebip - a` mgpn ,mixvnd oia ly 'icec dkl' oebip - fenz ,zeray oebip - oeiq ,dxitq ly 'icec dkl' oebip
.mi`xep mini ipebipn cg` - lel` ,oefg zayl
.zxaernd dpyd iycg x`ya `le (ipy) xcè yceg y`x sqena wx mitiqen 'r©W«R¤ zxR̈©
© k§lE' milind z` 6.
_______________________________________________
260
opaxc micen Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn

¦ rxek
¦ rxek
ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i swef
i¥ l¡
` ï§i swef
dŸ©` Epr§
«¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv :cr¨
¤e
:zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi Epxè «¥vFi à xÜÄÎlk̈ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp ¤ :xFcë xFc§l Èd
à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l zF`c̈Fd§e zFkx§ Ä à Lcï§
«¤ A mixEqè
¦ Od© Epi«¥Ig© Îlr© L«z¤ N̈¦dY§
Ep«n¥èIw© zE
§ Ep«¥Ig© Y§ o¥M :Ep«Ÿn§ ©Iw¦ e§ Ep«z̈i¦i¡gd¤W
¤ lr© à Kl̈ zFcEwèRd© Epi«z¥ Fn§W¦pÎlr§ ©e
n§W¦l à L«W
¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© §l Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡
`z¤ e§ à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW
¤ Li«Q¤¦pÎlr§
©e
aä¥lA§ LC§
èar̈§lE à L«¤pFvx§ zFUr© ¤g à zr¥ lk̈èAW¤ Li«z¤ FaFh§e Li«z¤ F`èlt§ ¦pÎlr§
£le§ Li«Tª ©e
hrn mirxek :Kl̈ micFn ¤ lr© à m¥lẄ Elk̈Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢
¦ Ep«`¨ W «¨dv̈§e x¤wa¨
« e ax¤r«¤
:zF`c̈Fd©d l¥̀ swef KExÄ dlind mixne`yk à Licq̈£
«¤ g EO«z© Î`l i¦M m¥gxè
©nd© e§ à Li«n¤ g£ x©
:Kl̈ Epi«e¦w¦ ml̈Fr¥n
à zFrEWY©
è d lr§
©e à zFxEaèBd© lr§
©e à oẅx§R©
ªd lr§
©e à mi¦Q¦Pd© lr©
:d¤Gd© o©n§fA¦ m¥dd̈ mi¦nÏ©A Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W à zFng̈§lO¦ d© lr§
©e
LèOrÎl
© r© dr̈Ẅxd̈
è oëï zEk§ln© dc̈ènr̈¤WM§ à eip̈äE i©pn§Wg© lFcB̈ o¥ M op̈g̈Fi o¤A Edïz¦
§ Yn© i¥ni¦A
Ÿc©
§nr̈ à mi¦Axd̈
© Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A dŸ©è§ :L«¤pFvx§ i¥Tgªn¥ mxi¦
¨ ar©
£d§lE à L«z¤ xFY
¨ mg̈i¦MW
§ d© §l à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦
Ÿx«§q© n̈ :mz̈n̈§w¦p z¤̀ Ÿ§nwp̈
«© à mp̈iC¦ z¤̀ Ÿ§pC«© à mäix¦ z¤̀ Ÿ§ax«© à mz̈xv̈
¨ zr§
¥A m¤dl̈
c©iA§ mi¦rẄxE§ à mixFd§
¦ h c©iA§ mi¦`n¥ H§ E à mi¦Hr§
©n c©iA§ mi¦Ax§
©e à mi¦WN̈©g c©iA§ mixFA¦
¦ B
LèOr§
©lE à L«n¤ l̈Fr§A WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ m¥W z̈i«U¦ r̈ L§lE :L«z¤ xFz
¨ i¥wqè Fr c©iA§ mic¥
¦fe§ à mi¦wiC©
¦v
§l Li«¤pä E`«Ä K©M x©g`«© e§ :d¤Gd© mFI©dM§ oẅx§tE
ª dl̈Fc§b dr̈EWY§ z̈i«U¦ r̈ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦
z©pFn§W Erèaẅ§e à L«W
¤ cẅ
§ zFx§vg© A§ zFx¥p Ewi«¦lc¦
§de§ à L«W
¤ C§
:lFcB̈©d L§nW
¦ §l l¥Nd© §lE zFcFd§l à EN«¥̀ dM̈ªpg£ i¥ni§
_______________________________________________
261
mi¦Ig© d© Îlk̈§e :cr¨

¦ m©nFxz¦§ ie§ KxÄ
© z¦
§ i mN̈MÎl
ª r§©e
¤e Ep«z¥ r̈EW§i l¥̀d̈ à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ El£ld© i¦e à dl̈«Q¤ LEcFi «
:zFcFd§l d¤̀p̈ L§lE L§nW¦ aFH©d ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek
.(277 'nr) ldwd z` o`k mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
à LC§
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.aeh mei oebipa d`lde o`kn 3.
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oi` `ldy ,leg oebpa h"i dgpn ly zepexg` zekxa 'b lltzdl dfd t"t bdpn lr 'idnz zexg` zepicn iyp` lk 6.
:h"i oebpa 'icen zkxa znizg xg` sqenae zixgya 'gd xn` xwaay itly l"pe ?zay dgpna ok 'iyer
,weqtie ea exrbi ldwy sè ,xwaa ekxck ,`"e` :f` mb xnì ,ok obpi dgpna mb m`y be`cl yi ,'eke epkxa `"e`
zgpna ekxck xn` fè ,leg oebpa 'epexg`d 'ekxad 'gpna xnìy epwz k"r .dlhal ycw zeny 'a xikfd xak
'eke 'mely miy' xne`y zay zgpna la` .`"e` ila ,'eke ax mely :dfd oebpa 'icen znizg xg` leg mei lk
,cgein oebp dfa epwz k"r ,dfd oebpa leg zgpna ekxck 'eke 'ax mely' xnìy be`cl yi ik ,leg oebpa mxn` `l
zay zgpnae ,eiptl 'eke `"e` `la 'eke mely miy 'ixne` oi` olkay ,zeltzd lkn dpeyn jxc ea xne`y
(196 sc zldw ixac) .eiptl 'eke `"e` ila 'eke mely miy xne`
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7
:lewa lkd ofgd xne` mipdk oi` m` .(277 'nr) ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd ,zelidw zvwae n"ctta zixgy zltza
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.(206 'nr) aeh mei ly dgpnl cgein oebipa lawzz yicwa mikiynn dgpn ly u"yd zxfg xg`
.(115 'nr) 'elkie'a mikiynn zaya lgyk ziaxra dltzd xg`
.(119 'nr) yeciwe (116 'nr) lawzz yicw mixne` leg meia la`
alel zlihp
(Lulov Benchen)
.mipnq el yiy s` ,xec xecn zxeqn el oi`y bexz` lr jxal oi` fpkyà miwqetd ilecb itl
.reerpri-dixa`l`w ibexz` lr wx fpky` ipal dzid efk zxeqn
.'la oiniiqne ,'ea oiligzn miìape .'la miiqne 'aa ligzn ynegd
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .miìape dxez cbpk èdy alel zeize` edf
8
:cnern jxane l`ny cia bexz`de oini cia aleld gwel
:al̈El z©li¦h§p lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ EpẄC¦
9
:'epiigdy' mb mitiqen (zay oey`xd mei m` ipy meia e`) bg ly oey`xd meia
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,'èd xic`' oebipa gqtae ,('yicw qrxdì') dpyd icren ipebipa dxez zgnya ,zekq oebipa zxn`p zekqa 7.
('zencw`' zligz oebipa zerayae
(:fl dkeq 'nb) .ol̈Ekn¦ DFab̈
© e§ li`Fd
¦ ?'al̈El z©li¦h§p lr©' `¨N ¤̀ op̈ik¦ xä
§ n§ `¨l mr© h© i`n© :`ẅix¦f§ ia¦ x¦§l dïn¦ x¦§i ia¦ x§ Di¥l xn© `¨ 8.
ol̈ zi¥PW© C§ `ŸW§ d̈ (my i"yx) [:'ek ecia eplhi `ny dxifb meyn opaxcn zaya edl opilhane dyr zevn] ,a¨lEle§ xẗFW 9.
(:v zenai 'nb) .Èd xw£
© rin¦ `¨l dU£
¤ rY© l`© e§ aW¥
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266
ci zpzn xcq zeray ly ipy meie ,zxvr ipiny ,gqt ly oexg` mei
ci zpzn xcq 2 1
.dxez xtq zqpkd seq cr ofgd èd axd

ecia dxez xtq gwel ofgd e` axd (zaya owxt mewi xgè) dpexg` dkxa xihtnd miiqy xg`
:xneè ('l`xyi jxai ja' xeviwa jxan okn zegtl .dlrne dpy b"i oan) zqpkd ziaay xkf lkl jxane
Kxä§
¥ i Èd à d l§WE c¦eC¨ ox£d`© e§ d¤ n awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
©AW
¤ i¦n
à dxFY©
¨ d cFa§k¦le§ à mFwÖ©d cFa§k¦l Fcï z©pY© è n o¥Y¦iW¤ xEar©£A à (t"xa t"x) z¤̀
¨ n Ed«¥li¦Si©e§ Edxè «¥nW § i¦ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ à l¤bxd̈
«¤ cFa§k¦le§
à l¤bxl̈
«¤ zFlr© £l Ed«M¥©fi¦e Ed«k¥ xäi¦£ e à eicï¨ d¥Ur© £nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§ dk̈x§Ä g©lW
§ i¦e§
3
:[x¤c«¤p i¦lA§ ] o¥n`¨ eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r
'on` ['Ex§n`¦ e§' e`] xn`pe' ,seqa jxand xne` olkay ,dlitz jxc mikxany zekxad lkn ci zpzn zkxa dpzyp dn
exnì `l k"r ,'mixac zlaw ea on`' e"l zereaya y"n t"r l"pe ?exnè ,xn`pe ila 'on` eig` l`xyi lk mr' z`fae
b"x c"i r"yae 'epziy' jxand y"n lr on` mxnà dwcvl dpzn zzl xcpa mdilr elawi dfa ik ,on` mikxeand
mikxeand dfa xidfè] edexnìy mikxeanl `xwi `le on` xnì jxand wx okl ,'`heg `xwpe 'eke xcepd lk'
zldw ixac- .[ci zpzna axd itn mzkxa lr on` exnì `ly
Kxä§
¥ i Èd à d l§WE c¦eC¨ ox£g`© e§ d¤ n à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ Kx¥ ©AW ¤ i¦n
zFai¦aq§ E mi¦aEX¦ie§ à W ¤T© « d zFN¦dw§ ÎlM̈ m¦r à d¤Gd© WFcT̈©d ld̈T̈©dÎlM̈Îz¤̀
i¦nÎlk̈§e :m¤dl̈ x¤W £̀Îlk̈§e à m¤diz¥ Fp§aE à m¤di¥pa§ E à m¤di¥W§pE m¥d à xi¦re¨ xi¦rÎlM̈Îl¤W
xi¦r m¦«©lẄEx§«i i¥I¦pr©£le§ à dxFz ¨ icè ¥nFl§l à dẌ¦` o¥d Wi¦` o¥d à FA¦l z©ac¦ §Pn¦ o¥Y¦iW¤
à Dp̈ET¦zA§ © n§ « U¦le§ à Dp̈ï§pa¦ A§ zF`x¦§l Ed«M¥©fi§ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈©d d¤f x©kU§ A¦ :Wc¤T© «d
z©ì¦A zF`x¦ §l Ed«M¥©fi¦e à dl̈£gn© E r©b«¤pÎlM̈¦nE à dẅEv§e dxv̈ÎlM̈¦
¨ n Ed«¥li¦Si©e§ Edxè «¥nW
§ i¦e§
dk̈x§
Ä g©lW § i¦e§ :aixẅ¦ o©n§fa¦ E `l̈b̈r©£A à WC̈§wO¦ d© zi¥A o©i§pa¦ §l Fzäc¦
§p ì¦ad̈§lE Ep«g¥ i¦Wn§
.'eke ixy` :o¥ n`¨ x©n`p§e :eig̈¤̀ l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈ m¦r à eicï¨ d¥Ur© £nÎlk̈§A dg̈l̈§vd© e§
.oex`d jeza mixtqd z` gipn envra axd
1. ztxv bdpn which later became oilet bdpn (i.e. oilxa and bxeand), recites xekfi on milbx yly,
contrary to fpky` bdpn, which recites it on the zay before zereay and oefg zay (when
mingxd a` is said), and in some congregations on xetk mei. These two zehiy are in a section of
the ixhie xefgn which discusses whether one is allowed to recite a dpiw on milbx yly when
there is a `ziixe`c aeig to be happy. Nevertheless, after dtexi` oaxeg, due to the influx of Jews
from zelidw, including those which followed oilet bdpn, xriixa axd instituted that K’hal Adas
Jeshurun in Washington Heights recite xekfi on milbx yly as well as ci zpzn.
.miveli` llba mdil` eribdy miyeaiyd z` evnì `l zelidwy dxed aèey oerny iax
gqta enk ,zeilb ly oexg` èdy z"ya `le 'xez ly oexg` èdy v"rya ci zpzn bdpn 'ibdep dnl :izl`yp 2.
z´©pY§ n© M§ Wi¦`' dteq my lr ,xekad lk 't ea 'i`xewy meia lbx lka edebidpdy izipre ?'a meia zereayae 'g meia
xekad lk 'i`xew ,my xeh mrhn ziy`xa 'te ,'` zeày o"x mrhn 'dkÀ̈ x§ Äd© z`f́§e' z"ya 'i`xew xyàe .'ebe 'Fcï®
(378 sc zldw ixac) .ci zpzn ea ebdp k"r ,`"l dlbnak ,v"rya
.'ci zpzn' xear mikxan dxhtdd xg` zxvr ipiny ly 'è zereay ly ipy meiae gqt ly oexgà 3.
dxezd xtq z` axd fge` jk xgè ,'jxay in'a axd z` jxane ecia dxez xtq fge` ldwd iy`xn cg`
dxez icnel xear ci zpznk zzl envr laiw cg` lky zernde) .ldwd lk z` 'ci zpzn' ly 'jxay in'a jxane
.(ocril zeglype bgd xg` zetq`p ,milyexie l`xyi ux` iipre
.mipey`xa xèank ,dgny ly `ziixe`c aeig inia avr xxerl xeq` ik ,milbxa 'xekfi' mixne` oi`
.'ci zpzn' ly 'jxay in' onfa exne`l mileki ,oilet bdpnk ezixnà milbxend
_______________________________________________
267
crend legle milbx ylyl sqen zltz milbx yly
crend legle milbx ylyl dcinr sqen

crend lege bga dlitz igqep
,:'epi`hg iptne'a ,zirvn`d dkxaa ,sqena .':L«n¤ W § i¥ad£`« l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ L§a Eg§nU§ i¦e§' :zayak 'epìyde' seqa
:èd gqepd ,'ongx jln `"e`' rhwae ,('dgelyd' `le) dg̈§NY© W ¤ ,('epgp`' `le) mi¦lFk§i Ep«`¨ oi¥̀§e
§ ¦PW
[fpky` zyxen oekn] .('jilr axrze' `le) Ep«z¥ xi¦
¨ zr£ Li«¤pẗ§l ax©r¡z¤ e§ ,('epil`' `le) Epi«¥lr̈ däEW
1
!dxenb daeg èd ,zexecd lka fpkyà mipexgè mipey`xd epizeax zhiyl crend lega oilitz zgpd
(!mgipdle eizea` zea` zlawl xefgl eilr ,oilitz zgpdn elcg epizea`y in mby dxed xbi` daiwr epiax)
oilitzd oivleg oi` .oilitzd lr jxan ,dkxaa eizea` bdpny in .drpva mze` migipn ,'eccbzz `l' yyga mpn`
jxane oilitz oigipn ,crend leg lka !dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` crend leg e` yceg y`x sqen iptl `l
,crend lega oilitz gipdl jnq iz`vn (`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .eiaè miig gxe` xeh wiqn oke odilr
dpyd zeni oipn èd o"iy ezeè oilitzay o"iy lr fnexd 'y zeaiz iy`x (i ,gk mixac) ' jilr `xwp 'd my ik'
(mibdpnd zedbd) .dpyd ini md mini d"qy ik 'y x`yp miaeh mini b"ie zezay a"p xiqzyk ixdy ,oilitz oda oigipny
:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ ci¬¦Bi© i ¦À E g®Ÿ§tY¦ i´z© ẗ§U ip̈c£̀ fh:`p mildz 3 2

à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡` à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
mi¦aFh micq̈£¦ g l¥nFB à oFi§lr¤ l¥̀ à `xFP© ¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d l¥̀ d̈ à wr«£©i i¥ l`«e¥
:dä£d`© A§ Fn§W or«©n© §l à m¤di¥pa§ i¥pa§ ¦l l¥̀Fb ì¦an¥ E à zFa¨` ic§ ¥qg© x¥kFf§e à lM©d d¥pw§e
:md̈x§
ä`© o¥bn̈ ï§i swef dŸ©` degzyn KExÄ rxek :o¥bn̈E ri« ©W ¦ FnE x¥fFr K¤l«n¤
:ri«
©W¦ Fd§l ax© à dŸ©` miz¥
¦ n d¥Ig© n§ à ip̈c£̀ à ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`
,'cqga miig lklkn' :fixkn ofgd gqtc '` mei sqena ux`l uega
.uiwd ini lk ,'l©hd cixen' `le 'gexd aiyn' `l mixne` oiè
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn©
.'mybd cixene gexd aiyn' :ofgd fixkn ygla dlitz iptl zxvr ipinyc sqena
.jliè ef dltza 'my¤bd cixene gexd aiyn' mixne` ldwd
à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§ ©A miz¦ n¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§

à zFxEa§B lr«©A© LFnk̈
« i¦n :xẗr̈ i¥pW¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡ ` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀
¦ xiY© ¦ nE à mi¦lFg `¥tFx§e
:miz¦ n¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡
`¤pe§ :dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ K¤ln«¤ à KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE
:miz¦ O¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
1. milaewn give two reasons not to wear oilitz during sqen. 1) yceg y`x or crend leg have a
semi-h"ei status, 2) the recital of 'xzk zyecw' at the start of dyecw, which were not accepted in
fpky`. In fpky`, 1) removing the oilitz is considered a dlitzd oeifa, which is considered more
important, 2) 'xzk zyecw' is not recited. In fpky`, in the sixteenth century some began
removing their oilitz, and by the eighteenth century it had become the bdpn of the majority.
ŸRemoving the oilitz on crend leg before lld, is found in the f"h and mdxa` obn. The xiì zeg
(1639 - 1702), was upset that people removed their oilitz, instead of leaving them on until
after sqen. The xpl jexr (1798 - 1871), while agreeing with the f"h and mdxa` obn, cites the
l"ixdn who removed his oilitz later. The Baer xecq is the first source for removing the oilitz
after 'il ycw' (gqt crend legl oey`x meia).
.zexdf`d z` mixne` zereay inia u"yd zxfga 2.
:zay oebipa-crend leg zaya ,leg oebipa-dyecwe zepey`xd zekxa izy z` xne` ofgd ,leg inia crend lega 3.
_______________________________________________
268
.sqen aeh meia 'jvixrp' zyecw
à W ¤T© « A L§nW ¦ mi¦WiC§ ¦wO© d© à Wc¤w« i¥tx© §U g© i«U¦ cFq§M LèWiC§ ¦w©pe§ Lèvix¦r©£p cala ofg
WFcẅ² | WFcẅ ¯ eicgi ofge ldw xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `xẅ§ ¸¨ e b:e diryi L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© aEzM̈©M
à ml̈Fr `¥ln̈ FcFa§M 4 ofg :FcFa§ « M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§ ® v í̈i§ WFcẅ
:Ex«n¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl ?FcFa§M mFw§n d¥I`© à d¤fl̈ d¤f mi¦l £̀FW eiz̈xẄ§ £ n
à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A o¤ti¦« Èd FnFwèOn ¦ ofg :FnFwè « On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi ofge ldw
dä£d`© A§ m¦in«© r©
£R à ci¦nŸ mFiÎlk̈§A x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤ à Fn§W mic£ ¦gi©nè d© mr© ogï§e
Èd cg̈¤̀ ofg :c«g̈ ¤̀ | ¬ï§i Epi¥ l¡ ` ¬ï§i l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW§ c:e mixac eicgi ofge ldw :mixè ¦nF` r©nW§
à zi¦pW ¥ ein̈£gx§©A Epri¦
«¥ nW § ©i Èd§e à Epri¦ «¥ WFn Èd à Ep«M¥ §ln© Èd à Epi«a¦ `¨ Èd à Epi«¥ l¡ `
:m«k¤ i¥dl¡
« ` ¬ï§i i¦p £̀ eicgi ofge ldw mi®¦ l¡ `«¥l m¤kl̈ zF¬id§ ¦«l `n:eh xacna à i©gÎlM̈ i¥pir§
¥l
epxic` xic` is said on aeh mei and on mi`xep mini, not on crend leg zay.
u¤x®¨`d̈Îlk̈§A L§nW ¦ xiC©´¦`Îd«n̈ EpiÀ¥pc£̀ ³ï§i a:g mildz à Epxi
«¥ C©
¦` xiC©¦`
:c«g̈ ¤̀ F¬n§WE cg̈¤̀ ²ï§i d¯¤id§ i¦« Èd©
À d mFÍ©A u¤x®¨`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln¤§l ²ï§i d¯i¨d̈§e h:ci dixkf
:sqen zyecwa dcedi ea mzegy 'mkidl`' heit mitiqen zekq crend leg zaya
à FzḦ¦n xc£ ©ge© Fxi¦aC§ mi¦wï m¥wdÀ̈ à Fzp̈Fr§nE FMª q m¥lẄ§A ai¦WïÀ m«k ¤ i¥dl¡
«`
à l¥v§l dM̈ª q zFi¡dÀ à Fzn̈£gA© a¥iF` Kxc¦ §i dxER
¨ KFxCÀ§ à Fzp̈i¦kW § cFd oi¦MW § i© mk̈FY crÀ
¤e¨
:Fzl̈r© £n m¦in© Ẍ©A à ux¨¤`d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© l§ni¦ à FzCª ¨b £̀ ux¤̀Îl
¤ r© ci¦nr© £i zrd̈
¥ à FzM̈ª q ixè
¥nFW§l
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§ ¥ac§
¦aE ofg
` ml̈Fr§
Epi«R¦ n¦ Epi«¥ l¡
` L£ga§ W¦ e§ à WiC§ ¦w©p LzẌ
è c§ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈§ ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l ofg
:WFcT̈©d l¥̀ d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤l«n¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
.(dax `pryedae) crend leg sqena 'ycwp' zyecw
à mFxn̈ i¥nW § A¦ FzF` à mi¦WiC§ ¦wn© W¤ m¥WM§ à ml̈FrÄ L§nW ¦ Îz¤̀ WC© ¥w§p cala dltz lra
eicgi dltz lrae ldw xn©½ `¨ e§ Æd¤fÎl¤̀ d³¤f `ẍ¸ ẅ§e b:e diryi L¤̀i¦a§p c©iÎlr© aEzM̈©M
ldw :Ex«n ¥ ì KExÄ mz̈Ör§ ªl :FcFa§« M u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈ `¬l§n zFà̈§ ® v í̈i§ WFcẅ WFcẅ ² | WFcẅ
¯
aEzM̈ LèWcẅ § ix§ ¥ac§¦aE dltz lra :FnFwè « On¦ ï§iÎcFa§M KExÄ ¬ ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae
À e xc§¬ l oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡ ` ml̈Fr§
À l | Æïi§ K³l§ni¦ i:enw mildz eicgi dltz lrae ldw :xn`¥l
Epi«¥ l¡` L£ga§ W¦ e§ à WiC§ ¦w©p LzẌ è c§ § ci¦B©p xFcë xFc§l 5 dltz lra
ªw mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥p§lE L«¤lcB̈
:WFcT̈©d l¥̀ d̈ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :dŸ«`¨ WFcẅ§e lFcB̈ K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à cr¨ ¤e ml̈Fr§l WEnï `l Epi«R¦ n¦
.(myb) '`pÎxkf mi`' e` (lh) 'zevxl oz lh' oebipa 'ml̈Fr `¥ln̈ FcFa§M'n ofgd xne` mybe lh zeltz xg` 4.
.aeh mei oebipa - mixn`p zirvn`d dkxade 'xece xecl'n ,zekq e` gqt crend lega 5.
_______________________________________________
269

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.sqen oaxw zaxwd mewna ìd sqen zlitzy oeeik ,meid eze` ly oaxwd iweqt z` xnel yiy (mdxceaà àed)
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à Epi«¥ l¡
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¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Xn© :l©Hd© cixFnE
¦ g© Exd̈
« ai¦Wn©
.'epvn`z meid' oebipa elld zeywad yely mixne`d yi
:(o¥n`¨ ldw) à dl̈l̈§w¦l `l§e dk̈x§ ä¦l
:(o¥n`¨ ldw) à oFfx§¨l `l§e r© U§ «l
:(o¥n`¨ ldw) à z¤en̈« l§ `l§e mi¦Ig© §l
:miz¦ O¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 2 :KN̈Îd¤nFC« oi¥̀ e§ dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ 1
:(269 'nr) dyecwa jiynn ofgd
:cgein oebipa ofgd jiynn f` 1.
:zay oebipa miiqn 2.
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275
mitk zìyp xcq mi`xep minie milbx yly
mitk zìyp xcq
(Duchenen)
'iq g"e` r"eya wqtp jk .zabnd z` wifgn ipy iel ,mipdkd lk ici z` lehiy cg` iel micakn okecl dilr lka
m"xdn ixacn d`xpy itk ,xdefd zelbzd iptl cer fpkyà bdpnd did ynn jk ileè df oirke .'e sirq g"kw
.mièyp miiel wx dfl micakn xetk meiae dpyd y`xa .dpw ,aq 'nr `"g ,mibdpne miwqt zeaeyz ,bxeaphexn
:ldwde ofgd mixne` 'dpifgze'l ofgd ribnyk f` aeh mei ly sqen zltzd okecl miler mipdkyk
1
,dlild jezl dlirp zlitz zkynp m` s` okecl miler mipdk dlirp zlitza xetk meia
.mzriqe u"ari zli`y ,xiì zeg ,l"ixdn ,mi`xi ,rexf xe` ,d"ia`xd z`xedk
à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦ §l dcFa¨ rd̈£ a¥Wd̈§e à mz̈N̈¦tz¦ § aE l¥̀ x§Üi¦ LèOr§ ©A Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i d¥vx§
ci¦nŸ oFvx§¨l i¦dzE § à oFvx§ Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥ ¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE § l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥X`¦ e§
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zcFa © r£
mi¦Axd̈
© Li«n¤ g£ x§
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à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A oFI¦v§l LèaEW§A Epi«¥pir¥ dp̈i«¤f¡gz§
¤ e :¦m«l̈ẄExi¦l dcFa
¨ rd̈£ xc«¤q¥ e§ oFI¦v§l Lzp̈i¦
è kW § a¥Wd̈
§ r©£p mẄ§e
:car©£p d¨`x¦ §iA§ LC©èa§l LzF`¤è W ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :miiqn ofgd
Èd dŸ©`Ẅ à Kl̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ micFn ¦ rxek ml̈Fr§l Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i swef
i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i swef Èd dŸ©` Epr§ «¥Wi¦ o¥bn̈ à Epi«¥Ig© xEv :cr¨ ¤e
:zi¦W`x§ ¥A x¥vFi à Epxè «¥vFi à xÜÄÎlk̈ L«z¤ l̈¦dY§ x¥Rq© §pE L§N dcFp ¤ :xFcë xFc§l
à WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ §l zF`cFd§¨ e zFkx§ Ä à Lcï§
«¤ A mixEqè
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zFx§vg© §l Epi«z¥ FIªlB̈ sq¡ `z§¤ e à Ep«n¥§Iw© zE § Li«z¤ F`èlt§ ¦pÎlr§ ©e à Ep«Ör¦ mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤
¤g xn§Wl¦ à L«W ¤ cẅ
§ x¤wa¨ « e ax¤r«¤ à zr¥ lk̈èAW ¤ Li«z¤ FaFh§e
micFn ¦ Ep«`¨ W
¤ lr© à m¥lẄ aä¥lA§ LC§ èar̈§lE à Li«n¤ g£ x© Elk̈Î`l i¦M aFH©d :m¦ix¢ «¨dv̈§e
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,zix£
¦gW© A§ - mFiA© minr̈
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¤ R© § mi¦pd£ŸM ,dp̈ẄA© miw¦ x¨t§ dẄŸlW§ A¦ ,(ek ziprz) mz̈d̈ o©pY§ 1.
¥ M z ¤̀ oi`¦ UFp
(:ft `nei 'nb) .mixER
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© A§
(`pci`de d"c 'qez :ek ziprz 'nb) :mitk zìyp yi mixetkd meia dlirpa mewn lkn
zlitz ligzdy xyà .dlil ynn xak m` elit` dlirp zlitza mditk z` mipdkd mi`yepy o`k oibdep
.mei didy cera did oaxwd dlrdy xy`k dlila elit` opnfy oaxwn mixcte mixa` oirk ,meia cer didy dlirp
(dcedi gk)
_______________________________________________
276
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:xEn¨`M̈ à L«W ¤ Fc§w mr© (: enr jiynn ldw) mi¦p £ M (: dnirpae mx lewa ofg)
2
epycw xy`' zkxa zlgzd mcewe 'mipdk' ofgd zìxw xg` cin mrd itlk mdipt z` mixifgn mipdkd
.ofgd dyer oke mipdk zkxa zrya mdicli ipte mdipt z` zilha miqkn miwcwcnd .'oxd` ly ezyecwa
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© Kxä§
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ªwA¦ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
ck:e xacna
(dxin` `la miweqtd èxwl ie`x) ldw mipdk eixgè ofg
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?Èd d©n r©cFi ¦ n«©lg̈ mFl£g :KN̈¤W i©zFnFl£ge© KN̈¤W i¦p £̀ à ml̈FrÎl¤W FpFAx¦ 4
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:il̈r̈ mix¥
¦g £̀ Enèlg̈¤W oi¥aE à mix¥ ¦g £̀Îlr© iY§
¦ n«©lg̈¤W oi¥aE à i¦nv§ rÎl
© r© iY§¦ n«©lg̈¤W oi¥A - däFh§l
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d¨ì¦aèPd© mïx¦ §nk§ E à Fi§lg̈¥n dcEd§ ¨ i K¤ln«¤ Ed«Ïw¦ §fg¦ M§ m¥̀ ẗx§ à d¨Ètx§ mi¦kix§ ¦v m¦è§
:rẄi¦l`¡ ic§ ¥iÎlr© Fgix§¦i i¥nk§ E à Ep«A¥ x© d¤ n ic§
¥iÎlr© dxn̈ ¨ i¥nk§ E à FY§rxS̈¦
© n on̈r© £pk§ E à DŸ§rxS̈¦
©n
t£dY© o¥M à dk̈x§ ä¦l dl̈l̈èTn¦ rẄxd̈ ¨ mr̈§lA¦ z©lèlw¦ Îz¤̀ Ÿ§kt«© d̈¤W m¥Wk§ E
(jpgiel) i¦p«¥Pg̈zE
§ (jxnyiel) i¦pxè «¥nW § z§
¦ e à däFh§l l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e i©lr̈ i©zFnFl£gÎlM̈
:o¥n`¨ (melyl) :i¦pv«¥ x§z¦ e§
dk:e
:dl̈«q¤ EpÝ̈`¦ eip̈R̈ x«¥̀³ï Ep®¥kx«£äi«e¦ Ep¬¥Pg̈§i mi ¦À l¡ ` a:fq xì̈¥̧
:z«n¤ `¡«e¤ c¤q¬¤gÎax§©e m¦iR© `© K¤x¬¤̀ oE®Pg© e§ mEgx© l¬¥̀ ï½ i§ | í̈i§ e:cl zeny ¯ïi§
:i¦p`«¨ i´¦pr̈§e ci¦gïÎi«M¦ i¦p®¥Pg̈§e i¬©l ¥̀Îd¥pR§ fh:dk mildz ei²p̈R̈
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D¬Ÿx§a¦Å §B c©
¶iÎl¤̀ d» g̈§tW
¦ i´¥pir§
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:Ep«¥Pg̈èIW
¤ crÀ Epi®¥ l¡
` í̈i§Îl¤̀ Epi¥pir¥ o´M¥
:mcewd 'mler ly epeax' gqep z` mixne` 'jpgie' oebipa mikix`n mipdkdyk
2. In the past, hats were narrow brimmed, so that the zilh always covered the hat. Today, a man
whose zilh does not normally cover his hat should nevertheless pull his zilh over his hat
during duchenen. The bdpn of the miwcwcn was to pull the zilh over the head in such a way
that it fell over the eyes, preventing gazing at the mipdk. (une` sqei 'x)
xg` ,'èd xic`' - gqt) h"ei dze` ly oebipa zxn`p sqenae zixgya mi`xep miniae ,milbx ylya mipdk zkxa 3.
.xgap oebipa e` (dpyd icren ipebipa - dxez zgnya ,'ci zpzn' oebipa ci zpzn ,dpyd y`x oebip - 'lhe myb zelitz'
4. mler ly epeax is recited at both sqene zixgy aeh mei, but not on zay (unless one had
a troubling dream). It is said when the mipdk sing the melody before jxnyie, jpgie, and mely.
_______________________________________________
277
ek:e
:Fr§« Wi¦ i¬¥ l¡ `n«¥ dwÀ̈ c§
¨ E ®ï§i z´¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§ ä `´V̈i¦ d:ck `V̈¦¸i
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:dxv̈
«¨ zr§
¬¥A Epz¥ r̈EW§ « iÎs©` mixẅè ½¦ A©l Æm ¨x§f d³¥i¡d Epi®E¦w¦ Ĺ§l Ep¥Pg̈ ¬ï§i a:bl diryi ³ï§i
L®¤p§f`¨ i¬©l ¥̀Îd«H¥ d© i¬¦l xv©Å mF¶iA§ »i¦PO¤ n¦ | Li¤̧pR̈ xY§ ¥Ä qY© Îl©` b:aw mildz Æeip̈R̈
:i¦p«¥pr£ x¬¥dn© `ẍÀ w§ ¤̀ mF¬iA§
:m¦in̈« Ẍ©A ia¦À Wè I©
« d i®©pirÎz¤̀
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¦ Üp̈ Li¤l ¥̀ `:bkw Li¤l½ ¥̀
:m«k¥ x«£ä £̀ i¦p £̀«e© l®¥̀ x§
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:W`x§«l | l¬k§l
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:eiz`ẗ
¦« xE§ ï§i x¬©n`¨
:mcewd 'mler ly epeax' gqep z` xnel ziyilya mixfeg 'mely' oebipa mikix`n mipdkdyk
The xteq mzg was against reciting the 'oevx idi' which came into the gqep through printed mixeciq.
An innovation of the oeiv ixry, it contains a dpigz and zeny zxkfd
strongly opposed by fpky` iwqet.
: mixneè lkidd itlk mdipt mixifgn mipdkde 'mely' lr 'on`' dpriy ick mipdkd mr miiql oiekie
d©n Epi«U¦ r̈ à ml̈Frd̈ oFAx¦ (.hl dheq 'nb) :ldwd xnì mzkxa z` mipdkd eniiqy xg`
x¤W £̀ M© Ep«Ör¦ d¥Ur£ dŸ©` s©` ?Epi«¥lr̈ Ÿx«§©fB̈¤X o¥kFW mFxÖ©A xiC© ¦` (:dp zekxa 'nb)
Lè
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¦ e§ mFlẄ dŸ©` à dxEa§ ¨ bA¦
l ¥̀½ x§
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© lr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ mi¦UŸ¤W oFvxï¦di§
§ ¦p :mFlẄ zx«¤n¤ W
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Üi¦
.'eke 'mely miy' ofgd xneè
l¥̀ x§
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à Ep«l̈ Ÿ«z© p̈ Li«¤pR̈ xF`§a i¦M à Li«¤pẗ xF`§A cg̈¤̀ M§ Ep«N̈Mª à Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«k¥ xÄ
£ :L«O¤ r©
:mFlẄ§e mi¦Ig© e§ mi¦ng£ x§©e dk̈x§
äE dẅc§¨vE à c¤q«g¤ z©ad£ `© e§ mi¦Ig© zxFY
© à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i
:L«n¤ Fl§WA¦ dr̈ẄÎlk̈§aE zrÎlk̈§
© Kxä§
¥ l Li«¤pir§
¥A aFh§e
à mFlẄ§e dk̈x§ Ä mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§ mi`xep minia milbx ylya
à Li«¤pẗ§l [m¥zg̈¥pe§ dlirpa] a¥zM̈¦pe§ x¥kG̈¦p à däFh dq̈p̈x©
§tE Kxäè
¥ nd© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à l¥̀ x§
© e Ep«`¨ :mFlẌ©A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOrÎz¤̀
©
.'eke xn`pe miiqn ofgd
.mdici lehil exfgi erbp mè micia ma erbi `ly mdilrpn zlirpa exdfi mipdkd
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278
zepryed xcq zekq inil sqen
zepryed xcq
The micxtq recite zepryed after lld. oe`b dicrq ax, explains that since one has already the alel and
bexz` in ones hands, one should continue and recite zepryed. Nevertheless, most of micxtq said
zepryed after sqen, until about two hundred years ago, when many started reciting it after lld,
influenced by the xtq, 'minid zcng'. miciqg followed the bdpn icxtq. fpky` bdpn insisted on
reciting zepryed after sqen, according to the xeh, since the zetwd are ycwnl xkf, where zetwd
were performed after the sqen oaxw, therefore, we should also do so after sqen.
Our bdpn is to precisely recite `pryed seven times - a) once at the beginning, b) after each of the
ornls, and c) twice at the end of the alphabetical zepigz. If one orens in a synagogue which
follows a different gqep, it is important that a dpigz is said while parading around the xrnrnl`,
therefore, one should join in reciting the dpigz being said. (One need not be concerned that this
will result in reciting the same dpigz twice, or omitting one). One is not required to recite `pryed
with the xeav, more than the seven prescribed times.
.zepryed xcq mixne` ,'lawzz yicw' iptl ,sqen xg`

.dtwdd xnb cr (dnia) xrnrnl`d lr eze` miwifgne cg` dxez xtq miìven
.cin oex`d z` mixbeq dxez xtq z`ved ixg`
:`p̈r©WFd :dper ldwe xne` ofg
ldw ofg ldw ofg
:`p̈r©WFd à Ep«¥̀ xFè A L§pr©
©n§l :`p̈r©WFd à Epi«¥ l` ¡ L§pr©
©n§l
¥ xFè C L§pr©
:`p̈r©WFd à Ep«W ©n§l :`p̈r©WFd à Ep«¥l £̀FB L§pr©
©n§l
mifexgd ipya caln ,milin xnv lk xg` '`pryed' mixne` oi` .enr ldwe ,meid heit z` dreci dnirpa xne` ofgd
.'`pryed' :ldwd dper mdn cg` lk ixgè 'jprnl' ly oebipae lewa ofgd xne` mze` ,mipexg`d
:ozxin` zra dkildd xcq èd jk
,eipt lr mitlegy oey`xd lqtqd ipa mikled mdixgè ,axd jled eixgè ,siwdl ligzne oetvl dpet ofg
miwlgp irvn`d xehd ipa .axd xg` cin siwdl miligzn miinexcd mixehd ipa .ipyd lqtqd ipa mdixgè
ipa mr mikled ipnid xehl mikenqde ,l`nyny jenqd lqtqd ipa mr mikled il`nyd xehl mikenqd ,mipyl
xrnrnl`dn cxei dxez xtqa wifgnd ,xrnrnl`d ly inexcd gztl ribn ofgdyk .oininy jenqd lqtqd
(.siwn eppi` l¥a`d) .ycewd oex`l dxezd xtq z` xifgdl ofgd iptl jlede
wgaend fpky` bdpnk zepryedd xcq zlah

ixyz 'k ixyz h"i ixyz g"i ixyz f"i ixyz f"h ixyz e"h When ixyz e"h
occurs on a
dxevp me` xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl lÎ` irey jexr` Monday
xx`n dnc` dxevp me` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl lÎ` irey jexr` Tuesday
xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` dxevp me` zeryenl lÎ` irey jexr` Thursday
xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl lÎ` irey jexr` dxevp me` Shabbos
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excg mizrl .zipnxb zexaec zevxà epiid ,dnvr fpkyà eidy dl` wx miriten llk jxca zelidwd zenya 2.
enk) zewizr zelidw ly xwira ,dl` zeleabl uegn zelidw ly miccea zeny micg` jeaxenn ixtq jezl
zevx` icedia leflf jezn `l .(dixbped-exhqeà) fpky` zelidwl zizxage zit`xbeìb zeaexw e` (`w`xw
it lre ,fpky` zelidw z` xwira ecwty e"pzz zexifba mceqi jeaxennd ixtq ,ziy`x .xacd dyrp zexg`
zevxà mb zexifbd eaxyn okè .mdizexecl jeaxennd ixtq azkidl ekiynd ,ixewnd zenypd zxkfd qetc
zeny `le zevx`d zeny wx j` ,fpky` zelidw ibexd zenypl ztqezk dl` zevx` ibexd zeny etqep ,zexg`
.seq el oi` dl` lk hexity cvn ode ,zexg` zevxày zelidwd ihxtl zexkid xqegn od ,zeccead zelidwd
mdixed enyp z` wx mixikfny ,milbxa 'xekfi' xnel mbdpn itl ,zexg` zevx` ipa mb mibdep dfl dneca
.mdly daexwd dxagd lbrnl uegny zelidwe miyi` hxtl ila mdiaexwe
fpky` inkgay minqxetnd on dnkl xwira zlabene dphw ìd mdizenyp z` mixikfny minkgd zniyx 3.
?mixg` `le dl` minkg `wec dn iptn .ziyi` dxiga itl miccea zeny etiqed zelidw dnka .mipey`xd
;48 ,57nr ,orbpekefxrhpe` ,bxapiiee 'x) `vpbn ly mecwd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn dwzred ef dniyx
daiqd ef .zexecl ixnbl hrnk drawp jke ,zcgein zernyn dl` minkgl dzid dxeary ,(8 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn
ezyè wgvi iaxe `vpbna zexawd zia epwizy lgx ezyè dnly iax ,zebef ipy ly zeny miriten dy`xay
zay uxèey zxiga mvr .minegz dnka fpky` zelidw x`y lr drityd `vpbn] uplaewa qknd elhiay `lia
[.l"ixdn xtq zrtyda mb z`f ,dltza miheitd xgan ,`yiinxeeak `l ,zereay iptl
oeyla miaeyg jeaxenn ixtqa driten ,"diaeyie [...] zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi" :dlenxetd 4.
okl ycgn ecqepe exag zelidwde ,egahpe micedi eyxeb minrt daxd reciy itk .`cixb "[...] zlidw" `le ,miax
."mwe wicv leti ray" zpiga ,mewn ezeà enwe eltp enwy zelidwd lkl xeìzk ynyl leki 'zelidw' gpend
.hxetwp`xt zlidw ly lecbd jeaxennd ly dnbecd itl xwira izkld jeaxennd ly dxkfdd zxev oepbqa 5.
.zexg` zelidw ly jeaxenn ixtq gqep it lr izpwize ,oepbqe aizk zeierh ea eltp zenewn dnka mle`
.mixg` jeaxenn ixtq it lr mipewize zenlyd iziyr ,dxezd ilecbe zelidwd zniyxa mb
.dxexa dhiy `ll ,ipyl cg`n zelcape zepey zexeva zenypd zxkfd ixtq aexa miriten zepicnd zeny 6.
,mewn eze` my ly mipey miaizk gkne ,zenewnd zeny aizka zeierh eltp mixteq ly it`xbeìb rci xqegn
miifreld migeprita llk jxca epynzyd' [72 ,12 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,bxapiiee] zeielitk exvep ,ze`vnzd i` oke
zlidw ly xtqa .a"lxz hilr`xfià exn`na xpilxa mdxa` 'x ly eigeprita mbe ,bxapiiee axd ly
zniiw dpi`y drtez ,zenewnd zeny z` cwpl xteqd lczyd ,e"vz zpya azkpy dl`f p"r h`hyep-cà
izlad zenyd ziibdl riiql zgze xzei cer miyaeyn zenyd e`vi ,dpekp drici i` zngn mle` ,mixtqd x`ya
,zenypd zxkfd ixtqn wlga `vnpy itk ,a"` xcq itl mdizeny z` izkxr .mzeeirl cewipd mxb ,mireci
.mipeyd zexewnd it lr zeny iznlyde
dxevd itl zenyd eazkp mixge`nd jeaxennd ixtqae ,zexecd jyna mdn wlga epzyp zelidwd zeny 7.
.milltznde miazekd ztewza zxkend
[ !cltl`f z` wecal ,`vpbn] ly jeaxenna z`vnp h"w zexifba erbtpy zelidw ly xzeia zehxetnd zeniyxd 8.
mixtqa miriten mpi`y zeny daxd egwlp odne ,(bxeavxiee xefi`) orbpixtyxe` lye (32 olw xefi`) uiic
aey erbtp dl` zelidw aex ipa .mipeyd zenypd zxkfd ixtqn etq`py miax zeny exzep oiicr j` ,mixg`
.crl cenrl ie`x mxkfe ,d"yz-y"z dtexi` oaxega
,'jea-xn`n' ,'jea-x`nrn' ,'qwpt-xnrn' ,'jea-xnrn' ,'jea-xnin' ,'jea-xinrn' :zeny dnka dpeknd xtq 1.
,'zenyp zexkfd' ,'zenyp zxkfd' ,'qwpt-xinrnl`' ,'qwpt-xn`n' ,'xnrnd xtq' ,'xn`nd xtq' ,'xn`n xtq'
'miwicv oexkf' ,'zenyp xekfi' ,'zenyp xikfn'
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289
z` micl` xekfi" :enk ,dxkfdd oeyl ly giztd wx riten zelidwd zniyxa ,zenypd zxkfd xtq ziaxna 9.
.dlidw dze` ly dxkfdd oeyl xnbp jka ik dxe`kl xacd d`xpe ."diaeyie bxeaybe` zelidw itexye ibexd znyp
,l`xyi lkl dxez d`vi mdny m"ey zelidw zyelyn cg` ,`xity dwizrd dlidwd ly jeaxenna mle`
zenyp mr diaeyie bxeaybe` zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` micl` xekfi" :dlidw lk lv` zenilya gqepd `vnp
miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa`
.zexkfdd oeyl dt mb epàd ef dnily dnbec it lr ."on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
zipzen dpi` okle ,"mznyp cra dwcvl dpzn mixcep ep`y xeara" oirn gqep dlikn dpi` ef zenyp zxkfd 10.
fpkyà xnypy mecwd bdpnd ceqi lr ,oilet bdpn itl ,milbxa xn`pd 'xekfi' xcba df oi` ik .mixcp ozna
yeciw xeara ìd ef zenyp zxkfd .'eci zpznk yi`' ly dxezd zìxw inia 'ci zpzn' ly 'jxiay in' zeyrl
eyry miaeh miyrn x`y e` ,mdiiga mdly dxezd zvaxd e` ,dbixdd onfa dyrpy mnvr mibexdd ly myd
."on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya"e ,dxkfda epnpe
oi` miaeyi dnkay izrnye izi`x" :xteqd azk j`qiieeqclex`n zlidw ly zenyp zxkfd xtq y`xa
mewna sè ,miyer l`xyi lky dn zeyrl yi `l` ,lad ly zitqk d`ved llba yextl oekp df oiè ,'jea xn`n'
."jk myl zern ic ycwdd ztewa e`vni oiicr micedi hrn ea mixby
dpexg`d zra] .zizxwei dkixkae ,miiperav s` ,mixehira edexìty yie ,xiip lr mizrle ,slw lr aezk jeaxenn
miwlgdn libxk akxen epkez' .[69 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,bxapiiee .daizk zpekn zqtcda zeniyx etiqedy eid
:miàd
.[xhern zeax mizrl] xry cenr 1.
(zayd meil xiy xenfn) av mixenfn ,'icec dkl' enk ,(dniad) xennl`d lr u"yd ici lr zexn`py zelitz 2.
,'dlegl' jxiay in' ,'ipxhty jexa' zkxa ,'cigi cg`' xnf ,'d`xze dlbze' ,'obie xefrie' ,'lkd lr' .(jln 'd) bve
,['dreyz ozepd' :jlnd zkxa zelidw dnka] ,ldwl 'jxiay in' ,'owxt mewi' ,dxhtdd zekxa ,clil dywnl jxiay in
,'elldi' ,'mingxd a`' ,ixy`] a"da ziprzl cgein 'jxiay in' :zelidw dnka ,['ci zpznl' jxiay in ,ycgd zkxa
iyinge ipyl 'oevx idi' :zelidw dnka' [mdixgè zeriwzd iptly miweqt mr xtey zriwz xcq ,zexvg iaexir xcq
.[mixcp zxzd xcq ,xzq` zlibn zekxa ,lnebd zkxa] ,dxezd zìxw xg`
.zexifba myd yeciw lr ezn odiayezy zevx`de zelidwd zxkfd 3.
.dlek dneà zxkip mzrtydy l`xyi ilecb ly mdizenyp zxkfd 4.
etqep xzei xge`n .otec i`vei milrt zekfa mixkfpy dlidw ixhtpe miinewn miyi` ly mdizenyp zxkfd 5.
zeny wx exkfp minecwd zexkfdd ixtqa cera .ycwdd ztewl cgein melyz mxeara ozipy mixhtp zenyp
s` mizrle mdizelrn lr xzei miagxp mixeìz mipexg`d zexeca etqep ,mzlrn lr xvw oeiv mr mixhtpd
.mixhtpd ly miig zexew
xzid zè ,mx lewa l`xyi ilecb zenyp z` mixikfn ,diteqa mifpky`d ldw ly jeaxenna zpzipd digpdd itl
zezaya axd e` u"yd bdep (5nr ,'xrkiax`nrn' ;56nr ,orbpekefxrhpe`) bxapiiee mgpn 'x ixacl .ygla mixne`
envr èd mle` .ibibg lewa zexkfdd z` ìxwn zexegyd zezayd izya mle` ,ygla zenyp xikfdl zelibx
in on hb`f zenyp zxkfd xg`l" :miidqxrhrxxae`h zlidw ly dxtq jezn 81nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,hhvn
.ekldna `le zenypd zxkfd xg` wx lewd z` minixny xnelk ,"mihy iked hin jxiay
cg` lk exikfd `l (`cxeit ,bxanà) mixkfpd zniyx ce`n dkx`zp zexecd zvexna oda zecg` zelidwa
,bxapiiee ixacl .efk dniyx azka epikd sè ,zeny ly dkex` dniyx zg` dxkfda miìxwn `l` ,envr ipta
.mixhtpd z` zexikfn opiè mibexdl wx zexegyd zezayd izya zenypd zxkfd z` zeliabn zelidwd aex
oeyl z` 'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn ,oebi xxerl `ly ick ,ygla `xew u"y dlibx zaya
mixhtp dyely ly dxkfdd oeyl z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd
,hc`hylaiiè miidpt`t zelidw ly zenyp zxkfd ixtqa .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ziyrp mzxkfdy mincew
,dxkfdd xnb mewna oegha zkiq mipzepd yi ."ipy zaya o`k cr" ,"oey`x zaya o`k cr" :zexkfdd oia myxp
mled melyz zxenz dyrp 'jeaxenn'a meyix .dixg`y zaya miàd dyely zxkfd z` ligzdl okid rcil ick
`"k jk lr eab 19-d d`na n"ctta ,miaedf `"i jk lr eab 17-d d`na `yiinxeea) zqpkd zial e` dlidwl
.(miaedf
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290
`xew dligz .'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenyp zxkfd xtq jezn ygla zenyp mixikfn 'owxt mewi' xg` 'dxegy zay'a
dxkfdd z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd z` zay lka bedpk ofgd
,ef zayl zcgeind dxkfdd z` ligzn okn xg`l .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ,mincew mixhtp dyely ly
.xtqa mixkfpd minkgd ilecb zenyp z` oke ,zexifb x`ye h"w zexifb ,e"pzz zexifba zelidwd ibexd zenyp z`
wlg ldwd ibidpnn cg` xne` u"yd calny epiidc ,dxkfdd z` milvtnd yi ,zexkfdd zniyx ce`n dkex` m`
.(zay lk iabl miidliih ly jeaxenna oievy itk) ewlg z` xne` u"ydy onfa dxkfdd xcq ly xcben
:zecg` zelidw ly 'jeaxenn' ixtq
2 jezn zenyp zxkfdl ze`nbec
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr diaeyie __ zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi
dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya à myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy à d`le lgx dwax dxy
:on` à ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva
Heppenhim miidptd owlic Braubach jàe`xa Altdorf sxechl` Ahr xd`
Hersbruck wexaqxd ldiaylwpic jiexa Altona `pehl` p"r orbpilxae`
Herford cxetxd Dinkelsbühl biieeype`xa Alzey iivl` Überlingen x`wrp
Herzbreich jiixavxd Düsseldorf sxeclqic Braunschweig Amberg bxan` bxeapae`
Herschfeld cltyxd Dieslacken ow`lqic Brüssel lqixa Amorbach jàxen` Oberwesel lfieexae`
bxapcèe Dürkheim miidwxic Breisach j`fiixa wxiiap` liyenxae`
miidpkèe xhpiarc diaeyie Brünn oixa cpenibp` Obermoschel
Wachenheim clenhrc Bristol lehqixa Andernach j`pxcp` Obernheim miidpxae`
Waldau e`clèe Dresden orcfrxc Brixen oqwixa Ansbach jàqp` Augsburg bxeaybe`
Waldberg bxaclèe Haag b`d Bregenz uprbrxa Aahrweiler xliieex` miidprxce`
oextlèe Hagenau iepb`d Breslau e`lqrxa miidpx` Odernheim
obpiciexhxqèe Hassfurt hxetf`d Godesberg bxaqceb Arnstadt h`hypx` Aura `xe`
Wassertrüdingen Hall oaèey oi` l`d Gotha `heb Arnstädt hhypx` jixhe`
bxeaxqèe in Schwaben Golzheim miidvleb oiihypx` Öhringen obpixie`
Wasserburg diaeyie Halle `l`d obpitlcpeb bxeapt`y` Ulm mle`
Warendorf sxecpxèe h`hyxal`d Gundelfingen Aschaffenburg Olmütz uinle`
bxeadee Halberstadt ofiedpvpeb ofiedpraà h`hyjixle`
dbixapciee Hamburg bxean`d Gunzenhausen Babenhausen jàlne`
Wiedenbrügge diaeyie Goslar x`lqeb Baden ocà hxeepyde`
miidyciee bxealn`d Götingen obpihb Balbach jàlà jàqcpieexhpe`
oxciee Hammelburg cpinbqpxbeìb Bamberg bxranà bxeaxhqe`
Wesel lfiee Hameln oln`d Georgensgemünd diaeyie Aussig wiqe`
Wiesenburg bxeapfiee hxetn`d otedvlìb Bubenberg bxapaea wexa`pqe`
Wittlich jilhiee Hannover xaep`d Gailingen obpiliib miidcea Osnabrück
Weiden ociiee Hasselt hlq`d Geisslingen obpilqiib obpifea Aufhofen otedte`
`liiee Harburg bxeax`d Günzburg bxeavpib libiea Ofen ote`
Weimar x`niiee opicpdexhpded Giesen oqib Buchen okea Offenbach jàpte`
Weinheim miidpiiee ohhypied oiihylexib Buchholz uledkea Oppenheim miidpte`
Weissingen obpiqiiee Haunstetten obpilbeb Bulkau e`wlea hxetprqwe`
Weisenburg bxeapqiiee Hochenburg bxeapked jàc`lb Bonn oea Ochsenfurt
Weissensee dfpqiiee Hochstädt hhyked Gelnhausen ofe`dplb Boppard cx`tea obpixe`
Weissfeld cltqiiee hlialed Gönningen obpipb Bopfingen obpittea orbpilxrai`
miidqxwiiee clèeled Genf dap'b Burghausen ofiedbxea Überlingen
Weikersheim xliieevled Genua dèpb Burgheim miidbxea Iglau ielbi`
h`hyiiee Homburg bxeaned Göpingen obpitb Burnau e`pxea Eger xbi`
Windsbach jàqpiee Hotzenploz ueltpved Greuth hiexb Biebrich jixaia [?obpihr] obpici`
miidqcpiee miidpxed otedqlexb obpidiia bxeaphi`
Windsheim hèefd Gerolshofen h`hylaii`
diaeyie Wien `piee weciid miidqxnxb Baisingen obpifiia Eibelstadt
Venedig dìvipie clrtqbpiciid Germersheim Beilstein oiihyliia Eisenach j`pfii`
diaeyie miidvpiee Heidelberg bxralciid Greding bpicxb Bayreuth hiexiia obpeelii`
ofiedpviee diaeyie jàqiixb Bielfeld clrtlia Eilenburg bxeaplii`
Witzenhausen Grätz uxb Bingen bpia hrhykii`
sxecpxiee Heilbronn oexaliid
diaeyie miidqclid oiihyk`c miidypia EichstädtEinbeck wapii`
Würzburg bxeavxiee h`hypbiliid oiihyk`h Birching bpikxia okxiwqii`
diaeyie Heiligenstadt Dambach jàn`c Büren oxia miidvlewii`
miidqyiee ofiedbxeaclid Danzig bivp`c Birkenfeld cltpwxia `le`hwii`
lhiaptlee Hildburghausen h`hyxcec miidyia miidhpbxii`
Wolfenbüttel miidqclid Duderstadt miidqteyia `fli`
bxaqtlee Hildesheim ob`nxiec Bischofsheim obpieelebpi`
jaiwlree/ `wlee oiihyletlid oxiec Bacharach jxka h`hylebpi`
Wöllstein oiihylee Hilpolstein Donauwörth hxiee`pec Belgrad c`xbla Ingolstadt
Wenings qbpipee ofiedxtlid Dortmund cpenhxec bxeapwpla Innsbruck wexaqpi`
sxecipxhqee bxeapkd Durlach j`lxec `bxra Iphofen otedti`
Wetzlar x`lvee jàbpd Dieburg bxeaic Berlin oilxa `febxi`
miidaxee (mdpxci`) miidpxcd Diedenhofen otedpcic Bern oxa j`pxi`
Wertheim miidhxee Hanau e`p`d Diez uiic wxra Aachen ork`
Werlau e`lxee Henneberg bxapd Dillingen obpilic bxeapcp`xa otedprcl`
Brandenburg
2. Inthe various jeaxenn ixtq the various zelidw are sometimes listed individually in the xekfi and
often in groups of varying sizes.
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291
diaeyie xifnrxw ofiedpwp`xt Nordhausen ofiedcxep Lüneburg bxeapil (Worms) `yiinxee
o`txw Frankenhausen diaeyie Lindau e`cpil diaeyie
bxraypee`x xce`c hxetwp`xt Niedenau e`pcip Linsenhofen otedpfpil Wurzbach jàvxee
Ravensburg Frankfurt a. Oder diaeyie orbpilxcip Linz upil Salfeld cltl`f
bxeaivh`x oiinc hxetwp`xt Neustadt h`hyiep Lützelburg= bxealivil Salzburg bxeavl`f
jàx`x/ jàex Frankfurt a. Main diaeyie Luxemburg diaeyie
Röttingen obpihex diaeyie Neumegen oibrniip Lyck wil Salzungen obpevl`f
Rothenburg bxeaphex Friedberg bxacixt diaeyie Lemgo ebnl ofiedxbp`f
diaeyie Pressburg bxeayxt bxeaylewip Landau `cpl Sangerhausen
Reutlingen obpilhiex Zürich jixev Nikolsburg jipkrl Zwolle dleaf
Rausnitz uipfex Zurzach j`vxev Nürnberg bxrapxip Magdeburg bxeacb`n `piieehef
Rom `nex (Schweitz) diaeyie diaeyie miidp`n Sobernheim miidpxaef
Römhild clidnex Zabern oxaiiv cpinbx`wrp Mantua daehp`n Suhl lef
Runkel lwpex Ziegenhagen ob`dpbiv Neckargemünd Marburg bxeax`n Solothurn oxehelef
miidqex Znaim miepv mxehyx`wrp wx`n Sulzbach jàvlef
Rufach j`tex Zell lv Neckarstorm (Mainz)`vpbn miidhpef
ofe`dpwex Kannstatt h`hyp`w owixax`q diaeyie Sinzig bivpif
Rockenhausen diaeyie Kassel lq`w Saarbrücken Mühldorf sxecldin Söst hyèf
Raudnitz uiphiix Karlstadt h`hylx`w St. Gal ol`b. hq mdpen bxeaìf
Reil liix Koburg bxeaew Eberbach jàxiar xriea`hpen miidvpif
`piix Koblenz uplaew obpidr Montabauer Süskind cpiwqif
ob`nix ofe`dlèew xliieehr Mosbach jàqen h`hypbilf
Rieneck wpix bxaqbipw Öttingen obpihr Mutzig biven Seligenstadt
w`fxcpx Zell bei lv-mkew Ettlingen obpilhr h`hyen diaeyie Znaym
Regensburg bxeaqpbx Kochem x`pflr Mitelberg bxalhin orkxiwlrf
diaeyie miidyxalew Ellwangen obpèelr diaeyie bxeapciin Senheim miidpf
ofiedt`y Kolda `clew clrtyhlr Meiningen obpipiin Thann ie`p`h
diaeyie Schaffhausen Colmar x`nlew o`wlr Mainfeld cltpiin h`hyxraieh
Schweidnitz uipciieey diaeyie Ellrich jixlr Meissen oqiin Tirnau `pxih
hxetpiieey Kühlheim / miidliw Emmerich jixnr diaeyie obpiliexh
Schweinfurt Kehlheim Endingen orbpicpr
èe`lvpew Mailand ep`lin diaeyie Trient hpixh
(dleaf) lèey h`hypew diaeyie Mülhausen ofiedlin diaeyie Trier xixh
jàlèey Konstanz up`hypew
ifhpr obpixih zpicna Judenburg bxeapcei
Schwalbach
Kösfeld cltqew
miidpr diaeyie zaxwa)
sx`clèey Esslingen obpilqr Mülheim miidlin (?cltqpiciid
clrtpeey ob`dptew obpitr
Miltenberg bxaphlin Jülich jilei
Schorndorf sxecpxey Kopenhagen jàxr
Käsmark wx`nfw Minden ocpin Jena `pri
Stolberg bxalehy oxhe`lqxfiiw Erlbach jàlxr München okpin Jessnitz uipqri
(Harz) Kaiserslautern obp`lxr diaeyie Ladenburg bxeapc`l
Stolzburg bxeavlehy bxaqxfiiw Erfurt hxetxr Münster xhqpin oiihypd`l
lnehy Kaysersberg diaeyie diaeyie (Ober/Nieder)
Stuttgart hx`bhehy Külsheim miidqliw uprliwxr cltii`nxhqpin Lahnstein
Stetten ohhy Kitzingen obpiviw Eschwege rbreeyr Münstermaifeld Lauingen obpiè`l
oiihy Kleve èeilw Padeborn oxeac`t Metz uin Lauda `ce`l
Steinheim miidpiihy Klingenberg bxapbpilw Vacha `k`t Merseburg bxeafxn jàxhe`l
htihy diaeyie Köln olw Passau ieq`t Mechlen olkn Lauterbach
bxralhy Kempen otnw diaeyie h`hykxiln Laufen orte`l
licprhy bxaqbipw Paris yix`t Memingen obpinn Landshut hedqcp`l
bxeaq`xhy clrta`xba Posen `pfet Menki bei Serach iwpn diaeyie
diaeyie Strassburg Königsberg in Grabfeld diaeyie Fulda `clet bxeaplwn ylehddl
Straubing bpiaiexhy Xanten orhp`qw `tpwphit Mecklenburg Lublin oilael
Sternberg bxapxrhy Kempten orhtnrw Villach j`lit miidhpbxn Lohr xdel
Sterlitz uilxrhy miidqliixw Feldhausen ofe`dclt Mergentheim oiihypeel
sxecpiey Crailsheim Pilsen oflit Nancy iqp`p London oecpel
ocl`wl`ny Krems fnrxw Florenz upxelt Neuburg bxeaiep Loffenau e`ptel
Schmalkalden Kremsier xifnrxw Pest hyrt Neuhäusel lfiediep Lorch jxel
iecp`ty Krakau `w`xw Pforzheim miidvxett Neumarkt hwx`niep Liegnitz uipbil
Speier `xity j`pviixw diaeyie Naumburg bxeaniep Leiningen obpipiil
diaeyie (mewn-mlv:`"ie) diaeyie Prag b`xt Neuenburg bxeapiep Leipnik wiptiil
miidyixy Kreuznach ofiedwp`xt Nördlingen obplicxiep Leipzig bivtiil
`pxw Frankhausen Nassau `yiep Limburg bxeanil
:etqep sxecpwv ly jeaxenna oaèey zelidwn zgà jeaxenna ,oilxrb :etqep obpihr ly jeaxenna
wqixa ,oilael ,aeal ,aexinrp oilael ,`hp`f :etqep `pfrxh ,oixeh ,ìeyxèe ,urxb
:etqep oxeexcip ly jeaxenna
,dl`tyix`t ,ec`lee ,wqixa ,wqpit ,oid`xa ,aeìpx`v ,aecx`h`q ,lned ,d`plet ,xà ,oiyleh ,aexinrp
cexbepx`h ,`paec ,milg ,ìixblia ,yhprnrxw ,dwteyix`t ,alqìxt
:enk zeielitk yi zenyp zxkfd ixtq dnka
cplxcip-cpled ,jiixwp`xt-ztxv
Ukraine `piixwe` ,Altmühl ldinhl` ,Hungary ox`bpe` ,Odenwald clèeprce`
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292
3
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr _____ zpicn itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi
dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya à myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy à d`le lgx dwax dxy
:on` à ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva
Kurland cp`lxew England cplbpr bxeanqwel Denmark wx`niprc Austria jiixhye`
Carinthia oihpxrw Podolia ìl`c`t Luxemburg Holland cpled cplhye`
Russia ìqex Poland oilet Lorraine obpixzel Hesse oiqrd Italy ìlhi`
Rhineland qepiix Pommern oxnet ìicxànel Wallachei ìigilèe Ireland cp`lxi`
oqiix Portugal lbehxet Lithuania `hil Volhynia oilèe Aragon dipebx`x`
Ries qrix Bohemia mdit cp`ltil bxanhxiee dyecwd ux`
Swabia oiaèey Flanders oxicp`lt Malta dhl`n Württemberg fpky`
Black clèevxèey Federsee ìfxrcrt bxeaplwrn Wetterau iexrhree Baden ocà
Forest Palatinate ul`tt Mecklenburg Westphalia ol`tyree Bodensee ìfprcea
Sweden oiceey Franconia oiwp`xt Moravia oixdrn Sauerland cp`lxìef Burgundy ìpebxea
Styria wx`nxriihy Provence `vpiaext Mark hwx`n Transylvania obxiapaif Bohemia mdia
oaèey Friesland cp`lfixt cplxcip Seeland cp`lif Bavaria oxìia
Switzerland uiieey Prussia orqiixt Neckar x`wrp Saxony oqw`f Brabant hpà`xa
Silesia ìfrly miidpxt ìliviq Tirol lexih bxeaicp`xa
Schleswig bieefrly France ztxv Spain cxtq Thuringia obpixih Brandenburg
Turkey dnxbez Croatia dihèxw Scotland cp`lhewq Greece oeei Breisgau e`bqiixa
Alsace q`flr cplyicel Dalmatia div`nl`c
à xire xir lk ly zeaiaqde à el`d miaeyide zelidwd lk ipa zenyp z` midl` xekfi
egahpe elwqpe etxype ebxdpy à d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr
miyw mixeqi ipin lka exqizpe miig exawpe elzpe exxbpe eqp`pe erahpe ealvpe ewpgpe
midl` mxkfi df xkya .eny jxazi myd yeciw lr zepeyne zeyw zezinae mixne
:on` à ocr obay zeipwcvde miwicvd zenyp mr miigd xexva dxexv `dz mznype
dbixdd zelidw zeny z` jxka oeyny dyn iax z`xed it lr e"hz zpya etiqed `yiinxee ly jeaxenna
.obpilkiexhe `cxeit ,`clet ly jeaxenna etiqed df oirk .h"ze g"z zexifba oqiixe oileta
yaexd ,ined ,ohw `paec ,wqixa ,oid`xa ,ìixblia ,èegia ,dwteyixà ,xà ,`xhqe` ,a`pìle` :`cxeit gqep
,lecb aexnrp ,l`x`p ,wviel ,orael ,xnc`l ,c`xb`pxh ,oiaxeh ,oiyhleh ,a`yin`h ,milrg ,dec`lèe ,èd
,wipy`xw ,c`xa`pq`xw ,`viphix`w ,oihpq`w ,aìpx`v ,a`lqìxt ,hìixrt ,wqpit ,dl`tyix`t ,i`pl`t
:jàèey ,obpilkiexh ,obpilr igqep ,oiyxary ,aec`x`hy ,uipnrxw
[o`k cr] 196-195 ,213-212 ,222nr ,xkeaxenn ,bxapiieen wizrdl jixv
miyecw oeilin yy zenyp xkfl
zeclie micli miype miyp` l`xyi mitl` itl` dyy znyp z` midl` xekfi
à zepicna xire xir lk ly zeaiaqe à miaeyie zelidwd lk ly
,Poland oi¦lFR ,Czechoslovakia d̈iw© ¦ aFlqFk'v
§ ,Austria d̈ix¦ h§ qF`
§ ,Germany d̈i§pn© x¥
§B
,France z©tx© § v ,Belgium d̈i¦B§lA¤ ,Holland c§p©lFd ,Norway d̈i¦Be¤exEp
§ ,Denmark wx`n§ © prC¤
,Lithuania `ḧi¦l ,Italy d̈i§lhi
© `¦ ,Greece oëï ,Yugoslavia d̈ia©
¦ lqFBEi
§ ,Romania d̈i§pnFx
©
,Hungary d̈ix©¦ Bp§ Ed ,Russia d̈iqEx
§ ,Ukraine dp̈ii©xwF`§ ,Estonia d̈i§pFhq§ ¤̀ ,Latvia d̈ia¦ h©§l
zFWEaM§ d© zFvẍ`© d̈ x`¨ WE§
à d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` znyp mr
miig exawpe elzpe exxbpe eqp`pe exxbzpe erahpe egahpe etxype ebxdpy
midl` mxkfi df xkya .myd cegi lr dyw dzine mixne miyw mixeqi ipin lka exqizpe
:on` à ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv znyp mr miigd xexva dxexv `dz mznype daehl
3. Inthe various jeaxenn ixtq the various zepicn are sometimes listed individually in the xekfi and
often in groups of varying sizes.
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293
:zexifba ebxdpy micinlze zeaiyi iy`x miriten mibexdd zelidw oia `xity ly jeaxenna
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield lèny 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd lèi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae odkd dyn 'x axde xwi 'x axde dnly 'x axde sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi
.on` ,ocr oba
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield mdxa` x"a wgvi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae dyn 'x axde cec 'x axde odkd lìgi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd cec 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield mdxa` 'x axd oa dyn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xnz xa mixt` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae icxtqd wgvi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dpei x"a oxd` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae icxtqd mgpn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dyn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae ikcxn 'x axde awri 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dnly 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd xcpqkl` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xfril` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xi`n xa awri 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae mely 'x axde ozpedi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae dnly 'x axde sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
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294
`xity ly jeaxennd it lr k"r
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr dlebd xe`n dcedi x"a meyxb epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxde eizepwza dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,d`le
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,wgvi x"a lecbd oerny epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .zegayze zexiy miheita dlebd ipir xi`de zelidwd cra gxhy xear
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,wgvi x"a dnly epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .cenlz dpyn `xwn ,dxezd lkl eiyexita l`xyi lk ipir xi`dy
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv
uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,mz awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiletlta dlebd ipir xi`de l`xyia dxez
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve
xeara ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,ypiilxe`n awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdye einrhe eiyecige eizetqez
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,[m"ayx] xi`n x"a lèny epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiyexita epipir xi`de l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,[m"aix] xi`n x"a wgvi epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,xeaiv gily wgvi x"a xi`n epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .mewnl zegay owizy xear ,d`le
eipewiza dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,ciqgd dcedi epiax ,up`yn oeyny epiax ,[o"a`x] ozp x"a xfril` epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear [`pean mixt` epiax ig` ,`yiinxeen] awri x"a mgpn epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear [gwexd lra] dcedi x"a xfrl` epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,uxt epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiyexita epipir xi`de l`xyia
.on` ,ocr
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,bxeaphexn jexa x"a xi`n epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizeaeyze eiyeciga dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,d`le
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,jehn xfril` epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdye einrhe eiyecige eizetqez
dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,xy` epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eiwqta l`xyia
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,mixehd lra awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy
[l"bq m"xdn dpeknd `cletn] ield jexa iax yecwd oa xi`n epiax
y"xdn dpeknd hhyiepn wgvi x"a mely epiax
dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,l"ixdn mya dpeknd dyn x"a awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax
.on` ,ocr obay
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,oycd znexz lra digzt x"a olxqi` l`xyi epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
iwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy
.on` ,ocr obay mler
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,liiee dcedi x"a awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear
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295
ixtq ly llkd z` xaey dfe ,zetqezd ilrae i"yx ixg` ,l`ppg epiaxl dxkfd driten zenyp zxkfd ixtq dnka
ig `l mlerne mdl mcw l`ppg epiaxe ,cala ztxve fpky` inkg ly mdizeny z` miìand zenypd zxkfd
mdizeny z` millek jeaxennd ixtq eid ,l`xyi inkg x`yl mb zcrein ef zxbqn dzid eli` .ztxv e` fpkyà
lr cirn yaeynd ibelepexkd enewin mb .mday minqxetnd z` zegtl e` ,mipe`bde mi`xen`d ,mi`pzd lk ly
ly df enk ,minecwd mixtqa xkfp `l l`ppg epiax ok` .wiecn oepkiz lr `le ,wizrn xteq ly ip`hpetq sexiv
zxkfd ixtqa xilwd xfrl` iax ly eny lynl enk ,mipey jeaxenn ixtqa mb miriten dl`k mibixg .`yiinxee
aeliy .(efl ef zekenq zelidw od zepexg`d rax`) miidvelxa ,obpilkiexh ,miidpt`t obpilr ,diteq ly zenyp
xg` e` df mkg ly eny dn iptn epiad `ly miinewn mixteq ici lr d`xpd itk eyrp ,dl` otec i`vei zeny
.minkgd zeny oia aley `l ,l`xyi zxeqna jk lk recid
"dàd dxkfdd dà minkgd zniyx mewna miidqxrhrxxae`h ly jeaxenna
.miyecw mixtq ixagne mi`xenè mi`pz ix`y lk mr dpyn ixcq dyy ixagne ilaa cnlz `xnb ilra lk
;zekln ibexd dxyr oke zelbd zevxè ycewd ux` ly miyecwd zxkfda dniyxd zgzet oxeexcip ly jeaxenna
eviaxdy ,mdicinlze zeaiyi iy`x ,mipax ,mi`xeaqd ,mi`xen`d ,mi`pzd lk ;llkd ornl mytp exqny dl` lk
.mdiyexita dlebd ipir exi`de l`xyia dxez
(3'nr ,orbpekefxrhpe` ,bxapiiee) wàew wgvi sqei x"c axd ici lr etqep bxanà ly jeaxenna
,jexrd lra inexn ozp ,lecbd xfril` ,iqtl` wgvi ,oe`b miqip ,oe`b i`d ,oe`b dicrq ,oenin x"a dyn epiax
oilew lèny ,xld ontil ,odk izay ,ield dcedi ,xwi x"a awri ,iel sqei
:etqep a"wz zpya azkpy miidkdqhiit ly jeaxenna
,wl`t ,l`hie miig ,ìxel wgvi ,dti ikcxn ,oenin oa dyn ,ylxqi` dyn ,ex`w sqei ,`w`xwn liyrd ryedi
[uieexed] (diryi mdxa`) odk izty ,adf ixeh cec
oenin xa dyn :sqep jàvlefe otedvlexb ,sxecqlnn ,obpih ,sxecpwv ,miidpieepwp`xt ,obpilcxr-oiilw ly mikeaxenna
:sqep miidhpef ly jeaxenna

(my lra) l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xeara dyn x"a edil` epiax ,l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xeara qetl` wgvi epiax
oenin x"a dyn iax :sqep otedka ly jeaxenna
:dpexg`d dtewzdn fpky` ilecb dnk ly zeny etiqed xa`dqbixw ly jeaxenna

c"a` uieexed qgpt iax ,e"dè `vpbn c"a` oilxra iav miig gp iax ,`cxeite `pfet c"a` aepì yxid iav sqei iax
ilecbne uiaewqea c"a` xlc` ozp iax ,b`xt c"a` `cpl l`wfgi iax ,`cxeit c"a` hx`dpiihy sqei iax ,n"ctt
`cxeit c"a` odkd onlf mleyn iax ,n"ctt
:dpexg`d dtewzdn fpky` ilecb dnk ly zeny etiqed
,oicnr awri ,uiyaii` ozpedi iax ,[l`pzp oaxw] liiee l`pzp iax ,[iav mkg] ifpky` awri oa yxid iav iax]
,hciyxew l`xyi iax ,[xteq mzg] xteq lèny x"a dyn iax ,[xbi` daiwr iax] qpeb daiwr iax ,bpia mdxa` iax
yxid iav iax ,qpxa wgvi mkgd ,xbxean`d slèe iax ,[h`hylrkinn my lra] aiil lwrf dpeknd dix` wgvi iax
ield aec wgvi iax ,[xbl dpizp] xlc` qekxn ozp iax ,qi`x mdxa` iax ,[xpl jexr] xbpilhr awri iax ,xryil`w
iav cec iax ,xniidqclid dcedi x"a lìxfr iax ,yxid dix` l`tx oa oeyny iax ,xbxrana [xra o`nbilrf]
,xriixa sqei iel iax ,miidpfex awri iax ,xriixa dnly iax ,[iel dhn] uiaexed ikcxn iax ,[liredl cnln] o`nted
[aèey oerny axd ,[y` icixy] bxapiee awri lìgi iax ,jailxw c"id iav sqei iax
wgvi mdxa` wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr miaeyiae zelidwa miznd lk zenyp midl` xekfi
cny elhae zexifb elhae zelidwd cra egxhy xear à d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie
eidi df xkya à miebd icin miqep` eìvede miebd icin dxez ixtq eìvede miqkn elhae
:on` à ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva zexexv mdizenyp
.jàpte` ly jeaxennl iwqpiyec zncwda miiepnd jeaxennd ixtq :wecal
.dpiee ly jeaxenn-.jliè 113 'nr ,b"qxz oilxa ,xpilxa mdxa` 'xl laeid xtq ,mdxa` zkxa
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296
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4. On the zay before zereay and on oefg zay, the following is recited; a) ixy` is said first
according to the myad zbexr (zetqezd ilawn), l"ixdn, `cxeit ibdpn, zldw ixac and many other
sources, b) the names of those killed are mentioned, c) mingxd a`, requesting d"awd to
remember the minirpe miad`p that were mentioned. mingxd a` is recited twice a year, the zay
proceeding zereay and oefg zay. Placing it before ixy` is discussed by `pxih wifii` epiax ibdpn,
the yeal and the mixt` dhn. No reason is stated for the change. In the l`xyi zcear xecq pg.
233, it mentions reciting ixy` and then mingxd a`, stating that oilet bdpn recites it all year
round. It seems that in those days, even according to oilet bdpn, it was said following ixy`.
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297
6 5
,aà dryz iptly zayde zereay iptly zayd ode dpya zezay izya wx mixne` 'mingxd a`'
.e‰pzz zexifb xkfl mipey`xd epizeax zpwzk
.ygla enr exne` ldwde daevr dnirpa eze` xne` ofgde eilbx lr cner ldwd
à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A cw§ti¦ Èd mi¦nEvrd̈ £ ein̈£gx§ ©A à mi¦nFx§n o¥kFW à mi¦ng£ xd̈ © a©`
à m¥Xd© z©Xc§ ªw lr© mẄ§t©p ExèqÖ¤W Wc¤T© « d zFNi¦dw§ à mixẄ§ ¦ id© e§ mi¦ni¦nY©
è de§ mici¦¦ qg£ d©
à EN«w© mixẄè ¦ Pn¦ Ec®¨x§t¦p `´l mz̈Fn§aE md¤½ i¥Ig© A§ Æmn¦ i¦rèPd© e§ mi³a¦ d̈¡ `«¤Pd© bk:` 'a lèny
à däFh§l Epi«¥ l¡ ` mxè ¥M§fi¦ :mxEv
¨ u¤t«g¥ e§ mp̈Fw oFvx§ zFUr© £l à Ex«a¥ B̈ zFix£̀ ¨ n¥ E
à KEtẌ©d eicä ¨ r£ mC© z©nw§ ¦p Epi«¥pir§ ¥l Epi«n¥ ï§A mw§pi¦e§7 à ml̈Fr i¥wiC© ¦v x¨`W § m¦r
mFT¦ ® i eicä
¨ rÎm
£ c© i¬M¦ FO½ r© Æmi¦Fb Epi³¦px©
§d bn:al mixac :mi¦ l¡ `d̈ Wi¦` d¤ n zxFz§ © A aEzM̈©M
8
:xn`¥l aEzM̈ mi¦ì¦aèPd© Licä «¤ r£ ic§¥i lr§ ©e :FO« r© Fzn̈c© §` x¬¤Rk¦ e§ eixv̈§
½¨ l ai´W ¦ ï Æmẅp̈§e
:x©n`¡¤p Wc¤T© « d i¥az¦
§ ka§ E :oF«Iv¦ A§ o¬¥ W ïi«e© izi ¦ T¦
®¥pÎ`«l mń̈C¨ iz¦ iT¦¥pe§ `k:c lèi
Epi®¥pir§
¥l mí¦FB©A miiba rć¨ ©Ei¦ m¬¤did¥Å l¡
« ` d¶¥I`© m» i¦FB©d Ex́ènì« | dÖ³l̈ i:hr mildz
gk©À WÎ`«
¨ l x®k̈f̈ m´z̈F` mi¦nC̈ W´¥cÎi«M¦ bi:h :x¥nF`§e :KEtẌ© « d Li¬¤ cärÎm
£ C«© zn©À w§ ¦p
W`x u©g¬n̈ zF®Ie¦§b `´¥ln̈ m¦iFB©A oicï ´¦ f-e:iw :x¥nF`§e :m¦ie¦« p̈r£ miipr zw¬©r«£v©
:W`x« mixï ¬¦ oMÎl
À r© d®¤YW § i¦ Kx´¤
¤C©A l©g©Pn¦ :d«Äx© u¤x¬¤̀Îlr©
.'mingxd a`' oebipa 'elldi' jiynne dxez xtqd z` gwel ofgd
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel ofgd
:m¦in̈« Ẅ§e u¤x¬¤̀Îlr© FcF
À d :ldw FC©
®a§l | Fń§W a´B̈U§ ¦pÎi«M¦ ïÀ i§ mW ¥Ä Îz¤̀ | E³Æl£l«d© i§ ci-bi:gnw
5. The origins of mingxd a` are somewhat unclear, although it first appears in the mid-thirteenth
century. As such, it is possible it was written either to commemorate the victims of the
Crusades and the destruction of fpky` zelidw in the Rhineland, or the burning of the Talmud
in Paris in 1242. (The later event was the culmination of a systematic and organized plan
to collect books of the Oral Law from all over Europe and gather them to be burned in Paris,
in the central square of the city. We have only one manuscript of the Talmud from that era
that survived the edict, the Munich Manuscript, quoted in the mixteq iwecwc which published
the variants between this manuscript and our standard edition of the cenlz. All other
manusripts were burned.) It is said on the zay before zereay because of the massacres of
m"ey zelidw in 1096 (`vpbn ,`yiinxee ,`xiity) and on oefg zay because of the oaxeg. According to
oilet bdpn it is recited every week, following the Cossack Bogdan Chmielnitzki’s peasant army
rebellion of 1648. They massacred between 100,000 - 300,000 Jews and destroyed three
hundred Jewish communities in the Ukraine, Volhynia, Podolia, Poland proper and Lithuania.
o`k mixne` zaya lgy oeiq yceg y`x axr - cgein xcq yi oeiq yceg y`x axra ef zay lg m` 6.
,ldwl jxiay in k"gè (zagxen) zenyp zxkfda mikiynn `l` dixg` ixy` mixne` oiè ,ycegd zkxa
.dxez xtqd miqipkne ,mingxd a` ,ixy`
.(dxefpvd icia xvew qtcend gqepd) ':KEtẌ©d eic̈är£ mC© z©nw§ ¦p Epi«¥pir§ ¥l Epi«n¥ ï§A mFw§pi¦e§' :èd oekpd gqepd 7.
'i¼¦NÎd¤Ur«£Y© d» n̈c̈£̀ gÁ© §fn¦ ' `k̈d̈ aiz¦ M§ !g¥
© Af§ O¦ d© zg© Y© xEaẅ Eli`¦ M§ ,l ¥̀ xÜ¦
§ i ux¤ ¤̀ A§ xEaT̈d© lM̈ ,op̈r̈ ax© xn© `¨ 8.
(.ìw zeaezk 'nb) .':FO« r© Fzn̈c©§` x¬¤Rk¦ e§' mz̈d̈ aiz¦ kE § (`k:k zeny)
_______________________________________________
298
:fr¨ « e cFaM̈
¬ mi®¦l ¥̀ i´¥pA§ ïi©«l Eád̈ c¬e¦c̈Å §l xFn§ À fn¦ hk
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¨ x´¥ W ï§i lFẃ
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:W«¥̀ zFa£ ¬ d«©l a ¥À g ¬ï§iÎlFw
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:cFaM̈
« x¬¥ ` FNÀ Mª F®lk̈i«d¥a§ E zFx¬r̈Å i§ sU¡ ¶ g¤I«e© zFlÏ©
» ` l´¥lFg§i | Æïi§ lFw³
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© Kxä§
¥ i | ïÃ i§ o®¥Yi¦ FÓr§ ©l fr À̈i«i§
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Üi¦ i¬¥t§l`© zFa£ax¦« ï½ i§ dá̈EW x®©nì dgªpa§ E el:i xacna
:L«¤Grª oFx£̀«
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©i Li¬¤ ci¦qg£«e© w¤c®¤vÎEWèAl§ i¦ Li¬¤p£dM«
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:Ea«fr«£Y© Îl«`© iz¦À xF¨ Y« m®¤kl̈ i¦Yz ´© p̈ aFh g©w´¤l i³M¦ a:c ilyn
:x«Ẍ ª̀§n d̈i¬¤k è z«e§ D®Ä miwi¦ ´¦ fg£ O«© ©l ì¦d mi´¦Ig© Îur¥ gi:b
:mF«lẄ d̈i´z¤ Faiz¦ §pÎlk̈«e§ m ©p® Îi¥kx§c© d̈i¬¤kx¨C§ fi:b
:mc«¤w§
¤M Epi¥nï W¬¥ C©g däEWp̈« ½ e§ aeype ÆLi¤̧l¥̀ | ³ï§i Epai¦ ¥̧ Wd£`k:d dki`
.(179 'nr) sqen zaye yicw ivg o`k mixne`
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'orpxrl zereay' - zereay lil oewiz
.'zereay lil oewiz' xcq z` dxeaga micnele dlild lk mixerp
.df cenila mitzzyn milecb micli
mx lewa `xew ,daiyid xcq itl oibexiql ,migkepdn cg` lk .axd my`xae ogley aiaq miayei dxeagd ipa
epinil ayeid ligzn ,ely rhwd z` oey`xd xnbyk .ygla enr mixne` dxeagd ipa x`ye ,oewizdn rhw
dnk exez ribda èxwl cg` lk xfeg ,md miaexn mirhwde lièd .seqd cr d`ld oke .àd rhwd zìxwa
.minrt
zpibp e` zelibnd zpibpa - miaezkd wlg ,dxhtdd zpibpa - miìapd wlg ,`xwnd inrha `xwp dxezd wlg
.dt lray dxez cenil oebipa - zeipynd wlge ,mildz zxin`
.dxez ixac oia licadl `ly ,ok iptl miweqt dnk cenrl minicwnd yie ,cenrl mibdep zexacd zxyr zxinà
mixne` dpyn ixcq dyyn xcqd lk xnb cg` .miaezka oke miìapa oke ,dxezd meiqa mezi yicw xne` la¥ `
.opaxc yicwe 'ìywr oa ìppg 'x'
l`xyi uxày iptn ,mipexg`d miweqtd 'be miweqtd 'b z` wx mixne`d yi zex zlibna :l`xyi uxà
.zixgya dlek z` mi`xew
.weqta weqt oibexiql mixn`p mildzd ixenfn .ygla mixn`p dki` zlibn iweqt
.cenild seqay zxk oewiz lr dlitzde zeilawd zepigzd z` xneln erpnpy epizeaxn yi
.micgein mipebpa 'mler oec`'e 'lcbi' xnfl ebdp cenild xnba zelidw dnk
dxez cenil oia mzybdl dwqtd mikxerd yi .ze`wyne milk`n micneld zeyxl micner cenild jldna
.dt lray dxezl azkay
_______________________________________________
299
fpky` zyxen oekn
(lhi
¤ w)
¦ q¤pb§ x`q
©
,ez`v cre ezqipkn mixetkd mei zelitze ,dpyd y`x ly xwead zelitza
,milaewnd fpky` ikixkzk ezxevy ,ixewnd 'qpbx`q'd .dpal ztpvne (lhiw) 'qpbx`q' miyael
.oal hpa` eilr mixbeg .dlrnl geztd xèevd zia jxc sebd lr eze` milylyne ,xeg`ne miptln xebq
,dpey`x dpya ozg oke ,mixegae mixrp .mipal diqty ixnbl dpal zilha shrzdl ebdp miax
.mipal micba xg` zexcdn miyp .'qpbx`q' `l j` dpal ztpvn miyaeg
zilha shrzne ,xegy y`x ieqik zgz dpald ztpvnd zè eztilg zgz 'qpbx`q'd z` yael n"a l¥a`
ztpvnde 'qpbx`q'd z` ielba yael ,silgn el oi`yk ,u"yk ynyn la`d oda zelitza .dxegy dxhr mr leg
(wdaend fpky` bdpnl jixcn) .dpal zilha shrzne dpald
mi`xep minil dltzd ze`qxb
,ofgd zxin`l epwzpy miyicwa wx '`lirle `lirl' miltek dpyd y`x zelitza
:epiide
;dixg`le dcinrd zlitz iptl ziaxra
;u"yd zxfg xg`le 'ekxa' iptl zixgya
;dxezd zìxw xg`l
.u"yd zxfg xg`le dcinrd iptl sqena
'`lirle `lirl' miltek ofgd ly dgpn iyicwa j`
.miltek oi` mezi yicw lka
!llk '`lirl' miltek oi` ,xetk mei caln ,daeyzd ini x`ya
:daeyz ini zxyr lka dltzd ze`qxib oldl
.('lk' dlnd `la) :L«z¤ ix§ ¦a i¥pA§ mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l aFz§kE
('miaeh' dlnd `la) :mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zi¥A L§Or© lk̈§e (epgp` `le) Ep«`¨ Li«¤pẗ§l 'eke mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§
.'melya l`xyi enr z` jxand' mewna ,:mFlẌ©d d¥UFr :dcinrd meiq
.('melyd' dricid `"d ztqed `la) mFlẄ d¥ r :libxd gqepd z` mixne` dcinrd seqe yicw seqa
:mi`xepd minia dltzd ze`qxib oldl
.('miwicv okae' `le) Eg«n̈U§ i¦e§ E`x¦
§i mi¦wiC©
¦v f¨è§
.('dabie aezkk' `le) hR̈§WO¦ A© zF`-ä§v 'd D©A§b¦Ie© x©n`¡¤pe§
.('zn` jxace' `le) z¤n`¡ Ep«M¥ §ln© Lxä § cE§
:àd xcqd itl zay ly ztqezd z` mixne` dcinra ziriaxd dkxad meiqa
,L«W
¡ cẅ
§ z©AW
© oFvx§
äE dä£d`© A§ Epi «¥l¡
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© e§
dŸ©` i¦M ,L«n¤ W
§ i¥ad£ `« l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ L§a Eg§nU§ i¦e§
u"yd zxfga gezt ycewd oex` x`yp ,mixetikd mei zelitz lkae ,dpyd y`x ly sqene zixgya
.(zexibqe zegizta zeaxdl mixge`nd mixefgnd oeivk `ly) mipdk zkxae dyecwa caln
:dl` zexetq zegizta mipdke milltzn dnk micakn
.dyecw iptl - xbeq lltzn ;u"yd zxfg zligz z`xwl - gzet lltzn
.'dvx' zxin` zligza - xbeq odk ;'xece xecl' zxin` zligza - gzet lltzn
.'lawzz' yicw iptl - xbeq odk ;mipdk zkxa xg` - gzet odk
.('jìap ci lr' milind `la) d¤fÎl¤̀ d¤f `xẅ§
¨ e aEzM̈©M :weliq lk xg` dyecwd zligza
sqena
.('dgelyd' `le) dg̈§NY© W ¤ ,('epgp`' `le) mi¦lFk§i Ep«`¨ oi¥̀§e :'epi`hg iptne'a
§ ¦PW
('gafnd ab lr' :`le) g© A¥ §fO¦ d© i¥A©B lr© :ìd `qixbd dkxad seq z`xwl zepexkfa sqen dpyd y`xa
':xM§fY¦ mi¦ng£ x§ ©A mFI©d awr© £i l¤W Frx©§f§l wg̈§vi¦ zc¥ £e' :èd gqepd zepexkf zkxa seqa
©wr©
.('jilr axrze' `le) Ep«z¥ xi¦
¨ zr£ Li«¤pẗ§l ax©r¤
¡ze§
.('daeh dnizg xnb' `le) 'däFh dn̈i¦zg£ ' :edrxl yi` lg`n ,mixetkd meil cr daeyz ini x`ya
_______________________________________________
300
dpyd y`xl zeltz dpyd y`x
dpyd y`xl zeltz

à awr«£i© i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡ ` à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
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_______________________________________________
302
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------------------
jilyz xcq
(Tashlich Gebet)
.a sirq `"nxae btwz 'iq n"cd k"ke .'jilyz'd bdpnl oey`xd xewnd èd l"ixdnd
.'jilyz' zxin`l xdpd l` mikled dpyd y`x ly oey`x meia dgpn xg`
.xnebe 'jenk l-` in' miweqtd 'c z` wx mixne` 'jilyz'a
After dgpn (on the second day if the first falls on a zay)
one goes to a brook or stream or a pond in which there are fish, and recites:
FR©
½ ` Æcrl̈© wi³¦f¡gd¤Î`«l Fzl̈£
® g«©p zix¥̀
¦ W§ ¦l r©W«½R¤Îlr© x´¥ r§e Æoer̈ `³¥ p LFnM̈
À l´¥̀ Îi¦n hi-gi:f dkin
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Elr©£iÎ`l§e à EcèwR̈¦iÎ`l§e à ExèkG̈¦iÎ`l x¤W £̀ mFw§nA¦ Ki¦lW § Y© à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A LèOr© z`H©gÎlk̈§e
:mc«¤w¤ i¥ni¬n¦ Epi ¥ a£̀«©l Ÿ§r¬©AW
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¤ £̀ m®d̈x§
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_______________________________________________
303
dlitzd seqa zeriwze cnerne ayeinc zeriwzd xcq dpyd y`x
(Shofor Blasen)
ayeinc zeriwz
.'xenfn gxw ipal gvpnl' f"n xenfn xne` rwezd wx
.'ebe o"hy r"xw iweqt ygla envrl xne` rwezd
:iz¦« r̈§eW
© §l iz¦ g̈§ex§©l Lè ² p§f`¨ m¯¥lr§ Y© Îl©` Ÿ§r®n̈Ẅ i¦lFw ep:b dki`
:L«w¤c¦ §v h¬©RW § n¦ ÎlM̈ ml̈Fr§ À lE z®¤n`¡ L¬ xä § x qw:hiw mildz
è CÎW`
:mic¥ ¦« f i¦pw§
¬ªWr«©©iÎl«`© aFh§ èar© ax́r£ akw:hiw
® l ĹC§
:ax«¨ l¬l̈Ẅ `v¥À Fn§M L®¤zx§ ¨n`¦ Îlr© i¦ p«¨ UÚ̈ aqw:hiw
:i¦Y§pn̈« `¡«d¤ Li´¤ e§vn¦ a§ i¦M i¦pcè ®¥O©l zr´ ©e mr´©h© aEh
©c¨ ³ eq:hiw
«¥O©l Li¬¤hR̈§Wn¦ E« ®ï§i `´p̈Îd¥vx§ i¦R zFác§¦p gw:hiw
:i¦pcè
xnì k"gè
:x«ẗFW lFẃ§A ïÀ i§ drEx
®¨ z¦
§ A mi¦ l¡` d´l̈r̈ e:fn
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .r'x rb't oi`'e oh'y oi` zeaiz iy`x 'x't'e'y
.zepexkf ixtq dnka àene ,ok ebdp miax j` ,wqet meya xkfp `l rweza lkzqdl `ly
.lke`d ipta lkzqdl l"fg exq`y enk rwezd z` lalal `l ick èdy mixeaq yi
.dkxaa fkxzdl ick mipdka milkzqn oi`y enk ,driwza fkxzdl ick ,xg` mrh
!zFri¦wY©
è dÎlM̈ x©n§B cr© dẗï dẅi¦zW
§ :mifixkn zeriwzd iptl
.zeriwzd zrya zayl mikiynn dxez ixtq iwifgn oke ,ayeiny zeriwzd lke zekxad zra ayei `xwnd
:xẗFW lFw rF
© n§
« W¦l Ep«Ëv¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥l¡
.x"z oniq seq `"nxk `le (l"ixdn) .zaya oey`x mei lgyk `l` epiigdy mixne` oi` ipy meia
(l"ixdn) .'x't'e'y z"x (gi:d '` mikln) :'rx«¨ r©b¬¤
R oi¥̀ e§ oḧ½ Ü oi´¥̀ ' xn`py ohyd z` aaxrn xteyde
,drexzde mixayd ,driwzd lew
:fpkyà zlaewnd minecw zxeqn itl mirnyn md
A driwz’s pitch slightly lowers immediately after
the beginning and then returns to the original pitch
which is retained for the duration of the driwz.
,libx lilva driwzd zligz - driwz
dler skize xzei jenp lilvl rwezd cxei cine
.driwzd seq cr ea jiynne oey`xd lilvl dxfg
A mixay are three first ascending and then descending
tones with no pause in between.
.micxeie miler mixaegn zelew dyely - mixay
All the mipe`b and mipey`x state that a drexz
should be blown as one extended “trembling” sound.
.micrexe mixaegn zelew dryz - drexz
ybcen xzei èd fpky` ipa ly crxdy la` ,mipnizd enk)
zexnly (bga bg zekld) xn` l"vf y"ixbd (oniz ipa ly crxdn
onfae ,zilaae ,zipxbpede ,zifpky`) "zipniz"d drexzdy
.(zirhend) dvetpd lr dticr ìd (l`xyi ux` lka mipey`xd
_______________________________________________
304
fpky` bdpn follows mz epiax and the y"`x’s opinion and blow the first forty drexz mixay
with a brief pause in between (c:wz `"nx).
.rwzi rweze zg`l zg` oxcqk zeriwzd z` ìxwnd `xwie
[.cgi 'drexz mixay' `xew `xwnd oi` j` .'drexz'e 'mixay' oia drnw miwiqtn]
driwz drexz :`xew mzrnyd xg` skize mixay :`xew driwz
:`xwnd xne` z"yzl z"xyz xcq oia
!a¥W
,zeriwzd iptl ea oezp didy xceqa egipne eitn xteyd z` xiqn rwezd
.eit l` eaiyne xteyd z` lhepe xfegy cr dwc yilyk rwezd gpe
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
:`xwnd xne` z"xzl z"yz xcq oia
!a¥W
,zeriwzd iptl ea oezp didy xceqa egipne eitn xteyd z` xiqn rwezd
.eit l` eaiyne xteyd z` lhepe xfegy cr dwc yilyk rwezd gpe
driwz drexz driwz
driwz 1 drexz driwz
:dlecbÎdriwz drexz driwz
.'oekldi' cr 'mrd ixy`' ldwd xne` dlecb driwz xg`
:oEk¥
« Nd© i§ Li¬¤pR̈ÎxF`§
« A ïÀ i§ drEx
®¨ z§ ir´¥èi« mr̈d̈ ix§
´¥W`© fh:ht
.'ixy`' ly oey`x weqt oebip eze` xneè ,mi`xep mini oebipa df weqt lr xfeg `xwnd
cnernc zeriwz
The mipe`b enacted the practice of blowing z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz for a total of ten zelew
during u"yd zxfg, and not during the ygla dlitz.
[.cgi 'drexz mixay' `xew `xwnd oi` j` .'drexz'e 'mixay' oia drnw miwiqtn]
;zeikln iweqtl :driwz :drexz :`xew mzrnyd xg` skize :mixay :`xew :driwz zg` mrt mirwez
;zepexkf iweqtl :driwz :mixay :driwz zg` mrt
.zextey iweqtl :driwz :drexz :driwz zg` mrt
.'epizty zyx`' zxinà mibdep oke ,oebipa eilr xfeg ofgde 'mler zxd meid' xne` ldwd
à micä
¦ r©£M m¦` à mi¦pä§M m¦` à mi¦nl̈Fr ixEv§ ¥ i lM̈ à hR̈§Wn¦ A© ci¦nr© £i mFI©d à ml̈Fr zx£ ©d mFI©d
à zFiElY§ L§l Epi«¥pir¥ à micä ¦ r©
£M m¦è§ à mi¦pÄ lr© a¨` m¥gx§ ©M Ep«n¥ g£ x© à mi¦pä§M m¦`
:WFcẅ mi¨` à Ep«h¥ R̈§Wn¦ xF`k̈ ì¦vFz§e Ep«¥Pg̈Y¤ è W cr©
lFw§l ai¦Ww§ n© E hi¦An© à oi¦f£̀ n© E oi¦an¥ à `V̈¦pe§ mx¨ l¥̀ à Li«¤pẗ§l ax©r¤¡i Epi«z¥ ẗ§U z¤Wx£̀
«¤
zextey zepexkf zeikln
oFx§k¦f§l zaya) Ep«z¥ r̈i¦wY§ oFx§k¦f§l zaya) Ep«z¥ r̈i¦wY§ oFx§k¦f§l zaya) Ep«z¥ r̈ExY§
mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© zE
§ (Ep«z¥ r̈i¦wY§ mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© zE
§ (Ep«z¥ r̈i¦wY§ mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© zE§ (Ep«z¥ r̈ExY§
:Ep«z¥ Fx§tFW xc«¤q¥ oFvx§ äE :Ep«z¥ FpFx§k¦f xc«¤q¥ oFvx§
äE :Ep«z¥ FI¦k§ln© xc«¤q¥ oFvx§
äE
.'lewl' mewna 'epzriwz/epzrexz oexkfl' mixne` zaya la` ,zaya s` 'epizty zyx`'e 'mler zxd meid' mixne`
l"ixdna mrhde .cala ayeinc zeriwz meiqa dlecb driwz mirwezy aezk mipey`x x`ye l"ixdna 1.
.fpkyà zelidwd aexa oyid bdpnd d`xpk èd jke ."drexz ircei mrd ixy`" eligzie xeaivd erciy ick
.`yiinxee ibdpna oke
_______________________________________________
305
The mipe`b enacted the practice of z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz for a total of ten zelew during u"yd zxfg,
and not during the ygla dlitz, for the following reasons: a) it was the mipe`bd bdpn in laa
and should not be deviated from, b) both the mixay and drexz are variations of a `ziixe`c devn,
so to blow any one of the combinations is sufficient, c) there is no need to blow the entire
thirty zelew during sqen just to commemorate the original practice of blowing them exclusively
during sqen, d) since the `ziixe`c aieg has been fulfilled before sqen, there is no need
to inconvenience the xeav by blowing another thirty zelew, e) it is a mere accompaniment to sqen
much as the xtey was blown as part of sqen on a xeaiv ziprz, f) the xtey is sounded merely
to confuse the ohy not to fulfill the devn, blowing unnecessary zelew is therefore, a wqtd,
g) according to the original practice the xeav fulfills the original practice of z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz by
hearing all the variations without the need for additional zelew, h) the ten zelew blown during
sqen combine with the zelew before sqen for a total of forty alluding to the forty days epiax dyn
was on ipiq xd, during which time a xtey sound was continuously heard, i) there are profound
mystical allusions to doing so, j) blowing more zelew than needed by strict dkld, may constitute
a violation of siqez la. (“Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz” p.115)
dltzd seqa zeriwz

,zetqep zeriwz miyy dltzd xnba mirwez ,mipexg`d zexeca dbdpdd dlawzdy itk
.cnernce ayeinc zeriwzd miraxà zaeg ici e`vi xaky zexedl ,xrnrnl`d lr `le axd ayenl mewn zaxiwa
,zeriwz miyely aey mirwez 'zexinf mirp`' xgè ,zeriwz miyely mirwez 'gayl epilr' iptl
u"yd zxfg xg`y zeriwzd lka .'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy mixne` odixg`le
'zexinf mirp`' xg`y zeriwza mibdep yi epinia .`xwnd mìxwn jke ,zg` dniypa 'drexz-mixay' mirwez
.dtexi` gxfn bdpnk 'drexz'e 'mixay' ,'driwz' ly zelewd z` rinydl
driwz drexz - mixay driwz

driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
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¥l
4
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©wr©
l"f wfii` x"xd ipwf ixen ia` mbe lecbd laewn l"f yiexh d"xxdn execa lecb odn cgè dt eidy miyecwd
(arwzz oniq une` sqei)
my r"yk `le 'b w"q `"vwz f"h y"nke ,'eke ' wr© £i l¤W Frx©§f§l wg̈§vi¦ zc¥©wr©£e' xn`l a"rwzz `"i t"r t"t bdpn
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(192 sc zldw ixac)
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310
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312
epkln epia` daeyz ini zxyr
3 2 1
daeyz ini zxyrl epkln epia`
,dgpna od zixgya od ,dxyr dpeny zltz xg` 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
.zixgya eze` mixne` zay axra xetk mei axr lg mè .xetk mei axre zay axr ly dgpnan ueg
.xak da sehr epi` m` ,zilha shrzn 'epkln epia`'l ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
.dnirp dzeà ldwd dxne` eixgè zcgein dnirpa ofgd dxne` dwqit lk zgpa xn`p xcq
.milecb milna zecg`d zewqtd xwir
:Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈ ald lr oini cia mikn Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:dŸ«`¨ `N̈¤̀ K¤ln«¤ Ep«l̈ oi¥̀ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:L¤nW § or«©n© §l Ep«Ör¦ d¥Ur£ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:däFh dp̈Ẅ Epi«¥lr̈ WC©
¥g Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:zFWẅ zFx¥f§BÎlM̈ Epi«¥lr̈¥n l¥HA© Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Epi«¥̀ èpFU zFaèWg§ n© l¥HA© Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Ep«a¥iF`
è z©vr£ xtd̈
¥ Ep«M§
¥ln© Epia«¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Epi«l¥r̈n¥ oih¦ U©§ nE x©vÎlM̈ d¥NM© Ep«M§
:L«z¤ ix§
¦A i¥pAè n¦ dẗ¥Bn© E zi¦gW
§ n© E i¦aW
§ E ar̈x§
ë ax«¤g¤e§ x¤aC«¤ d¥NM© Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:L«z¤ l̈£g©Pn¦ dẗ¥Bn© r©pn§ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:L¤Or© i¥lFg§l dn̈¥lW
§ d¨Ètx§ g©lW
§ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
1. Though the recital of epkln epia`’s is ancient, based on a `xnb, it was further developed as time
went on, and divergent customs developed around it in some places. The amount of
supplications vary greatly between cxtq ,fpky` ,oilet igqep from twenty nine, to thirty seven, to
forty four, respectively, with a total of fifty three different versions existing. In addition,
there is a difference in sequence between zegqep as well. fpky` bdpn insists on epkln epia`
contain only thirty seven stanzas while ztxv bdpn (France) [which in turn became oilet bdpn]
added more stanzas. This upset the fpky` iciqg's dixhnb of zeaiz f"nx found in those
thirty seven stanzas. The bdpn to recite epkln epia` on a xeaiv ziprz is about two hundred and
fifty years old. It was not universally accepted by all of Eastern Europe, (in Galicia
for instance, epkln epia` was only said during the daeyz ini zxyr).
- xeav zeiprza epkln epia` ly bdpnd
(edil` xef`) .dpxz zeaiaqa wx l`xyi zelidwa dvetzde f"twza oey`xd xewnd
.z`¥v¨l xEAv¦ d© Elig¦ z§ d¦ ,min¦ ẄB§ Ecxï§ `¨le§ ,xEAv¦ d© lr© zFi¦p£rY© dx¥U¤ § r WŸlW§ x©fB̈X¤ ,x¤fri¦¤ l` ¡ ia¦ x§A¦ dU£ ¤ rn© ,op̈Äx© EPŸ 2.
,däiY¥ d© i¥pt¦§ l cxÏ© W¤ x¤fri¦
¤ l`¡ 'xA§ dU£
¤ rn© aEW ,min¦ ẄB§ Ecxï§ e§ ,dÏk¦ a§ A¦ mr̈d̈ lM̈ ErB̈ ,m¤kn§ v§ r§ © l mixä¦ w§ mY§ ¤ pT© Y¦ ,md¨¤ l xn© `¨
':dŸ«`¨ `N̈¤̀ K¤ln«¤ Epl̈ oi¥̀ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ' xn© `¨ e§ ,eiẍ£g`© à̈iw£ ¦ r ia¦ x§ c©xï .dp̈£rp© `¨le§ ,zFkxÄ§ rA© x§`© e§ mix¦U¤ § r xn© `¨ e§
,d¤Gn¦ lFcB̈ d¤GW¤ i¥pR§ n¦ `¨l ,dx¨n§ `¨ e§ lFw zA© dz̈vï § .op̈Ä©x i¥pP§ x© n§ Eed£ ,min¦ ẄB§ Ecxï§ e§ ':Epi¥lr̈ m¥gx© L§pr©©n§l Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ '
(:dk ziprz 'nb) .eiz̈FCn¦ lr© xia£ ¦ rn© Fpi ¥̀ d¤fe§ ,eiz̈FCin¦ lr© xia£ ¦ rn© `¨l ¤̀
3. The ` 'iq c"twz 'q yeal writes that epkln epia`, authored by àiwr iax, mirrors the zekxa of the
legl dxyr dpeny:
- epizeper lkl lgne glq, daeyza dvexd - jiptl dnly daeyza epxifgd, zrcd opeg - eppre eppg epkln epia`
daeh dpy epilr ycg, ep`tx - jnr ilegl dnly dètx gly, l`xyi lèb - dreyie dl`b xtqa epazk, epl glq
,dgpè oebi epnn xqde ...daiyd - zeyw zexfbÎlk epilrn lha, xteya rwz - jgiyn oxw mxd, epilr jxa -
oxw mxd, jingx endi - epizeaeg ixhy lk miaxd jingxa wegn, miaie` xaey - epilrn oihyne xvÎlk dlk
.dltz rney - epilr mgxe qeg eplew rny, dreyi oxw ginvn - aexwa dreyi epl gnvd, mexz epxw - jgiyn
and it also includes requests for the miax ikxev. The yeal ends, that when dpyd y`x and xetk mei
fall out on a weekday, were it was not dpyd y`x then the full dxyr dpeny would be recited.
We therefore recite epkln epia` which mirrors it, but not on zay when the dcinr is different.
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313
epkln epia` daeyz ini zxyr
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:Li«¤pir¥ c¤b¤Pn¦ Epi«z¥ `H©ge§ EpirẄ§
«¥ R x¥ar©
£de§ d¥gn§ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Ep«¥piC¦ x©f§BÎrF
© x« rx§
©w Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Epi«z¥ FaFg ix§
¥hW¦ ÎlM̈ mi¦Axd̈© Li«n¤ g£ x§ ©A wFg§n Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Epg«§p̈ £̀ xẗr̈ iM¦ xEk¨f Ep«M§
:Li«p¤ẗ§l aFh oFxM̈¦fA§ Epx«¥k¨§f Ep«M§
:mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© x¤tq¥ A§ (Ep«n¥ zg̈
§ :dlirpa) Ep«a¥ zM̈
:zFIk§ªf x¤tq¥ A§ (Ep«n¥ zg̈
:dl̈M̈§lk© e§ dq̈p̈x©
§R x¤tq¥ A§ (Ep«n¥ zg̈
:dr̈EWi¦e dN̈ ª̀§B x¤tq¥ A§ (Ep«n¥ zg̈
:dg̈i¦lq§ E dl̈i¦gn§ x¤tq¥ A§ (Ep«n¥ zg̈
:aFxẅ§A dr̈EW§i Ep«l̈ g©nv§ d© Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:L«O¤r© l ¥̀xÜ§ i¦ ox¤w«¤ mxd̈
¥ Ep«M§
:L«gi
¤ W¦ n§ o¤xw«¤ mxd̈¥ Ep«M§
:Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx§
©e qEg Ep«¥lFw r©nW
:Ep«z¥ N̈¦tYÎz¤̀
§ oFvx§
äE mi¦ng£ x§
©A l¥Aw© Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Li«¤pẗèln¦ mẅix¥ EP«a¥ i¦WYÎl©
§ ` `p̈ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:L«W¤ cẅ
§ mWÎl ¥ r© mi¦bEx£d or«©n© l§ dU¥ r£ Ep«M§
:LcEg
«¤ iÎl¦ r© migEa
¦ h§ or«©n© l§ dU¥ r£ Ep«M§
:L«n¤ W
§ WEc¦TÎlr© m¦iO«© a© E W¥̀ ä i¥̀ Ä or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:KEtẄ©d Licä
¤ rÎm
£ C© z©nw§ ¦p Epi«¥pir§
¥l mFw§p Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Ep«¥pr©
£n§lÎ`lÎm¦` L§pr© ©n§l d¥Ur£ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
:Epri«¥WFd§
¦ e L§pr© ©nl§ dU¥ r£ Ep«M§
:miA¦ xd̈
© Li«n£
¤gx© or«©n© l§ dU¥ r£ Ep«M§
:Epi«¥lr̈ `x§
¨w¦PW
¤ `xFP©
¨ de§ xFA¦Bd© lFcB̈©d L§nW
¦ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨ ldw eixgè ofg
5 4
.ygla zxn`p 'eppre eppg' dpexg`d dwqitd
«¥ WFd§e c¤q«g¤e¨ dẅc̈§v Ep«Ör¦ d¥Ur£ à mi¦Ur©
:Epri¦ £e Ep«¥Pg̈ à Ep«M¥ §ln© Epi«a¦ `¨
£n Ep«Ä oi¥̀ i¦M Ep«¥pr©
4. The reason we recite the last weqt silently, is out of the shame with which we view ourselves,
in not possessing any miaeh miyrn. According to fpky` bdpn all of epkln epia` is said aloud,
therefore, it would be very noticeable that the last weqt is said silently. According to
oilet bdpn, since many of the miweqt of epkln epia` are said silently, this is not seen as clearly.
There is no long standing bdpn to recite or sing the last weqt aloud.
.dyead iptn xzqa ywane mpg zpzn cg` lk oica xac ywal el oi`y iprk - zldw ixac 5.
_______________________________________________
314
fpky` zyxen oekn
xetk mei axrl dxtkd xcq
(Kapores Schlagen)
b"vxz zpya dipnxba oehlyl mi`vpd elr xy`k .milebpxz lr zextk zeyrl ebdp fpkyà zenewnd lka
zeyrl eldde milebpxz lr zextk zeyrl dipnxb icedin rpnp f`n .menid `ll dhigy xqe`d ivx` weg ewweg
.mcwn fpkyà bdpnd did jky mixeaqd meik yi okl .mixg` mitilgz e` mibc lr
,zixgyl zegilq oia xgyd zelra mixetkd mei axra ohgyle zextkd z` zeyrl ebdp zephw zelidwa
miaexn milebpxzd oda zelecb zelidwa la` .zixgy xg` - yie ,zegilql dkild iptl ok eyry zenewn yie
lk ik ,mixetkd mei axr iptl zextkd z` hegyl eticrd ,mihgeyd lr fxten ugl yie ,mihren mihgeyde
xgyd zelr ly rbxd caln ,axr zrl mixetkd mei axr cr dilcb mevn ,zextkd oiprl miey daeyz ini zxyr
.dax `pryeda ozeyrl leki ,xetik mei iptl zextk dyr `l m` .mixetkd mei axra
zxaerna .zeaiwp e` mixkf dnkl cg` ser gwil ebdpe ,dawpl dpal zlebpxze xkfl oal lebpxz migwel
y`xd aiaq miaaeqny dryae ,'mc` ipa' :miweqtd z` mixne` .zlebpxze lebpxz dxear milhepd yi
dwcv mipzep ,ozxenz z` xnelk ,zextkd oeict z` .mixefgnde mixeciqa àeny xcqd itk ,'iztilg df' mixne`
.envr serd z` mipzepd yie ,miiprl
It is customary xetik mei axr for a male to take a cock and for a female to take a hen as a dxtk
and to recite the following passage three times:
z¤e®n̈§lv© e§ K¤ ǵ¥n m¥̀i¦vF«i ci :l«¤fx©
§aE i´¦pr¢ ixi¦
¥ q £̀ z¤e®n̈§lv© e§ K¤Wǵ i¥aW
è i« i:fw mildz mc¨ ¨` i¥pA§
m®Ẅ§t©p ar© ´¥zY§ l¤ `ÎlM̈ :E«Pr©z¦§ i md¤À i¥ p¬er¥
£nE« mr§®¨WR¦ Kx´¤C¦¤n mi¦le¦`¡ `k-fi :w«Y¥ ©pi§ m´d¤i¥zFxèqFnE
m®¥̀ R̈x¦§ie§ FxäC§ g´©lW§ i¦ :mri¦
«¥ WFi« md¤À i¥zFw¬ª
vèOn¦ m®¤dl̈ x´S© A© ï§iÎl¤̀ Eẃr§ £f¦Ie© :z¤en̈« ix¥r´£W
© Îcr© Eri¦BÀ©Ie©
K`§À̈ ln© | eil̈¸ r̈ W³¥iÎm¦` ck-bk:bl aei` :mc¨ «¨` i¬¥pa§ ¦l eizF`è
À̈ lt§ ¦pe§ FC§®qg© í̈i©«l EćFi :m«z̈Fzi«g¦ X
è n¦ h¥NÀ n© i«e
:x¤k« i¦z`¬v̈n̈ z©gẄÀ zc¬¤ ¤x¥n Edr¥c§ ¨R x¤n`ÀIe© EPÀ¤Pgªi§e© :Fx§«Wï mć¨
¨`§l ci¦Bd© §l s¤l®¨`Îi¦Pn¦ c¬g̈¤̀ ui¦lÀ n¥
If one swings the dxtk on one’s own behalf, one recites:
à i¦zxR̈©
¨ M d¤f i¦zxEn
¨ Y§ d¤f i¦zẗi¦lg£ d¤f
Here one takes the bird in the left hand and puts the right hand on the head of the bird:
dz̈i¦nl§ K¥li¥ lFbèpx©
§Yd© d¤f
:mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀
ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l K¥l ¥̀§e q¥pM̈¤̀ i¦p £̀©e
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of oneself and If one swings the dxtk on behalf of another
of another, one recites: male, one recites:
à Ep«z¥ xR̈©
¨ M d¤f Ep«z¥ xEn ¨ Y§ d¤f Ep«z¥ ẗi¦lg£ d¤f à Lzè xR̈©
¨ M d¤f Lzè xEn
¨ Y§ d¤f Lèzẗi¦lg£ d¤f
K¥l¥pe§ q¥pM̈¦p Ep§g©p £̀©e dz̈i¦nl§ K¥li¥ lFbèpx©
§Yd© d¤f K¥lz¥ e§ q¥pM̈Y¦ dŸ©è§ dz̈i¦nl§ K¥li¥ lFbèpx©
§Yd© d¤f
:mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀ ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l :mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of several If one swings the dxtk on behalf of a female,
males at one time, one recites: one recites:
à m¤kz§ xR̈©
© M d¤f m¤kz§ xEn© Y§ d¤f m¤kz© § ti¦lg£ d¤f à K¥zxR̈©
¨ M z`f K¥zxEn ¨ Y§ z`f K¥zẗi¦lg£ z`f
Ekèlz¥ e§ EqèpM̈Y¦ m¤Y`© e§ dz̈i¦nl§ K¥li¥ lFbèpx©
§Yd© d¤f i¦qèpM̈Y¦ Y©è§ dz̈i¦n§l K¥lY¥ z¤lbè« px©
§Yd© z`f
:mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀ ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l :mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀
ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l i¦kèlz¥ e§
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of If one swings several zextk at the same time on
several females at one time, one recites: behalf of a number of people or
z`f o¤kz§ xEn
© Y§ z`f o¤kz© § ti¦lg£ z`f of a pregnant woman, one recites:
dz̈i¦n§l K¥lY¥ z¤lbè« px©
§Yd© z`f à o¤kz§ xR̈© © M à m¤ki¥zFxR̈©M El«¥̀ m¤ki¥zFxEnY§ El«¥̀ m¤ki¥zFti¦lg£ El«¥̀
mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l dp̈§k«©lz¥ e§ dp̈§q«©pM̈Y¦ o¤Y`© e§ EqèpM̈Y¦ m¤Y`© e§ dz̈i¦n§l Ekèli¥ mi¦lFbèpx©
§Yd© El«¥̀
:mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀ ª :mFlẄèlE mi¦kx£̀ª mi¦aFh mi¦Ig© §l Ekèlz¥ e§
_______________________________________________
315
ixcp lk zltz xetk mei
1
xetik mei axr zewln
.abd lr zewln h"l ,xer ly dxebga ,edrx z` yi` miwln ,zewlnl xag el xxea cg` lk dgpn xg`
erexf zervnà dtvxd lr oryp oeilrd eteb blte dvx` zepryp eikxayk ,dxenb drixk ,oetv cvl rxek dwlpd
,'ezng lk' cr 'megx ède' (gl:gr) mildza weqtd z` xne` dwlnd .eal z`kdl diept zipnid eciyk ,zil`nyd
.minrt yly jk lr mixfeg .'epny`' iecie f` xne` dwlpd .zg` dkn ozep weqtd zeaiz b"in dlin lk dxinàe
xne` dwlpd xne` dwlnd

:i¦tc« Epx«§A© C¦ à Ep§l«©fB̈ à Epc«§©bÄ à Ep§nW «© `¨ mEgx© zg` dkn Èd§e zg` dkn
Ep§lt«© ḧ à Ep§qn«© g̈ à Epc«§©f à Ep§rW«© x¦§de§ à Epi«e¦r¤ ¡d er̈ zg` dkn x¥Rk© i§ zg` dkn
à Epc§xn̈ «© à Ep§v«©l à Ep§a«©GM¦ à rx© Ep§vrï«© :x¤w«W ¤ zi¦gW§ ©i zg` dkn `l§e zg` dkn
à Epx§xv̈ «© à Ep§rW«© R̈ à Epi«e¦r̈ à Epx§xq̈
«© à Ep§v`«© ¦p ai¦Wd̈§l zg` dkn dÄx¦ §de§ zg` dkn
à EpirŸ ¦« à Ep§ar¦
«©Y à Epz«
§ g© W
¦ à Ep§rW
«© x¨ :sx¤r« Epi«X ¦ w¦ l§e zg` dkn FR©` zg` dkn
:Ep§rŸ« r§ Y¦ lM̈ zg` dkn xi¦rï zg` dkn
:Fzn̈£g zg` dkn
----------------------
:edrx z` yi` mikxan ,zqpkd zial dkilda ,mixetkd mei zqipka

dy`l yi`l
:i¦nz«¥ g̈¥z däFh dp̈Ẅ§l :m¥zg̈¥z däFh dp̈Ẅ§l
miyp miyp`
:dp̈§nz«¥ g̈¥z däFh dp̈Ẅ§l :Eni«z¥ g̈¥z däFh dp̈Ẅ§l
:x©n§l o¥ke§ e` :d«Ÿ`© m©B :dper jxaznde
ixcp lk zltz
,mx lewa ,mikxan ,mdizelitz xcq itl dltzd ilra df xg` dfa eixgè ,axd .zilha mithrzn 'ixcp lk' iptl
miìven oi` la` ,'ixcp lk' xnb cr ycewd oex` z` migzet .'ziviva shrzdl' zkxa z` ,mi`xep mini oebipa
.'wicvl rexf xe`' mixne` oiè ,mnr mitiwn oiè dxez ixtq
.'dlrn ly daiyia' minrt 'b enr mixne` ,el`nyl cgè epinil xg` ofgd icvl micner ldwd icakpn mipy
à dḦ«n© Îl¤W däi¦Wi¦aE à dl̈§rn«© Îl¤W däi¦Wi¦A [bxeaphexn m"xdn]
:mi¦pïx©
§ard̈
£ m¦r l¥NR© z¦
§ d§l mixi¦ Y©
¦ n Ep«`¨ à ld̈T̈©d zr©C«© lr§
©e mFwÖ©d zr©CÎl
«© r©
dlitzd weqrl envr zr oiekle f"der zeaygn lk epnn xeqle dxepe yecw meil envr z` mc` lk oikn 1.
lk lr d"awdn dlign ywale ,`hg `la zxyd ik`lnk zeidle ,d"awdl zeywaae dnily daeyzae mipepgze
m` ,p"kan `vil dveg zaygna ezrn `vei idi `le miny zk`lna axr cr axrn egek lka weqrle ,eizepeer
(dcedi gk) .zxyd ik`lnl dxez ozip `l ik ,mc` ipa jxevl `l
_______________________________________________
316
ixcp lk zltz xetk mei
dpeekae dcxgae zzxa 'ixcp lk' ofgd ligzne
.jenp lewa enr xne` ldwd .xzei elew mixn mrt lkae minrt 'b
ix¥c¦
§p lM̈
à `p̈x§c§«©pC¦ :zFrEa§WE à i¥qEP¦we§ à i¥iEP¦ke§ à i¥np̈Fw§e à i¥nx£ ¨ge© à ixq̈¡
¥ è¤
mixER¦
¦ M mFi¦n :`p̈«z̈Ẅ§t©p lr© `p̈x«§q© £̀ c§ ¦e `p̈§nix©
¦« g`© cE§ à `p̈§ra«© Y§
§ W`¦ cE§
oFdèlM̈ à oFd§a `p̈§hx£ «©g`¦ oFdèNM̈ :däFh§l Epi«¥lr̈ À̈©d mixER¦ ¦ M mFi cr© d¤f
:oi¦nÏ©w `l̈§e oixi¦ x§
¦W `l̈ à oi¦lḦa§ªnE oi¦lh¥ A§ oizi¦
¦ aW § oi¦wi¦aW § à oxẄ ¨ oFd§i
:zFrEa§W `l̈ `p̈«z̈r̈Ea§WE à ix¥c¦ §p `l̈ `p̈x«¨c¦ §p
.zg` mrt xeaivd mr cgi 'glqpe' xne` ofgd
:d«b̈b̈§WA¦ mrd̈Îlk̈§
¨ l i¬M¦ m®k̈Fz§A x´B̈d© x¥B©le§ l ¥̀½ x§
Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Æzc©rÎlk̈§
£ l g©lÀ q§ ¦pe§ ek:eh xacna
,'epiigdy' o`k mikxan (zexp zwlcd zra jxiay inn ueg) milltznd lk
.ezkxa lr 'on`' zeprl ick ofgd iptl dze` miiql minicwne
:(108 'nr) ziaxr zltza cin mikiynn reayd zeni x`ya
:(b"v `la) a"v xenfn mcew mixne` zay lila j`
L®¤ C§qg© x¤Á©A ci´¦Bd© §l :oFi§«lr¤ Ĺ§nW ¦ §l x¥O©f§lE ®ïi«©l zF ¬ d§l aFhÀ :z«ÄX © d© mFí§l xiW ¦À xF¬n§fn¦ av
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oi¬a¦ ïÎ`«l liq¦À § E r®¨ c¥i `´l xr© ©AÎWi«`¦ :Li«¤ aèWg§ n© Ewè ¬ nr«¨ c À̀ n§ ®ï§i LiÚ¤ r«£n© Eĺc«èB̈Îd©n :o«¥Px£̀© Lićï¤
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i®¦px©§w mi´¥̀ x¦
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g®¨ x§ti¦ xń̈Ÿ©M wiC© ¦v :i«p̈§f`¨ dp̈§r¬©nW § Y¦ mir¦À x§¥n i´©lr̈ mi¦nT̈©A i¬¨ xEW§ Å A iÀ¦pir¥ h¬¥AY© e© :o«p̈r£x«© o¤n´W
¤ A§ i ¦À N©A
mi¦pW ¥ C§ d®äi¥UA§ oEáEp§i cFr :Egix§ ¦« ti© Epi´¥ l¡` zFx§vg© A§ ®ï§i ziá¥ A§ mi¦lEz§W :d«¤BU§ i¦ oFṕäèNA© f¤ ¤̀§M
:FA« dz̈¬l̈§er© dzlrÎ`l«e§ ixE À¦ v ®ï§i x´ẄïÎi«M¦ ci¦Bd© §l :Ei§«di¦« mi´¦P©pr£x«©e§
à Dz¥ Erx¦§k `x§äC¦ `n̈èlr̈§A à (o¥n`¨ ldw) À̈x© Di¥nW § swef WC© ©wz¦
§ ie§ lC©©Bz¦
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'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ì̈©nèlr̈ i¥ nèlr̈§lE m©lr̈§l Kxä§ © n À̈x© Di¥nW § `¥di§
© z¦ § i rxek (ohw) mezi
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix§ ¦A rxek (ohw) mezi `Ẅcª §wC§ Di¥nW § l©Nd© z¦§ ie§ d¤Nr©z¦
§ ie§ xC©
©dz¦
§ ie§
`z̈n̈g̈¤pe§ `z̈g̈èAW § Yª `z̈xi¦
¨ We§ `z̈k̈x¦ §AÎlM̈¦n `N̈r§ «¥l
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
_______________________________________________
317
dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz xetk mei
dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz

:L«z¤ N̈¦dY§ ci¬¦B©i i ¦À E g®Ÿ§tY¦ i´z© ẗ§U ip̈c£̀ fh:`p mildz
à awr«£i© i¥ l`«e¥ à wg̈§vi¦ i¥ l¡
` à md̈x§ ä`© i¥ l¡ ` à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
` L§pr©
«¥kf̈
:md̈x§
ä`© o¥bn̈ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :o¥bn̈E ri«©W
¦ FnE x¥fFr K¤ln«¤
mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ à c¤q«g¤A§ mi¦Ig© l¥M§lk© n§ :ri« ©W ¦ Fd§l ax© dŸ©` mi¦zn¥ d¥Ig© n§ ip̈c£̀ ml̈Fr§l xFA¦B dŸ©`
:xẗr̈ i¥pW
¥ i¦l Fzp̈En¡` m¥Iw© n§ E à mixEq£̀¦ xi¦Yn© E à mi¦lFg `¥tFx§e à mi¦ltè Fp K¥nFq à mi¦Ax© mi¦ng£ x§ ©A
:dr̈EW§i g© i«n¦ v§ n© E d¤Ig© n§ E zi¦nn¥ K¤ln«¤ à KN̈Îd¤nFC« i¦nE à zFxEa§B lr«©A© LFnk̈
« i¦n
:mi¦ng£ x§©A à mi¦Ig© §l eixEv§ ¨ i x¥kFf à mi¦ng£ xd̈
© a©` LFnk̈« i¦n
:mi¦zO¥ d© d¥Ig© n§ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦zn¥ zFi£gd© §l dŸ©` on̈¡ `¤pe§
.dgpnae zixgya 'jvixrp' zyecw xne` ofgd
:dl̈«Q¤ LE«l£ld© i§ mFiÎlk̈§A mi¦WFc§wE à WFcẅ L§nW

:z̈`xÄ¤
¨ ie§
:z̈`xÄ¤
¨ bE à Lcï§
è A fr
¤ xFc§
£i mixẄi¦
§i mi¦wiC©
¦v à f¨è§
:ux¨
¦ e
m¦«©lẄExi¦
« aE à LcFa§
oFI¦v K¦i´© l¡
` ml̈Fr§
¤ cẅ
§ ix§ ¥ac§
§ xi¦r
À e xc§¬ l
½ d ļ¥̀d̈§e h®R̈§WO¦ A©
à zFpFWèNd© ÎlM̈¦n Ep«Ÿn§ n© Fx§e à Ep«Ä z̈i«v¦ x§ë à Ep«z̈F` Ÿ§a«d© `¨ à mi¦Ord̈ÎlM̈¦
:z̈`ẍ« ẅ Epi«¥lr̈ WFcT̈©de§ lFcB̈©d L§nW ¦ e§ à L«z¤ cFa
¥e à Li«z¤ F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ŸW § C¦
©we§
à d¤Gd© mixER¦ ¦ Md© mFiÎz¤̀ [§e d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFiÎz¤̀ zaya] dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY¦« e©
1
:m¦ix§
«¨vn¦ z©ì¦vi¦l x¤k«¥f à Epi«z¥ FpFrÎlM̈Îz¤̀
£ FAÎlg̈§n¦le§ à dxR̈© ¨ k§lE dg̈i¦lq§ ¦le§ dl̈i¦gn§ ¦l
,ycw `xwn zeazd 'a excqp `l mipyi mixecq daxda - yc¤w« `ẍ§wn ¦ [dä£d`© A§ zaya] oilet gqep itl 1.
(l`xyi zcear xecq) .h"ixz 'q g"`l yeald xirdy enk èd zerhe
_______________________________________________
318
dgpn ,zixgy ,ziaxr

Ep«¥pFx§k¦f x¥kG̈¦ie§ c¥wR̈¦ie§ r©nẌ¦ie§ d¤vx¥ ïe§ d¤̀ x¥ïe§ ri«
© ¦B©ie§ àï§e d¤lr©£i à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ `
oFx§k¦fe§ à L«W
¤ cẅ§ xi¦r m¦«©lẄEx§«i oFx§k¦fe§ à LC§ «¤ar© c¦eCÎo¤
©
:mi¦Ig© l§ Fa Epri¦ «¥ WFd§e à dk̈x§ä¦l Fa Epc§ «¥wẗE à däFh§l FA Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Epx§
«¥kf̈ :d¤Gd© mixER¦
¦ Md© mFi§A
K¤ln«¤ l¥̀ i¦M à Epi«¥pir¥ Li«¤l ¥̀ i¦M à Epri¦ «¥ WFd§e Epi«¥lr̈ m¥gx§©e EP«¥pg̈§e qEg à mi¦ng£ x§ ©e dr̈EW§i x©ac¦ §aE
:dŸ«`¨ mEgx§©e oEp©g
:d¤Gd© mixER¦ ¦ Md© [mFi§aE d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© zaya] mFi§A Epi«z¥ FpFr© £l | lFg§n à Epi¥zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ `
i®¦pr«£n© §l LirẄ§¤ t d¬¤n Èd² i¬¦ p«`¨ i ¦¸ p«`¨ dk:bn diryi -xEn¨`M̈ à Li«¤pir¥ c¤b«¤Pn¦ EpirẄ§ ¥ R x¥ar© £de§ d¥gn§
:LiY¦« §l`© §b i¬M¦ ©l ¥̀ d¬äEW Li®¤ze`H©g p̈r̈«k¤ e§ LirẄ§
¤½ R Æar̈k̈ i¦zi³g¦ n̈ ak:cn -x©n`¡¤pe§ :xM§ « f ¤̀ `¬l Liz¤ `H©ge§
§ x´d¥ h© §l m¤ki¥lr£ x¬¥Rk© i§ d²¤Gd© mF¬Ia© Îi«M¦ l:fh `xwie -x©n`¡¤pe§
2
à L«z¤ xFz§
¨ A Ep«w§ ¥lg¤ o¥ze§ Li¤zF§vn¦ A§ Ep«W¥ C©
èw [à Ep«z¥ g̈Ep§na¦ d¥vx§ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` zaya ]
Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i Ep«¥li¦g§pd© e§ zaya] :z¤n`¡A¤ LC§ èar̈§l Ep«A¥ ¦l x¥dh© e§ à L«z¤ r̈EWi¦A Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§ L«a¤ EH¦n Eprè «¥AU
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3
l¥̀ x§Üi¦§l og̈èlFq dŸ©` i¦M [:L«n¤ W § i¥ad£`« l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ L§a EgènU§ i¦e§ à L«W ¡ cẅ
:dŸ«`¨ `N̈¤̀ g©«¥lFq§e l¥gFn K¤ln«¤ Epl̈ oi¥̀ Li«c¤r̈§lA© n¦ E à xFcë xFCÎlk̈§A oExW§ ª i i¥ha§ W¦ §l ol̈ègFnE
Ep«z¥ Fn§W`© xi¦ar© £nE à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A FOr© zFpFr© £le§ Epi«z¥ FpFr©£l g©«¥lFq§e l¥gFn K¤ln«¤ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:mixER¦
¦ Md© mFi§e l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ [e§ zÄ©Xd© zaya] WC© ¥wn§ à ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤ à dp̈Ẅ§e dp̈ẄÎlk̈§A
l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i¥X`¦ e§ à L«z¤ i¥A xi¦ac¦
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dp̈i«¤f¡gz¤ e§ :L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ zcFa
© r£ ci¦nŸ oFvx§¨l i¦dzE § à oFvx§ Ä l¥Aw© z§ dä£d`© A§ à dx¥¨dn§ à mz̈N̈¦tzE
§
©A oFI¦v§l L§aEW§A Epi«¥pir¥
Epr§
¦
à zrÎlk̈§
:cr¨
¦ m©nFxz¦
§ ie§ KxÄ
© z¦§ i mN̈MÎl
ª r§©e
oiinc hxetwp`xt ,miigd jxc mr l`xyi zltz xcq,clet oxd` x"bd n"ctt zaiyi y`xn n"ctt w"w ibdpn 2.
xcqk xnìe jizevna epycw `"e` 'igzi wx epizgepna dvx ef 'kxaa xnel oi` zaya lgy k"di" :cq 'nr ,`"xz
mixagna y"r) epizgepna dvx k"deia xnel oi` zelitzd lka oke (f"hra y"re h"ixz oniqa x"è yeal k"k)
lg elit` epizgepna dvx `"e` k"ia `"`" :d"nw 'nr my ."exn`l n"ctt bdpnd la` [:clet `"x zdbd] - .(l"pd
"mixne` t"ta - .lega lgy k"deia enk jizevna epycw oiligzn wx zaya
zay èd mè" my `"bnk `le .'eke epycw epzgepna dvx `"e`" :24 'nr ,a"kxz n"ctt ,zldw ixac ,xbiib f"yx
(xbeand ax epixen) ".q"h x"ày wx zlne .f"h w"q my dax dil` hade ."epizgepna dvx 'eke epicl` `"`
:L«n¤ W
§ i¥WC©
èwn§ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ (mä dgpn / Fa zixgy / Dä ziaxr) EgE«pï§e :mixne` oilet gqep itl 3.
_______________________________________________
319
à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW
.df mixne` ziaxra .df mixne` ,dgpnae ,zixgya
LèOr© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îlr© ax¨ mFlẄ Epi«¥lr̈ à mi¦ng£ x§
©e c¤q«g¤e¨ o¥g à dk̈x§ äE däFh à mFlẄ mi¦U
Èd dŸ©` i¦M à ml̈Fr§l mi¦UŸ xF`§A cg̈¤̀§M Ep«N̈Mª à Epi«a¦ `¨ Ep«k¥ xÄ
£ :L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§
©e
aFh§e :mFlẌ©d lk̈§l oFc¨` K¤ln«¤ mi¦Ig© zxFY
© à Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i à Ep«N̈ Ÿ«z© p̈ Li«¤pR̈ xF`§a i¦M à Li«¤pR̈
l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOrÎz¤̀
© Kxä§
¥ l Li«¤pir§
¥A :mFlẄ§e mi¦Ig© e§ mi¦ng£ x§
©e dk̈x§äE dẅc§ ¨vE à c¤q«g¤ z©ad£`© e§
:L¤nFl§WA¦ dr̈ẄÎlk̈§aE zrÎlk̈§
¥ A zrÎlk̈§
© Kxä§
à Ep«`¨ Li«¤pẗ§l a¥zM̈¦pe§ x¥kG̈¦p à däFh dq̈p̈x©
§tE à mFlẄ§e dk̈x§ Ä mi¦Ig© x¤t«q¥ A§
:mFlẌ©d d¥UFr ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ zi¥A LèOrÎlk̈§© e
4
à sx¤r« i¥Ww§ E mi¦pẗ i¥Gr© Ep«`¨ oi¥̀ W
¤ à Epi«z¥ P̈¦gY¦
è n m©Nr©z¦
§ YÎl©è§ à Ep«z¥ N̈¦tY§ Li«¤pẗ§l àŸ à `P̈¨`
65
:Ep`«ḧg̈ Ep§g«©p £̀ lä£̀ à Ep`«ḧg̈ `l§e Ep£g«©p £̀ mi¦wiC© ¦v à Epi¥z« Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ à Li«¤pẗ§l x©nFl
.(zldw yxcn mya ,b ,fxz `"bn) ald cbpk dfgd lr etexbà dkn ,dceeznyk
:i¦tc« Epx«§A© C¦ à Ep§l«©fB̈ à Epc«§©bÄ «© `¨
à Ep§nW
¤ Ep§lt«© ḧ
:x¤w«W à Ep§qn«© g̈ à Ep c§«©f à Ep§rW §de§
«© x¦ à Epi«e¦r¡d¤
à Ep§v`«© ¦p à Epc§x«©n̈ à Ep§v«©l à Ep§a«©GM¦ à rx© Ep§vr«©ï
8 7
:sx¤r« Epi«X ¦ w¦ à Epx§x«©v̈ à Ep§rW«© R̈ à Epi«e¦r̈ à Epx§x«©q̈
:Ep§rŸ« r§ Y¦ à EpirŸ
¦« à Ep§ar«©Y¦ § g© W
à Epz« ¦ à Ep§rW«© x¨
Epi®¥lr̈ `Á̈d© ÎlM̈ r© wiC©
½¦v dÝ̈`© e§ bl:h dingp :Ep«l̈ dë«Ẅ `l§e à mi¦aFH©d Li«h¤ R̈§WO¦ n¦ E Li«z¤ F§vO¦ n¦ Epx«§q©
:Ep§rẄ
« x¦
§d Ep§g¬©p £̀«e© z̈i¦Ur̈ z¬¤n`¡Îi«M¦
zFxŸ§q¦Pd© ÎlM̈ `l£d ?mi¦wg̈§W o¥kFW Li«¤pẗ§l x¥Rq© §p d©nE ?mFxn̈ a¥WFi Li«¤pẗ§l x©n`P d©n
:r©cFi
«¥ dŸ©` zFl§b¦Pd© e§
myd `p` xne` did jke :dpyna y"n lr f"l `neia y"n t"r mrhde .'àz `p`' `"k 'àz `"e`' . . . t"ta 4.
(235 sc zldw ixac) ."`pà o`k s` `pà oldl dn 'xtk axega oldl xn`pe dxtk o`k xn`p `pày oipne"
5. fpky` bdpn does not include the word epizeaè (b w"q f"xz 'q g"e` `"nx) and the (f"xz g"e` xeh).
'jiptl àz `p`' is only supposed to have twenty eight words according to the gwex.
:f"p ze` ,devn xp wxt ,`nei zkqn ,d"lyd èd dfd gqepd lr uilndy in la` .mipey`xa xewn dfl oi`
yprp did ik ,eizea` zepeere eizepeer xekfi ,dceziyk :('n ze` '` xry) daeyz ixrya dpei epiax ciqgd azke
ipira xyi ok lr .l"kr ,'mza` oer zè mper z` ecezde' (n ,e"k `xwie) aizk oke .ecia eizea` iyrn efgà ,mdilr
(xbxand dnly oinipa axd) .'eke epcba epny` ep`hg epizeaè epgp` la` ,mixne`y micxtqd iecie gqep
.'Ædb̈b̈§Wa¦ `³ḧ¡gz«¤ Îi¦M W¤t¤pÀ ' xnF`
¥ Èd o¥ke§ zFbb̈X§ d© EN ¥̀ mi¦`ḧ©g 6.
zFpFcG§d© EN ¥̀ zFpFr£ 7.
(:el `nei 'nb) (my i"yx) qirkdl dyerd - mic¦ xÖ§ d© EN ¥̀ mi¦rẄ§R 8.
_______________________________________________
320
:o¤hä« Îix¥c©
§gÎlM̈ U ¥À g fk:k ilyn dŸ©` :ig̈ÎlM̈ ix¥z¦ § q zFnElr©£ze§ à ml̈Fr i¥fx¨ r©cFi
«¥ dŸ©` (:ft `nei) axc iece
oFvx¨ i¦di§ o¥ka§ E :Li«¤pir¥ c¤b«¤Pn¦ xŸ§q¦p oi¥̀§e à O«¤ n¦ mN̈r¤
¡p xäC¨ lM̈ oi¥̀ a®¥le¨ zFil̈§M o¬¥AE k:ì dinxi
Ep«l̈Îl©gn§ z¦ e§ à Epi«z¥ `H©gÎlM̈ lr© Ep«l̈ g©lq§ Y¦ W ¤ à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i à Li¤pẗèNn¦
:EpirẄ§
«¥ RÎlr© Epl̈Îx¥tk© zE § à Epi«z¥ FpFr£ lM̈ lr©
.ald cbpk dfgd lr etexbà dkn ,dpeny lk lr

:a¥Nd© uEn`¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
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:oFvx§
:m¦iz̈« ẗ§U iEHa¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
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:zFiẍr£ iEN¦bA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
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§na§ E zr©c«©A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
:dn̈x¦ ©e :d¤R xEAc¦A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:r©x«¥ z©`«p̈FdA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
©e :a¥Nd© xEdx§d¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
© re§A¦ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
:zEp§f zci¦ ©e :d¤R iECe¦A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:mixFnE ¦ lEfl¦fA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
¦ mixFd ©e :db̈b̈§Wa¦ E oFcf̈A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:m¥Xd© lENg¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
©e :cï w¤fg« A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:m¦iz̈« ẗ§U z©`n§ hªA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
©e :d¤R zEW§th¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
è `l§aE mi¦rcFè iA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
:mi¦rcFi ©e ¨ x¤v«i¥A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:rxd̈
.('zegilq del-`' :milind `la) 'epl xtk epl lgn epl glq mlk lre' :èd ze`wqt oiay dywad gqep
:Ep«l̈Îx¤RM© à Ep«l̈Îl©gn§ à Ep«l̈Îg©lq§ ml̈Mª lr§
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:af̈k̈§aE W©gM
«© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
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:oFvl̈A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
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:d¤YW ©e :oŸ©na§ E `V̈n© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:oFxB̈ z©Ih¦ §pA¦ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§ §na§ E K¤W«¤pA§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
©e :zi¦Ax©
:Epi«z¥ Fz§tU¦ g© iU
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:g©vn«¤ zEGr©A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
©e :zFnx¨ m¦i«©pir¥A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
.'mlek lre' o`k mixne` oi`

_______________________________________________
321
:zEli¦lt§ A¦ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§

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:o¦ir«¨ zExv̈A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§

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:sx¤r« zEi§Ww© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§

©e :W`x zENw© A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©
:zEli¦kx§A¦ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§ © l m¦i«©l§bx© z©vix¦A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W g¥ "r©
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:aä¥l oFd§nz¦ A§ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr§
©e :cï z¤nEU« z§ A¦ Li«¤pẗ§l Ep`«ḧg̈¤W `§hg¥ lr©

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:miaig ep`y milina ef dxinà ald lr mikn
xg` xcq ef xcqk mixne` dizepae n"ctta
:z`Ḧ©g m¤di¥lr£ g© "¤Wg£ e§ :dl̈Fr m¤di¥lr£ mi¦aÏ©g Ep«`¨ W

¤ mi¦`ḧ£g lr§
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:iElŸ§e i`c©
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:dl̈Fr m¤di¥lr£ g© "¤Wg£ e§ :cxFi§
¥ e d¤lFr oÄxẅ
§ m¤di¥lr£ mi¦aÏ©g Ep«`¨ W
¤ g£ "lr§
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:cxFi§
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§ m¤di¥lr£ g© "¤Wg£ e§ :mẄ¨` m¤di¥lr£ mi¦aÏ©g Ep«`¨ W
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:Ep«l̈Îx¤RM© à Epl̈Îl©gn§ à Epl̈Îg©lq§ à zFgi¦lq§ D© F«l`¡ à ml̈Mª lr§

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à Li«¤pẗ§l mEpx©
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323
zenyp zxkfd xetk mei
mixetkd meia zenyp zxkfd

The earliest source for (xekfi) zenyp zxkfd is found in the `negpz yxcn in which it cites the custom
of recalling loved ones who have since departed and pledging dwcv on their behalf on xetk mei. It
spread throughout the Rhineland in response to the Crusades. There are two opinions discussed
in the ixhie xefgn, fpky` bdpn which does not recite xekfi on aeh mei, and ztxv bdpn which later
became oilet bdpn which does recite it. The latter custom gained popularity following the
massacres of Jews in the German lands during the Black Death of the fourteenth century, but
became more common in eastern Europe in the seventeenth century, with the popularization of
Lurianic dlaw by mystics who stressed the penitential aspect of aeh mei. The prayer `ln l-`
mingx, originated in seventeenth-century Ukraine at the time of the Chmielnicki massacres.
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xetk meil dlirp zltz xetk mei
xetk meil dlirp zltz

'epnzge' fixkn ofgd dlirpa
:mi¦Ig© mi¦ l¡
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1
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yc¤w« `ẍ§wn¦ [dä£d`© A§ zaya] oilet gqep itl 1.
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à L«z¤ xFz§
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2
l¥̀ x§Üi¦§l og̈èlFq dŸ©` i¦M [:L«n¤ W
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à z¤n`¡A¤ L§nW
:L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mi¦ng£ x§ ©e c¤q«g¤e¨ o¥g à dk̈x§ äE däFh à mFlẄ mi¦U
mi¦Ig© zxFY
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3
?Ep«¥ MÎd©n ?Epr§ «¥W¦IÎd©n ?Ep«w¥c¦§SÎd©n ?EpC§ «¥qg© d¤n ?Epi«¥Ig© d¤n ?Ep«`¨ dn̈ à Epi«z¥ g̈i¦lq§ z̈i«A¥ x¦ §d
à Li«¤pẗ§l o¦i`«© M§ mixFA¦
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¨ BÎd©n
à EdY« m¤di«U¥ r© £n ax i¦M ?l¥MU§ d© i¦la§ M¦ mi¦pFa§pE à rC© ¨n i¦la§ M¦ mi¦nk̈£ge© à Eid̈ `l§M m¥Xd© i¥W§p`© e§
:l¤a«d̈ lM©d i¬M¦ o¦i`«¨½ Ædn̈¥dAè d© Îo¦n m³c̈¨`«d̈ xz©¸ FnE hi:b zldw à Li«¤pẗ§l l¤a«d¤ m¤di¥Ig© i¥ni¦e
(:ft `nei 'nb) .'?Epi«¥Ig© d¤n ?Ep«`¨ dn̈' xn© `¨ l ¥̀ EnWE
§ !`z̈xi§ z§
¥ i `z̈Flv§ xn© `¨ ax© ?mixr̈
¦ W§ zlir§
¦ p i`n© 3.
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333
?lr§ ©tY¦ d©n L§l x© ì i¦n i¦M à Li«¤pẗ§l cnr© £l Edxi¦

«¥ MY© e© à W`x¥n WFp¡ ` Ÿ§lC§ «©ad¦ dŸ©`
4
dl̈i¦gn§ E u¥w à d¤Gd© mixER¦¦ Md© mFv mFiÎz¤̀ dä£d`© A§ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«l̈Îo¤YY¦« e© ?Ll̈Îo¤Y¦«IÎd©n wC§ ©vi¦Îm¦è§
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£ l dg̈i¦lq§ E
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Wï§
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mi ¦À l¡` i´p̈c£̀ | m´ª̀§p | i¦p´`¨ Îi©g md¤¹ i¥l £̀ xņ¡
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FaEW§
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:Ei§«ge¦« Eai¦Wd̈§e mi®¦ l¡
` i´p̈c£̀ m ª̀§p zO¥½ d© zFń§A ÆuR§g ¤̀ `³l i´M¦ al:gi -x©n`¡¤pe§ :d«ïg̈§e eik̈x¨C¦ §n
à oExW§ªi i¥ha§ W
à iïg© A§ i¦p £̀ xẗr̈ à i¦Yx«§v© Fp l El¦`M§ i¦Yx«§v© Fp¤W eẄ§kr§
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`
à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ :dÖ¦lk§ E dẄEa `¥ln̈ i¦lk§ M¦ Li«¤pẗ§l i¦p £̀ ix£ ¥d :i¦zz̈i¦nA§ x¤ng¨ « e l©w
à mi¦Axd̈ © Li«n¤ g£ x§
©A wxn̈¥ Li«¤pẗ§l i¦z`«ḧg̈¤WÎd©nE à cFr `ḧ¡g ¤̀ `l¤W à i©zFa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ i© l¡ ` ï§i
¦ i ic§¥iÎlr© `l lä£̀
xẗr̈¤M i¦Wt§ ©pe§ à mCz¦ i¦Wt§ ©p i©lèlw© n§ ¦le§ à dn̈x¦ §n x¥AC¦ ©n i©zẗ§UE à rx¥ ¨n i¦pFW§l xv§p à i© l`¡
à dr̈x¨ i©lr̈ mi¦aW è Fg©dÎlk̈§e à i¦Wt§ ©p sCx¦ §Y Li«z¤ F§vn¦ a§ E à L«z¤ xFz§¨ A i¦A¦l g©zR§ :d¤id§ Y¦ lM©l
or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«¤pi¦ni§ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«n¤ W § or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ :mz̈FaèWg§ n© l¥w§lw© e§ mz̈v̈r£ x¥td̈ dx¥ ¨dn§
©n§l f:q mildz :L«z¤ xFY ¨ or«©n© §l d¥Ur£ à L«z¤ Ẍc§ ªw
à ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r :i«¦l £̀ b§ « e ixEv
:o¥n`¨ Ex§n`¦ e§ :l¥̀ x§Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§ ©e Epi«¥lr̈ à mFlẄ d¤Ur©
£i Èd
Lcä
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:z«I¦pn« c©
,dlild jezl dlirp zlitz zkynp m` s` okecl miler mipdk
.mzriqe u"ari zli`y ,xiì zeg ,l"ixdn ,mi`xi ,rexf xe` ,d"ia`xd z`xedk
1
driwze zeny
:oldlc xcqd èd ,cenrd zizgza miidlrcrx ixefgna qtcpd xcqd itl 'zeny'd z` mixne` 'lawzz' yicw xg`
.minrt yy cer ldwd ofg mixfeg ef dxin` lr .df weqt xneè xfeg ldwde ,'micl`d èd 'c' :xne` u"y
:ygla zg` mrt mixne` cgi mlek .eixg` xfeg ldwde ,'cg` 'c epicl` 'c l`xyi rny' :zg` mrt xne` u"y
.dniad lv` zg` driwz rinyn rwezde ,'driwz' :`xew axd .'cre mlerl ezekln ceak my jexa'
,zayd zelitzn epi` dlitzd xg`y ieciedy oeik ,cigi zlitza zay o`k oixikfn oi` zaya lgy k"deia mb 4.
... ('b 'irq b"kwz r"ey) dlitzd jezay zexkfdd lkk zay xikfn ezlitz jeza iecied xne`y u"yd wxe
(edil` xef` xeciq)
.dkex` driwz oirwezy aezk (57) m"xdn ibdpn la` .dlecb driwz didzy xkfen `l l"ixdna ,xetk mei i`vena 1.
.dlecb driwz ìdy (miixbeqa) aezk xbd ibdpna la` .`yiinxee ibdpna oke ,mzq driwz aezk zldw ixacae
.fpkyà bedp did `l d`xpke ,oilet bdpna zexewn dnka àen jke
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334
zepeek zecn b"i
: xeace xeac lkl zecn dxyr yly mixne`y zrya jiiy dpeekd df
f-e:cl zeny
aEWïe§ `ḧ¡g¤iW§ xg© `§ © l Èd i¦p £̀ ï½ i§ `ḧ¡g¤iW§ mcFw ¤ Èd i¦p £̀ í̈i§
oE®Pg© e§ zEkf§ Fl W¥iW§ in§ ¦ l mEgx© iFB§l Elit£̀ ¦ min£ ¦ gx©d̈ zci © n¦ l¬¥̀
EaEWï i©lE` mir¦ Ẅx¨§l s`© Kix£̀ ¦ n© m¦R©` K¤x¬¤̀ zEkf§ Fl oi ¥̀ W§ in§ ¦l
FpFvx§ iUFr§
¥ l aFh xk̈Ü m¥lW§ © l :z«n¤ `¡«e¤ cq¤ g̈ miki¦ x¦v§§ l c¤q¬¤gÎax§
©e
cif¦ n¥ A§ dUFr§
¤ l o²er̈ `¬¥ p aFh iUFr ¥ mc̈`¨ W¤ M§ mit¦½ l̈£̀«l̈ ç¤q«g¤¸ x¬¥ p
mia¦ Ẅ§l ḑ¥T©pe§ db̈b̈W§ A¦ miUFr
¦ d̈ d®¨`Ḧ©ge§ qir¦ k§ d§
© l mic¦ xFn§ d© r© t¤e¨
Selichos [Prayers of Atonement] according to the Alsace [France] custom.
Frankfurt Am Main ~ 1725
If one orens within a xeav which is using a different version of zegilq, one may either recite
those zegilq along with the xeav, which is preferable to oren the fpky` bdpnl zegilq at home
alone, or one may oren the fpky` bdpnl zegilq while others are reciting different words in
synagogue, as long as one is careful to recite the zecn b"i with the xeav. If the xeav is not reciting
the zecn b"i (this can happen during the opening of the ark on xetk mei which falls on zay, when
the fpky` bdpn is to chant the zecn b"i as on all xetk ini) at the appropriate part of the service,
one should chant them to oneself.
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The zia sl` And The Shapes Of Its Letters, May Be Expounded To Teach Numerous Lessons:
Elit£̀
¦ C© i¥lin¦ Exn§ `¨ e§ ,`Ẅx¨c§ n¦ i¥al§ `p̈Ci§ `¦ d̈ iT¥ C©x§C© Ez`¨ ,ie¥¦l oA¤ r© WFd§
ª i ia¦ x¦§l op̈Äx© Di¥l ix¥n§ `¨
.mi¦NC© lFn§B-z"¤lC¨ l"¤ni¦B ,dp̈iA¦ s©l` ¡ -z"i¥A s"¤l`¨ ,Edi§izeë © M§ xn© Yi§ `¦ `Ÿl oEp oA¤ r© WFd§ª i ini ¥ A¦
.mi¦NC© xg© `© uEx¨l ,mic¦ q̈£g lnF ¥ b lW¤ FMx§C© o¥MW¤ ?z"¤lC̈ i¥Ab©l§ l"¤ni¦B Di¥rx§M© dḧEWR§ `n̈r§ h© i`n©
`n̈r§ h© i`nE © .DiW¥ t© § p Di¥l Di¥vni¦ § lC§ ?l"¤ni¦B i¥Ab©l§ z"¤lc̈C§ Di¥rx§M© dḧEWR§ `n̈r§ h© i`nE ©
.Di¥pin¦ siQ¦ Mi¦
© l `ŸlC iki ¦ d¥ M¦ ,dr̈§piv¦ A§ Di¥l oYi¦¥ lC§ ?l"¤ni¦Bn¦ z"¤lc̈C§ DiR¥ `© xC©d© n§
,o¥M dUFr¤ dŸ`© m`¦ e-§ c¤nl̈ s©M cEi zi¥h zi¥g o¦i©f .Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© lW¤ FnW§ d¤f-eë `¥d
.À̈d© ml̈Fr§l xz¤ M¤ L§l xWFw ¥ e§ ,dẄExi§ L§l ozFp ¥ e§ L§l aih¦ nE ¥ LzF`§ og© e§ LzF` § of̈ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d©
on̈¡`¤p sEtM̈ on̈¡`¤p-dn̈Ez§q o"Ep dg̈Ez§R o"Ep .mEzq̈ xn£̀ © n© gEzR̈
© xn£̀
© n© -dn̈Ez§q m"¥n dg̈Ez§R m"¥n
`¥R dg̈Ez§R `¥R .Dz̈F` d¥pwE § ,dxFY¨ A© dU¥ r£ oi¦pn̈iq¦ ,`p̈ix£ ¦g`© `p̈Xi¦§ l ,mi¦Ip¦ r£ KFnq§ -o¦ir© j¤nq̈ .hEWR̈
,WFcẅ-sEw ...hEWR̈ wiC¦ v© sEtM̈ wiC¦ v© ,dn̈Ez§q i"cv̈ ¦ e§ dg̈Ez§R i"cv̈ ¦ .mEzq̈ dR¤ gEzR̈ © dR¤-dn̈Ez§q
lFkï i¦p £̀ oi ¥̀ ,Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© xn© `¨ ?Wix¥n¥ sEwC§ DiR¥ `© xC©d© n§ `n̈r§ h© i`n© .rẄx- ¨ Wix¥
.z¡n ¤̀ e"iŸ ,xw¤ W-
¤ o"i¦W ...rẄxÄ ¨ l¥MY© q§ d§¦ l
`x¨wi§ W¦ `n̈r§ h© i`nE © .gi © k¦ W§ `Ÿl `ḧWEw § ,gi © k¦ W§ `x¨wi § W¦ ?Di¥lin¦ oäx§ẅn§ xw¤ W¤ `n̈r§ h© i`n©
(.cw zay 'nb) .i ¥̀ ẅ `Ÿl `x¨wi§ W¦ ,i ¥̀ ẅ `ḧWEw § ,Di¥pEA¦l oA© © ln§ zn¡ ¤ è¤ ,i ¥̀ ẅ Di¥rx§M© `c̈£g`©
_______________________________________________
335
dkepg zexp zwlcd xcq dkepg
4 3 2 1
dkepg xcq
5
dler adld mda mitewf mikifaa ony ly od dery ly od ,mitewf zexp zqpkd ziaa miwilcn
.oetvl eipte mexcl eixeg`yk cner wilcnde ,ycewd oex`l zinexc zaven dxepnd .ycwnd zia dxepnak
.epinil dpete sqepd il`nydn ligzn mini x`yae ,ycewd oex`l jenqd xpd èdy ,epinin ligzn oey`x meia
:el`d zekxad mixne` dwlcdd iptl

à ml̈Frd̈ K¤l«n¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (.bk zay 'nb)
:(dM̈ªpg£ l¤W `"p) ¤ x¥p 6 wi¦lc©

dM̈ªpg£©NW §d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à ei¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
:d¤Gd© o©n§fA¦ m¥dd̈ mi¦nÏ©A Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l mi¦Q¦p dÜr̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:'epiigdy' mb mitiqen oey`xd axra
«¨ Bd¦ e§ à Ep«n̈èIw¦ e§ Ep«ï¡gd¤W
[xehde mdxcea` zqxib ìd jk] :mixne` oey`xd xp zwlcd xg` cin
à zF`l̈§t¦Pd© lr§
©e à zFrEWY©
è d lr§
©e à mi¦Q¦Pd© lr© oi¦wi¦lc©
§n Ep«`¨ ElN̈£d zFx¥Pd© ('b wxt mixteq zkqn)
à Wc¤w« ElN̈£d zFx¥Pd© à dM̈ªpg£ i¥ni§ z©pn§WÎlk̈§e :mi¦WFcèTd© Li«¤p£M ic§
¥iÎlr© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l z̈i«U¦ r̈¤W
Li«Q¤¦pÎlr© L§nW
¦ l§ zFcFd§l ic§
¥M à cä§lA¦ mz̈F`x¦
§l `N̈¤̀ à m¤dÄ W¥OY© W
§ d¦ l§ zEWx§ Ep«l̈ oi¥̀§e
:Li«z¤ F`èlt§ ¦pÎlr§
©e L«z¤ r̈EW§iÎlr§
©e
(d"kepd sqei o`vk bdep) .llid ziak dklde zexp 'g oewixhep 1.
2. There is no specific way of preparing the candles, but there are two mibdpn regarding lighting
them. The most common bdpn, in most of fpky`, was to light the new candle first (the left most
candle), however, `yiinxee bdpn was to light the right candle first.
exizdl xg` oipn jixv oipnay xac lk mipta oiwilcn ep`y ocicl s` dlild zligza (dkepg zexp) wilcdl yi 3.
onewnn eff `l dndd zepwz `nrh èdd dil lif`c s` dzre .l"f epinkg epwzy epivn zepwz dnke
xeqi` ,dyecway 'l®¥̀ x§ § ' ,'Èd dŸ©è l®¥̀ x§
Üi¦ r©nW § ' ,dxḧ§
Üi¦ r©nW ¨ td© d ,'zFa¨` o¥bn̈' ,':o«n¥ `¨ e§ | o¬¥n`¨» ml̈Fr§
À l 'c¬ KExÄ' oebk
.dfd onfa xingdl aehc aezk jexr oglya mbe .mireci mifnxl mirehp zexeqnk mdixac ik .mixkp ly dpiab
(brxzz oniq une` sqei)
(dkepg ly oexg` mei) 'gafnd zkepg' meia sxypy (n"ctt) o`k bdpne .oipdp oi` dkepg ly zexpn onyd xzen 4.
(dcedi gk) .zewepiz ici lr zixgya zqpkd zia zìvi xg`l zqpkd zia xvga
.xeaivd ceak iptn ,zqpkd ziaa miwilcny drya lecb zilha shrzn ofgd fpky` bdpn itl 5.
6. There are two zegqep to recite the following dkxa. Older mixecq contain dkepg ly. The l"yxdn's
opinion, which became widely accepted is that dkpgly is said as one word. l"fg sometimes
combined the word ly with what it applies to. Therefore, both zexeqn have legitimacy.
,dkepg ly xp wilcdl epeve eizevna epycw xy` d"n epiwl` 'c dz` jexa ,(.bk zay 'nb) jxan xpd lre
(.en dkeq 'nb) (f:al mixac) ':K«l̈ Ex§n`¬ie§ Li¤pw¥§f Lc§¥B½ ©ie§ ÆLia¦¸ `¨ l³`© W
§ xc¨ ½ zFń§i Æxk§f' on ,epiev okide
®eÎxC zFṕ§W Epi¦A ml̈Fr
(`nw 'q gwex) .(uxid 'x xecqa àen) ef dkxaa zeaiz c"i oke ,c"i ixd dìxwde zeaiz b"i ml̈Fr ½ zFń§i Æxk§f weqta
_______________________________________________
336
dkepg zexp zwlcd xcq dkepg
8 7
:dfd heitd mixne` dwlcdd xg`
.©gA«¥©f§p dcFY
¨ ,mẄ§e .i¦zN̈¦tY§ zi¥A ,oFMY¦ © §l d¤̀p̈ ,L§l .i¦zr̈EW§i xEv ,fFrn̈
.©gA«¥ W
:©gA«¥ §fO¦ d© z©Mpªg£ .xFn§fn¦ xi¦WA§ ,xn§b ¤̀ f¨` .©gA«¥ ©pnè d© xS̈¦n .©gA«¥ h§ n© oi¦kŸ zr§
¥l
.dl̈§br¤ zEk§ln© ,cEA§rW

¦ A§ .i¦Ww¢Ä Exxn̈
£ ,i©Ig© .dl̈M̈ i¦ M ,oFbïA§ .i¦Wt§ ©p dr̈èaÜ ,zFrx¨
:dl̈Ev§n ,o¤a«¤̀ M§ Ecxïè .Frx©§fÎlk̈§e , rx©

§R li¥g .dN̈ªbQè d© Îz¤̀ ì¦vFd .dN̈cè
ªBd© Fcïa§ E
.i¦Yc«§a© r̈ mixf̈¦ ,i¦M .i¦p«©l§bd¦ e§ ,U¥bFp à̈E .i¦Yh§ wẄ § xi¦aC§

«© `l ,mẄ m©be§ .i¦p`«© i¦ad¡ FWcẅ
:i¦Yr§ Ẅ
« Fp mi¦ra§ W
¦ u¥w§l .l¤aÄx§ªf ,l¤aÄ u¥w .i¦Yx«§a© r̈¤W hr§
©nM¦ .i¦Yk§ q© n̈« ,lr©x«© oi¥ie§
.dz̈«ÄW
§ ¦p Fzë£̀©be§ .W¥wFn§l FN dz̈«ïd§ ¦pe§ «Öd© Îo¤A i¦bb̈£̀ ,W¥TA¦ .WFx§A z©nFw zFxM
.`z̈cè §
:z̈i«¦lŸ urd̈
¥ lr© .eip̈ï§pw¦ e§ eip̈Ä ax .z̈i«g¦ n̈ Fn§W ,a¥iF`§e .z̈`«V¥ ¦p i¦pi¦ni§ W`x
.mi¦pn̈èXd© ÎlM̈ ,E`èOh¦ e§ .i©lC§

¨bn¦ nFg ,EvxẗE
è § g© i¥ni¦A ,i©f£̀ .i©lr̈ EvèAw§ ¦p ,mi¦pëi§
.mi¦Pn© W
:mi¦pp̈xE§ xi¦W ,Erèaẅ .dp̈Fn§W i¥ni§ dp̈i¦a i¥pA§ .mi¦PW

© FW§l ,q¥p dÜr©
£p .mi¦Pw© §pw© x©zFP¦nE
7. Musicologists claim that the common xev fern tune is based upon three melodies. The first part
is a German song, the second a German war song (called Beutenhaur), and the last part
another song (called Schallmann Lied). It seems the melody is about 500 years old.
A different melody, was sung in n"ctt and by the xpl jexr.
8. In the miidlcex ixeciq we also find different ze`gqep - for example dl̈M̈ i¦ M oFbï§A instead of dl̈¦M,
and dN̈c§Bd© Fcï§aE instead of dN̈c§ªBd¤. There are some questions regarding this heit - a) its authorship
is unknown, b) the exact gqep of the heit is likewise unknown. It was first printed in Prague
(d"rx) and then in the wcv ilbrn xefgn (i"y iwipel`q).
_______________________________________________
337
dlibnd zìxw xcq mixet
4 3 2 1
mixet xcq
!zFkxè
Äd© e§ dN̈¦bnè d© z©ìx§
¦w zr©
©WA§ dẗï dẅi¦zW
§ :fixkn `xewd e` ynyd
5
:el`d zekxad xne` `xewd dlibnd zìxw iptl
:dN̈¦bn§ `ẍ§wn¦ lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à ei ¨ e§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
:d¤Gd© o©n§fA¦ m¥dd̈ mi¦nÏ©A Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l mi¦Q¦p dÜr̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:lenz` ly dkxaa e`vi xaky ,zixgy ly dlibnd zìxwa 'epigdy' mikxan oi`
«¨ Bd¦ e§ à Ep«n̈èIw¦ e§ Ep«ï¡gd¤W
:`xewd jxan dlibnd zìxw xg`
6
à Ep«a¥ ixÎz¤̀
¦ axd̈
¨ (l¥̀ d̈) à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:`k dlibn 'nb)
à Ep«W¥ t§ ©p i¥aièF`Îlk̈§l lEn§B m¥NW© nè d© e§ à Ep«z¥ n̈§w¦pÎz¤̀ m¥wFP©de§ à Ep«¥piCÎz¤̀
¦ oC©
¨de§
:ri«
©W¦ FO©d l¥̀ d̈ à m¤dixv̈ÎlM̈¦
¥ n l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr§ ©l rx§
¨t¦Pd© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :EpixS̈¦
«¥ n Ep«l̈ rx§
¨t¦Pd© e§
.xekf zyxt zìxw z` dprnyz miypy xlc` ozp epiax z`xed lr micitwn miax - xekf zyxt 1.
.dìxwd z` letkl ebdp `le ,dxiva xk¥f ly o"ifd ,'wlnr xk¥f z` dgnz' ìd zlaewnd dìxwd
fnxd z` hiladl ick zcgein dnrhda dze` mixne` yi ,'(ipfà dfd o`vd lew) dne
¤ ' dlnd z` dxhtda
.o`vd ziirbl ìapd ly
2. Three dwcv boxes are put out. a) lwyd zivgnl xkf which is given to the dxez icnel in milyexi,
b) mipeia`l zepzn, and c) dwcv `ziprzc `xb`, (the cost of the meals one would have eaten that day).
3. The bdpn was to give zepn gelyn after dlibnd zìxw in the daytime and not before. The bdpn of
having dpeek during epiigdy zkxa for the other mixet zevn, is discussed by the d"ly,
(e"h 'q ,minyd on z"ey), and the dxexa dpyn. There is no evidence that this was practiced
in fpky`. On the contrary, we find that the iax of the gwex, qenipelw xa dcedi iax explains
that epiigdy is not said at the dcerq, since it is not specifically for the bg (similarly aeh mei zcerq
does not have a epiigdy), only on dlibn `xwn (and dkepg zexp zwlcd) do we recite epiigdy, since this
clearly indicates the qp. (mipeia`l zepzn and zepn gelyn are the same in this respect as
the dcerq). We also do not find that one announces that one should have dpeek, although
!zekxade dlibnd zìxw zrya dti dwizy is announced.
4. According to R. Yisroel Strauss of KAJ WH "Groggers (sirens, whistles, etc) are fairly new,
30-35 years. In fact most of the noise is still generated with stamping feet and banging of the
shtender covers. The first mention of ond gets about four seconds and the rest about 1-2
seconds. ond’s wife yxf gets equal treatment.
.xeaivd ceak iptn ,mixet lila dlibn zìxw zrya lecb zilha shrzn `xewd fpky` bdpn itl 5.
6. 'lÎ`d' was included in the dkxa in `yiinxee as well as by the gwex, while in n"ctt it was not
(zldw ixac pg. 420). It seems that in n"ctt in later generations it was said, as is evident from
Baal Kerioh Benno Weis’s melodies.
_______________________________________________
338
dlibnd zìxw xcq mixet
.'awri zpyey' mixnfne 'ìpd xy`' mixne` ,ziaxra dixg`y dkxade dlibnd zìxw xnba
.'awri zpyey' mixnfn j` ,u"yd zxfga exn`p zeaexwy iptn ,'ìpd xy`' mixne` oi` zixgya
.mi¦nExr£ zFaèWg§ n© ,x¤t«Ïe© .m¦iFB z©vr£ ,ì¦pd¥ x¤W £̀
.w¥ln̈r£ r©x«¤Gn¦ ,oFcf̈ x¤v«¥p .rẄx¨ mc̈¨` ,Epi«¥lr̈ mEwA §
.c¤k«l̈ FN dẄèwFp ,FzN̈c§ ªbE .xFA Fl dẍ«k̈e§ ,Fx§Wr̈§a d¨`B̈
.dx¥¨dn§ c©nW § ¦pe§ ,ci¦nW § d© §l W¥TA¦ .c©M§l¦pe§ ,cM§l¦l FW§t©pa§ dÖC¦
.mi¦pÄ©l mi¦g`© z©`§pU¦ xxFr§ ¥ e .eiz̈Fa£̀ z©ai¥̀ ri ¦« on̈d̈
© cFd
.a¥iF` c©lFp ,bb̈£̀ lr© Fzl̈§ng¤a§ Îi¦M .lE`Ẅ i¥ng£ x© x©kf̈ `le§
.xFdḧ ici¦ ¥ A `¥nḧ c©M§l¦pe§ .wiC© ¦v zix§ ¦kd© §l rẄx¨ m©nf̈
.ei¨`ḧ£gÎlr© `§hg¥ si¦qFd rẄx§ ë .a¨` z©bèbW ¦ Îlr© ,x©aB̈ c¤q«g ¤
.dr̈x¨ zFUr© £l x¥Mn© z¦ § Ie© .ein̈Exr£ zFaèWg§ n© ,FA¦lA§ o©nḧ
.mx§ ¨k¦f zix§ ¦kd© §l o©zp̈ FR§qM© .l¥̀ i¥yFc§« wA¦ g©lẄ Fcï
.oẄEW§A EpèY¦p on̈d̈ i¥zc̈§e .s¤vw«¤ `v̈«ïÎi¦M ,i©kC¢xn̈ § zF`x§M ¦
.x¤t«¥̀ d̈Îlr© a¤W«¥Ie© ,mFv x©fb̈§e .c¥Rq§ n¦ x©Wẅ§e ,w©U W©al̈
.Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ oer£ z`©Hg© lg§n¦le§ .db̈b̈§W x¥Rk© §l cnr© £i d¤f in ¦
.mi¦pW ¥ i§ xxFr§ ¥ l dc̈ènr̈ dQ̈c£ ©d o¥d .al̈EN¦n gxR̈© u¥p
.mi¦pi¦PY© z©ng£ oi¥i ,FzFw§Wd© §l .on̈d̈§l mi¦li¦da§ n© d̈i«q¤ix¦q̈
.eil̈r̈ dl̈z¦ § pe§ ,ur¥ Fl dÜr«¨ .Fr§Wx§ ¦A l©tp̈§e ,Fx§Wr̈§a c©nr̈
.EpxEt§
«¥ l K©Rd§ ¤p ,on̈d̈ xEt i¦M .l¥az¥ i¥aW è FiÎlM̈ ,EgzR̈è m¤diR ¦
.FW§t©p z©gY«© o©Y¦p a¥iF` .rẄx¨ c©In¦ u©lg¡¤p wiC¦v ©
.dp̈Ẅ§e dp̈ẄÎlk̈§A g© n§ « U¦le§ .mixER¦ zFUr© £l ,m¤di¥lr£ EnèIw ¦
:z̈i«¦lŸ urd̈Îl¥ r© eip̈äE on̈d̈ .x¥Yq§ ¤̀§e i©kC¢xn̈ § z©Nt¦ YÎz¤̀
§ z̈i«`¦ x¨
.g©v«¤pl̈ z̈i«i¦d̈ mz̈r̈EWY § .ik̈C¢xn̈
§ z¤lk«¥ Y§ c©g«i© mz̈F`x¦ §A .dg̈«n¥ Ü§e dl̈£dv̈ awr© £i z©PW© FW
.KÄ mi¦qFg©dÎlM̈ g©v«¤pl̈ EnèlM̈¦iÎ`l§e .EWa¥ « i `l Li«¤ewÎlM̈¤W ,ri© cFd§
¦« l .xFcë xFCÎlk̈§A mz̈ë§wz¦ e§
x¥Yq§ ¤̀ dk̈Ex§A .ici¦
¦ gt§ n© z¤W«¥̀ ,W¤x«¤f dxEx£̀
¨ .icEdè¦ Id© i©kC¢xn̈
§ KExÄ .icè ¦A`© §l W¥TA¦ x¤W £̀ ,on̈d̈ xEx¨`
8 7
.aFH©l xEkf̈ dp̈Fax©§g m©be§ .(l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ mi¦kEx§A ,mi¦lx¥rd̈
£ lM̈ mixEx£̀¦ siqedl yi) ,ic¦r©
£A
.(238 'nr) 'yecw dzè'a mikiynn mixet lila
.(246 'nr) 'epilr'e (242 'nr) lawzz yicw aeye
.(237 'nr) 'mrp idie'a mikiynn zay i`vena
.(61 'nr) 'oeivl àe'e (60 'nr) 'ixy`'a mikiynn xweaa
mikexa milxrd lk mixex`' q"yxa la` ,llk `zil i"qae (u"xz 'iq) xeha d"k 'miryxd lk mixex`' 7.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .o`k dhly dxefpvd ciy xexae ,xeha oky azke 'mil`xyidÎlk
.'ond' iexwd mc` zxeva dt`nd zè ,(oeyird zrk ielzy iptn) 'ond' dpeknd oyern xya milke` mixet zcerqa 8.
_______________________________________________
339
eppiad zltz zekxa
eppiad zltz
dltza jix`dl gk ea oiè dleg èdy in e` ,edewiqtiy `xiie cexhy mewna e` jxca èdy oebk ,wgcd zrya
zltz lltzi èd ,el zxaer drydy e` ,dkex` dlitz dpeeka lltzdl lkei `le eilr zayein ezrc oi`y in e`
.zepexg` zekxa 'b miiqne 'eke dvx xneè 'ebe eppiad xne` k"gè dxyr dpny ly zepey`x zekxa 'b xneè ,eppiad
lltzn epiè .lltzdle xefgl jixv oi` ezrc dayiizde k"g` el gexiy e` ezial ribiyke ,cnern dxn`l jixve
ozcerqn ueg xky mdl ozp m` ziad lra lv` dk`ln oiyery milretd .h"ine y"na `le ,minybd zenia eppiad
:k"gè ,yecwd l`d cr 'eke `"e` i"à 'ebe izty ipc` ,`gqepd efe .eppiad milltzn ,odilr citwnyk
Epl̈ g©lq§ z¦ e§ à L¤z`¨ x¦ §i§l Ep«a¥ ä§l z¤̀ lFnE à Li¤kx¨C§ zr©cl̈ © Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Ep«¥pi¦ad£
zFt§pM© r©Ax© §`n¥ Epi«z¥ FvEt§pE à L«v¤x© §` zF`§pA¦ Ep«¥pX § c§
©e à aF`§kO© n¦ Ep«w£ ¥gx§
©e à mi¦lE`§B zFi§d¦«l
mi¦wiC©
¦v EgènU§ i¦e§ à Licï¤ si¦pŸ mi¦rẄxd̈ § lr§ ©e Eh¥RẌ¦i LY§ § rC© lr© mi¦rF©Yd© e§ à u¥Aw© Y§ ux¨ ¤`d̈
à L«g¤i¦Wn§ i©Wi¦ o¤a§l x¥p z©kix¦r© £aE à LC§«¤ar© c¦ec§
¨l ox¤ ¤w z©gi¦nv§ a¦ E L«¤lk̈i¥d oEwz¦ a§ E Lxi¦
«¤ r o©i§pa¦ A§
'eke dvx :dl̈¦tY§ r«©n¥ FW ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :d¤pr©£z dŸ©` `ẍ§w¦p mx¤ ¤h
:ef dxvw dlitz lltzn mihql e` zeig icecb mewna jldnd
Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i à Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ :dxv̈§ ¨ w mŸ§rc¦©e à mi¦Ax§ ªn l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr© i¥kxv̈
§
à DxFq§¨ gn© iC¥ dï¦e§bE dïe¦§BÎlk̈§lE Fzq̈p̈x©
§t ic§
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dxvwa oefnd zkxa

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340
oefnd zkxa xcq zekxa
oefnd zkxa
(Benshen)
1
d¬P̈xÅ¦ Ep¶¥pFW§lE »Epi¦R wFg§ ¿ U `¶¥lÖ¦i f³¨` :mi«n¦ §lg§ « M EpiÀi¦d̈ oF®Iv¦ zá© i¦WÎz¤̀ ï§i aEẂ§A zF¬lr£O©Å «d© xiW ¦À ekw
:mi«g¦ n¥ U§ Epi¬i¦d̈ EpO¦ À̈ r zFÚr«£©l ï§i liC§ ´¦bd¦ :d¤N«¥̀ Îm¦r zF¬Ur«£©l ïÀ i§ liC§ ¬¦bd¦ m®i¦FB©a Ex́§nì« f¨`
» käE | K¥̧l¥i KF³ld̈» :Exv§ « wi¦ d¬P̈x§ ¦A dr̈À n§ c§
¦A mir¬¦x«§G©d :a¤b«¤PA© miwi¦ ¬¦ t £̀«M© Ep®¥zi¦aW § epzeayÎz¤̀ ï§i dá̈EW
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¬ A« r©x¬G̈d©Å ÎK¤Wn«¤ `¶¥ p
:D«ïÎEl£ld«© ml̈FrÎc À r§
xä» §p | Ep§g³©p £̀«e© gi :ehw :cr¨«¤e m¬l̈Fr§l FWÀ cẅ
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2
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« dYÎlM̈
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§ ©i ®ï§i zFx́Ea§B l¥Nn© §i in¦À a:ew
.'epxqgi l`' cr oefnd zkxa zrya ecia qekd z` fge` onfnd .dpyd zeni lka mipexg` min lehil ebdp `l fpkyà
(:`p zekxa 'nb) '`ẍ§w ¤̀ ï§i m¥Wa§ E .`V̈¤̀ zFrEW§i qFM' : mixneè cia eze` milhepe qek ea mi`lnn oii yi m`
jxan mdn cg` .onfl mdilr daeg ,eicgi zeevn ipa dyely elk` m` .cia qekd mr oefnd zkxa z` mikxane
.zekxad lr 'on`' mipere ygla enr mikxan x`yde mx lewa
! orW§
¤ prA ¤ or¤ll¨èe xie¦e i©zFAx© : fpky` oeyla e` ! Kxä§ ¥ p i©zFAx© : onfnd
:m«l̈FrÎcr§ ©e dYÀ̈ r«©n¥ K®ä§n í̈i§ m´W ¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : miper miaeqnd
: ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) xne` onfnd
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: zeprl mikixv my elk` `ly migkepd x`y] : ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) miper miaeqnd
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` : dxyra) KExÄ
: ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) xneè onfnd xfege
:Epi«i¦g̈ FaEh§aE FN¤Xn¦ Ep§lk«© `¨ W
¤ (Epi«¥ l¡
` : dxyra) KExÄ
3
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:lM©dÎz¤̀ oG̈©d ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 4 :`xÄ
¨ x¤W £̀
1. The source for reciting zelrnd xiy is in the meid xcq xtq by xikn oa` dyn iax, the author of the
dlitz, ip` dcen. zelrnd xiy is said in order to include dxez ixac at the table. The bdpn is to add
two to four miweqt afterward, as listed below. According to the l"fix`, these miweqt are said
for kabbalistic reasons. It is unnecessary to recite zelrnd xiy at the xcq gqt and therefore, the
old zecbd did not include it. Perhaps this is also the reason zelrnd xiy was originally not
included before the bensching on aeh mei. At the xcq since the whole dcbd is said - there is no
need to add zelrnd xiy.
?'c zFxEaB§ l¥Nn§
© l (cnll) d`p̈
¨ in§
¦ l ':FzN̈¦
« dY§ ÎlM̈ ri § ©i 'c® zFx́Ea§B l¥Nn© §i in¦À ' ?aiz¦ k§ C¦ i`n© ,xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 2.
© n¦À W
(:bi zeixed ,.i zekn 'nb) .Fz¨Nd¦ Y§ lM̈ ri © n¦ W§ d§
© l lFkÏW¤ in¦
3. The verse ':eny jexae èd jexa' which is recited before oefnd zkxa, is attributed to the gwex.
4. According to the m"anx and the micxtqd gqep, the weqt 'jci z` gzet' is said. In the ixhie xefgn
which primarily follows ztxv gqep the weqt appears; in fpky` gqep it does not.
_______________________________________________
341
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Üi¦ FOr§©l dg̈Ep§n¦l : o`k xnì ,'aehd' ligzd `l cer mè
:d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦Gd© mFiÎz¤̀ à l¥̀ x§Üi¦l§ mi¦aFh mi¦nï§e o©zp̈ x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
Üi¦e§ zÄ©Xd© WC©¥wn§ iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ :d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦Gd© mFiÎz¤̀ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr§
©l mi¦aFh mi¦nï
5. “At the end of this dkxa we answer on`, even though we recite the dkxa ourselves (an exception
to the general rule), since this is the last of the zekxa prescribed in the dxez”. (`:gtw jexr ogly)
_______________________________________________
343
Ep«¥̀ xFA
è Epxi «¥ C©
¦` Ep«M¥ §ln© à Epi«a¦ `¨ l¥̀ d̈ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 6
ai¦hO¥ d© e§ aFH©d K¤lO«¤ d© à l¥̀ x§ Üi¦ drFx¥ EprFx «¥ à awr© £i WFc§w Ep«W ¥ Fc§w :Epxè «¥vFi Ep«¥l £ b
à Ep«l̈n̈§b Èd :Ep«l̈ ai¦hi¥i Èd à ai¦hn¥ Èd à ai¦hd¥ Èd mFië mFiÎlk̈èAW ¤ (l¥̀) à lM©l
dl̈S̈©d g©ex§«¤lE mi¦ng£ x§©lE c¤q«g¤§l o¥g§l à crl̈
© (Epic«¥r© £A lFn§bi¦ `"p) Ep«¥lnè §bi¦ Èd Ep¥lnè Fb Èd
à aFhÎlk̈§e mFlẄ§e mi¦Ig© e§ mi¦ng£ x§ ©e dl̈M̈§lk© e§ dq̈p̈x©
§R dn̈g̈¤p dr̈EWi¦e dk̈x§ Ä à dg̈l̈§vd© e§
:Epxè «¥Qg© i§Îl©` aFhÎlM̈¦nE
qekd z` gipdl xyt` o`k
:cr¨¤e ml̈Fr§l Epi«¥lr̈ Kl§ni¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈ © 8 7
:ux«¤`¨ äE m¦in«© Ẍ©A KxÄ

© z¦§ i Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
à mi¦gv̈§p g©v«¥pl̈ Ep«Ä x©`R̈« z¦
§ ie§ à mixFC ¦ xFc§l g©AY© W § i¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:mi¦nl̈Fr i¥nèlFr§lE crl̈ © Ep«Ä xC© ©dz¦
§ ie§
:cFak̈§A Ep«q¥ èpx©
§ti§ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:Ep«v¥ x©
§`§l zEI¦nn£ Fw Ep«k¥ i¦lFi Èd§e à Epx`¨ «¥ Ev© lr¥ ©n m¦iFB lr xFA§Wi¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈ ©
:eil̈r̈ Ep§lk«© `¨ W
¤ d¤f og̈§lWª lr§
©e à d¤f z¦ia«© A§ dÄx§ ªn dk̈x§ Ä g©lW§ i¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
'eilr eplk`y df ogly lre df ziaa' milind z` mihinyn ,qirkdl xnen ziaa e` lxr ziaa e` jxca elk` m`
: ml̈Fr cr© Ep¥zäi¦Wi§ mFw§na¦ E Ep¥zk̈i¦ld£ mFw§nA¦ : milind z` mdizgz mitqend yie
: xge`n 'ongxd' gqep ì¦aP̈©d d«Ï¦l ¥̀Îz¤̀ Ep«l̈ g©lW

§ i¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
xEkf̈ ì¦aP̈©d d«Ï¦l ¥̀Îz¤̀ Ep«l̈ g©lW § i¦ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© cg̈¤̀§e cg̈¤̀ lM̈ Ep«z̈F` Kxäi¦ ¥ e à aFH©l xEkf̈
zFaFh zFxFU§A [dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ ] Epl̈Îx¥Va© i¦e à aFH©l :miniiqn qirkdl xnen e` lxr yi m`) :Fn§WA¦ EP«O¤ n¦
:zFng̈¤pe§ zFrEW§i 9
(:Fn§WA¦ EP«O¤ n¦ zix§
¦A i¥pA§
[iz¦ xFn
¨ i¦O`¦ ]Îz¤̀§e à d¤Gd© z¦iA«© d© lr«©A© [ixFn
¦ i¦a`¨ ]Îz¤̀ Kxä§
¥ i Èd à on̈£gxd̈©
:m¤dl̈ x¤W`© ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e mr̈x©§fÎz¤̀§e mz̈i¥AÎz¤̀§e mz̈F` 10 à d¤Gd© z¦iA«© d© z©lr©£A
i¦rx©§fÎz¤̀§e iY§
¦ W`¦ Îz¤̀§e à iz¦ F` z¤̀ Kxä§
¥ i Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© :xnì envr oglyl jenq mè)
,Egix¦q§ d¦ `¨NW¤ aFHd© ,aih¦ O¥ d© e§ aFHd© d¤pa©

§ iA§ EpT§ Y¦ ,dxEa
¨ w¦
§ l xz̈i¥a i¥bEx£d EpY¦
§ PW¤ [aà e"h] mFi FzF` ,dp̈z§ n© ax© xn© `¨ 6.
(:`kw `xza àa ,.`l ziprz 'nb) .dxEa ¨ w¦
§ l EpY¦
§ PW¤ aih¦ O¥ d© e§
7. Until three hundred years ago, oefnd zkxa was said only by the leader and all present fulfilled
their obligation through him. Later, when copies of oefnd zkxa became more prevalent, each
person began reciting oefnd zkxa on their own. As a result, two different mibdpn evolved -
1) everyone said (sang) oefnd zkxa together (no on` is therefore required), or 2) one recites
oefnd zkxa aloud and everyone follows along silently (although people are particular to finish
the dkxa before the leader to answer on` to his dkxa, no such insistence for the ongxds exists).
8. One is required to recite all the ongxds which are printed, (both on zay and on weekdays).
The gwex says that one may add to the ongxds if one wishes, not that one may disregard them
entirely.
zilklkd zeìvndy zngn mb ,zeaiq dnkn l"fg ly ziad lra zkxa z` qitcdl ebdp `l epini cr 9.
.ziad lra zkxa mewna 'ongxd' igqep z` epl epwiz mipe`bd epizeax .ihpeelx `l dkxadn wlge dzpzyd
.ok jxal lkei cinz .exiag ziaa e` eziaa ,zayl leg oia lcad dfa oi` ,'ize`' ly 'ongxd' xnel mc` leki 10.
.mivexy dn 'ongxd' zekxa lr siqedl xyt` gwexd z`xed itl ik ,'o`©M oi¦AEq§nd© lM̈ z¤̀§e' siqedl xzen
_______________________________________________
344
11
Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ EkxÄ
£ z¦§ PW
¤ Fn§M à Ep«l̈ x¤W`© ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e Ep«z̈F` (à i¦l x¤W`© ÎlM̈Îz¤̀§e
mitiqen qirkdl xnen e` lxr yi m`] Ep«z̈F` Kxä§
¥ i o¥M à M M¦n lM©A à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§
ä`©
(o¥n`¨ ldw) :o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à dn̈¥lW § dk̈x§
äA¦ c©g«i© Ep«N̈Mª [zix§¦A i¥pA§ :
'z`n' dlind s"l`d icrla oky ,'z`n' zxinà s"l`d zrlad yygn 'mexnn' zxin` z` exne` `ly epizeaxn yi
,'z`n' mixne`y epbdpnle .'mrn' dlina 'z`n' dlind z` ok zngn etilgdy yie .sexigk melye qg zrnyp
.s"l`d zrladn xdfil jixv
:mFlẄ zx«¤n¤ W§ n¦ §l `¥dY¤
è W à zEk§f Epi«¥lr̈§e m¤di¥lr£ EcèO©li§ [mFxÖ©A : xge`n gqep] mFxÖ¦n
aFh l¤kU
«¥ e§ o¥gÎ`v̈§n¦pe§ à Epr§
«¥Wi¦ i¥ l¡
`n¥ dẅc§
¨vE à ï§i z¥̀ n¥ dk̈x§
ä `V̈¦pe§
:mc¨¨è§ mi¦ l¡
` i¥pir§
¥A
12
:mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i¥Ig© §l dg̈Ep§nE zÄ©W FNM¤
ªW mFI§l Ep«¥li¦g§pi© Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© zaya
13
:dk̈x§ä¦le§ däFh§l d¤Gd© Wc¤g©« dÎz¤̀ Epi«¥lr̈ WC©¥gi§ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© yceg y`xa
14
:aFh FNM¤ªW mFI§l Ep«¥li¦g§pi© Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© milbx ylya
:dk̈x§ä¦le§ däFh§l z`G©d dp̈Ẍ©dÎz¤̀ Epi«¥lr̈ WC© ¥gi§ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
© dpyd y`xa
ì:h qenr z¤l®¤ P©d ci¦eC¨ z¬©MqªÎz¤̀ Ep«l̈ mi¦wï Èd à on̈£ gxd̈
© zekq crend leg
: xnìe o`k ezixn` milyi 'miqpd lr' gky
.'eke i¥ni¦A à d¤Gd© o©n§fA¦ m¥dd̈ mi¦nÏ©A Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l dÜr̈¤W Fn§M zF`l̈§t¦pe§ mi¦Q¦p Ep«N̈ d¤Ur©
£i Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:À̈©d ml̈Fr i¥Ig© §lE g© i«W
¦ Ö©d zFni¦l Ep«M¥©fi§ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
`p:ak 'a lèny : sqen ea milltzny mei lka `p:gi mildz
c¤q¯¤gÎd¤ r§
« e FM§
® ln© zFŕEW§i lFC§bn¦ | c¤qg¤̧ d¤ r§ ³ e F¬M§ln©Å zFrEW§ ¶ i l»C§ ¦bn©
:m«l̈FrÎcr© Frx©§f§lE c¬e¦c§
¨l Fgi¦
² Wn§ ¦l :m«l̈FrÎcr© FrÀ x©§f§lE c¬e¦c§
¨l Fgi¦
À Wn§ ¦l
:o¥n`¨ à Ex§n`¦ e§ à l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈Îlr§©e Epi«¥lr̈ mFlẄ d¤Ur©£i Èd à ein̈Fx§nA¦ mFlẄ d¤ r
In the past only e`xi and mixitk were said, however in the past 200-300 years eced, gzet, iziid xrp,
and fr 'c were also added. Today it is considered a aeh bdpn that they are said.
: ygla mixne`
ïÀ i§ i¬¥Wxèc§« e Ear®¥x§
ë EẂx¨ mixi¦ ¦ tM§ :ei«`¨ xi« ¥ ¦l xFq§À gn© oi¬¥̀Îi¦M ei®Ẅc§w í̈i§Îz¤̀ E`x́§i ì-i:cl mildz
L®¤ cïÎz¤̀ g© ¬¥zFR fh:dnw :FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M aFhÎi¦ ® M í̈i«©l EćFd `:giw] :aFhÎlk̈ « Exè¬qg§ i©Î`«l
:Fg© « ha§ n¦ ï§i d¬ïd̈§e ®ïi«A© g©ha§ i¦ x¬¤W £̀ x¤a¤B½ d© KEx́Ä f:fi dinxi :oFv« x¨ i´g© Îlk̈§15l ri¦ © AU§ n© E
:m¤g«l̈ÎW¤Ta© n§ FrÀ x©§fe§ a®f̈r¤
¡p wiC©´¦v i¦zi´`¦ ¨Î`l«e§ i¦Y§pwÅ̈
¬©fÎm©B i¦ziÀi¦d̈ | xr³©
©p dk:fl mildz
mx lewa
[:mF«l ¨ a© FÓrÎz¤̀
© Kxä§
©l fr À̈i«i§ ì:hk
.aŸw£ri©e§ wg̈v¦
§ i md̈xä§ `© od¥ EN ¥̀ ,À̈d© m¨lFrd̈ oi¥rn¥ ,d¤Gd© m¨lFrÄ Èd KExÄ WFcT̈d© on̈ir¦ h§ d¦ dẄŸlW§ ,op̈Äx© EpŸ 11.
(:fh `xza àa 'nb) .' M' Di¥A aiz¦ k§ C¦ aŸw£ri© ,' M¦n' Di¥A aiz¦ k§ C¦ wg̈v¦
§ i ,' M©A' Di¥A aiz¦ k§ C¦ md̈xä§ `©
12. In general, all of the special ongxds are not very ancient, (unlike the standard ongxds which date
from the time of the mipe`b), therefore the gwex says, there is no reason to be stringent about
their recitation.
13. The xyei hwl cites that the oycd znexz composed the ongxd for yceg y`x that we recite today.
14. aFh FNMªW
¤ mFI§l Ep«¥li¦g§p©i Èd on̈£gxd̈
© is said only on aeh mini and not on crend leg, which is not
considered aeh mei in this regard. (yny dtqei ax) (xiì zeg)
(:fh zenai 'nb) .Fxn̈£̀ (j`ln i"yx) m¨lFrd̈ xU© d¤f wEqR̈ ,oz̈p̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ i¦pn̈g©
§ p xA© l ¥̀ EnW§ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ 15.
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345
zekxa xcq zekxa
.yly oirn dkxa

,mipey`xde mipe`bd epizeax ly zegqepde zehiyd eax yly oirn zkxa gqepa
: zyaebn dhiye dcig` zxeqn mey oiè ,df i`xk df i`x `l
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (cn zekxa 'nb)
:mipind zrayn zexit lr oii lr :obc ipin zyngn cg` lr
à urd̈
¥ ix§
¦R lr§
©e urd̈
¥ lr(§ © e) à o¤t«¤Bd© ix§
¦R lr§©e o¤t«¤Bd© lr(§
© e) à dl̈M̈§lM© d© lr§ ©e dïg§ O¦ d© lr©
à däg̈xE§ däFh dC§ ¨ng¤ ux«¤¤̀ lr§
©e à dcV̈©¤ d z©aEpY§ lr§ ©e
:DäEH¦n ©A§ « U¦le§ Dïx¦
§Rn¦ lk¡`¤l à Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l Ÿ§l«g© §pd¦ e§ z̈i«v¦ x¤
¨W
qtcpn yly oirn zkxa ly wizr gqep ievn
mcxhynè dìvipie ly zerecin zecbda
à L«O¤ r© l¥̀ x§ Üi¦Îlr© Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i m¤gx©
:meik lbxend xvewne dpey o©MW
§ n¦ oFI¦v lr§ ©e à Lxi¦ «¤ r m¦«©lẄEx§«i lr§©e
lr§
©e à KÖr© l¥̀ x§Üi¦Îlr© Epi«¥lr̈ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i m¤gx© d¥pa§ E :L«¤lk̈i¥d lr§©e L£gA© §fn¦ lr§
©e à LcFa§«¤ M
lr§
©e Kg̈Ä§fn¦ lr§
©e KẄC̈§wn¦ lr§ ©e à Kxi¦¨ r m¦«©lẄEx§«i à Epi«n¥ ï§a dx¥ ¨dn§ A¦ Wc¤T© « d xi¦r m¦«©lẄEx§«i
dx¥
¨dn§ A¦ KẄcẅ
§ xi¦r m¦«©lẄEx§«i d¥pa§ E à Kl̈k̈i¥d à Dp̈ï§pa¦ A§ Ep«g¥ Oè U© e§ à Dk̈Fz§l Ep«¥lr© £de§
:Dk̈Fz§A Ep«g¥ O§ U
© e§ à Dä Ep«¥lr©
£de§ à Epi«n¥ ï§a à DäEH¦n r©AU§ ¦pe§ à Dïx¦ §Rn¦ l©k`p§e
:dx¢¨dḧ§aE dẌc§ ªwA¦ d̈i«¤lr̈ Lèkxä§
¤ pE
zereayl gqtl yceg y`xl zayl
mFi§A (Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§) mFi§A (Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§) (däFh§l Epx§
«¥kf̈§e) (Ep«v¥ i¦lg£ d© e§ d¥vxE)
§
:d¤Gd© zFraẌ©
ª d b©g :d¤Gd© zFS©Od© b©g :d¤Gd© Wc¤g© « d W`x mFi§A :d¤Gd© zÄ©Xd© mFi§A
dxez zgnye zxvr ipinyl zekql milegle miclil dpyd y`xl
i¦pi¦nW
§ mFi§A (Ep«g¥ Oè U © e§) mFi§A (Ep«g¥ Oè U
© e§) (däFh§l Epx§
xetk meia milke`d «¥kf̈§e)
:d¤Gd© zx«¤v¤rd̈
£ b©g :d¤Gd© zFMª
Qd© b©g :d¤
Gd© mi xER¦
¦ M d
© mFi§
A :d¤Gd© oFxM̈¦Gg© mFi§A
1
. . . ux«¤`¨ d̈ lr© L§l dcF«¤ pe§ à lM©l ai¦hn¥ E aFh (l¥̀) dŸ©` i¦M
: mipind zrayn zexit lr :oiid lr :obc ipin zyngn cg` lr
:zFx¥Rd© lr§ ©e :o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R lr§ ©e :dïg§ O¦ d© lr§
©e
ux«¤`¨ d̈ lr© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ ux«¤`¨ d̈ lr© ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
zFx¥Rd© lr§ ©e o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R lr§ ©e :dïg§ O¦ d© lr§ ©e ux«¤`¨ d̈ lr©
:(d̈i«z¤ Fx¥R : i"` zext lre) :(Dp̈§t©B : i"` oii lre)
.zeytp `xea
(.cn zekxa 'nb) :oiwyne oilke` x`y xg`
à op̈Fx§qg¤e§ zFAx© zFWẗ§p `xFA
¥ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ 2
:mi¦nl̈Frd̈ i©g (ï§i dŸ©`) KExÄ :ig̈ÎlM̈ W¤t«¤p m¤dÄ zFi£gd© §l `xÄ¤
¨ XÎd©nÎlM̈ lr©
.eixg`l oicd èd ,dizeaiag meyn envrl dkxa raew oiic oeikc 'otbd ixt lre otbd lr' mikxan oiid lr 1.
v"`c rnyn dxe`kl edin .'otbd ixt lre otbd lr' oinzegy yie 'zexitd lre ux`d lr' oinzegy yi dnizgae
opikxan `lc `kid `nlra la` ,'urd ixt' mewna 'otbd ixt' xnel wx oipyn ep` oi` ixdy ,dnizgd zepyl
('urd ixt lre urd lr' d"c 'qez cn zekxa) .zepyl oi` inp oiia 'zexitd lre ux`d lr' `nzqa `l` 'urd lr'
2. Among the mipey`x in fpky` we find the following; the rexf xe` and d"ia`x both have the text
¨ W. The u"ayz, zipeniin zedbd and the y"`x write `xÄ¤
z̈`xÄ¤ ¨ W. In the mipey`x we likewise find
texts containing and omitting the word m¤dÄ.
,'ig lk ytp mda zeigdl `xay dn lk lr'e ,qd `la xyt` i`y mine mgl enk .'mpexqge zeax zeytp `xea'
,`nlra beprzl m` ik m`xa `ly ,md `la zeigl mlerd oileki m`xa `l m` mby ,mleray dn lk lr xnelk
('qez .fl zekxa 'nb) : 'minlerd ig 'd dz` jexa' inlyexiae 'minlerd ig jexa' miiqne .oda `veike migetz enk
_______________________________________________
346
zekxa xcq zekxa
.zekxa
(:n zekxa 'nb) :xyae miwyn lr
:Fxäc¦ ¤ 3 à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
§A dïd§ ¦p lM©dW ` à ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
(.dl my) :urd ixt lr
:urd̈
¥ ix§
¦R `xFA
` à ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
(.dl my) :oiid lr
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
(.dl my) :ux`d ixt lr
:dn̈c£̀
¨ d̈ ix§
¦R `xFA
(:el my) :obc ipin zyngn liyaz lr
:zFpFf§n i¥pi¦n `xFA
(:q my) :dcerqd mcw mici zlihp
:m¦icï
«¨ z©li¦h§p lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
(:fl my) :ztd lr dkxa
« d à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.bn my) :ayr gix lr
:mi¦nÜ§a i¥aUè r¦ `xFA
(.bn my) :ixt gix lr
:zFx¥RA© aFh g© ix«¥ o¥zFP©d à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.bn my) :gnevd on epi`y aeh gix lr
:mi¦nÜ§a i¥pi¦n `xFA
(.bn my) :ur gix lr
:mi¦nÜ§a i¥vr£ `xFA
(.cp my) :c`n milecb zexdp ,c`n mideab mixd ,wxa oebk ,zelibx izla rah zertez dèxd
:zi¦W`x§
¥a d¥Ur©
£n d¤ r à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.hp my) :zyw dèxd
:Fxn̈£̀ n© A§ mÏ©we§ Fzix§
¦aA¦ on̈¡
`¤pe§ zixè
¦Ad© x¥kFf à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
3. The miidlcex xeciq’s text is d¤id§ ¦p, however according to the xteq mzg, the correct term is dï§d¦p.
_______________________________________________
347
zekxa xcq zekxa
:dpey`x di`xa jxan mavp zgixt zra zepli` dèxd
Fa `x«ä̈E à mEl§M Fnl̈Fr§A x©Qg¦ `N¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.ì dpyd y`x 'nb) :mc¨
¨` i¥pA§ m¤dÄ zFpd̈¥l à zFaFh zFpl̈i¦è§ zFaFh zFIx§ ¦A
(:gp zekxa 'nb) :jxan ze`p zeixae zeaeh zepli` dèxd
:Fnl̈Fr§A FN dk̈«M̈W
(:gp my) :dpeyn mc` dèxd
:zFIxè
¦Ad© d¤PW
© n§ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.cp my) :mixg`le el zeaeh zereny lr
:ai¦hO¥ d© e§ aFH©d à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.cp my) :zerx zereny lr
:z¤n`¡d̈ o©IC© à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.gp my) :dxezd znkga mkg dèxd
:ei¨`xi¦
¥ l Fzn̈§kg̈¥n w©lg̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.gp my) :mlerd zene`n mkg dèxd
:mc¨
ë xÜä§l Fzn̈§kg̈¥n o©zP̈¤W à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
(.cp my) :l`xyil miqp ea dyrpy mewn dèxd
à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:d¤Gd© mFwÖ©A q¥p Epi«z¥ Fa£̀©l /i©zFa£̀©l /i¦n`¦ §l /i¦a`¨ §l i¦l dÜr¤
«¨W
(.cp my) :qepiwe`d mi dèxd
:lFcB̈©d mÏ©dÎz¤̀ d¤ r à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
:jxan eilgn `txzpy exag z` dèxd
:`xẗ
¨ r§©l Kä£di© `l§e ol̈ Kä£di© iC¦ `n̈èlr̈c§ `M̈§ln© `p̈n̈£gx© Kix§
¦A
:jxan dfefn raewd
:df̈Ef§n ©A§w¦l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
:jxan leykn xiqdl exeal aiaq xcb e` ebbl aiaq dwrn dpead
:d¤wr©
£n zFUr©
£l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
:jxan ieb myry milk liahnd
:(i¦l«M¤ :xne` cg` ilk liahn mè) mi¦lM¥ z©li¦ah§ Îlr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
_______________________________________________
348
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
1
dlin zixa xcq
!À̈©d KExÄ
.`qkd l` ekilene ezy` icin wepizd z` lhep wcpqd
:xneè edil`l oikdy `qkd lr egipn ,wcpqd icin xrpd z` lhep ldend
:aeH©l xEkf̈ EdÏ¦l ¥̀ l¤W `¥QM¦ d© d¤f
:dl`d miweqtd z` mixne` oi` n"ctt bdpnl
:i¦zi«U¦ r̈ Li¬¤ e§vn¦ E« ®ï§i Ĺzè rEWi¦
«¨ l i¦Yx´§A© U¦ eqw:hiw mildz :«ïi§ i¦zi¬E¦w¦ Lzè rEWi«
«¨ ¦l gi:hn ziy`xa :mitiqeny yi
:ï§i Lzè r̈EWi¦l i¦Yx«§A© U¦ :i¦pk«¥ n§ q̈§e i¦pi¦ni§ lr© cnr£ à Li«¤pẗ§l KN̈¤W d¥Pd¦ à zixè ¦Ad© K©`§ln© EdÏ¦l ¥̀
:lFW§
« kn¦ Fn¬l̈Îoi«¥̀ e§ L®¤zxF¨ z« iá¥ d£`§
« l aẍ mFĺẄ dqw :ax«¨ l¬l̈Ẅ `v¥À Fn§M L®¤zx§ ¨n`¦ Îlr© i¦ p«`¨ UÚ̈ aqw
:L«¤lk̈i«d¥ Wc§À w L®¤zi¥A aEh́§A dr̈èAU§ ¦p :mlek Li¬¤
xv¥Å g£ oM§
¶ Wi¦ a» xẅ
¥ zE§ x´g© a§ Y¦« | i³¥
x§W`© d:dq
wepizd z` ldend gipne ,wcpql creind `qkd lr ayiizn wcpqde ,edil` ly e`qkn wepizd z` lhep ldend
ldend .zaya ok miyer oiè ,uvene rxet cgè ln cg` ,milden ipyl dlind z` miwlgnd yi .wcpqd ikxa lr
mixdfpd yi .wepizd zlxr z` dlbn ldend .'yciw xy`'e 'otbd ixt `xea' jxan rxetde ,'dlind lr' zkxa jxan
.dkxad iptl zerav`d oia dlxrd xer z` qetzl mibdep yie ,dkxad z` xn` mxha dlxra zrbl `ly
:mx lewa jxan ldend
à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:flw zay 'nb)
:dl̈i¦Od© lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ EpẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
:jxan oad ia` jezigd xg` cine ,zefixfa dlxrd z` jzeg ldend
à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ EpẄC¦ èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:Epi«a¦ `¨ md̈x§
ä`© l¤W ezix§¦aa¦ eqi¦pk§ d© §l Ep«Ëv¦ e§
:dper ldwd 'eqipkdl' zkxa xg` skize ,(eze` ln envra a`yk xeka oaa mikxand yi) 'epiigdy' zkxa mikxan oi`
:mi¦ eh mi¦Ur©
£n§lE dR̈ª
g§lE d ëz§l q¥pM̈¦i o¥M à zixè
¦A©l q©pk§ ¦PW
¤ m¥WM§
ldend .drixtd z` zeyrl xdnn ldend .edil` ly `qk lr dlxrd z` ldend jilyn jezigd zrya
1. The celebration on the first Friday night after the birth of a son is called a 'xkf', as it was
referred to in all of Europe until the nineteenth century, and not a 'xkf mely'). The traditional
food items are; cakes, fruits and other desserts (zepcbn ipin). The night before a dlin zixa a
dcerq is made, where dxez ixac are said, or there is a communal learning. Some people stay
up all night, but that is uncommon. The people attending the dcerq recite rny.
Traditionally, women attend a dlin zixa (in the Women’s Section). A woman (zw¤ c§¤pq) © brings
the baby to the men's section. In the past, the mother would not attend the dlin zixa nor leave
her house until a month after giving birth. She would come to synagogue on zay to hear her
husband making dxezd zekxa for his dilr (instead of her recital of lnebd zkxa). Nowadays, as
people can easily attend without much physical effort, the mother does attend. Fleishig was
typically served at the dlin zixa zcerq; however, just before the Holocaust we find some
mention of a dairy meal (in Holland for example).
The term wcpq has been identified with the Greek “synteknos” denoting literally “with the
child.” The wcpq, whose privilege it is to hold the child on his knees during the operation,
became known in medieval times as Gottvater, G’vater (Kvater). At a later period, the title
“Kvater” was conferred upon the person handing the infant to the lden.
_______________________________________________
349
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
dvivnde drixtd xnba .dvivnd mc z` hlet mb ekezle ,'dvivn ly qek'dn dvivnd iptl eita oii hrn lhep
ldend lhep dzr .'ltniee'd z` miyer epnny dlind leziga wepizd z` lzgne ,dlind mewn z` ldend yaeg
,zepexg`d zekxad z` .wcpqd icil wepizd ldend xifgn ecnrae ,eayenn wcpqd cnrpe ,wcpqd on wepizd
edyin cakl xyt` ,lecb jxev yi m` .eite eici z` dligz ugexe ,ldend xne` ,'cici yciw xy`'e 'otbd ixt `xea'
zekxay sqk ly qh eyry yi .zekxad gqep dae 'dlah' jxand ipta mipzep .dl` zekxa zxinà migkepd on
jxand oeekn ezkxaa .dkxad zrya gxfnl eipt jetdl el ie`xe ,ecia qekd z` lhep jxand .eilr zeaezk dlin
a`d cvn oey`xd clid .eizea` my lr wepizl èxwl `pc zncwn ebdp .otbd zkxa zaeg ici wcpqd z` ìvedl
s` .cinz mcew a`d cvn mye ,miccvd ipyn zeny el mipzepe mixytzn minrtl .dlilg xfege m`d cvn ipyde
.mdizeax my lr `le mdizea` my lr mdipa e`xw q"zgdk l`xyi ilecb
:xneè gzet jxand

izeaxe opaxe opxn [axd epixen dxen] mipdk ixaq
:o¤tb̈©d ix§
¦R ` ¥eA ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
à mÜ ex¥̀ W § A¦ wg§e à o¤hA¤ n¦ cic§¦i WC¦
©w x¤W £̀ à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ (:flw zay 'nb)
li¦vd© §l d¥Ev© à EpxEv
«¥ Ep«w§
¥lg¤ à i©g l¥̀ à z`f x©kU§ A¦ o¥MÎlr© :Wc¤w« zix§ ¦A e`§A m©zg̈ ei¨`v̈¡`v¤e§
:zixè ¦Ad© z ¥eM ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :EpxÜ§
«¥ aa¦ mÜ x¤W £̀ ezix§ ¦A or«©n© §l :z©gX
© n¦ Epx¥̀
«¥ W§ zEcic§
¦i
à Epi ¥ ea£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡
`
:xnì lden a`dyk
à en¦`§lE i¦l d¤Gd© c¤li¤d© i¦pA§ Îz¤̀ m¥Iw© à en¦`l§ E ei¦a`¨ §l d¤Gd© c¤l¤Id© Îz¤̀ m¥Iw©
(ipelt xa ipelt) l¥̀ x§
Üi¦A§ en§W `xT̈¦
¥ ie§
:xnì m`d dxhtpyk :xnì lden a`dyk à eiv̈l̈£g `¥ ei§A a©`d̈ g©nU§ i¦
à Dp̈§ha¦ ix§
¦tA¦ oc¤r¥ o©bA§ eO¦` l¥bz̈§e à i©vl̈£g `¥ ei§A g©nU§ `¡ Dp̈§ha¦ ix§
¦tA¦ eO¦` l¥bz̈§e
:L«Y¤ c©
§lFi« l¥bÀ z̈§e L®¤O¦è§ Li¬a¦ `¨ Îg©nU§ i¦« dk:bk ilyn :aEzM̈©M
K¦i®n̈c§
Ä z¤q¤FAz¦ § n K ¥̀½ x¤̀«
§ e¨ ÆKi¦©l¸ r̈ xa³ r«¡¤̀ e¨ e:fh l`wfgi :x©n`¡¤pe§
:i«i¦g£ K¦i¬©nc§
Ä Kl̈ x© `¨
¬ e i½i¦g£ K¦iń© c§
Ä ÆKl̈ x© ³̀ e¨
.(mcd axern eay dvivnd qek jezn ozil ebdpy yie ,wepizd ita oiidn eravà ozepe)
m®d̈x§
ä`© Îz¤̀ zxM̈
© x´W¤ £̀ :xFC« s¤l´¤̀§l dÀE¨v¦ x¬äC¨ Fzi
® x§
¦A m´l̈Fr§l x´k© f̈ g:dw mildz :x©n`¡¤pe§
:m«l̈Fr zix§ ´¦A l ¥̀À x§
Üi¦§l wg§
® l aẃr«£i©§l d̈ći¦
¤ nr«£©Ie© :w«g̈U§ i¦§l Fźr̈Ea§WE
:mi«¦ l¡
` F ` d¬Ëv¦ x²¤W £̀«M© mi®n¦ ï z©pn§WÎo¤A Fp§
½ A w´g̈v§ i¦Îz¤̀ Æmd̈x§ ä`© ln̈³Ï©e c:`k ziy`xa :x©n`¡¤pe§
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M aFhÎi¦® M ®ïi«©l EćFd `:giw mildz
:FC§« qg© m´l̈Fr§l i¦M aFhÎi¦
® M ïi«©l EćFd
:d¤id§ i¦ lecB̈ ohT̈©d d¤f (ipelt)
:o¥n`¨ à mi¦ eh mi¦Ur©
£n§lE à dR̈ª
g§lE à d ëz§l q¥pM̈¦i o¥M à zixè
¦A©l q©pk§ ¦PW
¤ m¥WM§
,lenipd wepizd ita ozep oiid on hrn .oiid z` zezyl wcpql ozep ldend ,dlek dkxad xnba
`xew dltz lrad zixad seqa .dkxad qekn mrhzy zcleil qekd z` migleye ,my micnerd miphwl mb
.miypd zxfr gzta el dpiznnd zwcpql wepizd z` xifgn wcpqd .enr mixne` mleke ,'gayl epilr' mx lewa
_______________________________________________
350
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
dlin zixa zcerql oenif

:'jnyl dcep' mixne` oiè ,oebipa 'zelrnd xiy' mixne` oefnd zkxa mcew
,'cre mlerl ig lk dta' l` ribnyke ,dlind zcerqa oefnd zkxa z` jxan ldend ik bdpnd
2
.`pea xirn (awri xa) mixt` iaxl mifexgd iy`xa mezg 'ziev micl`' oenftd z` jxand siqen
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek ,Lx¥̀
¤W § A¦ wg xn§
® Wz¦ i´z¦ ix§
¦AÎz¤̀ h:fi ziy`xa :Lxi¦
«¤ gA§ Lciè ci¦
¦ l z̈i«E¦v¦ mi¦ l¡
`
:Kx£̀«
«¨ t¥ i¬M¦ l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ WFc§
¬ w¦le§ h:q diryi ,Lx¤
§vFi§l zx§kz¦ dŸ`©À
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek ,L£̀ xFn§
¨ A FzFUr©
£A xER¦M mFi§A ,LcEw¦è R .L£̀ x¥ ¨dA§ `x§
¥nn© i¥pl¥̀ A§ Fl ,Lx£̀
§ R¥
:L«¤̀ § x« ï§i i¬¦p £̀ i²M¦ ek:eh zeny ,L«¤̀ R̈x¤̀
§ Li«z¤ FM©n u©gO«© n¦ Ÿ§vR«©À
:mi«n¦ z̈ d¬¥id§ «e¤ i©pẗ§l K¬¥Nd© z¦
§ d `:fi ziy`xa ,m©Wx¨ .mi¦nC© ¨d mi¦ricFn
¦ Lxä¥̀«¤ n¥ Lx¤ §Qg© A§ ,L£̀ t© Fx
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek
:mi«n¦ ï Ÿ§kx£̀«
© d© e§ Kl̈½ a©hií¦ Æor©n©¸ §l f:ak mixac ,mi¦nl̈§WE dl̈Fr mc§ ©M LètET¦p i¦zi«`¦ xÀ¨
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek ,mi¦nC¨ o¬©zg£ dxè ½¨n`«¨ f¨µ
` ek:c zeny FzcEr§ ¨ i ,mi¦nk̈£gd© a©` l¥Sr©z¦
§ dA§ zixè
¦An¦ ,mi¦nï
.min¦À n£ Fw« z¦
§ On¦ (mi®q¦ Fg) ri´
©W ¦ Fn Licq̈£
¤ g d´¥lt§ d© f:fi mildz ,mi¦Or¥©n dN̈ªbq§ ¦l xk§f DïÀ
,xar¡¤̀§M K¦i©lr̈ K¦i®n̈c§Ä z¤q¤FAz¦ § n e:fh l`wfgi K¥̀ x¤̀
§ zr¥¥n ,xA§v ¤̀§e K¦i«g© C¦
¨p sq¡ ` ¤̀ mi¦nn£ Fw« z¦
§ On¦
:ml̈Fr zix§¦A :mlek
.xFA¦ ½ n ÆKixi¦
¸© q £̀ i¦Yg§³©NW
¦ Kz¥À ix§
¦AÎmc§©A ì:h dixkf ,i¦p £̀©e .xA§W ¤̀ K¥Nrª zhnÀ
:ml̈Fr zix§¦A :mlek ,Fzix§ ¦A FO¦r zFxk̈§e ,x©fr¤
¡p LcFaèè Mn¦ ,Fz`¥vA§ oFn£d a©` ,xFA¦n
:Fzl̈
« x§r̈ x¬©UA§ lFO¦i i®¦pi¦nX
è d© b:ai `xwie mFi©A ,FYx© §dA© z©vi¦vw§ E ,dg̈FC dg̈Epn§À
,lFO¦d§l `p̈i¦Mq© ixi¦
¥ Wk§ n© lr© `l§e ,zÄ©W oi¦gFC d̈i«¤lr̈ ,lFnz¤̀ § F` mFI©d w¥tq̈ `l§e ,i`C© ©e Fzl̈x§r̈
:ml̈Fr zix§¦A :mlek
.lFO¦i lO©
ªd ,iFb `l§e dl̈n̈ dẌ¦è§ ,ln aEW ,dv̈i¦vn§ E dr̈ix§ ¦tE dl̈i¦n d¥Ur£À
:ml̈Fr zix§¦A :mlek ,dP̈¥d d¥Pd¦ xir§ ¥A i¦M s©` ,dëv§ n¦ a¥Ag© i§ .dp̈§Wi¤ w¥tq̈ El«t¦ £̀ ,dl̈§i«N̈a© `l§e mFI©A lFO¦i
d¬P̈xÅ¦ Ep¶¥pFW§lE »Epi«R¦ wFg§
¿ U `¶¥lÖ¦i a:ekw mildz ,dP̈xè ¤M§f¦p zr¥ ,mxr̈§e WEal̈ xr§ ¥e o¥WïÀ
.L®¤
zx§¨n`¦ Îlr© i¦ p«`¨ UÚ̈ aqw:hiw ,aFhÀ x³ä»C¨ | iA¦¸ ¦l W³©gx»ä:dn ,ziÀ¦pi¦nX
§ d© Îlr«© g©¬¥S©pnè ©lA§ `:ai ,g©vt§ ¦pM§ dP̈x¦
:ml̈Fr zix§ ¦A :mlek
2. Usually, the leader says the following heit aloud while others read silently or near silently,
except for the refrain 'mler zixa' which everyone says together. It is also acceptable to recite
the heit entirely to oneself.
_______________________________________________
351
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
.L´z¤ k̈x¦
§a LèOrÎl
© r«© drEW§
®¨ id© ¬ïi«©l h:b ,L«z¤ c̈r©
£l xxFr
¥ Y§ mi¦ng£ xÀ©
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek .mi¦pï§rO© n¦ dr̈EW§i m¦in«© zFNªB i¦l LY¦
è zA§ .mi¦pÄ mi¦ai¦ag£©l dp̈Y§ Lzk̈
è x¦ §A
.mi´¦P©pr£x«©e§ mi¦pW
¥ C§ eh:av ,mi¦pEY¦gA§ Li«¤pFi EgènU§ i¦ dn̈¥lW § dg̈§nU¦ A§À
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek :Eax¡
«¨g«i¤ axg̈
¬ ai:q diryi Li¤aièF`§e ,EeT̈¦i mv̈x© §`l§ E ,mi®z¦ i¥f i´¥lz¦ W
§ M¦ b:gkw mi¦P©pr£x§
©e
.EaèWg§ ¤p Edzë q¤t¬¤̀¥n FC§®b¤p o¦i´`© M§ m¦iFB©dÎlM̈ fi:n diryi .EE©gi¦e mi¦I`¦ ä Ecirï§
¦« e ,Li¤pä§l cr¥e©À
:ml̈Fr zix§
¦A :mlek .m®¤ki¥l§bx© zFŔ©M z© Y© `k:b ik`ln mi¦pEz§p ,m¤ki¥pir§ ¥A En§h¦p ,dn̈¥dAè k© EaèWg§ ¤p
.m¤kz¤̀
§ i¬Y¦ v§ A© w¦ e§ m½i¦FB©dÎo¦n m̧¤kz¤̀
§ i³Y¦ g§ w©«l̈e§ ck:el l`wfgi .m¤ki¥pa§ E m¤Y`© xEar£ q¤w«t¤ i¥lEh§pÀ
:ml̈Fr zix§¦A :mlek .m®¤kAè x¦
§wA§ oÝ¥ ¤̀ i¦gExÎz¤̀§e ek:el ,m¤kz© § lx§r̈¥n lFO¤̀ m¤ka§ a© §l m¤kz¤̀§
... zraye zlkè aezkk :m«d ¤l̈ ï§i o¬©zp̈Îx¤W £̀ ai:a mixac à m¤kvè x© §` lr© mY¤À §l©Nd¦ e§ rF
© aÜ§
½ e ÆlFk`À̈ ek:a lèi
.`pea xirn (awri xa) mixt` iaxl xaigy miàd mifexgd z` (ldend èd) jxand siqen
.miax oeyla lkd mixne` mine`z elenip m`
mFlẄ§aE à FnFxèOn¦ eil̈r̈ o¥bï Èd à FO¦`l§ E ei¦a`¨ §l d¤Gd© c¤l«¤Id© Îz¤̀ o©pg̈ x¤W £̀ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:Fn§W l¥̀ x§Üi¦a§ `xT̈¦¥ ie§ à FnEU§l d¤X©pn§ k¦ e§ m¦ix§
©t ¤̀§kE à FO¦r ei¨ l¡ ` i¦di¦e :FnFw§nÎlr© `Faï
à mi¦nï aFH©a d¤Na© i¦e à mi¦nEM¦g zc§ Ä Fpi¦ad£©l à mi¦ng£ x§ ©A Edcè «¥wt§ i¦ cFwR̈ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:mi¦O ª̀§l Fl Ee£gY© W § i¦e§ à mi¦Or© EdEc§ar© ©i à mi¦ni¦rèPA© eiz̈Fp§WE
à Ed«¥̀ x© §i oFI¦v z©ng̈¤pe§ à Ed«¥̀ x§ ¨wi¦ eil̈§bx§©l wc«¤v¤ à Ed«¥Ig© i§ mi¦pẄ zFAx© Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:Èd c¤qg¤ u¥tg̈ i¦M à Ed«n¥ g£ x§©l eicq̈£ ¨ g xxFri¦¥ e à Ed«k¥ xä§£ i mFlẄ§l FOrÎz¤̀§ © e
EkxÄ© z¦
§ ie§ à FYc© §lFi l¥bz̈§e ei¦a`¨ g©nU§ i¦ :Fzix§ ¦A lr«©a© E d¤Gd© oz̈g̈¤dÎz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
:Fzix£ ¦g`© §l dë§wY¦ W¥ie§ à FzF`x© §d§l mi¦pä i¥pA§ à FzP̈z£ ªgA© EgènU§ ¦IW ¤ EM§fi¦ o¥ke§ à FzcEr§¨ qA¦ mi¦Aqªnè d©
à Fzc̈r© £l xxFr§¥ i mi¦ng£ x© à FzÖªi£̀ dc§ ¤ti¦ DÄ à Fzëv§ n¦ z`f xM§fi¦ dx¥ ¨dn§ Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
FzN̈Ec§
® B z¤ ¤̀§tY¦ xẅ§ ½ iÎz`§¤̧ e FzEk§
½ ln© cFá§M ÆxW ¤ÆrÎz¤̀ F À `x© §dA§ c:` xzq` à Fzl̈§ng¤A§ u¥Aw© i§ eil̈d̈§w
Epi«z¥ FAx© z¤̀§e FO¦` z¤̀§e ei¦a`¨ z¤̀§e à Fzix§ ¦A lr©©AE d¤Gd© oz̈g̈¤dÎz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à on̈£gxd̈
©
à lM lM¦n lM©A à awr© £ie§ wg̈§vi¦ md̈x§ ä`© Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ EkxÄ £ z¦ § pW
¤ Fn§M :dR mi¦aW è FI©d Epi«g¥ `© Îz¤̀§e
'eke mexnn :o¥n`¨ x©n`p§e à dn̈¥lW § dk̈x§ äA¦ c©g«i© Ep«N̈Mª Ep«z̈F` Kxä§¥ i o¥M
Two days after the dlin zixa, friends of the family come to the mother's house,
wash the baby and have a party, called dlinl iyily.
_______________________________________________
352
'yiixw leg' xcq zekxa
1
'yiixw leg' xcq
ycew my clid laiw dlind meia .'yiixw leg' zwepizl e` wepizl miyer ,zqpkd zial zcleid zkled da zaya
,zeixad ita eiepik èdy ,leg my el mipzep zqpkd zial zkled zcleiy zayae ,dxezl `xwidl cizr eay
.iwfg Î l`wfgi ,lhen Î ikcxn ,xcpq Î xcpqkl` ,xfil Î xfril` ,wvi` Î wgvi oebk
.oilegd iiga mb eze` ynyi ycewd my ik ricedl ,ely ycewd my lr mixfeg `l` leg iepik el mipzep mpi`y yi
:'yiixw leg' xcq èd jk
wepizd z` miyialn .zeevnl eribd `l oiicry mixrp zcleid zial mià zay zcerq xg`
.eizey`xnl `xwie yneg migipne ,zvievn zilha eze` miqkn ,ezqixr z` mihywn ,dlind meiak xcd icba
dxezd iweqt
,'yiixw leg'l mireawd miweqtd z` mixneè wepizd zqixr aiaq micner e` ogleyd aiaq miayei mixrpd
.'zn` zty'e 'l`xyi zcear' mixeciqa eqtcpy itk
u¤`¨ d̈§e m¦i¬©nẌ©d E²Nk§ ªie© `:a :ux«¤`¨ d̈ z¬¥̀ e§ m¦in© Ẍ©d z¬¥̀ mi®¦ l¡ ` `xÄ ´¨ zi¦W`x§ ¥A `:` ziy`xa
in¦½ W§ Æmd¤ä `³¥ xT̈¦ie§ mi
¼ x¦r̈§Pd© Îz¤̀ K» xä§
¥ i rxÎlM̈¦
À¨ n i ¦¹ ` l ¥̧ B©d ÁK¨`§lO© d© fh:gn :m«`¨ ä§vÎlk̈§e
i´¥pA§ ÆzFn§W d¤N ¥̀À e§ `:` zeny :ux«¤`¨ d̈ ax¤w§ ¬¤A axl̈ E¬Bc¦ §ie§ w®g̈§vi¦e§ m´d̈x§
ä`© i© a£̀ m¬¥We§
x³¥Ac§ ©ie© d®¤ nÎl¤̀ `ẍ§w¦Ie© `:` `xwie :E`«Ä Fzi¥aE Wi¬`¦ aw½ r«£i© z´¥̀ dn̈§ix§ ®¨vn¦ mi¦À̈©d l ¥̀½ x§
Üi¦
crFn ®¥ l¤`§ ´ A i©pi¦q x¬©Ac¦§nA§ d²¤ nÎl¤̀ ¯ïi§ xA¥̧ c§ ©ie© `:` xacna :xn`¥ « l crFn ¥ l¤d`¥ ¬ n eil̈¥̀
½ Æïi§
d¤N´¥̀ `:` mixac :xn`¥ « l m¦x§ ©vn¦ u¤x¬¤̀ n¥ m²z̈`¥v§l ziÀ¦pX ¥ d© d´p̈Ẍ©A i¹¦pX ¥ d© W ¤ģ©l Ácg̈¤̀ A§
sEq¹ lFņ Ádäẍr«£Ä xÄ¿ c¦ §OA© o®¥ Cx©§Id© x¤ r§¥A l ¥̀½ x§Üi¦ÎlM̈Îl¤̀ Æd ¤ n x³¤AC¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ mixäÀ¦ C©§d
Wi¬`¦ d²¤ n K¬© x¥A xW£̀¤̧ dkÀ̈ x§ Äd© z`f́§e `:bl :a«d̈f̈ ic§ ¬¦e zx¥vg£«e© o¬äl̈§e l¤YÎoi«
² a¥ E o¯¨ x`R̈Îoi«A¥
lFcB̈©® d `xFO©´¨ d lk§lE dẅf̈£ ½ g«d© cÍ̈d© Ælk§lE ai:cl :FzFn « i¥pt§ ¦l l®¥̀ x§ Üi¦ i´¥pA§ Îz¤̀ mi¦ l¡ `«d̈
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ÎlM̈ i¥pir§ ¥l d ¤½ n dÚ̈r̈ ÆxW ¤ £̀
:mx lewa mi`xewe ,wepizd zqixr z` eicgi mixrpd minixn ,miweqtd zxin` eniiqyk
,mzkl mxh ,mixrpl mipzep .minrt 'b jk lr mixfege Î "!ipelt !ipelt !ipelt ?wepizl e`xwi ji` !yiixw leg"
,zexrp zeà dilè ,'yiixw leg' miyer dawp zwepizl s` .mda `veik dwizn ixace mifeb` ,zexit ly ziwy
.dzqixra yneg migipn `le miweqtd z` dlv` mixne` oi` la`
1. There is an ancient fpky` bdpn which dates back to the middle ages, to call the baby by the
Yiddish/German or Judeo-German equivalent of the Hebrew name, known as 'yiixw leg'. It
must be noted that as early as the fifteenth century, the term was explained as referring to the
leg my in the sense of secular (upin m"xdn).
As an example of the two-name phenomenon, many medieval fpky` ipax were called Leon, and
are referred to as "Rabbi Leon" in literature. Some are sometimes referred to as dcedi ax or
dix` and the like, so at least some had both names. The Hebrew name was what they were
named at the zixa, while Leon was what they were called on a daily basis. For example, the iax
of meyxb epiax was named Rabbi Leon (sometimes Leontin). l"vf icenlz aex ipcnly iax oeìl 'x"
(bxeaphexn m"xdn) `lten mkg." These were not Jewish names, however, an entire literature
developed around the proper spelling - and origin - of these names, since when writing oihib -
dkld requires precision even in spelling. See (hkw xfrd oa` sqei zia), where the spelling of
names, including Leon, are discussed.
_______________________________________________
353
oad oeict xcq zekxa
oad oeict xcq

.dpedkd zpzn z` lawl ick zeaiyg jxca ayeiy ,odkd len cnrp a`d
:xneè ,ayeid odkd zerexfa egipne epa z` gwel a`d
:LèNW
¤ Èd ix£
¥de© à m¤gx«¤ x¤h«R¤ à xek§A à ipelt xk̈f̈ o¥A i¦l dcè
¨lï zipelt iY§
¦ W`¦
:a`d z` lèy odkd
epeic¦
§R i¥nc§ mi¦rl̈§q dẄ¦ng£ e` à d¤f L èek§A L§pA¦ Îz¤̀ à x ¥ ei d¤vx§Y¦ d¤fÎi¥̀
:aiyne ecia zernd mr ilkd z` lhep a`d
epeic¦
§tA§ mi¦rl̈§q dẄ¦ng£ L§l `¥de§ à x ¥ ei d¤ex i¦p £̀ i ¦ek§A i¦pA§ Îz¤̀
'epiigdy' zkxae 'oad oeict lr' zkxa mx lewa a`d jxan fè
:ecil zeàd zernd z`pd meyn odkd da aiigy 'epiigdy' zkxaa odkd z` mb ìvedl a`d oiekne
à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ (:`kw migqt 'nb)
:o¥Ad© oeic¦
§RÎlr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ EpẄC¦
èw x¤W £̀
:d¤Gd© o©n§f¦l Epr̈i¦Bd¦ e§ Ep«n̈èIw¦ e§ Epï¡gd¤W
¤ à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
,zernd mr ilkd z` odkl (zekxad xnb xg` wx mipzepd yi) a`d ozep jxany drya
:enr miaeqnd mixneè ,odkd xne` a`d zekxa xg` .ilkd z` `le cala zernd z` lhep odkde
!iEcR̈ L§pA¦ !iEcR̈ L§pA¦ !iEcR̈ L§pA¦
:jxane ecia oiid qek z` lhepe ,eia` icil clid z` xifgn odkd
:o¤tb̈©d ix§
¦R ` ¥eA à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
.zezyl oad ia`l mb ozepe ,odkd dzeye
:xneè oad y`x lr ecia mkilene zernd z` lhep odkdy mibdep yi
:o¥ M©l d¤f `v̈ï :d¤fÎlr© lEgn̈ d¤f :d¤f sEl¦g d¤f :d¤f z©gY© d¤f
:m¦in̈Ẅ z©`x¦§i§lE dxFz§
¨ l à mi¦Ig© §l o¥Ad© d¤f q©pk§ ¦pe§
:o¥n`¨ :mi¦ eh mi¦Ur©£n§lE dR̈ª g§lE d ëz§l q¥pM̈¦i o¥M à oeic¦
§R©l q©pk§ ¦pW
¤ m¥WMè W
¤ oevx¨ i¦di§
:ekxane oad y`x lr eici z` gipn odkd
:d¤X©pn§ k¦ e§ m¦ix§ ©t ¤̀ M§ mi¦ l¡ ` Lèni¦Ui§
¥̧ :Lxè «¤nW
:L«¤pi¦ni§ c¬©iÎlr© Lè À Nv¦ ¬ï§i L®¤
xènW« ¬ï§i d:`kw mildz
:K«l̈ Eti¬q¦ Fi mFlẄ§À e mi®¦Ig© zFṕ§WE mi¦nï K ¤`´ i³M¦ a:b ilyn
:o¥n`¨ :L«W ¤ t§ ©pÎz¤̀ xn§ À Wi¦ r®¨xÎlM̈¦n L¬ xn̈§ § Wi¦ À̈i«i§ f:`kw mildz
_______________________________________________
354
jxcd zltz xcq zekxa
.jxcd zltz xcq

d"awd jxcl `veie lltznd lk .ilv zeaiz iy`x jldi eiptl wcv xn`py lltziy mcew jxcl z`vl xeq`
:einrt jxcl myie jldi eiptl wcv (ci:dt mildz) xn`py ez`v iptl dwcv zzl aehe ,eivtg el dyer
.`gqepd èd dfe ,jledy mei lka zg` mrt `l` jxcd zltz l"v`
à mFlẄ§l Ep«k¥ i¦lFY¤W Epi«z¥ Fa£̀ i¥ l`«e¥ Epi«¥ l¡ ` ï§i Li«¤pẗèNn¦ oFvx¨ i¦di§ (:hk zekxa 'nb)
à mFlẄ§lE mi¦Ig© §l Ep«v¥ t§ g¤ fFg§nÎl¤̀ Ep«¥̀ i¦azE § à mFlẄ§l Ep«k¥ nè q§ z§
¦ e à mFlẄ§l Epci¦
«¥ rv§ z© e§
à Epicï«¥ d¥Ur©£nA§ dk̈x§ Ä g©lW § z§
¦ e à Kx¤C© «¤A axF`§¥ e a¥iF`ÎlM̈ s©Mn¦ Ep«¥li¦Sz© e§
r«©n¥ FW dŸ©` i¦M à Ep«¥̀ FxÎlk̈ i¥pir§ ¥aE Li«¤pir§¥A mi¦ng£ x§©lE c¤q«g¤§lE o¥g§l Ep«¥pY¦ è z§e
:dN̈¦tY§ r«©n¥ FW ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mi¦ng£ x§ ©A l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ LèOr© z©Nt¦ Y§
.oiin zteg
(fpky` zyxen oekn)
,mipexg`de mipey`xd ,mipe`bd epizeax ixtqa dagxda zxkfpe mixteq zkqna diyxyy dnecw zxeqn itl
mr zilhd zteg ìd dipyde ,'oiin' zteg ìd dpey`xd dtegd .dtegl zeqipk izyn akxen oièyipd dyrn
zixgy xg` ekxrp oiyeciwe zilh ztege ,zixgy zlitz zteg dkxrp l`xyia miptl .zekxa 'f zxinè oiyeciw
zteg z` mikxerd yi ,zncwen xwea zrya mr aex seq`l cer xyt`zp `lyn mipexg`d zexeca .dgpn xg` e`
mb yi .dixg`l zilhd zteg zè ziaxr iptl 'oiin' zteg z` e` dixg`l zilhd zteg zè dgpn iptl 'oiin'
.miizpia dlitz wqtd `ll ,zilhd ztegl jenq 'oiin' zteg z` mikxerd
`vpbn bdpn) zqpkd zia xvgl dqipkd l` e`vnd mewnn ozgd z` ìadl jled ldwd .'oiin' zteg xcq èd jk
`lnn e` - oiyeciwd xcqn èd xy`k - dlidwd ax .(dizepae `yiinxee bdpn) zepezgd zia gztl e` (dizepae
.mdiptl e` mdixeg`n mieelnd xzie eixg` axd ,y`xa ozgd ,dtegd mewnl ozgd z` jilen ,enewn
zteg oebip z` mirinyn mipbpe zexrea zewea` mi`yep ,dlkd ieeln okn xg`le ,dtegd mewn l` ozgd ieeln
.('ond z` elzie' weqta dlibnd zìxwa fpky` zelidw lka ewlga obepn xy`) wizrd 'oiin'
.dlkd lr dpznd myl 'oiin' zteg ayen l` ekilene ecia enewn `lnn e` axd elhep ,dtegd mewnl ozgd ribda
.elv` micner mieelnde ayei ozgd
mr dtegd mewnl dìadl dlkd zial xnf ilke zewea`d ilra myn mikled ,dtegd ayenl ozgd ribdy xg`
miyp izy .caa zeqekn dlkd ipt daey cre dtegl dz`va .miypd xeav ly zcxtp dkeldza ,dizexag
.dlkd icvl zekled dlkd lye ozgd ly ,zedn`d izy e` zepiayey
.ef dkinzl wewf epi` ,mipir ielb èdy ozgd .dzkild jxevl zepiayeya zknzp mipt zqekn ìdy dlkd
.mdil` mieelzn ldwd iaeyge ,dlkd z`xwl ozgd z` ecia axd jilen ,zqpkd zia xvg gztl dlkd ribda
axd cera (a"r gn zeaezk) 'dtegl dzqipk ìd ef dzxiqn' oicn ,oièyip oipw myl ,ecia dlkd z` lhep ozgd
jileny dkild dze` zra .dtegd ìd efy ,szeynd mzaiyi mewn l` mikled jke ,ozgd cia feg`l jiynn
.'eaxe ext' :zìxw ick jez mihg mdilr miwxef ,szeynd mzaiyi mewn l` ezlk z` ozgd
.xvw onf wxt eicgi miayeie ,dnia iab lr e` dlika mizrl ,jkl cgeind ayena miayiizn dlkde ozgd
dltzl ozgd z` mikilen miphw mixrp dzkl xgè ,dzial dlkd z` dligz zepiayeyd zekilen dtegd xnba
.mitzzynd xzie axd mikled mdixeg`nyk ,(zqpkd ziaa)
.dlezaa wx zbdep 'oiin' zteg
_______________________________________________
355
dpezg xcq zekxa
1
.oiqexi` zkxa
¥ A§ À̈©d KEx́Ä 2 ek:giw mildz
:«ïi§ zi¬¥An¦ mk¤À Ep§kx«©A¥ ®ï§i m´W
3
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦ Li ¤ pèMW § n¦ a ® r«£i© Li¤l ¨ `« EaHÎd© ¬ n d:ck xacna
:L«z¤ `¨ x¦
§iA§ Lè À W §ẅÎl©ki«d¥ Îl¤̀ d¬¤eg£ Y«© W
§ ¤̀ L®¤zi¥a `Fá¨` LC§ èq © ax́§A iÀ¦p £̀«e© g:d mildz
4
:d«p̈p̈x¦
§A eiÀ̈p¨ §l EÀ¬ d®g̈§nU¦ A§ í̈i§Îz¤̀ Eć§ar¦ :ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈ ïÀ «©l Erixd̈ ¬¦ d®c̈Fz§l xF¬n§fn¦ w
dcFz§
À¨ A | eiẍ¸ r̈§W EÀ³ :Fzi¦ « rx© §n o`v§ ´ e F À r© Ep§g®©p £̀ Fĺ§e Ep«¨ r̈ÎÈd« mi¬d¦ l¡
Å ` Èd³ »ïi§Îi«M¦ ErÀ C§
:Fzp̈E
« n¡ « ` x À e¨ xCÎc¬ r§ ©e FC§®qg© m´l̈Fr§l ï§i aFh́Îi¦M :Fn§ « W E¬kx«£Ä FlÎEcF
À d« d®N̈¦dz¦ § A ei¬¨ x«v¥ g£
:dN̈©Md© Îz¤̀§e oz̈g̈¤dÎz¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ i Èd à M©dÎlr© lFcB̈ i¦n à lM©dÎlr© KExÄ i¦n à lM©dÎlr© xiC© ¦` i¦n
dycg m` 'epiigdy' zkxa mbe ,zilhd lr ziviv zkxa jxan ozgd .ezlk z` da dteg ozgde ,zilhd ìd dtegd
da shrn micrd on cg` e` ynyd .ezlk y`x lr mb dze` yxet jk xgè ,ey`x ieqika da shrzne ,ìd
.oièyipd zekxa ray lk xnb cre oiqexi` zkxa zligzn dlkde ozgd lr zgpen zilhd .dlkde ozgd z`
:z¦vi¦SA© s¥Hr©z¦
§ d§l Ep«E¨v¦ e§ à eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ (:q zekxa 'nb)
:d¤Gd© o©n§f¦l Epr̈i¦Bd¦ e§ Ep«n̈èIw¦ e§ Epï¡gd¤W
¤ à ml̈erd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«5¥ l¡
.jxane ecia oii ly qek gwel jxand
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
à 6eiz̈F§vn¦ A§ Ep«ẄC¦ èw x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` iï§ dŸ©` KExÄ (:f zeaezk 'nb)
7
Ep«l̈ zFÈUèPd© Îz¤̀ Ep«l̈ xi¦Yd¦ e§ à zFqEx£̀ d̈Îz¤̀ Ep«l̈ x©q`«¨ e§ à zFiẍrd̈ £ lr© Ep«E¨v¦ e§
:oi¦WEC¦we§ dR̈ª g ic§ ¥iÎlr© l¥̀ x§
Üi¦ FOr© WC©
¥wn§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :oi¦WEC¦we§ dR̈ª g ic§¥iÎlr©
:xneè oiyeciw zraha dlkd z` el ycwn ok ixgè .dlkde ozgd dzeye
:l¥̀ x§
Üi¦e§ - d¤ n - zc§
©M - Ff - zr«©A© h© A§ - [i¦l] - z¤WCª
«¤wn§ - Y©
§ ` - ix£
¥d
1. The custom of the ozg and dlk not seeing each other before the day of the wedding, is a very
recent bdpn, and was not accepted in fpky` at all. The most probable reason is for the
possibility of cenig mc (` cenr eq dcp zkqn), which has nothing to do with seeing one another.
The dxexa dpyn mentions the zepelaq zcerq in aà dryz zekld. This meal is eaten the night
before the wedding. So the miig utg apparently was unaware of this custom! Actually -
oiin zteg takes place in the morning, where the ozg and dlk met, and only later during the day
did the wedding occur.
2. When the ozg enters the choir greets him by singing àd jexa. When the dlk enters they do
likewise. Two different àd jexa ipebp are sung for the ozg and the dlk.
3. eaeh dn, erixd and xic` in are considered dteg songs as well. They are sung according to the
family request, usually after the dlk arrives, so she can hear it sung as well, usually after one
recitation of the àd jexa, (or for those who add the oiin zteg - at that time).
4. dcezl xenfn is said in place of a dcez oaxw. A wedding is an appropriate place to sing it, to
thank God for the dgny.
5. The bdpn is to use a glass not silver cup. For a dleza a narrow cup, for an dpnl` or dyexb a
wide cup is used. The reason being, so that there will be numerous micr (given of the
narrowness of the cup) that the woman is a dleza [a cenr ,e"h sc zeaezk dpyn].
6. The original text in zeaezk zkqn, 'oi¦WEC¦we§ dR̈ª ¥iÎlr© zFÈUèPd© Îz¤̀ Ep«l̈ xi¦Yd¦ e§' could be misread as once
g ic§
a woman undergoes oièyip she is permitted to any man, whether he is her husband or not.
Since this dkxa is recited before both scholars and the unschooled, precision of expression is
vital. Accordingly, mz epiax preferred adding the third word Ep«l̈ before 'oi¦WEC¦we§ dR̈ª ¥iÎlr©'.
g ic§
7. Both cups are taken by the yny from the ax, and given to the ozg, then taken again by the
yny and passed on to the mother of the dlk who gives them to the dlk.
_______________________________________________
356
dpezg xcq zekxa
:zekxa ray mixneè otbd ixt `xea ipy qek lr mikxan ok ixgè .migxe`de dlkde ozgd iptl daezkd oixewe
:o¤t«B̈d© ix§
¦R `xFA
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ `
(:f zeaezk 'nb)
:FcFa§k¦l `xÄ
¨ lM©dW
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ a
:mc¨
¨`d̈ x¥vFi à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ b
à Fn§lv© A§ mc¨
¨`d̈Îz¤̀ x©vï x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ c
:mc¨
¨`d̈ x¥vFi ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :cr© ic¥r£ o©i§pA¦ EP«O¤ n¦ Fl oi¦wz¦
§ de§ à Fzi¦pa§ Y© zEnC§ m¤lv«¤A§
:dg̈§nU¦ A§ Dk̈Fz§l d̈i«¤pÄ uEA¦wA§ à dẍẅrd̈

£ l¥bz̈§e Ui¦UŸ UFU d
:d̈i«¤pä§A oFI¦v g© O«¥ U
© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
:mc«¤T¦
¤n oc¤rÎo©
«¥ bA§ Lxi¦
è vi§ L£gO¥ U
© M§ à mi¦aEd£̀ d̈ mi¦rx¥ g©OU
© Y§ g© O«¥ U
© e
:dN̈©ke§ oz̈g̈ g© O«¥ U
© n§ ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ
à dN̈©ke§ oz̈g̈ à dg̈§nU¦ e§ oFUÜ `xÄ

¨ x¤W £̀ à ml̈Frd̈ K¤ln«¤ Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ f
Epi«¥ l¡
` ï§i dx¥
¨dn§ :zErx§
¥e mFlẄ§e à dë£g`© e§ dä£d`© à dëc¤
§ge§ dv̈iC¦ à dP̈x¦ à dl̈i¦B
»oz̈g̈ lFẃ dg§
À̈ nU¦ lFẃ§e oFUÜ
º lFẃ ì:bl à m¦®l̈ẄEx§«i zFvª
ga§ E dc̈½ Ed§i i´x¥r̈§A e:cn dinxi r©nẌ¦i
ï§i dŸ©` KExÄ :mz̈p̈i¦b§p dY§
¥ WO¦ n¦ mix¦r̈§pE à mz̈R̈ª
gn¥ mi¦pz̈£g zFl£dv§ n¦ lFw à dN̈©
¼ M lFẃ§e
:dN̈©Md© Îm¦r oz̈g̈ g© O«¥ U
© n§
The recital jgky` m` is a very recent addition and not part of oilet ,fpky` ibdpn or `hil .
_______________________________________________
357
dpezg xcq zekxa
Lix§À¤W`© l®¥k`z i¬M¦ Li¤RM© ri´ © ¦bi§ :ei«k̈x¨c¦

§A K¥lÀ d«d© ®ï§i `x§ ´¥iÎlM̈ ix§ ¦À 8 gkw
¥W`© zF¬lr£O©Å «d© xiW
:L«¤pg̈§lW§
ªl aia¦À q̈ mi®z¦ i¥f i´¥lz¦ W§ M¦ Li¤pÄ L¬¤zia¥Å i¶¥zMè x© §iA§ d» Ïx¦R« o¤t¬¤bM§ | L³ Y§
è W ¤̀ :K«l̈ aFh́§e
:Li«¤Ig© iń¥ i§ lM m¦®l̈ẄEx§«i aEh́§A d¥̀ èE oF¬IS¦Å n¦ ïÀ i§ L¬ k§ x«¤äi§ :«ïi§ `x§
´¥i x¤aBÀ̈ K ©a§
¬ i o¥kÎi¦k d´¥Pd¦
:l«¥̀ x§
Üi¦Îlr© mFl¨ À W Li®¤pä§l mi¬¦päÎd«¥̀ xEè
.oièypl oefnd zkxa

.oièyp zekxal zgè oefnd zkxal zg` zeqek 'a el oibfen oièyp zcerq xg` oefnd zkxa jxand
! or¤W§pr¤A or¤lFe xie¦e i©zFAx© xnìe ecia zg`d qekd gwie
:m«l̈FrÎcr§
¥ i³d¦ i§ a:biw : miper miaeqnd
:('ond z` elzie' weqta xzq` zlibna zxyend) dpezg znirpae lewa xne` onfnd
à wc«¤v¤ i¥lèBr§ n© a§ Ep«g¥ p§ à oxï xi¦WA§ m¥N`¦ f¨è§ à oFxg̈ m©be§ x¥qd̈ i©eC§
:mixne` odk oi`yk :mixne` odk yiyk
:oExW§
ª i i¥pA§ z©Mx¦
§A dr§
¥W :ox£d`© Îi¥pA§ z©Mx¦
§A dr§
¥W
zEWx¦ §A
[à d¤Gd© z¦iA© d© lr«©A© ,(mi¦p£ M e` axd̈ © EpixFn
«¥ dxFn)]
¤
à i©zFAx§
©e op̈Äx§©e op̈xn̈
¨
à FN¤Xn¦ Ep§lk«© `¨ W
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` :mitiqen dxyra) : onfnd
:Fn§W KExäE Èd KExÄ
9
dipyd qekd z` lhep ecin dpey`xd qekd z` gipn oefnd zkxa z` jxand miiqyke
: jxane ecia dpey`xd qekd z` lhepe xfege ,dipyd qekd z` gipn okn xg`l : lirlc zekxad z` jxal siqene
.miaeqnd lkle dlkle ozgl ozepe zeqekd izyn jxand dzeye
8. zelrnd xiy is sung by the choir at the conclusion of the wedding, after all the zekxa have been
recited and the glass cup has been broken.
9. According to the xteq mzg, the bdpn was to recite zekxa ray only at the wedding itself. At
subsequent zecerq only two zekxa (otbd ixt `xea and `xa xy`) were said. The reasons being,
a) after the dteg zia, there are no true zeycg mipt (that a new dish would be cooked just for
them). b), that in the zelb there is no true dgny. This bdpn was changed in the twentieth
century, very likely by non-native German mipax, to match the bdpn in the other countries.
Those who follow the older bdpn do not recite any dkxa other than `xa xy`, when attending
one of the dzyn ini zray.
_______________________________________________
358
diel xcq zegny
.diel xcq
,lecb mc` ziela .mei ezeà zniiwznd diel lr dltzd xg` zixgya efixkd zecg` zelidwa
,aeh mei axr e` zay axra dxeaw drxi` m` .dield jldna zeiepgd lk zexibq lr mifixkn
.zewc xyr e` ynga mei ezeà dgpnd zlitz z` mixg`n
ipay ick zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza cil xvridl ebdp `l .('minrd lk z`f erny') hn xenfn mixne` dieela
,yicw mixne` mpi` mixg` sè ,dxeawd xnb iptl 'on`' ziiprae dltza xeq` ope`dy ,yicw exnì xhtpd
,ceakl cinzne f`n daygp oex`d zìyp .zexawd zial xhtpd z` mi`yep .znd ly zen` 'c jez `l i`ceae
.zeacpzda xhtpd ipipr lka ewqry ,`yicw dxagd ipa ly mwlg zpn didy
.dhind iptl mikled `yicw dxagd iyp`
dpey`x mikledy miaexwd x`y mr cgi ,mdia` zhin xg` mikled mipad mipey`xd epizeaxn laewnd itl
zìypa drnw szzyn oade ,mila` sehir my`x mithrn mila`dy l`xyia miptl did bedp diela .oex`d xg`
,oicd weciv iptl zexawd ziaa la`d shrzn if` ,zilha dyrp sehird m` .en` e` eia` ly oex`d
`xwpd y`x ieqik ,oexhna sehir eyr exar zexeca .yxl brel meyn ,xawd l` dkildd iptl ehyete
,df y`x ieqik ly ielzd wlgd z` .eiliv` cr eixeg`l ielze y`xd aiaq xegy cba didy ,'st`wÎla`'
.zeqekn miptd j` zeielb mipirdy mil`rnyi ztihrl dneca ,s`de xhpqd ,xèevd aiaq mikxek eid
.mzia l` mèa cr edegipd ,zexawd ziaa df ieqika mithrzn eid xy`k
.mzhin ixg` ekli `ly mdivlg i`vei lr eeivy micigi eid ,l"fix`d zxez it lr ,mipexg`d zexeca
.iakyc `xwie iigc `xwi meyn ,diela mi`v`vd z` szyl laewnd bdpna wifgd aexd j`
qipdl cgein dlitz gqep exn`y zenl mihepdn zvwn eid ,diela szzydl oiwifnde zegexdn repnl ick ,ok`)
e` zkll `l mdipal exedy miccea yie .ea `veike 'wai xarn xeviw'a qtcpy dxihtd xg` mnvrn oiwifnd z`
,lecb mc` ziela .(dield rqn iptl zexawd zial zklle micwdl `l` ,xhtpd xg` rqil
.eiazk mdiciae mila`d ixeg`n micinlz micrev
.miitzkd lr dze` mi`yepe ,oex`d gpen dilre mikex` zehen dicv ipy jxe`ly dhnd z` minixn
:ediryie ,'a minid ixacn miàd miweqtd z` mixne`y mi`yepd on yi ,dhind znxd zra dield zligza
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.z`vl miypd
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,l`xyi ilecb znkqda ,mipexg`d zexeca zelecbd mixra dycgzd ,mizn zxkxk lr xhtpd oex` zrqd
miweqt enyxy yi dxkxkd icva .mixrd ifkxnn miwgexn eid miycgd zexawd izay meyn z`fe
:e ,`l mildz enk
:z«n¤ `¡ l´¥̀ ïÀ i§ i¬z¦ F` z̈icR̈

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359
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_______________________________________________
360
diel xcq zegny
oicd wecv
,eze` mixne` oi` oepgz mixne` oi`y mini lkae ,oicd wecv mixne` zexawd zial znd mr eàyk
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Mourners Kaddish Transliterated

Mourner Bows: Yisgadal ve’yiskadash Stands straight: Sh’mey Rabbo (Congregation:
Omaine!), be’olehmo deevro cheeroosay, ve’yamlich malchoosay,
be’hayaychoun uv’youmaychoun uv’hayay de’chol Bays Yisroel, ba-agolo
uveezman koreev, ve’imroo Mourner Bows: Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Yehay Sh’may Rabbo me’vorach le’olam ul’olehmay olehmayo!
Yisborach v’yishtabah ve’yispo-ar ve’yisrou-mam ve’yisnasay,
Mourner Bows:
v’yis-hadar v’yis-aleh v’yis-hallal Sh’may De’Koodsho Mourner Bows: B’rich Hoo!
L’aylo mee-kol beerchoso ve’shee-roso toosh’beh-hoso ve’nehomoso
da’ahmeeron be’olehmo Mourner Bows: ve’eemroo Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Ye’hay sh’lomo rabbo min she’mayo, ve’hayim olaynoo ve’al kol Yisroel.
ve’imroo Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Mourner Bows and walks back three steps:
Turns to the left side: Ousseh sholoum bi’mroumov, Turns to the right side: hoo ya-aseh
sholoum Bows forward: olaynoo ve’al kol Yisroel. ve’imroo Omaine!
(Congregation: Omaine!)
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370
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¤ £̀ Ælk̈£̀«n© ÎlM̈¦n L§ À lÎg©w dÝ̈`© e§ :zFi£ «g«d© §l Li¤l ¥̀ Eàï¬ lM¦ ² n m¦i¯©pW§ Ed®¥pi¦n§l dn̈c£̀«¨ d̈ U¤nx¬¤
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1. Generally in fpky`, the bdpn was to conclude an dilr which ended with the died my by
going up with one’s voice. In the past Polish dìxw ilra would do so when chanting
any myd my, even in the middle of the dìxw. They would likewise emphasize, every
place where the first letters or the last letters of a series of words spell out the died my,
for example: minyd elekie iyyd mei, although the mipax of the time strongly opposed these
Polish practices.
.'ei¬z̈Fai«a¦ q§ Fx§
À z¦q | K¤Wģ z¤W³ï' :xn¡ © `P¤W¤ ,KWŸ¤ g `v̈ï EPO¤ O¦ W¤ ,FNEM m¨lFrd̈ lM̈ z ¤̀ siT¦ O© W¤ wFxï ew© ÆEdz̧ ,`p̈Ÿ 2.
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« pa§ `© e§ EdzÎe©w d̈i²¤lr̈ d¬ḧp̈§e' :xn¡© `P¤W¤ ,m¦in̈ oi`¦ vFi
§ od¤ O¥ W¤ ,mFdY§ A© zFrT̈EWn§ d© zFn¨NEtn§ d© mi¦pä£̀ EN ¥̀ Eda½
(.ai dbibg 'nb)
(my dbibg 'nb) .m¦in© mẌW¤ ,`p̈i¦pg£ xA© iqFi
¥ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ ?m¦i®n̈Ẅ i`n© 3.
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t :dÄ§b«¤Pd© rF © qp̈§e KF¬ld̈ mx§ ½ä`© r´Q© ¦Ie© :«ïi§ m¬¥WA§ `ẍ§w¦Ie©
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¥ gl§ E Ep¬¥per«£©l ²Ÿ§g©l«q̈e§ Èd½ Æs ¤ŗÎd¥Ww§ Îmr© i³M¦ Ep®¥Ax¦ §wA§ ip̈c£̀ `¬p̈ÎK¤l«i¥ ip̈c£̀ ½ ÆLi¤̧pir§ ¥A o³¥g
u¤`¨ d̈Îlk̈§a E`¬ x§ èa¦pÎ`«l x²¤W £̀ z`l̈§ ½ t¦p dÚ ¤ r«¡¤̀ ÆLOè rÎl«
© M̈ c¤b³¤p zi ¼ x§ ¦A z´¥M »i¦ p¨` d´¥Pd¦ x¤n`ÀIe© :Ep«Ÿ§lg© §pE
:K«Ör¦ d¬¤ r i¦p £̀ x¬¤W £̀ Èd½ `´xFpÎi« ¨ M¦ Æïi§ d³¥Ur«£n© Îz¤̀ FA¹ x¦ §wa§ dŸ© ¸ `Îx¤W £̀ mr̈d̈Îlk̈Â d´`¨ x§ ë m®i¦FB©dÎlk̈§aE
1. The dilr iel begins with the weqt, 'mdl zxnè'. The bdpn to to begin with the 'yakd z`' is based
on the `"xbd bdpn.
2. 3. 4. It is fpky` bdpn for the ldw and then dìxw lra to recite these miweqt aloud, as is common
practice today.
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.`wqt seq cr iriaxd meia l`xyil ,olg oa adil` cr iell ,zxhw d`ln cr iyilyd meia odkl ‡b meia
eixg`ly meia l`xyile ,`wqt seq cr ielle zxhw d`ln cr meid xcqa odkl mi`xew mei lka oke
.yicw ivg eixgè .`wqt seq cr
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407
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408
A Brief History of The City Of Bad Homburg And Its Jewish Residents
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A Brief History of The City Of Bad Homburg And Its Jewish Residents
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I
A Brief History of the City of Bad Homburg and Its Jewish Residents
The city's name Homburg, which was derived from the castle "Hohenberg", appeared in 1500 for
the first time. By 1528 the city was renamed Homburg vor der Höhe (translated as "Homburg in
front of the height"). The word “Bad” is normally used as a prefix to denote that the town in
question is a spa town. The town is best known for its medicinally used mineral waters and spa. The
eight mineral springs which form the attraction of the town to strangers, belong to the class of
saline acidulous chalybeates and contain a considerable proportion of carbonate of lime. Their use is
beneficial for diseases of the stomach and intestines, and externally, for diseases of the skin and
rheumatism.
Homburg is located in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, prettily situated at the south-east
foot of the Taunus Mountain range, located 12 kilometers north of Frankfort-Am-Main, with which
it is connected by rail. The local population is approximately 52,000. The tallest peak in the range is
the 878 meters high Großer Feldberg. Other notable peaks are the Kleiner Feldberg (825 meters)
and the Altkönig (798 meters).
Homburg consists of an old and a new town, the latter, founded by the Landgrave Frederick II of
Hessen-Homburg (d. 1708). Besides the palatial edifices erected in connection with the mineral
water-cure, there are churches of various denominations, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian-Greek
and Anglican, schools and benevolent institutions. On a neighboring hill stands the palace of the
former landgraves, built in 1680 and subsequently enlarged and improved. The “Weisser Turm”
(White Tower), 183 ft. in height, is said to date from Roman times, and certainly existed under the
lords of Eppstein, who held the district in the twelfth century. The palace is surrounded by
extensive grounds, laid out in the manner of an English park.
Homburg’s renown began when Princess Elizabeth, born in Buckingham Palace in 1770, married
Frederick of Hessen-Homburg in 1814 and used her wealth to benefit the town. The first spa was
named after her and opened in 1834. Homburg acquired a new tourist formula based on attracting
the sporty and aristocratic Englishman. A casino was built by the brothers François and Louis Blanc
and owing to its gaming-tables, which were set up soon after, rapidly became one of the favorite
and most fashionable health-resorts of Europe. The brothers founded both “Casino Bad Homburg”
and “Monte-Carlo Casino” in Monaco. But changes occurred, Hessen-Homburg was allied with
Austria which lost the war to and was absorbed into Prussia in 1866. Kaiser Wilhelm I promptly
ejected the Blancs, who took their gambling know-how to Monte Carlo. “Casino Bad Homburg”
was opened again after the World War Two in 1948. Homburg was visited by such celebrities as
Robert Louis Stevenson in 1850, Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1870, and Oscar Wilde together with Lord
Alfred Douglas in 1892.
Although there had been a castle here from around the 12th century, the present (and rather more
comfortable) Schloß dates mostly from the rebuilding carried out by Paul Andrich in 1678 for
Landgrave Friedrich II. This originally two story palace was the first new addition to be built after
the Thirty Years War. For many generations it was the residence of the Landgraves of
Hessen-Homburg until 1866, when the dynasty died out and the castle passed to Prussia - at which
point the German Emperors “discovered” Homburg. Kaiser Wilhelm II declared the Schloß an
imperial summer residence in 1888, began construction of the huge Imperial Church next door,
and made the town his own with his delightful architecture. The Kaiser and family were frequent
visitors to the spa town. During World War One, the Kaiser actually directed the war from there.
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II
The homburg hat is a formal felt hat characterized by a single dent running down the center of the
crown (called a "gutter crown"), a stiff brim shaped in a "kettle curl" and a bound edge trim.
The Homburg was originally founded in a Homburg hat factory in 1806. It was popularized by
England’s King Edward VII (1841-1910) after he visited Homburg, and brought back a hat of this
style. Edward VII saw the hat for the first time on his nephew, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Homburg.
Wilhelm II wore the hat in a green variant as an accessory to his hunting uniform.
The establishments connected with the springs are arranged on a scale of great magnificence,
and include the Kurhaus (built from 1841-1843), with a theatre, the Kaiser Wilhelmsbad and the
Kurhausbad. They lie grouped round a pretty park which also furnishes visitors with facilities for
various recreations, such as lawn tennis, croquet, polo and other games. The Homburg industries
embrace iron founding and the manufacture of leather and hats, but they are comparatively
unimportant, the prosperity of the town being almost entirely due to the annual influx of visitors,
which during the season from May to October averages 12,000. In a natural surrounding lies the
ancient Roman castle of Saalburg, which can be reached by an electric tramway. As the capital of
the former landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg, the town shared the vicissitudes of state.
Jewish History
Homburg’s First Jewish Settlement
Bad Homburg’s Jewish community was one of the oldest in Germany. On August 5, 1335
permission was granted by Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV to Gottfried von Eppstein to settle
ten Jews "in the town and at the castle in Steinheim", "in the valley and the castle in Hoenburg"
(Homburg) and "in the valley and the castle in Eppinstein" (Eppstein). It remains unclear whether
Jews actually settled in Homburg. They earned their livelihoods as merchants and moneylenders.
Between 1333 and 1348 transactions of Jews "from Hohenberg" or "from Hohinburg" were entered
in the Frankfurt court books. They disappeared from the town after the Black Death plague and
subsequent pogrom, presumably in July of 1348. A permanent community was only established 350
years later.
Homburg’s First Jewish Community

Evidence for the existence of a permanent Jewish community is found only at the beginning of the
sixteenth century after the Thirty Years War. Until 1600 it consisted of two or three Jewish
families, and by 1632 these had increased to sixteen. The first decree regarding the Jews was issued
in 1539 by the Sovereign Phillip the Magnanimous of Hesse. Further decrees were made by
Landgrave Frederick III Jacob in 1684 when the Landgrave invited Jews and Huguenots to settle in
Homburg and in 1737. Jewish residence was limited to two years, this limitation was still in force in
1737 and conditional for their staying. This made it largely impossible for the Jews to develop a
sense of permanence. They were heavily taxed as well, every Jew paying ten Gulden
protection-money a year, and one Gulden on New-Year, a “Klepper fund” for the preservation of
the royal stables. In addition, there were special taxes such as twenty-four Thalers a year to the
Lutheran congregation. On November 6, 1803, the Jew’s protection-money was repealed however
it took until 1827, for the protection-money to be abolished for foreign Jews as well.
The order of May 1, 1684, has thirty-seven paragraphs, confirming the animosity against Homburg
Jews. (Here are some of the more interesting ones:) The decrees are taken from the “Taunusbote”.
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III
2) We, the Landgrave, expect, that all Jews, who accept our protection, promise under oath not to
use blasphemous language against Jesus and the Christian religion.
3) Jews shall not discuss “Religion” with Christians.
4) Jews shall never persecute a Christian or any Jew who converted to Christianity.
5) Jews will not be permitted to build another synagogue.
12) All Jews who are beggars, are not allowed to stay in the country and not even lodge overnight.
13) A Jew shall have no power over a male or female worker.
14) Foreign Jews who stay only temporarily in the country pay the usual toll.
15) Jews may not engage Christian wet-nurses, but so-called Shabbesmägden (maids who helped
Jewish families with tasks prohibited to Jews on Shabbos, such as retrieving the “bonensuppe”
pot from the baker’s oven Shabbos morning) are permitted.
16) A Jew who rapes a Christian woman shall be arrested at once and put to death.
17) Jews shall never conceal theft, prostitution, adultery, manslaughter etc... They must report
such crimes to the Christian authorities at once.
19) On market days Jews may buy only when Christians have finalized their purchases. They shall
never touch any of the commodities.
24) A Jew shall never stand in front of a Christian house and never exercise provocative behavior
towards a Christian, or force a Christian to allow him into his house.
27) We make the leader of the Jews responsible, that the “Judengaße” is always perfectly clean.
28) We allow the Jewish way of slaughtering.
29) Jews are not permitted to build big or small houses without special consent of the authorities.
31) If the whole Jewish community is called together, it is ordered that they keep together till the
end of the gathering, and a person, being asked something, must give the answer in a decent way.
There even was a “curfew” for Jews, not to be seen in the streets during church-hours.
The histories of the first burials are mentioned for the first time in 1580, but burial may have
occurred before that. Perhaps the deceased were buried near the village of Niederstetten. The
village was completely destroyed during the Thirty Years’ War, but where it once stood is an area
known as the “Jewish Acre”. In 1684, Jews were granted permission to consecrate a cemetery,
surrounded by a fence and to erect tombstones. In 1703 the community purchased a section of a
field for burial purposes which lies on the southern edge of the Hardtwald which is currently almost
entirely overgrown. From 1790 until 1865 the deceased members of the local community as well as
Jews of nearby towns were buried in Seulberg. In 1865 (land purchase in 1863) a new cemetery on
Gluckensteinweg, was built in Homburg. The enclosure wall was erected in 1881 (designed by
Homburg master builder Christian Holler). A funeral hall was built in 1883/1884 (design by Louis
Jacobi) and in the autumn of 1884, and inaugurated by Rabbi Dr. Appel. In the cemetery there are
some grave of spa guests from Russia and England who passed away during their spa stay.
Landgrave Frederick II with the silver leg, intended to enlarge his palace. He therefore, issued an
edict in 1698 for Jews wishing to build in the Louisenstraße, promising protection, wood and stone
without charge and ten years of “religious freedom in their Schul” and other leniencies. The Jews at
first lived in whatever part of the city they chose, but when Landgrave Frederick enlarged the city
by laying out the Neustadt [New Town] in 1703, he assigned a certain street, the Judengaße
[Jew Street] (“Juddegaß” as native Homburg residents pronounced it) along the old city walls,
_______________________________________________
IV
was closed by gates. Although he accorded them various privileges for building up their area, the
Jews were slow to settle there. There were Jews who still lived among the Christians in the Altstadt
[Old Town]. They were compelled to sell their homes, and within a year, build on their assigned
space in the Judengaße. In 1729 came an authoritarian command for the Jews again to leave the
Altstadt. The Judengaße’s various families usually lived altogether in one house. Three to four
generations (parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, etc.) were crammed together into
very small dwellings. This fact as well as the restrictions on the number of Jews allowed, helped
keep the Jewish community small. Despite these draconian measures and due to more
“enlightened” attitudes, by 1730 not more than five Jews dwelt in the Judengaße. In 1816 the
ordinance compelling them to live there was repealed, though some Jews opted to live there for
many years after. Many decades ago, for each Yom Tov, a very thick rope soaked in kerosene was
hung across the end of Judengaße in front of synagogue. It was set alight and burned for at least two
days, so that its Jewish residents could make use of the fire for their Yom Tov needs.
On December 15, 1808 it was ordered that the head of each Jewish family had to choose a German
family name for himself and his descendants.
The philanthropic institutions were mainly the same as those in other communities. In earlier times
there was a shelter for the foreign poor, to which any one could be admitted. The expenses for
board and lodging were defrayed by individual members of the community, who received tickets
stating, that on specified days, they were each to care for one poor person in their homes or to
provide money for their support. The directors had to care for the local poor, and were compelled
by the government to do so, in case of neglect on their part. The Jews of Homburg were very poor,
as most of the trades were closed to them. They could work only as butchers, soap-makers,
cabinet-makers, tailors, and peddlers. This last occupation afforded a meager subsistence for the
majority. Commerce in groceries was entirely forbidden to them. There was a great call for
philanthropy, therefore, the community had a curious organization of ten philanthropic institutions
which emerged partly in the 18th Century. The Israelite Men’s Health Insurance (est. 1780
1932-52 members) target: support in case of illness, The Israelite Women's Verein (Chevras Noshim),
later called the Israelite Women’s Health Verein (est. 1810, in 1864-97 members), target: nursing
and funeral services, the charity Gemillus Chassodim Verein (1864-27, 1932-40 members), target:
nursing and funeral services, the Talmud-Thora-Verein (Chevras Talmud Torah, 1864-31 members),
the Hospital Auxiliary Verein (Chevras Bikkur Cholim 1864-49 members), the Jewish Wood Verein
(Chevras Ez Chayyim, 1864-61, 1932-100 members), target: to distribute wood to the to the poor
in the winter, The Charity Of The Jewish Community (target-based support of the needy),
The Verein For The Future Of Jewish girls (est. 1886 1932-65 members), target: to provide
vocational training for Jewish girls), and Economic Aid (est. 1918) target: helping those in need.
The Tale of “Mordje Unglück” (Unfortunate Mordechai) as recalled by Sophonie Yitzchok Herz
In spite of the restrictive character of Jewish life in Homburg, there were entertaining moments,
shared by Jews and Gentiles alike. The “hero” of one of the most remarkable incidents, the Jew
Mordje Unglück, self-created a legend both in poetry and stone for eternity. Amongst the Homburg
Marketplace’s mediaeval styled half-timbered buildings, on top of an open arc (Fachwerkbauten),
one will find sculptures of all kinds. Faces of the “Famous” Homburger residents of the past.
One figure is easily discernable: It is a Jewish characterized face; certainly ugly, with a bit of a
“Der Stürmer” - touch. One might ask: Who is represented by this “Jewish” face on the arc of
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V
Homburg’s market-hall? Well this is Schnuckel Marx or as local history recalls him - Mordje
Unglück. The Frankfurt poet Friedrich Stoltze (1860-1868) in his book (“Gedichte und
Erzählungen”, 1922 pp. 111-114) wrote in his honor the poem “Mordje Unglück”. He was by all
accounts, a very cunning fellow and Stoltze’s story about him is definitely true.
In brief: Mordje once tricked a peasant and the farmer in question decided to go to court. The Jew,
conscious of his wrong-doing promised the peasant, that he would make a full confession before the
judge and compensate him for every penny he had lost in the deal. Mordje asked the gentile for a
favor, namely to loan him one of his good suits, otherwise he would be unable to appear in court,
the peasant agreed and Mordje, the Jew, turned up on the “day of judgement”, dressed in the
clothes of his accuser. When the judge asked Mordje: Are you guilty? The defendant answered:
“Not a bit, your Honor!” He argued, “You cannot believe this man at all, not a word. He does not
speak the truth. This person - pointing at the peasant - will even tell you, that I am wearing his
clothes.” - In his fury the peasant shouted: “My word he does!” “This is my jacket and these are my
trousers, these are my shoes, this is my stick and this is my cap!” Then with an emphatic voice,
Mordje said: “As you have noticed, your Honor, this man - pointing at the peasant - wants not only
my money, but also my clothes. Can you trust this man?” The judge - so the story goes - agreed
with Mordje Unglück, Verdict: “Not guilty, case dismissed!”
Jewish Printing
Jews were also occasionally employed as printers. There was no exclusive Hebrew printing
establishment in Homburg, but in 1737 Landgrave Frederick III Jacob established in the government
printing-office, a department for Hebrew books. A Hebrew printing house was run in Homburg by
Seligmann ben Hirtz Reis from 1710 until 1713 when he moved to Offenbach am Main. Among
other items, he published Jacob ibn Chabib's Ein Yaakov (1712). Hebrew printing was resumed in
1724 by Samson ben Zalman Hanau but his lack of capital limited his output. The press was acquired
in 1736 by Aaron ben Levi Dessau whose publications included the Shulchan Aruch (Choshen Mishpat)
with commentary (1742). The press was sold in 1748 and transferred in 1749 to Rödelheim.
In regard to Jewish ritual custom (Minhag-HaMokom), Homburg by in large followed

Minhag Frankfurt Am Main - which was the general southern German rite. [See The Bad Homburg
Minhag pg. XXII, for changes which occurred over time] The community joined Rabbiner
Hirsch’s independent Israelitsche Religionsgesellschaft (Jewish Religious Society), or IRG.
The pronunciation of the Cholom vowel as an “au” (like in the word cow) was adopted in the 19th
century as well. Most of the melodies for the various prayers were from the composers, Chazzonim
Louis Lewandowski (1821-1894), Salomon Sulzer (1804-1890), and Israel Meyer Japhet (1818-1892).
Synagogue
In 1684 the twelve Homburg Jews were permitted common worship and therefore, the rental of a
suitable apartment not facing the street, to utilize as a common chapel. After long decades of prayer
services being held in a private home, a synagogue was built in 1731, enlarged in 1825, behind the
house at 29 Wallstraße [the former Judengaße] which was used until 1864. By then, the Baroque
house-like building, was dilapidated, too narrow, and oppressively hot in the summer. It was sold,
the interior removed, and its outside walls retained, and converted into a large family home. The
first Gemeinde Haus (Community Center) was built in 1764 directly behind the synagogue
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VI
(Wallstraße), from local donations and from as far away as Wiesbaden. It was mostly used for board
meetings and educational purposes. In the 1780’s, Jewish children were admitted into the city’s
public schools under Landgrave Louis. 1
The Jewish community decided to build a new synagogue, whose construction cost about 70,000
Gulden. The funds came not only from the voluntary donations of the Jewish parishioners but also
the casino, the city, the city funds and even a contribution by the Landgrave himself. All felt that the
proposed synagogue, designed by Christian Holler, would attract many Jewish resort guests and also
contribute to the adornment of the city. It’s inauguration was held with grand farfare on Friday, Erev
Shabbos Toldos (9 November). It stood for almost exactly 72 years until it’s violent destruction on
November 10th 1938! Amongst the distinguished invited guests, the Landgrave, the Prince’s deputy,
the head of the Marshal-Office, military authorities, members of state government, the clergy of the
various religious denominations, the head of the Justice and Administration Office, local mayors and
members of the Municipal Council were present and attested to the appreciation of this noble
endeavor. After Minchoh was recited in the old synagogue, the sacred Torah scrolls were taken from
the Aron HaKodesh (Holy Ark). After Rabbiner Fromm held a short farewell speech, the solemn
procession moved to the new synagogue. After the distinguished procession arrived at the new
synagogue site, the building’s builder handed over the synagogue keys to the Royal Prussian
Civil Commissioner, Herr Von Briesen who in turn, handed them over to the rabbi.
The new Homburger synagogue had a great example in the Berlin Synagogue, which had been
inaugurated just two months before, in the Oranienburger Strasse. The synagogue’s twin-towered
front, stood on 8 Elisabethenstraße. It seemed to control and join together the narrow sides of the
Wallstraße. Builder Holler chose a square church-hall-like room in the apsidal [a vaulted
semicircular or polygonal recess, especially at the east end of a church] Moorish-Arabian design,
which was illuminated by a triple coupled window on the south and north sides, and partly coupled
partly simple windows on the east and west side. The building had a very high dark blue ceiling
adorned with gold stars, ending in the east with the Aron HaKodesh. A remarkable piece of art,
framed by two grey marble pillars and topped by white marble Luchos. The women’s balcony
consisted of two long galleries with a smaller section in the west linking them together, supported
by light cast iron columns. Access to the Frauenshul (Women’s Section) was attained by a stone
spiral staircase located in one of four towers. The towers with gilded morning stars were
contributed by Kaiser Wilhelm I, to insure that the synagogue, the town’s first religious structure,
was the tallest building. The tower’s sandstone walls were extremely thick and were each capped
with flat onion shaped cupolas. The Almemor for the reading of the Torah, stood in the center of the
room, surrounded by wooden benches. In 1904 the sanctuary was rebuilt to accommodate seating
for 320 men and 104 women and electricity replaced the 120 gas flame lighting.
The year following its inauguration, the new ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm I (Hessen-Homburg had recently
been taken over by Prussia), assured the Jewish citizens of his protection and that he would shield
the new temple and its worshippers. The community’s Memorbuch (Yizkor Book) originated in
1790, it contained names and dates, going back to the 17th century, and some of the Torah scrolls
dated from the 18th century.
In 1877, a larger Gemeinde Haus was built for the new synagogue. It still stands on the same spot
today and currently houses a high school. In its basement there was a women’s bath [mikveh] and a
small apartment for a Christian caretaker. (The caretaker wore a uniform, and swung a big elegant
1. (Recently there have been negotiations with the community, about the use of first synagogue and
Gemeinde Haus; however, the cost of renovation and present membership make these plans untenable.)
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VII
staff in his right hand - a symbol of his importance and power. On his head he wore a “Dreispitz”
like Napoleon or Frederick the Great.) The first floor housed board rooms as well as the four
hundred book “Mendelssohn Library” of the congregation, which was established on the 100th
anniversary of Moses Mendelssohn’s death. The second floor housed three school rooms for
religious studies, utilizing their double doors; they could easily be combined into a hall for lectures
or religious services during the week. (Compulsory education was introduced in 1829. In order to
comply with this new regulation, Homburg’s Jewish community appointed Süssel Anspacher (born in
Fürth 1.4.1790 - died in Homburg 2.3.1886) as its first primary school and religious instructor.
The school consisted of two classes; however, after the establishment of the first general primary
school, Jewish children were transferred to this educational institution.) A small staircase led to the
top-floor with its small rooms right under the roof. This was the residence of the Shammes and
secondary teacher of the Jewish congregation. Following World War Two, on January 22, 1956, the
National Education District took over the house as a school in an act of understanding and
tolerance. A plaque commemorates the former Jewish school.
Homburg’s Rabbis and Kantors

In 1737, the community, with the consent of the Landgrave, united itself with the rabbinate of
Friedberg, whose chief rabbi took charge of all rabbinical functions in both cities. In 1825 the
Landgrave appointed Joseph Wormser, Unter-Vorsteher [Vice Leader of the Jewish Community].
Son of the Lengsfeld and Fulda Rabbi Solomon Wormser to Friedberg Oberrb. Schemajo-Jischai
Feuchtwangen (died 1813). From July 9, 1813, he was approved only for conducting marriages in
Homburg. He was prohibited from making arbitrary decisions of ritual questions by the new
Friedberger Oberrb. Feibisch Frankfurter (born Frankfurt/Oder 1762-1841) in 1821. His 1825
attempt to build with the help of the Landgrave civil government, a separate community, fails due
to resistance from the community, which denies him the qualifications to do so. "On the contrary,
it is known that his own brother, Rabbiner Isaac Seckel Wormser of Fulda, finds him incapable of
functioning as a rabbi". When Unter-Vorsteher Wormser died his widow turned to the
Landgrave and requested that he appoint her son Abraham Moses from Filehne, Unter-Vorsteher.
The executive board, does not recognize Abraham Moses’s capabilities. At the same time in 1775,
the rabbinical candidate Callmann Löb applied for the position by putting forth two rabbinical
certificates one from a rabbi in Mainz and one in Hanau. He had moved from Hamburg to Homburg
with his brother. In 1808, when all German Jews were required to add a last name he chose the
name Rothschild and in 1827, he was appointed Unter-Vorsteher.
The succeeding rabbis, amongst whom was the later Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Anschel Stern,
acted also as teachers in the religious school. He was the son of Moreinu HoRav Meir Stern, and
learned under the Talmudists Rabbis Abraham Bing, Isaac Seckel Wormser in Fulda and Seligmann
Bär Bamberger in Wiesenbronn, and later in 1840 in Würzburg. In 1844 he began the study of
Oriental Studies in Würzburg. In 1856 he married a daughter of British Chief Rabbi Adler. He
tutored the children of Baron Jakob von Joel Hirsch. He died on March 11, 1888, in Hamburg.
In 1851 the Landgrave appointed the teacher Dr. Seligmann Fromm. Born in 1822 in
Großlangheim (Bavaria), at the age of 12 years old he assisted Rabbi Seligmann Bär Bamberger,
afterwards the great Würzburg Rav, who was still living in Wiesenbronn. [He later became his
son-in law, marrying his daughter Rachel (1831-1893).] After thorough preparation, he moved as a
sixteen-year-old to the Pressburg Talmudic College to learn at the feet of the Chassam Sofer (Rabbi
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VIII
Moshe Schreiber from Frankfurt Am Main) himself and he soon became his favorite pupil. He
learned with his son and successor, the Ksav Sofer, with whom he had a close friendship and with
the Pressburger Dayan, Nathan Binyomin Wolf whom he loved as a father. Initially he worked as a
tutor in Karlsruhe. As the first rabbi of Hessen-Homburg, he received a state subsidy of 200
Gulden, whose sum was paid by the Prussian government. This is the only instance in which a local
rabbi received a subsidy from that government. The Jewish clergy from the year 1876, were no
longer members of the community board, but possessed the right of appeal in all religious matters.
Dr. Fromm, subsequently resigned because of this matter and became chaplain to Baron Wilhelm
von Rothschild. He enjoyed the highest reputation in Frankfurt. In January 1888 he was given the
honorable task to deliver the funeral oration on the death of Rabbiner Samson Raphael Hirsch. He
is the grandfather of the German-American psychoanalyst, philosopher, and social psychologist Prof.
Dr. Erich Fromm (born in 1900 in Frankfurt as the son of the Orthodox wine merchant Naphtali
Fromm and his wife Rosa geb. Krause, who died in 1980 in Switzerland.)
He was succeeded by Dr. Auerbach who was born in 1827 in Bonn, the youngest child of the
Chief Rabbi Abraham Auerbach (1763 Bouxwiller / Buxweiler - 1845 Bonn). His grandfather was
the eminent Kabbalist Selig Auerbach (b. 1726 Brodny). Dr. Auerbach studied after 1845 with his
eldest brother, Dr. Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach, who served as rabbi from 1835 to 1857 in
Darmstadt. After his time in Darmstadt, Dr. Auerbach studied philosophy at the University of Bonn.
In the mid-1850s he became rabbi in Nordhausen. In 1876 he was appointed in Homburg, where he
served for only two years due to a serious illness. He moved to Frankfurt, where he died in 1884.
He was followed by Dr. Appel who was born in 1851 in Jesberg. In the bourgeois society of the
late imperial period, he represented the classical ideas of humanism and the compatibility of Judaism
and Germanism. He attended the Latin school in Fritzlar and the Gymnasium in Kassel. After
graduation, He studied from 1870 to 1878 at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau and studied
in parallel at the Universities of Marburg and Breslau, where he received his doctorate in 1874 on
the subject Quaestiones de rebus Samaritanorum sub imperio Romanorum peractis. In 1878 he was
rabbi in Homburg for nine years. He was committed to the equal recognition of Judaism among
other religions in the German state. In 1886 he left and became the second city rabbi in Mannheim.
He married Anna Willstätter daughter of Rabbi Benjamin Willstätter. From 1893 he served the
Karlsruhe community and died there in 1919.
In 1860, Dr. Kottek was born in the Prussian capital of Posnan (Posen). By the age of 27 (1887) he
took over the Homburg rabbinate. He was a student of Rabbi Israel Hildesheimer and distinguished
himself in his great piety and vast Talmudic knowledge. After twelve and a half years, he and the
Chevras HaShas made a Siyum Shas Bavli in 1912. Dr. Kottek together with Rabbis Bamberger of
Hanau, Dr. Jonas Bondi of Mainz and Dr. Solomon co-founded the "Jewish Literary Society" in
Frankfurt. Many other contributions by Dr. Kottek appeared in the “Yearbook of the Jewish
Literary Society” published in 1903. A “History of the Jews”, edited by him was published in 1915.
He formed a close relationship with Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz (a close colleague of Rabbi
Chayim Soloveichick in Yeshivas Volozhin), who had relocated to Hamburg, where he was
Klaus-Rabbiner. Rabbi Rabinowitz came every year for a two-month medical vacation to Homburg.
He was the initiator of the so-called 'Homburger Conference' in August 1909, whose prominent
rabbis and Torah scholars from Eastern Europe participated in the founding of the world
organization 'Agudath Israel'. In 1912, Dr. Kottek celebrated 25 years in the rabbinate, unfortunately
he passed away just a few months afterward.
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IX
The successor of Dr. Kottek was twenty-year-old Dr. Winter (till 1922), who was a Jewish
chaplain of the German Armed Forces during World War One, which meant the congregation was
orphaned for long stretches of time while he was at the front. Dr. Winter was born in 1878 in
Mönchengladbach. After his time in Homburg, he succeeded Rabbiner Dr. Joseph Carlebach as rabbi
and head teacher in Lübeck. Even after his tenure in Homburg he remained close with members
of the community. Fortunately, he left Lübeck with his family in September 1938 and emigrated
to London. He died there in 1953 and was interred in Jerusalem’s Sanhedria Cemetery.
The last Homburg rabbi, Dr. Wreschner, was born in 1865 in Breslau. He was the grandson of
Rabbi Abraham Abusch Wreschner, who was a disciple of Rabbi Akiva Eger, and his mother,
a descendant of the famous rabbinical family Falk. He carried on the traditions of these great
families throughout his days. He studied at the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary and the University of
Berlin. From 1889 until 1921 he was rabbi in Samter, Poznan. In the aftermath of the First World
War, he was forced to leave Samter. He then taught for a year at the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary
until he was appointed to Homburg as a rabbi. In 1933, sixty schoolchildren studied religion in
Homburg. In addition, Dr. Wreschner tutored the children’s religious instruction in the local public
schools. After the death of Dr. Wreschner in 1935, the rabbinate was no longer occupied, due to
increasing emigration and the ever increasing violence towards the Jewish community. All the
rabbinical position’s functions were taken over by Kantor Herz.
The Chazan (Kantor) of the congregation was also a Schochet. The first person to hold the position
was Joseph Glogau. He died in 1777. He was succeeded after a three-year period in 1780
by Judah Klahr, and in 1797 by Moses Loeb Lipschütz. Kantor Abraham [Adolf]
Braunschweig was born in 1825 in Habsheim, Kreis Mülhausen, which belonged
to Alsace-Lorraine. In 1855 he applied to be the Kantor and Shochet for the Jewish community and
was chosen from amongst the most capable. He retained those positions until he opened his resort
hotel in 1898. In 1895 he was bestowed with the honorary title “Ha-Chover” from then rabbi
Dr. Kottek. Kantor Herz received the same title in his day, as Kantor of the Homburg Kehilloh.
Kantor Herz was born in 1873 in Dornheim (Thuringia). Kantor Herz was educated at the
Teacher Seminars in Cologne and Würzburg and at the Breuer Yeshiva in Frankfurt. When he
would read from the Torah, he would form the cantillation marks with the Torah pointer. On Tisho
B’Av, he had tissues in close proximity to daub his eyes with, while he stirringly read the fast day’s Kinos.
Kantor Herz’s father Rabbi Isaak Leiv Yehudah Herz was a noted scholar and inventor. He lived for
years in Berlin, founding his own congregation, which eventually became a branch of the famous
Adass Yisroel. Rabbi Dr. Munk, a close friend, bestowed upon him the title of Moreinu,
in appreciation of his outstanding Talmudical knowledge. He also invented and patented a “snow
melting apparatus” to be used on roads and tramlines. He spent the last few months of his life in
Homburg and is buried there.
While Kantor Herz worked both as a cantor and teacher in the orthodox sense, this stood in
contrast to many other Homburg Jews, who by then were either "Liberal" or were for the most part
no longer religious, "Formal Jews as opposed to Committed Jews." 2
2. "We Jews see as our ideal as Germans in the German state, to serve you with good and blood,
and to love Jews as the Eternal our God, ‘with all your heart, all your soul and with all your assets.’"
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X
UnterKantor Leopold Goldschmidt was born in 1863. He was trained at the Teacher Seminars
in Cologne and worked for almost three years in a variety of communities in Southern Germany.
In 1911 he followed a call from the Homburg community to be a teacher, Shammes and assistant
cantor. He was the cofounder and member “Chizuk Emunoh, The Independent Teachers of Hessen”,
He remained in these capacities until his death in March 1936.
The officials of the community included a Chazzan, Shochet, and a Shammes with a teaching
certificate, but the emphasis was on the term Shammes. (On Shabbos he provided
guest-worshippers with siddurim and chumoshim. On the cover of the books was a label with the
following order in print: After the service, prayer books must be returned to the ‘Synagogendiener’
i.e. the servant of the synagogue). The official’s expenses were at first covered principally by taxes
levied upon new arrivals and collected at marriages and funerals. The sale of honorary rights, gifts
given upon being called to the Torah, and fees for entering the names of the dead in the Memorbuch
also constituted a source of income. The salaries of all three officiants were so modest, that they
were forced to take on boarders to supplement their income. In 1853 radical changes were made in
the board of directors. Landgrave Ferdinand decreed that the board should consist of the rabbi as
president, a director appointed by the Landgrave, and three other directors nominated by the two
former and confirmed by the Landgrave. Subsequently the method of direct taxation was employed,
the board apportioning the amount according to the circumstances of the individual. The rabbi
alone should decide religious questions. The whole board was to determine the budget and the
taxes to be levied; appoint and supervise the officials; take charge of the synagogue, religious school,
mikveh, and cemetery; and provide for the elevation and education of the community. Final changes
in the board were made by the government in 1876, when it was decreed that it should consist of
five members chosen by the community for a period of six years, and of one deputy for each of the
members, the board retaining the same functions as it had formerly.
The Jews of Homburg were fully emancipated on March 7, 1848, when Landgrave Gustav
promulgated the following ordinance: "In local and state affairs no difference shall henceforth be
made between our Christian and Jewish subjects." This ordinance was issued as a consequence of
the people’s petition.
The heyday of the Homburg Jewish community was from the late 19th century until approximately
1920. This was closely connected to the spa and bathing essence of the town. Most were merchants
who opened department stores, fashion, and a variety of other shops, especially on the main street,
the Louisenstaße. The community also opened three sanatoriums and two famous kosher hotels
that had an international clientele.
Founding Agudath Israel and Russian Intellectuals

The decision to create an international organization led to the “Agudath Israel” conference on
Sunday, August 1, 1909, with the express purpose of fighting Zionism. The following leaders attended:
Mordechai Alter (The Gerrer Rebbe) Chaim Ozer Grodzensky (Vilna) Chayim Soloveichick (The Brisker Rov)
Dr. Salomon Breuer (Av Bais Din Frankfurt) Eliezer Rabinowitz (Chief Rabbi of Minsk) Meir Simcha HaKohen of Dvinsk (Ohr Somayach)
Eliezer Gordon (Telshe Rosh HaYeshivah) Reb Jacob Rosenheim (Frankfurt) Aharon Rokeach (The Belzer Rebbe)
Adolf Frankl (president of the Orthodox Communities in Budapest and Hungary) Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz (Hamburg)
Emmissaries of the Lubavitcher Rebbe and Karliner Rav/Dr. Heymann Kottek and Moses Herz (in whose residence this meeting occurred)
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XI
Homburg was a refuge for refugees who had been persecuted for anti-Semitism. Homburg was
already a place where a number of eastern rabbis and laymen were accustomed to spend their
summers and come for medical treatment (from famous Eastern European rabbis - Chayim
Soloveichick and Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz to electrophysician Hermann Aron and religious
and social philosopher Martin Buber). The German Neo-Orthodox academic educator and one of
the founders of the “Bais Yaakov” movement, Dr. (Shmuel) Leo Deutschlander (1888-1935) also
lived there. Rabbi Yisrael Perlow, the Yanuka of Stolin, Russian sculptor Mark Antokolski and World
Zionist Organization President David Wolfsohn (successor to Theodore Herzl) all died there. After
World War One, wealthy and intellectual Russian Jews moved to Homburg. Rosalia Gillelovna
"Shoshana" Parsitz and Itzhak-Yosef Zelikovich-Parsitz transferred the “Omanut” (Art) publishing
house, after World War One, from Moscow to Homburg. Their home served as a meeting place
for the following Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals from 1920-1925:
Moshe Zilberg Jacob Fichman Gerhard (Gershom) Scholem Shmuel Joseph (Shai) Agnon
Moshe Glickson David (Shimoni) Schimonowitz Moshe Ben-Eliezer Glembotsky Judah Gur (Grasowsky)
Avigdor Stematzky Chayim Nachman Bialik Isaak Leib Goldberg Menachem Mendel Ussischkin
Nathan Birnbaum Joshua O. Leibowitz David Yellin Alter Druyanov
Yehoshua Hana Ravnitzky Simcha Ben Zion Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg (Achad Ha-am)
Anti-Semitism in The 1930’s

In general, Homburg residents were polite and friendly in their conduct towards Jews - open
anti-Semitism except in singular cases - was unknown during the Twenties. Jews went to the
theater, the movies, cafes, concerts, lectures, and were side-by-side with the Germans until 1933.
From mid-March 1933 the situation of the Jews within the “Third Reich” took a sharp turn for
the worse when windows were broken in the synagogue. On April 1, the boycott of Jewish
businesses, was not taken seriously by Homburg residents; even the SA (Sturmabteilung, the
paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) men who blocked entry into the Jewish stores until 6 p.m.,
changed into civilian clothes and re-entered the stores, this time as customers. The community,
persecuted by the Nazis, dwindled from 300 (2%) in 1933 to 70 (1938).
The isolation of Homburg’s Jews from the general community was a creeping process.
Many had relatives in countries of the Western Hemisphere. Some were able to obtain an affidavit
and emigrate abroad. Unfortunately, not all were able to do so.
The Jews had already been subjected to numerous incidents of harassment, but it would only get
worse. In November 1934, 57 graves were demolished in the Jewish cemetery by an unknown
perpetrators in an almost barbaric manner. Many tombstones were overturned and partly heavily
damaged. "The “Volkische Beobachter” (National Observer), the newspaper of the Nazi Party,
which was widely read in Homburg, contributed to ever increasing racial hatred. Anti-Semitic
posters were affixed to buildings throughout the city, promoting racial and religious intolerance.
Jewish residents were assaulted on the street for no other reason than their religion. From the
1938 “Special Provisions for Jews in Homburg” outlawed “domestic and foreign Jews” from
“harassing” German and Aryan visitors. Jewish bathers were to stay only in Jewish sanatoriums and
could only use general health facilities at certain predetermined times.
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XII
“Kristallnacht” (Night of the Broken Glass) better termed “Pogrom Night”.

“At exactly twelve o'clock sharp on November 10, 1938 the siren sounded. There was such a
tremendous explosion within the synagogue, that it’s massive front doors flew off their hinges.
Inside one could see that the benches and other flammable objects were stacked high and were
already burning. Flames were shooting out of all the towers and the windows disintegrated almost
simultaneously. The synagogue’s interior was destroyed, after which the building was burned to the
ground. The amount of gasoline used ad been stored in a business located nearby and was poured
throughout, caused everything to be consumed almost simultaneously.” This action was not carried
out by amateurs but by the SA. It does seem that most of the perpetrators were from other towns
perhaps in an effort to evade possible legal prosecution.
While the synagogue was engulfed in flames, the Wallstraße was closed off by the police. The fire
department were under orders to do nothing to extinguish the blaze. Residents of the Wallstraße,
workers and small businessmen, tried to salvage items from the synagogue, but were viciously
beaten back by the Nazi thugs. The roof and the tops of the four towers collapsed around midday.
As the four copper domes melted, the liquid metal ran down the sides of the building. The many
wood support beams and interior pieces were rich food for the flames and burned into the night
hours. All in all, it was an eerie sight.
At the sight of the burning synagogue the following remarks were heard: 'We no longer wish to live
together with Jews! Our city has no room for these cowardly and sneaky racial assassins!'
‘They should throw the Jews altogether into the flames!’ This demonstrates, that there were
residents, who had already made up their minds regarding to the physical destruction of the Jews.
Apartments of Jewish residents were destroyed, storefronts of Jewish businessmen were smashed
and robbed of their contents. The riots against the Jewish population were conducted by the
Homburg residents either actively or passively. This well planned pogrom was acted out all over
Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. It was designed to project, the anger of the German people
being unleashed upon the Jews, like a “lightning bolt out of the blue”.
The next morning, the male Jews (between sixteen and sixty years old) were taken by three or four
Nazis from their homes and were first penned in the local jail for thirty-six hours, in sub-human
conditions. When he saw them individually, the constable of the jail was close to tears and tried to
deflect his guilt: 'World Jewry is to blame for everything, not you, we know you!' The Homburg Jews
were then taken to Frankfurt and loaded on general transports to the Buchenwald Concentration
Camp. They were held there for three weeks with the order that they had until the 31st of January,
1939 to emigrate.
In April 1939, Germany’s Jews lost their tenants’ rights. Jews who, were evicted from their
apartments, were relocated to so-called Jew Houses. In Homburg, two houses (Salomon
Wiesenthal’s #12 and Kantor Herz’s #14 Kisseleffstraße residences), served this purpose.
In March 1942, the apartments of Jews still living in Germany, were marked with a yellow star.
A letter was sent to the City Council of Konigstein, requesting the removal of the former Homburg
Synagogue. On April 14th and 15th, the city's demolition squad, dismantled the remaining walls and
carted them away. Afterward people remarked, "the view of the Wallstraße ... is no longer
disturbed by unsightly masonry". This sentiment is likewise echoed in a newspaper article "... a dark
spot has disappeared from the Elizabethenstraße". A playground was later built on the site.
The remaining Homburg Jews assembled in the house of the Gutmann family at 11 Wallstraße, to
hold prayer services, since the Gemeinde Haus served as the home for the Homburg Hitler Youth.
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XIII
After September 1939, the anti-Jewish edicts became even harsher: nightly curfews, the giving up of
radios, deprivation of clothing cards, food purchases only between 4 and 5 pm. On March 7, 1941,
there was listening in on telephone calls and forced labor. At the end of 1940, the virulently
anti-Semitic film “Jud Süß”, and in mid-March 1941 “Der Ewige Jude”, were shown in Homburg’s
Helipa and Thalia cinemas. In Germany, all Jews, above the age of six had, as of September 1941, to
wear a yellow Jewish star on their clothing. It took courage when master bookbinder Louis Gärtner
walked with Moses Herz (reduced to working as a street cleaner) together on the street.
The Deportations of 1942 and 1943

For almost a year Homburg Jewish community had been branded, persecuted, humiliated, and
harassed. In the end, it was only a shadow of its former self. The first group of victims were forced
to leave their hometown at the behest of the Nazi regime. Beginning in the summer of 1942, those
Jews which were selected for deportation, were informed of the time, place, and date of their so
called “evacuation”. They had to draw up a statement of their assets, give up their family pets,
all perishable food, shut off water and gas lines, unscrew the electrical fuses, be searched for
weapons, ammunition, explosives and poison, and tie, label, and surrender all their apartment keys.
The police were instructed to supervise the packing of their suitcases and backpacks. Each deportee
should be in possession of 50 Reichsmark and bring travel provisions for two days.
On Wednesday, June 10, twenty six Jews were brought to the inner yard of the Homburg Town
Hall. Once there men and women were separated and transported by truck to Frankfurt’s East End.
They were ushered down a ramp into the cavernous concrete cellars of the Großmarkthalle.
The next day, they joined a large deportation by cattle car to the Lublin District. Following a
two-day stop in the Izbicia Transit Camp, primarily the young men judged fit for work,
were deported directly to the Majdanek Labor Camp, the rest were sent to their deaths in Sobibor.
On Friday, August 28, two and a half months later, a second deportation occurred. A total of 18
Jews (between 59 and 79 years of age) were rounded up and marched to the Homburg Bahnhof
(train station) and transported to the Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. From the train station they were
marched through traffic, to the Rechneigraben Jewish Retirement Home. Only those Jews who
were severely handicapped, were allowed to ride the streetcar under police escort. This “service”
was to be paid for by the Jews themselves. In the retirement home, they were provided beds of
straw and additional food from the local Jewish Community. On September 1, their journey
continued to Theresienstadt. Three of the older abductees were dead within three weeks. On
September 29, five individuals including Kantor Herz, were sent from Theresienstadt to Treblinka.
On Thursday, May 20, six months after the second deportation, upon the urging of some
Homburg citizens, the Gestapo took into custody and deported four women who had either
married Christians or had previous converted to Christianity.
Homburg’s Third Jewish Community

Robert Schlesinger, one of the first Jews after 1945 came from Silesia to Homburg. He tried to
ensure the preservation of marriage documents. The JRSO documentation of 1954 - states the
existence of Jews once again in the city. According to the latest statistics (1969) 11 Jewish souls -
7 men and 4 women lived in Homburg.
_______________________________________________
XIV
From the 1990s, several hundred Jews from the various states that made up the former Soviet
Union, South America and Israel, moved to Homburg. A full seventy years (2012) since the last Jews
were deported, the Jewish community has a growing group of members. 300 live locally, 200 in
Oberursel, 100 in Friedrichsdorf, and the rest in the general Hochtaunuskreiss area under the
auspices of the Jewish community in Frankfurt.
On November 1988, a monument near the synagogue site was dedicated to the murdered Jewish
residents of the town and all other victims of Nazi tyranny. The monument of red sandstone -
designed by sculptor Hendrikus Godding - forms the shape of the three front windows of the
former synagogue. These windows are affixed bronze plagues of the names of the 81 Homburger
Jews who were victims of the Holocaust.
A monument to Shmuel Joseph Agnon by Dina Kunze was inaugurated in 1993 and shows no image,
but is dedicated to his literary work. The bronze plates show a scroll, written both in Hebrew
and German, is as an excerpt from his Nobel Peace Prize for Literature acceptance speech.
A new infrastructure has been set up in the city since 2012: a “Jewish Center” was founded by
Imrich Donath and his son Jacob. The community first met for community activites and services on
Shabbos and Yom Tov in an apartment in the Ludwigstraße. In December 2013 a Torah scroll was
donated to the fledgling community by brothers David and Alexander Granowski from Frankfurt.
On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the November pogrom (2013), a plaque was unveiled in
the entrance hall of the Homburg Bahnhof commemorating the deported Jewish residents.
Since 2014, they moved to a larger apartment on in the city center took place. The City Authority
has been negotiating with the community, which is under the auspices of the Jewish Community of
Frankfurt, concerning the use of first synagogue (built in 1731) and Gemeinde Haus (built in 1764) in
the Wallstraße. Both buildings miraculously survived the 1938 Pogrom. The great cost of
renovations and space required for the present synagogue membership makes this plan untenable.
In 2016, after a prolonged controversy a call began, for the laying of twelve “Stolpersteine.” The
first locations are the Wallstraße, Obergaße and the Kaiser-Friedrich-Promenade, where Jewish
families lived before being deported in 1942. Approximately ten “Stolpersteine” will be laid yearly.
The local community under the leadership of Chabad Shliach Rabbiner Shalom Dovber
Rabinovitz have organized a public Chanukoh Menorah lighting, community Pesach Seder, a Hebrew
Sunday school and various adult education classes.
Homburg’s Nearby Jewish Communities

In the village of Ober-Erlenbach - today a Homburg district - existed a small Jewish community until
the mid-1920s. Around 1810 there were only five families. In the late 1870s together with Lower
and Upper Eschbach the Jewish population reached 50 members. Among the communal facilities
included a small synagogue (on Bornstraße), which is first recorded in the mid-19th century.
The deceased were interned in the Jewish cemetery in nearby Burgholzhausen. After the First
World War, the tiny community was in disarray. From the mid-1920s only five Jewish people lived
in the village which were connected to the municipality of Rodheim v.d. Höhe. In the 1930s, only
one family lived in Upper Jordan-Erlenbach. The commemorative book lists five community
members who became victims of the Holocaust. Since 1988 a nondescript sign on the former
synagogue building is all that indicates the existence of the former Jewish community. A few meters
away a marker commemorating their 1942 deportation.
_______________________________________________
XV
In the nearby village of Seulberg, today a district of Friedrichsdorf, there was also a small Jewish
country Synagogue congregation which numbered about 12 - 15 families and was independent only
from 1833 until 1866. During this period, its Jews from Köppern belonged to this community.
Within the town there was not always a conflict-free coexistence between Christians and Jews.
Matters escalated during the so called “Seulberger Jewish Riots” (1848), which were triggered by
arbitration, according to which the Jewish population was to receive the same timber rights as
the Christians. Only the use of military, ended the violent confrontation, however, the tensions
between the “parties” remained unresolved. From the mid-19th century, no regular worship
services were held and the community life was in decline, officially dissolving the religious
community Seulberg-Köppren. The few Jewish families joined the large and financially strong
neighboring Homburg community. The relatively large Jewish cemetery in the Hardtwald - first
mentioned in 1580 - is the only relic of Seulberg’s Jewish History. The cemetery since the
17th century, served the deceased from Holzhausen, Homburg, Köppern, Oberursel, Rodheim, and
Seulberg as a resting place, as long as these towns did not have their own cemeteries. Today
this wooded area contains just under 200 grave stones.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE MYSTERIOUS VISIT OF THE BELZER REBBE TO BAD HOMBURG
Even during his lifetime, the great Belzer Rebbe, r"if gwex oxd` axd, was considered one of the greatest
ycewd gex ilra of his time. Not everything he said or did was immediately understood, but everyone
knew there were profound meanings behind his every word or act.
In the late spring of 1929 the Rebbe was in Berlin for medical reasons. As he ended his stay there, he
mysteriously informed his gabbaim that instead of returning home he wished to go to the resort of Bad
Homburg. Reb Chaim Nota Katz, a Belzer Chassid who had lived in Frankfurt, was given the task of
arranging for an appropriate place for him to stay. He found an apartment facing a hotel frequented
by German political officials. The Belzer Rebbe was very pleased by the choice but cryptically complained
that he would have preferred the windows to be twice as large.
He stayed for six full weeks in that room. He did not visit any of the baths or go for any treatments.
His gabbaim could not understand why he wanted to travel to this place, nor could they fathom
his peculiar behavior during that entire period. He was extremely agitated, fasting most days
and spending much of the time in extraordinarily intense prayer. He was heard whispering repeatedly,
(ai:fk mildz) "iẍv̈ Wt¤
¤ pA§ ip¥ ¦ `" - “Do not deliver me to my oppressors”. At the end of these six weeks
¦ pY§ YÎl«©
he abruptly decided to pack up and leave. “Es iz mir nisht gelüngen” - “I did not succeed,” he exclaimed,
overcome with grief.
The Bad Homburg episode remained an enigma for many years. It wasn’t until decades later
that someone took notice that for the same six weeks there was a certain politician staying at that hotel
facing the Rebbe’s apartment. He headed a tiny political party called the National Socialists, or Nazis.
Those same weeks he worked with his aides in Bad Homburg planning a strategy for an upcoming
referendum. That referendum did not go his way, but it was a turning point for this politician. It brought
him great acclaim and catapulted him and his party into major national prominence.
Within only four years of those fateful six weeks in Bad Homburg, the people of Germany
elected Adolf Hitler to be their führer. [Hamodia Magazine “Invitation from A German Village” 4 Elul 5775 / August 19, 2015]
_______________________________________________
XVI
Bad Homburg v. d. Höhe
Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012-
782 first documentary mention
1335 ten Jewish males are given permission to settle by Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV
1348 Black Death pogroms decimate the Jewish community
1361 first mentioned as a city
1539 the first ordinance regarding the Jews is issued by Phillip the Magnanimous of Hesse
1577 interest regulation, Sunday work and protection money
1580 the Jewish cemetery in Seulberg is established
1617 Jewish meat trade begun
1622 - 1866 seat of the Landgraves of Hessen-Homburg
1625 special taxation of the Jews which had fled the Halberstadt troops
1660 - 1661 protection taxes and appealing for a reduction of the protection money to Daniel (von Seulberg)
1680 - 1895 construction of the Landgrave Palace at the site of the old castle
1681 funerals allowed on Sundays and holidays
1684 School, Cemetery, and Sabbath celebration ordinance - Jews are permitted to rent an apartment
as a synagogue provided it does not disturb their Christian neighbors
opening of the first Homburg Pharmacy
1685 settlement of Huguenots, founding of Neustadt by Landgrave Frederick II
1692 the release from the obligation to pay taxes
1695 permission to meet on the Sabbath
1702 sales ban on Sundays etc.
1703 the Judengaße (Jew Street) is established
1710 - 1713 the second ordinance is issued by Landgrave Ernest Louis to establish the
Hebrew printing house run by Seligmann Reis, which is moved to Offenbach am Main
1724 Hebrew printing is resumed by Samson Hanau
1731 the First Synagogue is built and dedicated
1736 Hebrew printing house is acquired by Aaron Dessau
1737 third ordinance issued by Landgrave Frederick III Jacob
It also spoke of allowing Homburg to unite with the rabbinate of Friedberg
1745 - 1764 protection money requests
1748 - 1749 Hebrew printing house is sold and transferred to Rödelheim
1749 the enclosing of the Jewish cemetery in Seulberg
1753 Jews to pay “Jew Tax”
1756 prevention of the resettlement of the Jews
1764 - 1820 the obligation for Frau Wolleb (geb. Neuhof) to erect the first Gemeinde Haus (Community House)
1776 - 1771 contributions for the war
1771 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's stay in Homburg ("Pilgrim's Morning Song")
1774 - 1792 health insurance fund for Jewish women
1774 - 1791 Complaints of the citizens of Homburg’s Neustadt [New Town] against Jewish settlement
1777 Chazan and Schochet Joseph Glogau dies
1780 Judah Klahr is hired as Chazan and Schochet
1794 permission is granted to live outside the Judengaße (subsequently renamed the Wallstraße)
1797 Moses Loeb Lipschütz is hired as Chazan and Schochet
1808 Jews must choose and adopt German family names
1813 Landgrave appoints Joseph Wormser as Unter-Vorsteher (Vice Leader of the Jewish Community)
1827 After the death of Joseph Wormser, Callmann Rothschild is appointed Unter-Vorsteher
1834 development toward a much-frequented healing bath center
by virtue of rediscovery and new drilling of mineral springs
1841 construction of the casino by the Blanc Brothers and of the first Kurhaus
_______________________________________________
XIX
1848 the Jews are emancipated and Rabbiner Anschel Stern is appointed rabbi
1851 Rabbiner Stern leaves post to become Chief Rabbi of Hamburg following the untimely passing
of Chacham Isaac Bernays. The Landgrave appoints Assistant
Rabbiner Dr. Seligmann Fromm as community rabbi and teacher
1854 Peter Joseph Lenné creator of the world-famous Sanssouci Park appointed architect of the
Kurpark (45 hectare), it establishes international reputation of Homburg as spa and bath city
1855 Kantor Abraham (Adolf) Braunschweig is hired as cantor and schochet
1859 opening of the railway to Frankfurt
1863 the Homburg Cemetery is established
1864 - 1866 the New Synagogue is built and dedicated
death of the last Landgrave and transfer of land County to the Grand Duchy of
Hesse-Darmstadt. In the same year follows the incorporation into the Kingdom of Prussia
1867 Kaiser Wilhelm I of Prussia visits Homburg for the first time
1868 the last Homburg Jews are buried in the Seulberg Cemetery
1876 Rabbiner Fromm leaves his post to become the chaplain for Baron Wilhelm von Rothschild,
Rabbiner Dr. S. Hillmann Auerbach is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1877 the Second Gemeinde Haus is established
1878 Rabbiner Auerbach leaves his post due to a serious illness
Rabbiner Dr. Meier Appel is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1886 Rabbiner Appel leaves post to become rabbi of Karlsruhe
1887 Rabbiner Dr. S. Heymann Kottek is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1888 - 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II declares Homburg his summer residence
1898 Kantor Moses Herz is hired as cantor, school teacher and schochet
1904 the New Synagogue is renovated and remodeled.
1907 Kantor Braunschweig passes away
1909 the first conference of Agudas Yisroel is convened
1912 Rabbiner Kottek passes away, Rabbiner Dr. David Winter installed as community rabbi/teacher
1920 a number of Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals settle in the resort town
1921 a memorial plaque is dedicated in the synagogue to the fallen World War Jewish soldiers
1922 Rabbiner Winter leaves his post,
Rabbiner Dr. J. Leopold Wreschner is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1925 the Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals leave
1935 Rabbiner Wreschner passes away
the cemetery is desecrated in 1934 and in 1935
1938 the New Synagogue is burnt down and it is subsequently dismantled by April 1939
prayer services are held thereafter at the Gutmann family home in the Wallstraße
the Gemeinde Haus is closed to Jews and taken over by the Homburg Hitler Youth
about twenty male Jews (between the ages of 16 and 60) are sent
to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp after the November 9-10 Pogrom.
all Jewish passports are stamped with the letter “J”
1939 Homburg Jews lost their tenant rights and were evicted from their apartments.
They are therefore, required to live in so called Jew Houses.
1942 the last forty-five remaining Jews including Kantor Herz are deported to the East
1988 the synagogue monument by Hendrikus Godding to the murdered Jewish residents is dedicated
1993 the Shmuel Joseph Agnon monument by Dina Kunze is inaugurated
2012 seventy years later, a new Jewish community is established. Most of its 250 members
originate from Israel, Spain, Argentina, and Brazil, most come from Russia and the Ukraine
The new visiting rabbi is Israeli born Chabad Rabbiner Shalom Dovber Rabinovitz
2013 the plaque to the deported Jewish residents in the Homburg train station is unveiled
2016 Twelve “Stolpersteine” where Jewish families lived before being deported are dedicated
_______________________________________________
XX
Name Business Residence

1) Ackermann, Sally/Mrs. Fur Dealer Louisenstraße
both died in Homburg
2 Children: Julius emigrated to the USA, Edmund killed in action in Israel
2) Ackermann, Julius/Mrs. Fur Dealer Louisenstraße
both died in Homburg
3 Children: Wilhelm married Gretel Mainzer (who still lives in Santiago, Chile)
Wilhelm, Trude, and Fritz died in Chile
3) Altschul Robert/Mrs. Frieda Grocery Store Ferdinandstraße
both murdered at Treblinka - one daughter - the family emigrated to the USA
4) Auerbach together with his sister died in Homburg Wallstraße
5) Bamberger, Felix/Mrs. - wife emigrated to Israel In der nähe von Gonzenheim
3 daughters (one now lives in Frankfurt Am Main)
6) Blum, Lola - emigrated Hölderlinweg
7) Cahn-Bronner Dr./Mrs. Annette Doctor Louisenstraße
Dr. Cahn-Bronner and a daughter emigrated to the USA the wife was murdered in Germany
8) Dinkelspüler ?/Mrs.-died in Homburg Haberdashery Louisenstraße
5 daughters - 1 or 2 were murdered the others immediately emigrated to the USA
_______________________________________________
XXI
9)Dreifuß, Walter Dr./Mrs. Heddy Doctor Promenade

One son Erich - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
10) Ehrlich /Mrs. Zwieback Factory Am Alter Bahnhof
Wife emigrated to the USA and died there
One son - Stephan - lives in New Jersey USA
11) Emmerich, Eugenie (Widow) - emigrated to England Kisselefstraße
12) Eppstein, Hugo/Mrs. Auguste Cigars Elisabethenstraße
Husband died in Theresienstadt, wife murdered at Treblinka
11) Mrs. Fettmann died in Homburg Obergaße
One daughter Lina - murdered
14) Fuld, Jonas/Mrs. Emilie Cigars Elisabethenstraße
Three children - Alice, Julius, Eli - the family emigrated to the USA
15) Goldschmidt ?/Mrs. - died in Homburg Civil Servant Elisabethenstraße
16) Goldschmidt ?/Mrs. Sanatorium
wife died in Homburg and the husband emigrated
17) Grünhut ? Tailor Gymnasiumstraße
I believe that at 90 years old Mr. Grünhut moved to Frankfurt and died there.
One son killed himself with hydrochloric acid
18) Guttmann, Ludwig Furrier Wallstraße
Murdered in Sobibor/Majdanek
19) The married sister of L. Guttmann in Giessen murdered with her 3 children
20) The other sister of L. Guttmann emigrated
21) Haas, Julius/Mrs. Baker Wallstraße
Two sons - Edgar and Heinz - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
22) Herz, Berta nee Sommer Furniture Dealer Louisenstraße
One son Hermann - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
23) Herz, Moses/Mrs. Sarah Cantor Kisselefstraße
both murdered in Treblinka
One Daughter - Bessy - murdered in Sobibor, 3 sons - Arno, Erwin, Sophoni emigrated
25) Hirsch, Julius/Mrs. Chocolate Factory Hohenstraße
One Child - Gretel - died in Philadelphia, PA USA
26) Hirsch, Sally/Mrs. (Bella) Chocolate Factory Hohenstraße
Children: Fritz (died), Renate - the family emigrated to the USA
27) Holzmann, Adolf/Mrs. Mens Clothing Store Elisabethenstraße
Children: Otto - committed suicide in the forest before deportation
Erna - murdered in Sobibor
28) Holzmann, Adolf/Mrs. - died in Germany Kisseleffstraße
Daughter Ruth - died in New York; married Sichel
29) Holzmann, Isador/Mrs. Audenstraße
Children Ernst - died in England
Tilly - murdered with the family
youngest daughter lives in England
30) Holzmann, Isador
One daughter
31) Idstein, Isaac?/Mrs. Scrap Iron Promenade
5 out of 10 Children - Willy - emigrated to the USA
Paula - married in Switzerland
Julius, Irene, and Bella - emigrated to Philadelphia, PA USA
_______________________________________________
XXII
32) Idstein, Samuel/Mrs. Scrap Iron Promenade

Wife died in Homburg
One son Ludwig - died in Homburg wife emigrated to England
One daughter - died in Homburg
33) Kahn, Ludwig/Mrs. Butcher Wallstraße
Son Ernst emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio USA
34) Kahn, Moritz/Mrs. Butcher
2 Sons emigrated to the USA
(one son died in Germany)
35) Kleeblatt, Paula Nurse
she died after World War One in the 1930’s
36) Kleeblatt, Fritz Doctor Promenade
he died in the 1930’s in Homburg
37) Lang, Adolf/Mrs. Egg Dealer Obergaße
38) Lang /Mrs. Mr. Lang died at the age of 90 in Homburg
3 Children: Gustav (wife Edith and 2 children Willy & Lilo)- emigrated to St. Louis USA
Johanna - murdered in Majdanek
One son emigrated earlier to the USA
40) Lang Cattle Dealer
Daughter Recha married Leo Rothschild Cafe - Rothschild Lousienstaße
41) Lang, Johanna nee Sommer Haberdashery Lousienstaße
died in Homburg
Daughter Martha married Marx - both died in Brazil
their daughter Ilse (Marx) Nelken lives in San Paulo, Brazil
42) Leibowitz, Dr. Sanatorium; Dr. Goldschmidt
43) Levi, Wolfgang - probably emigrated Hedwig Sommer - Levi Louisenstraße
Rugs and Linoleum
44) Lilie, Hermann/Mrs. Cafe Rothschild Elisabethenstraße
Two sons - Walter and Günter (who died as a child)
45) Lind, Kurt/Mrs. - both emigrated to the USA Ferdinandstraße
originally from Obereschbach
46) Liskewitz ?/Mrs. Shoemaker Promenade
Two daughters - the family deported to Poland
47) Löwenstein Moritz?/2nd wife Butcher Wallstraße
1st marriage Children - Selma and Julius emigrated to Chicago, Illinois USA
2nd marriage Daughter - I believe she emigrated on the Kindertransport to England
48) Mayer, Karl/Mrs. - boarders with I. Holzmann Louisenstraße
Children: Gretel and Paul - emigrated to England
49) Mainzer, Moritz/Mrs. Iron Dealer Louisenstraße
son emigrated to Canada, daughter Gretel married Ackermann lives in Santiago, Chile
50) Miltenberg /Mrs. Hotelier Louisenstraße
Three children - 2 sons and I daughter - the family emigrated to the USA
51) Neugaß, Rudolf Banker Obergaße
Died in Theresienstadt - (mother of R. Neugaß died in the early 1930’s)
52) Öttinger, Manfred Employee Elisabethenstraße
was murdered either in 1939 or 1940 by the Nazis
53) Pariser, Mrs. Dr. - suicide in Frankfurt (last address) Louisenstraße
54) Rehbock /Mrs. Ferdinandstraße
Two sons and one daughter (the entire family were murdered in Germany)
_______________________________________________
XXIII
55) Reinach, Martin/Mrs. Edith Iron Dealer Louisenstraße

One son - Albert - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
56) Rosenberg, Willy/Mrs. both murdered in Sobibor
57) Rosenthal Dr./Mrs. Sanatorium Promenade
3 sons - Erich and Theo emigrated to Australia, Bertram died young in Homburg
58) Rothschild, Louis/Mrs. Banker Louisenstraße
both died in Theresienstadt Concentration Camp
2 Children: Marianne - lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan USA Eduard - murdered in Mauthausen
59) Rothschild, Richard/Mrs. Shoe Store Louisenstraße
Wife was murdered in Germany
3 Children: Fritz - a rabbi (USA), Ellen (Zimbabwe, Africa), Edith (USA)
60) Salomon, - died in Homburg? Promenade
Two sons - one married Edith (sister of Martin Reinach) - murdered in Sobibor
61) Scharatzik, Leo Cigars Louisenstraße
Four children - probably emigrated
62) Schiff, Beno - emigrated to Brazil Grain Broker Ludwigstraße
63) Schwarzschild Dr. Ludwig/Mrs. Doctor Kisselefstraße
2 Children Martin and a daughter - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
64) Sommer, Emil/Mrs. murdered in Germany Cattle Dealer Obergaße
2 Sons - Ernst and Kurt - both live in Chicago, Illinois USA
65) Sommer, Klara single - Murdered in Treblinka Wallstraße
66) Stein Moritz/Mrs. - Crippled in WWI died in Homburg (last address) Kisseleffstraße
Children: Julius and Bertel Wife and children were murdered in Sobibor
67) Stern /Mrs. Kisselefstraße
One son Rolf (adopted) - emigrated
68) Stern /Mrs. - emigrated to the USA Cattledealer Haingaße
Two daughters and one son (Mr. Stern died in Homburg)
69) Strauß Josef/Mrs. Bertha Furrier Kisselefstraße
2 sons - Norbert and Hermann - the family emigrated to the USA
70) Weiß, Paul Dr./Mrs. emigrated to Israel Doctor Kisselefstraße
71) Wertheimer, Alfred Dr./Mrs. Lawyer Ferdinandstraße
One daughter Ruth - the family emigrated to Israel
72) Wiesenthal, Sally/Mrs. Herta Iron and Coal Dealer Kisselefstraße
3 children: Hildegard, Gisela, Günter - the family emigrated South Africa, Zimbabwe and Chile
73) Wreschner Leopold/Mrs. Rabbi Audenstraße
one daughter emigrated
74) Wertheimer, Salo - died in Frankfurt Gymnasiumstraße
Two daughters - Hedwig married Willy Idstein and emigrated to the USA
the other daughter married outside Homburg and emigrated
75) Wiesenthal, Bernard Lawyer Louisenstraße
- murdered in Sobibor/Majdanek
Those were at that time only identified as half-Jews,

I only know their names but what became of them is mostly unknown to me.
Assmann, Escribeus, Groß, Holler-Schulemann, Dr. Kobler, Löw, Martino, Neumeier, Rechold, Sulzbach
_______________
Reference: This list was compiled in 1983 by my father from his recollections. (He left Homburg as a boy of fourteen in January 1939.)
_______________________________________________
XXIV
Moses Herz Adolf Braunschweig Leopold Wreschner David Winter S. Heymann Kottek Meier Appel P. Seligmann Fromm Anschel Stern
zenyp z` midl` xekfi

Years As Homburg Officiant
dlidwd ipax
l"f xrqnxee dnly oa sqei dlidwd y`x obq
1813 - 1827 Unter-Vorsteher Joseph Wormser - 1827
l"f cliyhex aiil oa onlw axd dlidwd y`x obq
1827 - 1848 Unter-Vorsteher Callmann L. Rothschild ? -?
l"f orxhy xi`n axd epixen oa (awri) xy` axd epixen
1848 - 1851 Rabbiner Anschel M. Stern 1820 - 1888
l"f mnext yxid oa o`nbilrf qgpt axd epixen
1852 - 1875 Rabbiner Dr. P. Seligmann Fromm 1822 - 1898
l"f jàxie` mdxa` axd oa lèny axd epixen
1875 - 1877 Rabbiner Dr. S. Hillmann Auerbach 1827 - 1884
l"f lrt` awri oa xi`n axd epixen
1877 - 1886 Rabbiner Dr. Meier Appel 1851 - 1919
l"f wrhew mdxa` oa o`nlid lèny axd epixen
1887 - 1912 Rabbiner Dr. S. Heymann Kottek 1860 - 1912
l"f xrhpiee ield xcpqkl` oa cec axd epixen

1912 - 1922 Rabbiner Dr. David A. Winter 1878 - 1953
l"f xrpyrxee megp a`f axd oa dcedi awri axd epixen
1922 - 1935 Rabbiner Dr. J. J. Leopold Wreschner 1865 - 1935
dlidwd ipfg
l"f e`belb sqei
- 1777 Chazan Joseph Glogau
l"f xd`lw dcedi
1780 - 1797 Chazan Judah Klahr
l"f ueytil aiil oa dyn
1797 - 1855 Chazan Moses Loeb Lipschütz
l"f bieeypexa wgvi sqei 'x oa mdxa` awri xagd
1855 - 1898 Kantor Adolf Braunschweig 1825 - 1907
c"id uxid dcedi al wgvi axd epixen oa dyn xagd
1898 - 1942 Kantor Moses Herz 1873 - 1942
. d`l lgx dwax dxy . awrie wgvi mdxa` znyp mr `d xrc x`t bxeaned cà w"w ly
. l`xyia dxez eviaxde . mdiwqta dlidwd ipir exi`dy xeara
on` . ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya
ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ
_______________________________________________
XXV
The Bad Homburg chapter of the “Reich Federation of Jewish Front Soldiers”,
donated an impressive marble-topped tablet crowned with a quotation
from the first chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, which states:
!dn̈g̈§lO¦ d© KFz§A mi ¦A¦b El§tp̈ Ki¥̀"

":dn̈g̈§ln¦ i¥lM§ Ec§aÌ©e mixFA¦
¦ b El§tp̈ Ki¥̀
“How did the mighty fall in the midst of the battle?
How have the mighty fallen and the weapons of war perished!”
Name Geburtsdatum Todestag
Ackermann, Edmund 29.11.80 22.08.14

Blum, Julius 06.03.75 12.03.17
Emmerich, Gustav 19.06.92 14.03.15
Fuld, Julius 05.05.94 02.08.17, Ltnt. E. K. I
Kahn, Moritz 22.03.77 25.04.16
Neugaß, Willy 29.10.80 07.09.14
Scharatzik, August 19.10.96 04.10.18
Sommer, Moritz 02.09.73 28.01.19
Wiesenthal, Hermann 28.02.77 09.10.17 (vermißt)
EHRE IHREM ANDENKEN
Ackermann, Edmund, - born elqk e"k, died a` 'l Merchant 33 yrs. old in Neufchateau, Belgium, Rank Private
Blum, Julius - born xc` h"k, died oqip 'k Merchant 42 yrs. old in Frankfurt Am Main, Rank Private
Emmerich, Gustav - born oeiq c"k, died xc` g"k Bank Employee 22 yrs. old in Galicia, Rank Private
Fuld, Julius - born oqip h"k, died a` c"i Bank Employee 23 yrs. old Galicia, Rank Ltnt. Iron Cross 1st Class
Kahn, Moritz - born oqip 'g, died oqip a"k Merchant 39 yrs. old in France, Rank Militia Recruit
Neugaß, Willy - born oeygxn c"k, died lel` f"h Merchant 33 yrs. old in Sermaize les-Bains, France Rank Prvt
Scharatzik, August - born ixyz a"i, died ixyz g"k Bank Employee 21 yrs old in France, Rank Infantry Private
Sommer, Moritz - born lel` 'i, died hay f"k Butcher 45 yrs, old in Bad Homburg Rank Cavalry
Wiesenthal, Hermann - born xc` e"h, died ixyz b"k Merchant 40 yrs. old in Bad Homburg
• more information about his fate was unavailable.
The tablet was unveiled and affixed to the south side of the synagogue in September 1921.
Very few of the Jewish war veteran’s Christian comrades, attended the plaque’s dedication.
Rabbiner Dr. Winter and Kantor Herz officiated. This memorial plaque for the fallen Homburg
Jewish sons, was smashed and became part of a huge debris pile with the destruction of the
synagogue on Homburger Pogrom Day, 10th November 1938.
Gustav Emmerich was my grandmother Herta (Emmerich) Wiesenthal’s twin brother.
Hermann Wiesenthal was my grandfather Salomon Wiesenthal’s older brother.
_______________
References:
Weltkriegsopfer.de http://www.weltkriegsopfer.de/Opfer-Krieg-Gewalt-Datenbank Soldatenliste Suche.html
“Meine Errinnerung an Bad Homburg und seine 600-Jährige jüdische Gemeinde (1335-1942)” von Yitzhak Sophoni Herz
“Geschichte der Juden in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe 1866-1945” von Heinz Grosche
_______________________________________________
XXVI
[The first wave of German Reich deportations were carried out from mid October 1941. In the course of just less than three weeks, German Jews were
transported to the Lodz Ghetto in Poland. Soon afterward, more were deported to Riga, Kaunas and Minsk. Most of them were placed in the local ghettos,
but some were shot immediately upon arrival.]
The Jewish deportees in 1941 which had relocated from Bad Homburg to Frankfurt:
Rudolf Rieß 20/10 66 16/01/1942 Lodz Ghetto Jenny Löwenstein 11/11 53 Minsk Ghetto
Rosa Rieß 20/10 68 20/10/1942 Lodz Ghetto Edith Löwenstein 11/11 15 Minsk Ghetto
Selma Benjamin 59 20/10/1941 Lodz Ghetto Adolf Lang 22/11 71 25/11/1941 Kaunas Fort IX
Charlotte Fleischmann 69 20/10/1941 Lodz Ghetto Amalie Löwenthal 22/11 66 25/11/1941 Kaunas Fort IX
Bella Rothschild geb. Strauß 57 1884 Auschwitz Ernst Reinach 23/12/1901 39 07/02/1941 Hadamar
Flora Rothschild geb. Strauß 59 28/02/1882 Auschwitz
The Jewish deportees in 1942 which had relocated from Bad Homburg to Frankfurt:
Charlotte Lang 17/01/1869 74 Deported 19/08 Theresienstadt 05/10/43 Isidor Sommer 77 17/01/1869 Deported 11/11 Theresienstadt 19/08/1942
Arthur Auerbach 80 Deported 18/08 Theresienstadt 22/09/1942 Jenny Sommer 1898 Theresienstadt, Minsk, 1943 Auschwitz
Emma Meyer 70 Deported 15/09 Theresienstadt 08/05/1943 Dora Hardt geb. Schwarz 3/10/1885 57 Deported 25/06
Ravensbrueck - Auschwitz 3/10/1942
[After the Wannsee Conference, early in March 1942, most of the deportation trains from the German Reich were rerouted from the ghettos of Minsk and
Riga in Ostland to ghettos and camps in the Lublin district. This change coincided with the opening of the Belzec death camp in mid March 1942,
and the building of the Sobibor and Treblinka death camps. Jews from the German Reich arrived in the Lublin district from April 1942.]
On the 10th of June, 1942, twenty six Jews were deported, seven men, seventeen women, a girl and a boy.
Helene Adler geb. Gutmann 30/07/1888 53 Sobibor Karl Rosenberg 08/04/1882 60 Sobibor
Margot Adler 21/10/1921 20 Sobibor Willi Meier Rosenberg 15/10/1884 57 Sobibor
Leontine Blum geb. Lorch 08/05/1881 61 Sobibor Arno Salomon 16/12/1908 33 Majdanek 30/08/1942
Franziska Gutmann 1891 51 Sobibor Edith (Seppi) Salomon geb. Reinach 17/06/1917 25 Sobibor
Ludwig Gutmann 04/02/1893 49 Sobibor Emil Sommer 17/04/1877 65 Majdanek
Bessy Herz 14/10/1901 42 Sobibor Johanna Sommer geb. Karlsberg 26/08/1887 54 Sobibor
Erna Holzmann 12/02/1894 48 Sobibor Berta Stein 1927 14 Sobibor
Therese Idstein 04/09/1889 52 Sobibor Julius Stein 1928 13 Sobibor
Fanny Kahn geb. Katz 05/03/1887 55 Sobibor Minna Stein geb. Katz 14/03/1892 50 Sobibor
Johanna Lang 1883 58 Majdanek Adolf Stern 1884 57 Sobibor
Melitta Lichtenstein 1901 41 Sobibor Regina Stern geb. Wallach 02/06/1893 49 Sobibor
Blanche Neugaß 15/05/1886 56 Sobibor Karoline Weiß geb. Altschul 02/08/1879 62 Sobibor
Gertrud Neugaß 1890 53 Sobibor Bernhard Wiesenthal 28/06/1884 57 Sobibor
On the 28th of August, 1942, eighteen Jews; seven men, eleven women, from Bad Homburg
and two from the town of Ober-Eschbach were deported. (All except Frau Rosa Lind never returned!)
Frieda Altschul geb. Bender 23/02/1881 61 Treblinka, 29/09/1942 Kantor Moses Herz 19/11/1873 69 Treblinka 29/09/1942
Robert Altschul 22/04/1876 66 Treblinka 29/09/1942 Sofie Herz geb. Haas 05/08/1866 76 Treblinka 29/09/1942
Auguste Eppstein geb. Löwenthal 01/05/ 1868 74 Treblinka 29/09/1942 Klara Sommer 13/11/1880 66 Treblinka 01/06/1943
Hugo Eppstein 20/6/1864 78 Theresienstadt 11/9/1942 Rosa Lind geb. Reiß 66 Frau Lind returned
Margarethe Groß geb. Freundlich 3/08/1878 65 Auschwitz 15/05/1944 Salomon Lind 09/02/1875 70 Theresienstadt 07/01/1945
Max Groß 27/10/1872 69 Theresienstadt 16/10/1943 Rudolf Neugaß 20/09/1876 65 Theresienstadt 18/11/1942
Ida Haas 15/11/1866 75 Theresienstadt 30/11/1942 Louis Rothschild 06/04/1864 78 Theresienstadt 17/09/1942
Berta Harth 24/10/1886 59 Theresienstadt 01/12/1943 Melanie Rothschild geb. Emmerich 13/12/1880 61 Theresien 15/08/1944
Franziska Idstein geb. Seckbach 1/11/ 1862 79 Theresienstadt 18/09/1942 Emma Solling geb. Mayer 06/01/1874 68 Theresienstadt 18/07/1943
On the 20th of May 1943, the Gestapo deported:

Margarete Daub geb. Daniel 1883 60 Catholic Missing Ida Martino geb. Bernheim 05/06/ 1895 47 Jewish Auschwitz 29/12/1943
Adelheid Clara Jacobi geb. Hanau 1872 71 Lutheran Frau Jacobi returned Elisabeth Müller geb. Michel 14/02/ 1893 50 Catholic E. Europe Missing
The following chose to take their own lives in Bad Homburg or in other cities rather than be taken to their deaths:
Otto Holzmann 21/02/1893 (frankfurt) 48 Suicide 08/05/1941 Annette Cahn-Bronner 1895 (in Berlin) 47 Suicide 29/04/1942
Sophie Klieneberger geb. Hamburger* 19/06/1848 91 Suicide 11/04/1941 Thekla Dinkelspühler 04/06/1901 (Frankfurt) 61 Suicide 22/05/1942
Anna Schönemann geb. Klieneberger* 24/04/1881 60 Suicide 11/04/1941 Elsbeth Pariser 1871 (in Frankfurt ) 71 Suicide 20/11/1942
* both had converted to the Protestant faith.
_______________________________________________
XXVII
Those forty nine Bad Homburg Jews which moved to a different city/country or fled their town and perished in Holocaust:
Ellen Benas geb. Rothschild 25/05/1872 70 Heinrich (Heinz) Mainzer 10/01/1908 35

Berlin to Theresienstadt 03/10/1942 Haag, The Netherlands to
Sara Bermann 01/06/1854 85 Beuthen/Bobrek, Camp 21/03/1943
Bad Homburg 09/03/1940 Klara Mainzer geb. Hirsch 09/07/1883 59
Minna Dörnberg geb. Dinkelspühler 1888 55 Auschwitz
Eschwege to Theresienstadt 1943 Hans Marcus 11/10/1935 7
Emilie Fuld 26/11/1867 73 Berlin to Auschwitz 29/11/1942
Gurs, France 09/12/1940 Josef Mayer 1902
Regina Goldschmidt geb. Guggenheim 6/07/1870 72 Deported - Disappeared
Westerbork 24/02/1943 Ludwig Neumeier 23/04/1893 51
Siegfried Goldschmidt 29/05/1899 43 Auschwitz 30/10/1944
Berlin to Auschwitz 1942 Manfred Öttinger 21/8/1910 32
Josef Haas 27/04/1898 44
Frankfurt to Majdanek 7/9/1942
France to Auschwitz 1942
Eduard Rothschild 26/03/1921 21
Adele Harth geb. Block 1878 64
Mauthausen 12/11/1942
Köln to Lodz, Poland 1942
Frieda Sandberg geb. Dinkelspühler 11/10/1890 54
Dr. Joseph Harth 1887 56
Breslau to Auschwitz 12/10/1944
Köln to 22/10/1941 Lodz 24/04/1943
Berta Schwarz geb. Sommer 15/07/1871 68
Sara Herz 08/08/1864
Bad Homburg 23/07/1939
Theresienstadt to Auschwitz
Gusta Schwarz geb. Steinbach 1909 33
Sophie Hillesum geb. Kottek 25/05/1891 52
Cracow 1942
Westerbork to Auschwitz 06/03/1944
Ester Schwarz 1931 11
Emma Hirschberg geb. Fromm 1866 76
Cracow 1942
Lublin, Sobibor 15/06/1942
Moshe Schwartz 1934 8
Flora Hirschberger 24/07/1909 33
Cracow 1942
Auschwitz 12/04/1943
Salo Shlomo Schwartz
Martin Holzmann 24/03/1898 44
Cracow 1942
Berlin to Auschwitz 03/02/1943
Josefine Sichel 29/01/1855 85
Selma Holzmann 14/09/1900 41
Gurs, France 22/11/1940
Malines to Auschwitz 15/08/1942
Kurt Sommer 17/04/1877
Therese Idstein 04/09/1889 53
Presumed Dead
Frankfurt to Sobibor 11/06/1942
Moritz Moshe Stein 1897 [Disabled Veteran]
Max Kahn 06/07/1905 37
Auschwitz
Drancy to Auschwitz 10/08/1942
Rosa Steinbach 1879
Anneliese Kottek 04/06/1909 33
Cracow Bochnia, Murder Site
Westerbork 15/02/1944 to Bergen Belsen 10/04/1944
Ilse Strauß 19/12/1932 10
Theresienstadt 02/05/1945 Tröbitz 02/05/1945
The Netherlands Auschwitz 24/9/1943
Aron Kottek 1896 44
Sophie Strauß geb. Lang 19/11/1865 77
Amsterdam The Netherlands 1940
Theresienstadt 11/01/1943
Moritz Moses Kottek 19/03/1900 42
Karoline Weiß geb. Altschul 02/08/1879 62
Amsterdam The Netherlands to Auschwitz 19-8-1942
Sobibor 11/06/1942
Dr. Salomon Kottek 23/06/1894 50
Simon Werner 10/07/1903 Berlin to Theresienstadt 41
Haag,The Netherlands to Bergen Belsen to Troebitz,
17/06/1943 to Auschwitz 23/10/1944
Frankfurt, Brandenburg, Germany 30/05/1945
Siegfried Wohlfarth 26/3/1904 40
David Israel Lang 24/11/1910
The Netherlands Auschwitz 03/09/1944
Rotterdam, Netherlands, Auschwitz
to Stutthoff 12/05/1944
Henriette Lindenheim geb. Sommer 26/05/1917 24
Hans Erwin Wolf 04/12/1900 44
Berlin to Auschwitz 01/04/1942
Mittelbau (Dora) 1944
Josef Liskewitsch
Albert Moses Franz Wiesenthal 25/02/1877 65
Nache Liskewtsch geb. Kadeschewski
Frankfurt to Theresienstadt 01/09/1942
Cornelia Löwenthal geb. Feis 18/1/1879 64
to Treblinka 29/09/1942
Sobibor 28/5/1943
_______________
References:
“Geschichte der Juden in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe 1866-1945” von Heinz Grosche
The Central Database of Shoah Victim’s Names http://db.yadvashem.org/names/search.html
Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der Nazi Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland http://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/directory.html.de
_______________________________________________
XXVIII
The Bad Homburg Minhag
by Yitzchok Sophonie Herz
The Hebrew word bdpn can be translated as custom as it has developed in cities, outside the dkld - that
is, the original decision of the Act, as interpreted in Talmudic literature. The result: in Orthodox
synagogues that adhere strictly to the Torah tradition-bound, minor variations occur in the leadership of
worship, without coming into conflict with the basic interpretation of Jewish law. We then speak of a
mewnd bdpn, i.e. a practice that applies only to a particular community.
Thus we find today in prayer books that were printed in Germany, footnotes such as, "This paragraph is
not said in Frankfurt / Main, Fürth and Strasbourg." Homburg adapted by and large the Frankfurt rite -
like many other towns in southern Germany. Small deviations nevertheless speak of a "Homburger bdpn"
or customs in the liturgy.
1) The epilr prayer ended with the yicw. (Despite the fact that it runs contrary to fpky` bdpn, either
according to HoRav Kottek l"f reasoning, because the recitation of epilr was never banned in
Homburg or maybe to take into consideration the foreign visitors, for instance, when there isn’t a
Psalm after epilr.) Those who said yicw left their seats and stood next to the Kantor. They said the
yicw in chorus-form, so that the congregation could answer at the right moment: on` - èd jixa.
2) In former times - the Kantor read out portions from the Memor-book on zezay - (except on the
zay before yceg y`x - New Moon).
The zay on which the New-Moon was announced, (the oevx idi prayer was not recited according to
the old Southern German bdpn) the Kantor was supposed to sing 'ixy`' in the tune of the festival or
event occurring in the forthcoming month. You might notice smiling happy faces among the
worshippers, when the tune indicated the approach of mixet or zereay etc.
4) “yicw of the year”, called Jahreskaddish:

On zxvr ipiny at the end of dgpn the Kantor was “ordered” to sing the “Jahreskaddish”, which
presented in chronological sequence the tunes of all Jewish events of the year - commencing with
'dkepg' and ending up with 'dxez zgny'.
5) On the day of dxez zgny' (Torah Joy), about the end of September, all the Torah scrolls were taken
out of the Ark and whilst singing in a joyous procession around the synagogue (in the same manner
as circling with the alel), in a very dignified way. On dxez zgny the President and members of the
board wore silk zezilh. Only 10 men were called up on this day. Homburg had about 20 Torah
scrolls, some of which were decorated with antique silver on this day. During the Kaiser period this
impressive train was led by Homburg Jewish school youth. Each student carried a black, white and
red flag, in the days of the Weimar Republic they were replaced by black, red and gold flags. After
the service, the children received, out of the hands of two ladies of the Jewish women’s club, bags
with chocolate and other sweets.
This Torah joy fest firmly marked the end of all the holidays and built its highpoint on the last
paragraph of the Torah. Only a Torah scholar, usually the Rabbi, was called up for this act like a
"groom on his wedding day". - Since Torah learning never knows an end, subsequently the first
section of the entire Bible was read from a second Torah scroll, it began with the following:
"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" until the seventh day of the creation story,
which arranges the sanctification of the day of rest, the zay.
_______________________________________________
XXIX
Also, for this section, a particularly meritorious and honorable community representative was called
and also greeted with honors.
In contrast to the serious public holidays (New Year and the Day of Atonement) was the "Torah joy
fest" expression of true spiritual openness. In today's State of Israel, it can be seen far and wide until
deep into the night on all streets and squares who people dance around the dxez scroll.
6) On dpyd y`x and xetk mei and days when ci zpzn was said, only married people were called up to
the dxez. The same rules were observed for the special zezay (4) before mixet and gqt.
For the dgkez (Retribution), read twice a year, it was the custom to call up the Shammes, - an ugly
custom. It would have been an insult to call up a person of “higher social strata” to the portion
containing so many curses.
8) dlk ièa When on Friday night the Kantor sang the last stanza of the hymn 'icec dkl' (Sabbath-Hymn
by Shlomoh Alkabez) he and the congregation turned towards the entrance of the synagogue only
for the words 'dlk ièa'. It was reasoned as undignified for the congregants to turn their backs to the
ycewd oex` (Holy Ark) longer than absolutely necessary. In this connection - licadl - I may mention,
that England, in one of her ceremonial performances, shows a similar custom. When the Queen
opens the parliament the “Lord - in charge” leads her from the minor hall to the throne, but he
walks backward during this procedure always facing the ruler of the country. Although it is not my
intention to give the Queen of England possibly the same status as an 'ycewd oex`', the idea of
reverence is the same.
9) Seiferstellen. in other words, to put the (dxez) xtq into the right position for a special zay, when two
or even three mixtq had to be taken out. It was the strict order for the Shames to roll each scroll
into the proper position. In order to avoid and hold-up during the “Reading of the Law”. (Leinen).
10) People were called up by numbers. The numbers were engraved on silver plates, which the
Shammes put on the place of the person shortly before he was called up. If the man wore his zilh
like a stola (scarf) he was ordered to unfold it and put it “according to oic”. - In summer no person
was called up to the dxez, if he wore a straw hat. The Shammes ordered him to put on a hat kept in
the office for this purpose.
11) The dxez xtq was rolled and held tightly together with a pennon (Wimpel). This was Originally a
square piece of white cotton, used for the baby-boy during his (dlin) zixa. Some weeks before the
child was brought to the synagogue for the first time by his father, the mother cut the linen into four
equal pieces. Then she brought it to my father (Kantor Moses Herz c"id) a brilliant calligrapher who
wrote on the Wimpel in (the) most colorful letters the name of the boy and a suitable weqt (verse)
from the dyxt (chapter the boy would say on the day of his devn xa). The artist Moritz Oppenheim
took this custom as a theme for his painting “Das Schulentragen”. Certainly, on such occasions the
father was called up for 'dlilb', while the little child touched the dxez- Scroll. After this “ceremony”
the baby - about two years old - was brought to the Rabbi for Benschen (to bless the child).
12) The zekext (curtains) of the ycewd oex` (Holy Ark) as well as the oglyd zetn (covers) of the dnia or
Almemor were exchanged for all special zezay.
_______________________________________________
XXX
13) Homburg, like many communities in Southern Germany held a special memorial to the memory of
all the communities that were wiped out during the Crusades or the time of the "Black Death." The
names of these communities, often those of all its members were murdered, were detailed in
so-called Memorbuchern. The Jewish community of Bad Homburg arranged - like other zelidw -
these commemorations twice a year, once in the zay before the Jewish "Feast of Weeks" (late
May), then the zay before 9 a` (about mid-July), the day of mourning in memory of the first and
second temples. Special prayers were recited by the Rabbi and Kantor from the Almemor (dxez
reading table), they mentioned the most important communities that had suffered particularly in the
Middle Ages or were exterminated. In the Homburg service the following communities were
mentioned: Andernach, Bacharach, Frankfurt, Nordlingen, Nuremberg, Speyer, Strasbourg, Trier,
Worms, and Xanten. From the end of World War I the nine Homburg Jewish soldiers that lost their
lives for Germany were also mentioned. According to Paul Arnsberg there existed a Homburg
Memor-book, dating from 1790, with entries going back to the 17th century. The word Memor
comes from the Latin word memoria, which means something like memory and remembrance. Old
Homburger residents said if they participated in such memorial hour: "Es wird gememmert". (When
the Nazis in November 1938 burned down the synagogue, unfortunately, the Memor-book went up
in flames as well.) Finally, it should be mentioned that most of the persecution of Jews occurred
during the spring weeks between gqt ("Easter"), and the zereay. These were once happy days in the
Jewish calendar. But after these terrible occurrences, the seven weeks between the said feasts was
turned into a time of mourning, weddings may not be celebrated during these days neither are
jubilant parties celebrated.
14) The oldest of Homburg’s Jewish associations was the dyicw dxag; it was still in existence in 1933. In
this connection Arnsberg informs us, that the “Maariv Kippe” as the evening xeriy was the so-called
Kippestub, Nr. 24 Wallstrasse. The annual foundation-festival of the association - always celebrated
on the eve of hay yceg y`x, it was the custom to eat Fietsen (?) possibly a wheel shaped pastry
which came out of “vogue” in later years. Not only the Fietsen disappeared, but also the
organization itself, when it was incorporated into the “Talmud-Torah-Verein” (Foundation).
15) zay i`ven (End of zay). Maybe, it is worthwhile to mention the dlcad - Service as it was performed
in some Homburg families (homes), also in my parents’ home (till the end of World War I). After the
ceremony with its different blessings my father sang a special prayer. It was pronounced in good
German, although it must have come originally from the East. I still remember the main-stanza:
Gutt von Avrohom, Yitzchok und Yaakov Behuet Dein

Volk Yisroel mit Deinem Lobe
Die sieben Tage der Woche Soll’n uns kommen Zu
Massel und Broche fuer alle Frommen
Der Liebe Sha’bes Kaudesh geht dahin
Die Woch soll bringen G’sundheit und Gewinn
Omein - Omein - Omein - Omein.
16) The "Feast of Weeks (the giving of the dxez at Sinai and the summer harvest festival) the synagogue
in Homburg - as it was the custom in many other communities, was adorned with palm trees, young
trees and flowers.
17) A rabbinical decision was made in Homburg that a man who had become a Septuagenarian (70 years
old), had the privilege to be called to the dxez from now on with the honorary title xag.
_______________________________________________
XXXI
The Jews of Germany showed their gratitude to their Emperor, King and State which protected their
lives, so they followed both a command of the Jewish sages, to pray for the state and peace, and to give
expression to an inner need, their German feeling. On each zay, a prayer for the government was said.
In the imperial days it was worded as follows:
Lord of the World and King of kings, You have already received the mortal and the earth
son of Thy power, that He may turn into law and honesty on earth, peace and justice
among men handle of your glory! We pray to you for your protection and your grace, for
your blessing and support for our King and Lord, the German Emperor,
Wilhelm the Second.
Support him in strength and health, that he may live long and happy peace and welfare of
his people true that he, untroubled and lead them, which he manages for the good of his
nation
Give his undertakings and any start for the salvation of his kingdom’s promotion,
prosperity and progress, fame and glory, make his reign prosperous for his country, that it
may shine in ever increased power and glory and dignity to rise up.
Bless our Empress and Queen Augusta Victoria

on the side of her illustrious husband.
Bless the Crown Prince and all the members of the Royal House. Bless the ministers and
councilors and all those who are called by word and advice, bloom and flourish in his
country to convey that they do their job for the good of the complete truth and insight.
Bless the fathers and representatives of the city and give all of your healing grace treasure
and peace. Holding away from this city and its inhabitants as of the entire fatherland each
doom and woe, every adversity and every error, need, want, and disease, to rule that
blessing and welfare of all varieties and propagating itself. So it was pleasing to you, O
Lord, in your mercy! Amen!
In the era of the Weimar Republic, the prayer for empire, government and welfare of the city, was kept
short and to the point.
With the beginning of the persecution of the Jews in 1933 - after the seizure of power by the Nazis - the
prayer for government and the empire was omitted.
It is seen from the aforementioned that the Homburg Jews never forgot their bdpn (custom) and that
they were connected with the German fatherland.
_______________________________________________
XXXII
zay lil
The highlight of the Friday night service was icec dkl', which the ofg sang from the xrnrnl`, a Spanish
word for dnia. He mostly sang melodies of the composers Louis Lewandowski, Salomon Sulzer, and
Israel Meyer Yaphet. The “Shammes” brought the ofg an oversized silver cup, placed on a silver plate.
Some 4 or 5 boys under devn xa age were waiting for a sip of the wine after yeciw, which was served to
them by the Shammes in little yeciw cups.
zay mei
Homburg’s Rabbi was supposed to deliver a dyxc on the zay before yceg y`x. If there were to be a xa
devn in the course of the month, the Rabbi had the opportunity to address the dlidw once again.
[In an effort to encourage early attendance on zay, three blue-striped zezilh were set aside in the
synagogue to be worn by the first three boys under devn xa.]
Under the guidance of the ofg a zay-Youth-Service in the early afternoon. (Keep in mind that those
Jewish students who attended German schools, had to attend on Saturday mornings as well. The more
religious students could be exempted from writing.) All students, boys and girls alike, had to turn up.
The ofg read the whole dxcq, whilst one of the boys was in charge of the sqen prayer. The whole
youthful congregation had to act as choir. The service started with a mighty '...rqpa idie' and ended with
'epicl`k oi`'.
gqt
There was a bdpn to obtain milk directly from the farmer into the person’s gqtl xyk buckets.
zereay
As far as the season was concerned, zereay was the most beautiful aeh mei of the year. The Kurpark, the
area around the imperial palace and the many gardens bordering the Kur-district were luxuriantly green
and showed a lavish display of flowers. It was the time, when the flowers on the many chestnut trees
turned from white to red. The air was filled with the scent of flowers and blossoms; from the ground
you could hear the incessant “concert” of the insects, which managed without a conductor to create the
sounds of a breathtaking symphony. From all groups of trees, the twittering and chirping of birds
brought perfection to this choir of nature. In the synagogue the dxez ixtq were decorated with flowers,
and so was the synagogue itself. Palms and coniferous (evergreen) trees were placed on the side of the
Ark. In the late evening the “Lernen” was held in a suitable private home; where some 50-60 people
turned up. From the zereay lil oewiz they read portions from j"pz and at the end they said mildz, taking
turns in reading.
aà dryz
In the Northern Hemisphere the fast days of fenza xyr dray and aà dryz are the longest of the year.
On aà dryz morning the service lasted till 11:30 am. People were sitting, on foot-stools between the
synagogue benches, all saying zepiw and Lamentations. It was the duty of the Shammes to tell each
member when his turn would be. After the service everybody took off his slippers and put on
leather-shoes. How could anybody have walked through a German street in light sandals. The Jews in
Germany always felt embarrassed to expose their Jewish customs to the public eye.
lel`
With the end of the Summer-holidays (July/August) the approach of lel` could be felt. On the first
Sunday of this Hebrew month, it was a custom to walk to the old Jewish cemetery. This was situated
between Homburg and the nearby village of Seulberg. About 20 people participated.
In the old tradition the xtey was blown after the morning and evening service during lel`.
dpyd y`x
The synagogue boasted a strong congregation when dpyd y`x arrived.
The Jewish business world really adhered to these two days of dpyd y`x, and xetk mei, the holiest day of
the year. Advertisements were printed in the local press containing the following wording: “Due to the
High Holy-days, our shops will be closed on September (date) as well as on October (date).”
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XXXIII
xetk mei
We draw attention to an earlier closing of our shops on the eve of the Day of Atonement (Oct.), (date.)
The local press even felt obliged to add to the editorial part some lines that “Our Jewish citizens will
celebrate on September (dates) the Jewish New Year 569_ - since the creation of the world”.
[There is an ancient custom, not much observed today, not to sleep on the night of xetk mei.
After prayers on ixcp lk night, an announcement would be made that women and children should go
home. The doors of the synagogue were locked, and men would learn until dawn, when the morning
prayers began. Whenever a man got tired he could go up to the women’s balcony and take a nap.]
Every year Homburg’s Jewish Board, called “Israelitischen Kultusvorstand”, printed a time-table for mei
xetk. It was expected, that each dltz lra begin and complete his dltz within the time allotted him. It
was resented, when - for instance - for dgpn - the ofg finished 10 minutes after schedule. During the
various services - dgpn ,sqen ,zixgy and dlirp - there was no dwqtd (interval). Indeed, the davenen (the
German Jews used the word “Oren”, derived from the Latin verb orare, to pray) went right through the
day. For many years Homburg had its own mens/boys choir and also during the year. After the end of
World War I, however, they performed only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei. At the end of the “Great Day”
the people wished each other “all the best” and “Gutes Anbeissen” (breaking the fast).
zekq
The congregational dkeq stood in the backyard of the synagogue. Its size was extremely small, allowing
just enough room for the Shammes, his wife and one guest. There were about 10 zekq throughout
Homburg. On zekq, most Orthodox Jews went to synagogue, with their mialel carefully wrapped in
paper, so that no one would recognize it.
dxez zgny
The spirit of dxez zgny permeated the synagogue at dgpn-time of zxvr ipiny, when the ofg sang the
“Jahreskaddish” after epilr. The yicw caught the spirit of all the Jewish festivals and other events, marked
in the Jewish calendar, by always singing the main-theme of the oebip, starting with the tune of fern'
'xevand ending with dxez zgny. He intoned a new tune at each new verse of the yicw. The faces of the
listeners revealed deep happiness. There were no zetwd (processions) in the evening.
This is how the Jews of Homburg celebrated the “Festival of the dxez”. Accompanied by the singing of
'z`xd dz`' the miàb took out about 20 dxez ixtq. The first six mixtq were “dressed” completely with
crowns and plates of antique silver. Those gentlemen who were called up to receive a xtq, appeared
mostly in Top-hats and silken zezilh. The ofg then led the procession in perfect precision around the
small aisles of the Synagogue. The ofg typically was the only one, who turned around a few times with
the dxez, which may be called “dancing with the xtq”. He sang the well-known tunes of the day, while
the other scroll-bearers walked behind. There were about 40 to 50 children, up to the age of 12, who
marched in front of the dxez parade. In the Imperial Time (till 1918) the boys carried black-white-red
flags; from 1919 on - they carried black-red-gold. Only when Hitler came to power, a few children
walked around with blue-white flags. Sometimes an apple supporting a burning candle was placed on top
of the flag-stick. In all those years the little girls never participated in this political demonstration of
colors. They always carried hoops, decorated with flowers. After the service, the children had to line up
by two. The leading ladies of the Kehilloh, appeared with two domestics wearing black dresses and white
aprons. The maids carried a big basket full of small bags of sweets. The ladies took the bags out of the
basket and handed them over to the children, who politely said “Thank you”, answered by the ladies
with a friendly smile.
In the twenties, when the Russian intelligentsia settled in Homburg for some years, they arranged their
own oipn and their own dxez zgny. They celebrated in the “Religionsschule”, adjacent to the synagogue.
From the backyard of the synagogue, one could hear their singing and drinking miigl.
dpezg
A dteg would take place in the synagogue. The Rabbi, Kantor, and members of the families took their
positions in front of the ycewd oex`, where the dteg was erected. Beginning with the Kantor’s àd jexa
and ending with the breaking of the glass.
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XXXIV
Machon Moreshes Ashkenaz
Rabbi Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger
Translated by Rabbi Reuven Poupko
1. The Migration of Torah Tradition from the Land of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands
I hold of our tradition and that of our ancestors, the sages of Ashkenaz, whose
Torah teachings were passed down to them from their ancestors since the time
of the Churban (destruction of the Holy Temple). — The Rosh, R’ Asher b. Yechiel.
Ashkenazic Jewry had yeshivos continuously, generation after generation, since

the time of the Churban. They put their souls into the knowledge of the Torah
and its observance, following its laws of justice and other halachos. Therefore,
it is certain that their correct knowledge of its details goes back farther [than
other traditions]. — R’ Yakov Emden.
During the Second Temple Period, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish life. The kernel of Torah
tradition was ensconced in the Lishkas Hagazis (Chamber of Cut Stone), the basilica set into the
north wall of the Holy Temple. The Sanhedrin was situated there.1 The Sanhedrin was the
superior court and the final word in all matters of Torah law. All eyes turned to the sages of
the Sanhedrin for guidance in every area of Jewish life. From there Torah went forth to world
Jewry. As such, it was the place to which the oral tradition of the Torah legacy was entrusted.
After the destruction of the Second Temple, about ninety thousand Jews were exiled from the
Land of Israel by the evil emperor Titus (39-81 CE).2 The Torah sages continued to safeguard
the oral tradition passed down to them from earlier sages.3 This legacy was kept in its entirety
by core yeshivos and by rabbinic supervision over its precise practice in the community.
The Jews settled in Italy under the dominion of Titus toward the end of the first century and
brought their Torah heritage with them. When they migrated north to Ashkenazic lands, the
authorities entrusted with transmitting Torah remained with them, all the while retaining steady
contact with the seats of Torah in the Land of Israel and Babylon. The Jewish heritage of
Ashkenaz continued uninterrupted for almost two millennia, and in every generation, yeshivos
and Torah sages have guarded, cultivated, and glorified this ancient tradition.
1. Yoma 25a.
2. See R’ Yosef (Yousep) Shamash, Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (Jerusalem: Machon
Yerushalayim 1988), introduction by R’ Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger, p. 78, note 61.
3. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 78, 79.
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X
The nation of Ashkenaz is mentioned several times in the Scriptures. Sources indicate that
Ashkenaz was located in Asia Minor (present day Turkey, Armenia, and Iraq) and that during
the great world migration that had begun during the Second Temple Period, these
light-skinned4 Germanic tribes eventually migrated westward toward Europe from the
Mountains of Ararat5 (which were outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire) to the Alps.
These tribes had been forced out of Asia Minor by marauding barbarians who decimated
everything in their path. The Germanic tribes continued wandering until they found land
suitable for agriculture. They divided those lands among themselves and established individual
kingdoms therein. When they settled the area, each head of tribe became king of his province.
As time progressed they pushed the Romans out of central Europe.6
Interestingly, the Talmud and Midrash identify some of the biblical names mentioned in the
family of Ashkenaz, grandson of Japheth, with Germany. The names Togarma7 and Gomer,8
Ashkenaz’s brother and father, even sound like Germany. Gomer’s brother, Magog,9 is also
associated with Germany. Moreover, we know of places in Asia Minor that were called
Garmania or Caramania. This all indicates that the source of Germany is in fact the biblical
nation of Ashkenaz.10
Although sources also point to a Jewish presence in these lands during biblical times and during
the Second Temple Period, no records exist of an organic, continuous Jewish community during
the tribal migrations, nor do we have details about their Torah traditions. Thus, although
biblical Ashkenaz does seem to have a historical association with modern Germanic lands, from
a Jewish perspective it has no bearing upon the line of the Ashkenazic Torah heritage.
Some ancient Jewish communities in the diaspora claim that their traditions come directly from
the pre-Temple period. This also has no bearing upon the line of Torah tradition. An authentic
Jewish community had to be intimately associated with the sages of the Mishnah and Talmud. A
community claiming to have bypassed the Temple Period is indeed ancient, but invalid as a
conduit of Torah tradition.
Similarly, the present Jewish community of Babylonian heritage cannot claim to be the heir to
the seat of Torah legacy in classical Babylon, as its tradition has obviously been infiltrated by
Sephardic customs such as those of the Ari, a fact which indicates that its legacy is not a
consistent, direct line to ancient Babylon. Indeed, only Ashkenaz has had a continuous line of
Torah sages and yeshivos since the time of the Churban of Jerusalem until the Churban of
Europe in our day.
4. Mishnah Nega’im 2:1.

5. Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) 51:27.
7. Midrash Bereishis Rabbah 37:1.
8. Yoma 10a.
9. See Yerushalmi Megillah 1:9, where Magog is identified with Gothia.
10. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 71, notes 19, 28.
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XI
Although the oral tradition came with Hillel the Elder from Babylon11 and continued there and
in the Land of Israel after the Churban, the seat of oral tradition did not remain in Babylon or in
the Land of Israel until modern times. When the communities of the Ge’onim began to dwindle,
the oral tradition passed to Ashkenazic Jewry. Ashkenaz had been in close contact with the
great yeshivos in Jerusalem and Babylon throughout the centuries, and its traditions reflect
those legacies without any changes based on logic, popular pressure, or peripheral influences.
As R’ Amram Gaon of Babylon (c.810-c.875) writes:12
In all the communities of Ashkenazic lands, they are all noted for a thousand-fold of
goodness and blessings, for they are all filled with Torah and mitzvos as the seeds of a
pomegranate, and their deeds are fine. They are strict in the laws of kosher animal
slaughter, the immersion of a niddah, and in all that it is proper to be strict about.
The Ashkenazic communities gradually spread to other parts of Europe. Torah students from
the core communities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz went on to become Torah leaders in
neighboring lands. Some examples are France (Rashi and others), Bohemia and Austria (the Or
Zarua and others), Poland (Maharam Mintz, R’ Yakov Falk, and others), and Italy (the Shibolei
Haleket, Mahari Mintz, and others).
In general, these communities continued to practice Ashkenazic customs in the lands they
spread to. As a result, we refer to all European Jews — except the Spanish, Portuguese, and
those Jews who came under their influence — as “Ashkenazim.” An indication of their
Ashkenazic origin is the obvious linguistic link between Yiddish and German. However, due to
oppression, migration, and a lack of insistence on rejection of any change, the heritage of those
new communities eventually lost its Ashkenazic authenticity.
It must be noted that there were cases of debate between our medieval sages and differing
customs in various Ashkenazic communities, as mentioned below. Such debate within the
tradition is not an indication of inauthenticity. In fact, the constant challenge to tradition
inherent in the debates of the Babylonian Talmud is what gives life to its tradition and has
always been the main topic of Torah study. When we speak of precision and authenticity we
mean that any opinion, custom, or law voiced by our sages is based upon teachings that had
always been accepted as part of their heritage, as opposed to being based upon those influences
mentioned above.
Thus the concept of the authentic Ashkenazic tradition is not based on the geographical region,
political district, or genealogical lineage of Germany or the German people; rather, the focus is
on an unbroken chain of precise, supervised oral tradition from the time of the Churban until
today. No other tradition can make that claim.
11. Sukkah 20a.

12. R’ Amram Gaon (Goldschmidt edition) (Jerusalem 1972), p. 16. See also Minhagim Dekehillas
Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 78.
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XII
Detailed information about the actual period of migration to Ashkenaz is lacking. Various
traditions go very far back in history, and although there are specific indications of a Jewish
presence in Germany at the time of the Churban and maybe even much earlier, not all details
are confirmed. Besides, even if there were such a presence, it remains unclear whether the
community was an organic, continuous one.13 What is certain is that the heritage of Torah and
halachah (Torah law) in Ashkenaz originally came from the Land of Israel and from there was
preserved for a long time in Roman Italy, where our ancestors arrived after the Churban.
Italy and the Land of Israel remained in close contact, as they were both under the dominion of
the Roman Empire. Sources indicate that this contact persisted for a very long time — until the
end of the Ge’onic Period (about 1000 CE). The sages of Italy were also in close contact with
the Talmudic sages and the Ge’onim in Babylon throughout the centuries.14
From Italy, the tradition was brought north to Ashkenaz with the Torah sages who migrated
there toward the end of the Ge’onic Period. The first records of specifically Ashkenazic
customs appear during this period of migration from Italy to Germany.
R’ Elazar of Worms (1160-1237), the Rokei’ach, records in his introduction to the siddur
(prayer book) the following intriguing chain of oral tradition:15
They had received the inner meanings of the prayer text and other traditions from teacher
to student back to Abu Aharon son of R’ Shmuel Hanasi who had left Babylon because of a
certain incident, and had been forced to wander across the continent. He reached a city
named Luka in the land of Lombardy [northern Italy], where he encountered Rabbeinu
Moshe, the poet of “Eimas Nore’osecha,” son of Klonimus, son of Meshulam, son of
Klonimus, son of Yehuda and passed down the entire tradition to him.
R’ Moshe was the first to leave Lombardy. His sons R’ Klonimus and R’ Yekusiel, his relative
R’ Isiel, and other distinguished people came with him. King Carlo16 brought them to settle
in Mainz, where they were fruitful and multiplied exceedingly until the wrath of G-d struck
the community in the bloody year of 1096 [when the Crusaders slaughtered most of the
Jewish community. R’ Moshe survived and] passed his teachings on to R’ Elazar, the Chazzan
of Speyer, who passed the tradition to R’ Shmuel Hachassid, who passed it to R’ Yehuda
Hachassid. I, the meek one, in turn received the tradition from him.
Another source indicates that the Rokei’ach’s tradition was passed down generation after
generation from Yosef Ma’on, one of those exiled from Jerusalem to Rome by Titus toward the
end of the first century.17
13. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 73-78, with notes.
14. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 80.
15. R’ Elazar of Worms, Peirushei Siddur Hatefillah LaRokei’ach (Jerusalem 1992), vol. 1, p. 229.
See also R’ Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger, Gedolei Hadoros al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz,
note 4; and Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 79, note 68.
16. King Carlo was one of the many Carolingian emperors of similar name, descendants of
Charlemagne (747-814), who ruled Germany and Italy during the mid-ninth century.
17. See Gedolei Hadoros al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz, note 5.
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XIII
At the decline of the Ge’onic Period, a monumental turning point occurred — the confluence
of the Babylonian and Jerusalem legacies in Ashkenaz. Ashkenaz became the sole guardian of the
composite legacy which it had been following for centuries.
Since the details of the two branches did not always concur, there existed differing customs in
various Ashkenazic communities, depending upon which legacy they favored. This phenomenon
is discussed by the Tosafists18 (early medieval commentaries on the Talmud) and is evident in
the practices of earlier Rishonim, such as R’ Yitzchak b. Yehuda of Mainz, R’ Yitzchak Halevi of
Worms, and R’ Yakov b. Yakar of Mainz- Worms,19 teachers of Rashi (R’ Shlomo Yitzchaki of
Troyes 1040-1105). An examination of those traditions indicates that the Babylonian influence
was somewhat greater.20
The rise of the Rishonim at the beginning of the Middle Ages ushered in a time of growth for
the Ashkenazic legacy. The communities of Ashkenaz had become known as Torah centers of
worldwide influence. This cultural development reached its apex with the appearance of the
great earlymedieval Ashkenazic sages such as Rabbeinu Gershom Me’or Hagolah of Mainz
(960-c.1028), Rashi, and the Tosafists. By anchoring the practice of true customs, weeding out
popular alterations, and creating ordinances (such as those of Rabbeinu Gershom) for the
welfare of society, these leaders became known as the “founders” of Minhag Ashkenaz in
Germany.
As R’ Moshe Sofer of Pressburg (1763-1840), the Chasam Sofer, writes:
Know that all these Ashkenazic customs were founded under the supervision of our
sages the Tosafists and Rashi and his students, residents of that land.
During the late eleventh century, renewed persecution of Ashkenazic Jewry created another
turning point which threatened to endanger the continuity of the preciously guarded heritage.
This dark period in Jewish history occurred between the times of the Crusades and the Black
Plague, notoriously known as the “decrees” of 1096 and 1249. Those two years made an
especially bloody imprint on medieval Jewish history, when Christian mobs wiped out entire
Jewish communities.
Our great sages realized the peril threatening the unbroken chain of Torah tradition. They
risked their lives to ensure the continuity of our heritage and the transfer of Torah to their
children and students. By valiantly dedicating themselves to passing the Torah down to
following generations, orally and in writing, they prevented the loss of Torah. They taught the
halachos and minhagim (customs) to their students in yeshivos and made their writings
accessible to the rest of the people. These writings are a repository of customs for prayer,
mitzvah performance, and an overall way of life.
18. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 85.

20. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 79-89, and especially note 76.
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XIV
During its period of prosperity, the Ashkenazic community served as a wellspring for the
spiritual lifestyle which had emanated from its deep source with vigor and intensity for many
generations. Famous Jewish communities known by the names of the cities hosting them rose
and flourished. Those vibrant communities nurtured the world with Torah, purity, mitzvos, and
tradition.
When the barbarous Crusaders gave the Jews a choice of apostasy or death, the Jews remained
faithful to their heritage and preferred a death of “Kiddush Hashem” (in sanctification of G-d’s
name) to a life without Torah practice. In famous towns such as Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and
many other cities and settlements, the survivors continued guarding our authentic Jewish
heritage, keeping its flame burning strong.
The period of upheaval in Ashkenaz was followed by a period of stability. In the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, several factors led to a further solidification of Minhag Ashkenaz: reduced
oppression, the influence of R’ Yakov Molin of Mainz-Worms (1360-1427) — the Maharil —
and the invention of the printing press. Subsequently, when the cataclysmic sixteenth century
wreaked havoc on the German community of Worms with the expulsion of 1615, the effects of
the Thirty Years War, and the pogrom of 1689, the traditions remained uncannily accurate.
The Maharil has often been called the “Founder of Minhag Ashkenaz.” The term “founder” in
the sense of “inventor” is a misrepresentation; nothing can be farther from the truth. The role
of the Maharil was consolidator of Minhag Ashkenaz —rendering the ancient customs firm and
secure. A study of his influence on Minhag Ashkenaz would fill volumes.21
At the end of the sixteenth century, another shining light rose in Worms — R’ Yair Chaim
Bachrach of Worms (1628-1701), the Chavos Yair. In one rare case, the people requested the
alteration of a custom because of the situation of turmoil. The Chavos Yair refused. He had faith
that the persecution would end and that peace would return to the land.22 Thus, he stands out
as one of the valiant leaders and protectors of the Ashkenazic tradition.
2. Types of Customs
Some people erroneously define “custom” as trivial, peripheral matters and popular folklore.
The Hebrew word for custom, “minhag,” does imply these things, but when minhag is used in
the context of custom, it means something specific and much more significant. The literal
meaning of minhag is any phenomenon that is repeated habitually or at certain regularities. Even
natural and technological phenomena are referred to as minhag. For example, when Chazal
(classical sages) tell us about the mechanism of King Solomon’s royal throne, which Pharaoh
Nechoh, king of Egypt, wished to operate, they describe that “this wicked Pharaoh Nechoh
wished to sit on Solomon’s throne, but he did not know its minhag (the way it worked).”23
Similarly, when Chazal describe the way animals behave, they say, “The minhag (way, habit, or
instinct) of nature is that wolves prey on goats.”24
21. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 95-105.

22. In one case a popular custom was adopted instead of the old custom. See Minhagim
Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 95, note 57.
23. Midrash Vayikra Rabbah §20.
24. Bava Basra 15b.
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XV
In human context, the word minhag has always been used to describe laws and legally binding
accepted practice that do not necessarily have a source in the Torah or Jewish tradition. For
example, the first mishnah in tractate Bava Basra teaches that when building a wall between two
properties, one must use the accepted materials. The mishnah’s phraseology is, “It all has to be
done in accordance with the minhag (accepted practice) of the country.” Similarly, the Talmud
says, “A great minhag was practiced in Jerusalem. One who supplies food for a banquet (what
we call a caterer) and spoils the food, must pay restitution for the value of the embarrassment
experienced by both the host and the guests.”25
Nevertheless, when dealing with the topic of Torah tradition, the concept of minhag is generally
used only for matters relating to the performance of mitzvos. There is a hierarchy, though, of
various types of customs associated with mitzvos according to their level of importance in the
eyes of halachah. Some customs are related to biblical mitzvos and others to rabbinic mitzvos.
Some have arisen in association with post-Talmudic rabbinic ordinances, while others were
started by the people and became popular practice. Some customs must be kept always, and
others have a weak connection to halachah or even run in opposition to it and therefore, may
be abolished. Some customs are practiced by all and others only by individuals.
We will try to cite examples for all these categories from our treasury of Ashkenazic customs.
Firstly, an example of a biblical custom is the mitzvah to blow the shofar on Rosh Hashanah: “A
day of horn blowing (teru’ah) shall it be for you.”26 Even during the days of Chazal, it was
unclear whether the teru’ah mentioned in the Torah was a staccato cry, a long sigh, or both
together. Therefore, Chazal decided to cover all bases by blowing shevarim, teru’ah, and
shevarim-teru’ah together. We do this to ensure that we are fulfilling the biblical mitzvah of
teru’ah in the correct and precise way.27
Over the years the issue has become more complicated because new uncertainties have arisen,
such as the actual sound of the shevarim and teru’ah themselves.
R’ Yakov Emden of Altona (1698-1776) presented the problem in the following words:28
We find that nowadays — even this very day — different lands have different ways of
producing the actual sound of the teru’ah itself. There is a distinct difference between
the Ashkenazic teru’ah on the one hand and the Sephardic and Polish teru’ah on the
other. The former blow a trembling sound (terumitin) and the latter blow a toot toot
sound.... Each fulfills the mitzvah according to its custom because in both situations the
sound is what a teru’ah implies. Still, I think it is preferable to make a trembling sound, as
the halachic codifiers have mentioned and as the verse says, Vaharei’osem.
25. Bava Basra 93b.

26. Bemidbar (Numbers) 29:1.
27. See Rosh Hashanah 34a.
28. R’ Yakov Emden, Mor Uktzi’ah §590.
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XVI
This teru’ah (terumitin) which R’ Yakov Emden preferred has been kept throughout the years as
part of the authentic Ashkenazic tradition in Germany. When R’ Emden mentions “the halachic
codifiers,” he is referring to all the Rishonim (medieval rabbinic sages). Although not all the
Rishonim agree on the sound of the shevarim, every one of them agrees on this authentic sound
of the teru’ah.29
We have thus examined a custom instituted to ensure the precise fulfillment of a biblical
mitzvah. Now we shall look at a custom associated with a rabbinic mitzvah. A difference of
opinion exists between the Rambam (1135-1205) and the Ramban (1194-1270) whether prayer
is a biblical obligation or a rabbinic enactment. Even the Rambam, however, who holds that it is
a biblical obligation, agrees that the nusach (prayer text) of the Shemonah Esreh prayer is
rabbinic.30 The topic of nusach is very crucial. It stands out in the field of minhag as the prime
example of the evolution of customs in different Jewish communities. Indeed, the prayer text
one uses identifies one’s social circle, community, family origins, and even the type of hashkafah
(philosophy of life) one associates with.
Among the Ashkenazic Jews, two prayer texts are in common use: Nusach Ashkenaz and
Nusach Sepharad. Historically, Nusach Ashkenaz is the authentic text of European
(non-Sephardic) Jewry. Relatively recently, a new prayer text named Nusach Sepharad, due to
its heavy reliance on Sephardic nusach, became prevalent. This divergence has raised the
question whether one may change an essential custom instituted by Chazal.
Rabbinic leaders all over Europe wrote against this deviation.
For example, R’ Yechezkel Landau of Prague (1714-1793), the Noda Bihudah, claims adamantly:31
Our Ashkenazic text is as authentic as the Torah, but the Sephardic Jews should still
keep their minhag, as they have what to rely on, and one should not deviate from his
ancestors’ minhag. Recently, however, Ashkenazim have gone and changed the holy
customs of their fathers. In my opinion they are at fault and are degrading the respect of
the Tosafists and the Rosh, and will be judged accordingly. There is no love or unity
here; rather, there is just a source of scorn, as it says, “He who keeps himself apart
seeks to satisfy his own vanity.”32 About them I say, “Those who despise me adore
death,”33 and “He who goes back on a commitment has the lower hand.”34
29. See Hamburger, R’ Binyamin Shlomo, Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz (Bnei Brak: Machon
Moreshes Ashkenaz 1995), vol. 1, chap. “Kol Hashevarim Vehateru’ah.” See also vol. 4.
30. Rambam, Laws of Tefilla, chap. 1. See also R’ Yechiel Michel Epstein, Aruch Hashulchan, Orach
Chaim §89.
31. R’ Yechezkel Landau, Tziyun Lenefesh Chaya (Tzlach), Berachos 11b, s.v. Tanya nami hachi.
32. Mishlei (Proverbs) 18:1.
33. Cf. Mishlei 8:36.
34. Bava Metzi’a 76a.
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XVII
Still on the topic of prayer, let us look at the issue of piyyutim and selichos (poetic and penitential
prayers). These additional prayers are post- Talmudic, and therefore, their level of importance
is lower than that of the established prayers of Chazal. The customs relating to piyyutim have
much more variation than those associated with the main prayer text because their
arrangement as part of the text took place at the end of the Middle Ages, and it was usually left
up to the individual communities to choose what to say. Many combinations of piyyutim and
selichos have emerged, but they remained in the possession of the individual, isolated
communities and provinces where they were recited.
Among the piyyutim that were fortunate enough to get printed are, for example, “Minhag
Swabia and Switzerland” and “The Altnoi Shul Minhag in Prague.” Since piyyutim are
post-Talmudic, and more importantly, since some Sephardic Rishonim had been opposed to
saying them at places in the prayers where interruptions are generally not allowed, a degree of
contempt for their recital has appeared. This opposition influenced other halachic sages to
encourage and emphasize the importance of their continued practice. This friction is evident in
the words of the Mishnah Berurah, who summarizes the opinions of the main proponents of the
topic:35
R’ Chaim Vital [1543-1620] writes that [his teacher] the Ari did not recite piyyutim and
pizmonim [poems chanted alternately by the leader and congregation], aside from those
arranged by Rishonim, such as the Kaliri [R’ Elazar Kalir], which are based on Kabbalah.
The Ari also did not recite the Yigdal poem. Nevertheless, R’ Chaim Vital’s son testifies
that when his father led the congregation on the High Holidays, he would in fact recite
all the vidduyim (confessional prayers) and piyyutim. A wise person will take note of this
and use his wisdom and good sense and not change customs. The Shlah wrote a long
piece citing several Ge’onim who believed that it is a mitzvah to say the piyyutim. When
R’ Elazer Kalir wrote the poem Vechayos Asher Heinah Meruba’os (in the Kedushah
prayer of Mussaf [additional services] on Rosh Hashanah), a fire blazed around him.
Even more intimidating is the warning of R’ Yehuda Hachassid of Mainz (c.1150-1217) in his
Sefer Chassidim: “One who changes a minhag of Rishonim, such as piyyutim, has been known to
die as a result. In a place where the krovetz (poetic prayer inserted into the Amidah prayer) of
R’ Meshulam is usually recited, someone said a different krovetz and died within thirty days.”36
R’ Yoel Sirkish of Cracow (1561-1640), author of the Bayis Chadash or the “Bach”, confirmed
the severity of the issue, testifying that “someone, in our times, began to abolish the recitation
of krovetz in his community. He did not live out the year.”37
35. R’ Yisrael Meir Kagan, Mishnah Berurah §68:4.

36. R’ Yehuda Hachassid, Sefer Chassidim §607.
37. R’ Yoel Sirkish, Bayis Chadash (Bach), Orach Chaim §68.
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Besides the importance of reciting piyyutim per se, some sages found a basis for strictly
following the order in which they were said. They justified their opinion with reasons based on
Kabbalah. R’ Yedidia Tiah Weil (1722-1806), son of the Korban Nesanel and heir to his rabbinate
in Karlsruhe, writes the following in his approbation to The Order of Selichos for All Year According
to Minhag Alsace, which was printed in Karlsruhe in 1798:
Each river takes its course and follows its own channel when it comes to prayer and
selichos, especially in the province of Alsace, where the customs are organized and
unique, in distinction with such issues in other provinces of Ashkenaz. G-d forbid that
we should abolish their customs, which have been passed down from the time of the
Rishonim, for each minhag has a gate above in heaven.”
An additional type of minhag is considered fully obligatory by all rabbinic authorities, but its
nature — halachic versus popular — is disputed. For example, on the evening before a bris
milah (circumcision), all of Jewry observe what we call a “Wachnacht,” the recital of Krias
Shema (Deut. 6:4-9) and a night of study in the presence of the baby. According to Minhag
Ashkenaz, a dinner including meat and wine is also arranged on this evening. The question came
up as to whether this is considered a se’udas mitzvah (a meal that is a mitzvah to partake of) or
a se’udas reshus (voluntary).
The ramification is that had one vowed not to eat from a voluntary meal, he may or may not be
permitted to partake of this Wachnacht dinner. The Nachalas Shiv’ah38 holds that it is a se’udas
mitzvah, while the Magen Avraham39 and the Chavos Yair40 claim that it is a se’udas reshus. If it is
considered a se’udas reshus, the halachah does not obligate its function; rather, it is a minhag
be’alma (simply a custom) instituted to lend greater honor to the mitzvah.41
Another type of minhag is neither biblical nor rabbinic in origin, but nevertheless is considered
very important — this is the minhag issur. A minhag issur is adopted either by an individual or by
a community as a safety fence around a biblical prohibition. For example, the community of
Worms adopted the minhag not to eat dried fruit at all, to avoid, G-d forbid, inadvertently
eating the bugs, which tended to infest the fruit.42 The rabbinic sages have debated about
whether these customs may be abolished and under which circumstances.43
38. R’ Shmuel Segal Mezeritch, Nachalas Shiv’ah §12, subclause 1.

39. R’ Avraham Avli Gombiner, Magen Avraham §640:13. In his commentary he mentions the
opposing view of the Nachalas Shiv’ah.
40. R’ Yair Chaim Bachrach, Chavos Yair §70.
41. R’ Simcha b. Shmuel, Machzor Vitri §506.
42. Chavos Yair, addendum to §126.
43. See R’ Yitzchak Lampronti, Pachad Yitzchak, vol. 5, pp. 137-139, and many other sources.
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3. The Boundaries of Minhag Ashkenaz
We have treated several types of customs and their respective levels of importance. This
hierarchy of customs applies to all locations. “Minhag Ashkenaz” is more specific and refers to
the totality of religious Ashkenazic way of life. Ashkenaz has specific historic boundaries within
which Minhag Ashkenaz was practiced.
It would seem that these boundaries should follow at least the geographic, if not the political,
borders of Germany, but that is not the case. Minhag Ashkenaz, as opposed to Minhag Poland,
has its roots in Minhag Rheinus, named after the communities along the Rhine River in
Germany. This tract of land was the cradle of Ashkenazic Jewry and the nucleus of its cell. The
ancient towns on the banks of the Rhine — Speyer, Worms, and Mainz — sprouted Torah
centers a thousand years ago. These communities had a vast influence on European Jewry for
many generations. This core of Rhine communities carefully tended to its heritage of customs
with great precision. On the other hand, although ancient French Jewry had absorbed its
heritage and some of its traditions from Ashkenaz, it was open to influences from the south,
from Provence and Spain, and therefore, its customs do not carry the uniform stamp and
stability of its Ashkenazic sister community.
During the fourteenth century, the Jewish expulsion from France led to the fortification of
another Torah center, mainly in Austria, but also in certain areas of southeastern Germany.
Here developed a set of customs bearing the mixed influence of the Rhine and France. This
tradition is called Minhag Austreich. In the Maharil’s times these two traditions, Minhag Rhine
and Minhag Austreich, stood opposite each other as two sets of well-organized customs. The
details of certain customs were further differentiated in local communities.
The advent of the printing press and the codification of halachah in the Shulchan Aruch of R’
Yosef Karo of Safed (1488-1575) were the next turning points in the history of Minhag
Ashkenaz. The concepts of Minhag Rheinus and Minhag Austreich fell out of use, except in
individual cases in which customs fortunate enough to remain under those titles spread beyond
their geographic borders. As the fifteenth century progressed, expulsions and migrations
brought Minhag Rheinus to large sections of Germany. Concurrently, Minhag Austreich reached
Poland and many other parts of eastern Europe. From that time on, Minhag Rheinus became
known as Minhag Ashkenaz, while Minhag Austreich became known as Minhag Poland.
During this period, Minhag Poland branched out to many surrounding countries. It was adopted
in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Lithuania. The new Jewish communities of the semi-Slavic
areas in eastern Germany accepted Minhag Poland as well, including cities such as Hamburg and
Berlin. These cities are usually identified with German minhag; however, their true history is
different. Hamburg and Berlin were settled relatively recently by Austrian and Polish Jews who
brought along Minhag Poland which they had been used to in their countries of origin.
Certainly, Minhag Ashkenaz did have a degree of influence on these communities as a result of
certain periods of migration of Jews to these cities from southern and western Germany. Two
examples of this Ashkenazic influence are the musical notes for the Torah reading and the
Hebrew pronunciation.
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Meanwhile, what were the main routes of Minhag Ashkenaz, which, as we have said, had
become the successor of Minhag Rheinus? The main route traveled south to Bavaria and took
over from Minhag Austreich-Poland. Another course followed the new Jewish settlement in
northern France. Minhag Ashkenaz also penetrated northern Italy and remained there for a long
time. It reigned in Alsace, Holland, and Switzerland, and primarily in all of southern and western
Germany. The border between Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland cut through Germany
itself, roughly following course of the Elbe River, which traverses eastern Germany from north
to south.
4. The Significance of Minhag Ashkenaz
Similarly to the Chasam Sofer, many other great Torah sages recognized the significance of
Minhag Ashkenaz. Its spokesmen enthusiastically praised it for many centuries and saw in the
traditions of other lands a veering from the authentic tradition. The Rambam, who was in a
position to judge Minhag Ashkenaz objectively, as he did not live in Ashkenazic lands, wrote
that the western Europeans were “unaffected by tainted practices and by the trends and paths
that the current sages take. All their ways agree with the Talmudic text.”44
The sages of Europe who intimately understood the differences between Minhag Rheinus and
other European customs held Minhag Rheinus in high esteem. R’ Yitzchak b. Moshe of Vienna
(1180-1250), the Or Zarua, a native of Bohemia who had studied in Germany, was once asked
on what basis the “fools” (as the questioner calls them) make Kiddush in synagogue even when
no guests in need of Kiddush are present. Although the custom of reciting Kiddush in
synagogue was practiced by Jews all over Europe with or without guests, the Or Zarua felt that
since this had in fact also been in practice in Germany, where only authentic customs were
kept, the question posed an attack against Minhag Ashkenaz. He was angered and answered
thus:45
About that which you wrote, asking me to supply a justification for those “fools” who
make Kiddush in synagogue, considering that they do not fulfill any obligation with that
Kiddush [since they are going to make Kiddush at home anyway] and there being no
guests there to fulfill the mitzvah, you should be ashamed of yourself, and I have good
reason to be upset at you, for you have allowed yourself to commit a sin. I wonder how
a wise and understanding person like you could permit such words to leave his mouth.
Do you not know how many great sages and holy men were in Mainz, Worms, and
Speyer, and that from there Torah emanates to all of Jewry? Have not our fathers and
ancestors, righteous and holy, the wisest of the wise, practiced this minhag from the day
all the communities of the Rhine and elsewhere in the land of Ashkenaz and its
dominions were established? And now you come and call them “fools”! The halachah
states46 not to change the customs practiced by our ancestors, whose souls are at rest,
because they are not empty things, and if they seem empty, it is because of shallow
understanding and vacant minds, for our ancestors acted in accordance with the laws of
the Torah.
44. Rambam, Commentary to the Mishnah, Gittin, chap. 5, mishnah 8.

45. R’ Yitzchak b. Moshe, Or Zarua, vol. 1, §752.
46. See Yerushalmi Eiruvin, chap. 3, end of halachah 9; Magen Avraham §68.
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XXI
The Or Zarua goes on to explain that the original custom of making Kiddush in synagogue was
not instituted for the sake of guests; rather, it was introduced as a general public sanctification
of the day. Based on several sources in the Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud), he shed new light [a
play on the words of the name Or Zarua] on the halachah as it appears in tractate Pesachim of
the Babylonian Talmud. At the end of his letter he rebukes the questioner again, saying, “As for
you, a man of wisdom and understanding, let your mind remain humble when considering the
views of your rabbinic sages, whose souls are at rest, so that you may merit length of days and
years of Torah study and mitzvah observance.”
We encounter truly zealous defense of the Ashkenazic heritage in the struggle of Chassidei (the
pious of) Ashkenaz against changes introduced in the prayer text in France and England. When
compared with the Ashkenazic text, one can find additions in several places in the early
French-English text.
It seems that some Jews in Ashkenazic lands found the French-English text richer or generally
better than theirs, and they adopted it as their prayer text. This aroused the active interest of
the Chassidei Ashkenaz, and they issued a stern warning against changing the text. The Siddur
Chassidei Ashkenaz includes the following admonition regarding French changes to the Rosh
Hashanah prayers:47
One who adds or subtracts even one letter from the prayer text, his prayers are not
heard, for the whole text was formulated precisely and put in proper balance with
respect to both the letters and the words, which have a deep underlying meaning. Every
G-d-fearing person must take care not to subtract or add and not to listen to the
French and the islanders [the English] who have added several words, for the sages are
uncomfortable with what they have done, because the reasons behind the text and its
underlying meanings were not passed down to them. The Chassidim Harishonim (the
early pious ones) were known to keep the deeper meanings and the reasons behind the
text hidden until our holy rabbi, R’ Yehuda Hachassid, came and passed them down to
pious members of his family both in writing and orally.... And that pious rabbi wrote,
“One who adds even one letter to the prayer text, about him the verse says,”48
[My heritage has become to me as a lion in the forest;] it cries out against me:
therefore, I have hated it.”
The writings of Chassidei Ashkenaz generally do not criticize the common nusach in Ashkenaz.
They verify that it fits well with the reasons behind the text and the underlying meanings that
were passed down to them. The sages of Ashkenaz had a clear preference for their ancestors’
tradition as opposed to other traditions, especially the Spanish (Sephardic) one, to which they
preferred even the French tradition.
Also in halachic decisions the ancient Ashkenazic tradition had been accepted as unreservedly
accurate. R’ Yosef Cologne of Italy (c.1420- 1480), the Maharik, establishes that:49
47. Siddur (prayer book) of R’ Shlomo of Germeiza (Worms) (Jerusalem 1972), p. 221
48. Yirmiyahu 12:8.
49. R’ Yosef Cologne, Maharik, shoresh 102.
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XXII
If in ancient times the custom in Ashkenaz had been to force a chalitzah, whether it was
customary everywhere or just in some places, such as Speyer, Worms, and Mainz, ...woe
unto the yavam who relates lightly to this practice of our ancestors, which has the
imprimatur of Torah. With a headstrong spirit and a rigid heart, he has gone against our
sages in Ashkenaz.
R’ Asher b. Yechiel (1250-1328), the Rosh, wrote in a similar vein when he was forced to flee
Germany and settle in Spain. While living in Spain, the Rosh was asked about the kashruth of
fowl which had a local tradition to be kosher.50
His response was the following:51
You should know that I would not eat something on the basis of their tradition, because
I hold of our tradition and that of our ancestors, the sages of Ashkenaz, whose Torah
teachings were passed down to them from their ancestors since the time of the
Churban (destruction), and the same is true of the tradition of our French rabbis, as
opposed to that of the land in which I am living now.
The Rosh’s brief but weighty words made an impression for future generations and have been
frequently quoted in the writings of the halachic sages. Among those stands out the Sephardic
codifier, R’ Yosef Karo, who cites these words of the Rosh in their entirety without reservation
in his Beis Yosef.52 The historical background of the Rosh’s approach is provided by R’ Yakov
Emden:53
The Ashkenazic Jews have a sturdy tradition, as the Rosh writes in his letter, more
reliable than that of the Sephardim, even considering their known roots from the time
of the exile from Jerusalem. They had their great sages in Babylonia, leaders and
teachers such as R’ Moshe and his son R’ Chanoch, and from then on they produced
more great Torah sages, but before that period they had been very empty. The Talmud
had not reached them at all. However, Ashkenazic Jewry had yeshivos continuously,
generation after generation, from the time of the Churban. They put their souls into the
knowledge of the Torah and its observance, following its laws of justice and other
halachos. Therefore, it is certain that their correct knowledge of its details goes back
farther.
The Rosh made his statement in the context of personal experience, but the Maharil endorsed
it as a general ruling and used it in deciding the halachah and teaching it to the public. In one of
his letters, the Maharil writes, “Our tradition is superior, as the Rosh writes in his letter....
Therefore, let us reject other traditions in deference to ours.”54
50. Fowl have no biblical kashruth indications; rather, the Oral Law requires a specific tradition
to testify to the kashruth of each species.
51. R’ Asher b. Yechiel, Teshuvos HaRosh, category 20, paragraph 20.
52. R’ Yosef Karo, Beis Yosef, Yoreh Dei’ah §82.
53. Siddur Amudei Shamayim (prayer book) (Altona 1745), pp. 411, 412. This piece is quoted in its
entirety in R’ Shimon Sofer, Michtav Sopher §2, s.v. Ukvar. Also see Minhagim Dekehillas
Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), note 41.
54. R’ Yakov Molin, Teshuvos Maharil §95.
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XXIII
5. Polish Customs in the Rama’s Writings
Toward the end of the Middle Ages, when a new Torah center had developed in Poland, Minhag
Ashkenaz found itself faced with new competition that threatened its very existence.
Sixteenth-century Poland had suddenly become a powerful Torah center and supplanted the
older Torah center in Ashkenaz. As the Jewish population of Ashkenaz dwindled, Poland
became the new Torah metropolis, and its sages began making an impact throughout the world.
The shining light among those sages was R’ Moshe Isserles of Cracow (1520-1572), the Rama,
whose halachic writings rapidly became the final word in halachah for all of European Jewry.
This development is expressed clearly in the writings of one of the greatest German rabbis of
the period, R’ Yitzchak Mizei of Hechingen:55
I was asked if one should decide the halachah according to the code of R’ Moshe Isserles
(the Rama), considering that he has compiled all the stringent opinions of the later
rabbis and all the customs of our lands and countries, as he writes in his preface. My
answer is that he definitely has the proper level of authority, he is unequalled... and his
code is set up in a very reasonable way, in accordance with our rabbis whom we in
Germany rely upon for deciding the halachah.”
While R’ Yitzchak Mizei goes on to mention more advantages of the Shulchan Aruch with the
Rama’s decisions, he does not hide his reservations about its use by one who is not a
competent halachic authority. Since the Rama’s style is brief and lacks deliberation of the
halachic opinions, there is a chance one may misinterpret the halachah.
By cautioning against relying upon the Rama’s decisions without researching the sources, R’
Mizei avoided a different problem which now challenged Ashkenaz. In addition to presenting
decisions which concur with the original Ashkenazic customs, the Rama also presents many
current customs which generally reflect Minhag Austreich-Poland. As the authority of the
Shulchan Aruch grew in Ashkenaz, so did the concern that the Rama’s addenda would eventually
cause the old Minhag Ashkenaz to phase out. A competent halachic authority would have the
insight to check the provenance of each of the Rama’s decisions.
Interestingly, the most prominent combatant against the infiltration of Polish customs in
Ashkenaz was actually one of the Polish sages. R’ Chaim b. Betzalel of Friedeburg (c.1550),
brother of the Maharal of Prague (1520-1609), had studied with the Rama in R’ Shalom
Shachna’s yeshivah in Lublin. R’ Chaim was confident that he had the authority to deal with the
relationship between Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland, because he had lived and served as a
rabbi in both lands and thus knew the customs of both intimately. He wrote a critique on Toras
Chattas of the Rama, called Vikuach Mayim Chaim. In his extensive introduction he argues his
main objections to the Rama’s methodology in deciding halachah. In this introduction, R’ Chaim
endeavors to invalidate the prevalent understanding that the Rama’s writings also represent
Minhag Ashkenaz.
55. R’ Yitzchak Mizei, Yefeh Nof, miscellaneous §4, p. 236.

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XXIV
R’ Chaim begins by saying that he wishes to give warning against adopting Polish customs. He
writes that as opposed to the Jews of Poland, German Jewry did not migrate from land to land,
and that as a result, their tradition is continuous and faithful to its origins.
Then he expresses the following logic: Just like the Rama felt a necessity to differentiate his
local customs from those of the Sephardim in eastern lands, so too it is imperative to
distinguish between the true Ashkenazic heritage and the local Polish customs. Furthermore,
considering that the Rama did not opt to reject his customs in deference to those practiced in
the Land of Israel, it goes without saying that the German Jews should not reject their customs
in deference to those practiced in Poland.
R’ Chaim did not think that the Rama himself had presumed to impose Polish customs on
Germany. It was the printer who had presented the Rama’s writings as if they reflected upon
German customs also. He did this to increase his sales throughout Europe. As R’ Chaim writes,
“The Rama himself only mentioned his country’s customs in his introduction; he did not
mention Minhag Ashkenaz at all.... On his own accord, the printer added explicit mention of
Minhag Ashkenaz on the first page, since potential buyers always look at the beginning of the
work, and thus sales in all countries would be increased.”
6. Guardians of Minhag Ashkenaz
Were the efforts of R’ Chaim of Friedeburg successful? Did Minhag Ashkenaz hold its own in
face of the powerful influence of the Shulchan Aruch with the Rama’s addenda (figuratively called
the “tablecloth” upon the table that is the Shulchan Aruch)? It is hard to answer this question
conclusively. Regarding halachic decisions which do not relate to established customs, the
Rama’s superior authority is virtually uncontested. When it comes to established customs,
however, the German Jews cleaved to their ancient customs, generally using as a guide the
writings of the Maharil, whom they considered the father of Minhag Ashkenaz in the Middle
Ages. They had stood up to the tremendous, constant pressure to surrender to Sephardic,
kabbalistic, and other influences of the time.
The Maharil’s influence on the preservation of Minhag Ashkenaz was great both during his
lifetime and after his death. During his lifetime he was personally active in the spiritual
restoration of the Ashkenazic communities destroyed during the “decrees” of 1349, and he
preached for the rejuvenation of the ancient customs. The Maharil’s student, R’ Zalman of
Shutigvera (St. Goar), published the Maharil’s customs. That work also includes a description of
the customs of the Rhineland communities.
The Maharil’s customs had been printed about a hundred years before the Shulchan Aruch.
Distributed as tens, if not hundreds, of handwritten manuscripts, it served German Jewry as a
buttress against the influence of the Polish customs included in the Rama’s addenda — customs
which even knowledgeable people today erroneously think of as ancient practice. The mainstay
of Minhag Ashkenaz, though, were the very people who practiced it. These people fell into
three groups: the simple villagers, members of prominent urban communities, and most
importantly, the Torah sages.
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XXV
Each group espoused Minhag Ashkenaz according to its own inclination. The simple villagers
cleaved to the traditions of their ancestors with a deep feeling of conservatism. The great R’
Chaggai Chanoch Frankel (-1691), rabbi of Hanau (a suburb of Frankfurt) at the end of the
seventeenth century, defined their character with a truly fitting description:56
I know and recognize the best of the elder leaders in rural Germany. They would give
up their lives not to alter a custom, even one that has no logic or foundation at all, more
than they would for the actual mitzvos of the Torah, almost resulting, because of our
sins, in the Torah being wrapped up and put away in the corner with no one to get up
and teach it to his son, to increase its study and expand it. For the sake of perpetuating
a custom, they will uproot mountains in order not to alter it at all. My opinion about
this is... that one should not dissuade them from performing any custom, even one that
has no basis.... Who knows? Maybe their customs do have a solid foundation, based on
their holy ancestors of this land, from whom teachings have emanated to all Jewry.
The second group was that of members of prominent urban communities. The most renowned
community at this point in history was Frankfurt An Main. Here there developed what is called
in German lokal Patriotismus, or local patriotism. On an aron kodesh (holy ark) in Worms, the
verse57 “I am not better than my fathers” was inscribed as a warning against altering the
customs of Worms in any way.
The third group — the great German Torah sages — was different. They assessed each custom
in light of the Talmud and the halachic commentaries. Some of those sages had written
complete orders of customs for the purpose of perpetuating every last nuance practiced in
their communities. These Torah sages had high regard for the Ashkenazic legacy. Many said
outright that they preferred it over other traditions, arguing, like the Chavos Yair,58 that German
Jewry is “healthy and strong, unplagued by mistaken and corrupted customs.”
R’ Nesanel Weil (1687-1764),59 author of the Korban Nesanel, repeated the view of his
predecessors that “German customs are firmly based and superior to Polish customs.” He
clarified that even in his day this superiority persisted, because “the great sages who had
disseminated Torah to Jewry, such as the Maharil and his student R’ Yakov Weil, the Mahariv,
set down for all generations all the stringencies and customs that we, the Ashkenazim, follow
diligently.”
R’ Yonasan Eibschitz (1690-1764)60 also expressed this view, adding that “the Torah has been
entrusted to the German sages, ...and what could we know that they had not known?”
“Be aware,” exhorted R’ Moshe Sofer,61 author of the Chasam Sofer, “that all German customs
were founded under the supervision of our rabbis the Tosafists and Rashi and his students, who
dwelled in that land.”
56. Nachalas Shiv’a §77.

57. Melachim 1 (I Kings) 19:4.
58. Quoted in R’ Yair Chaim Bachrach, Mekor Chaim §66, paragraph 9.
59. R’ Nesanel Weil, Toras Nesanel §5.
60. R’ Yonasan Eibschitz, Kreisi Upleisi §35.
61. R’ Moshe Sofer, Teshuvos Chasam Sopher, Even Ha’ezer, vol. 1, §98.
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XXVI
7. The Community of Frankfurt — Stronghold of Minhag Ashkenaz
While some German communities had begun abandoning the historical Minhag Ashkenaz in
later generations, whether as a result of the influence of Polish Jews who had migrated to
Germany, or because of the impact of halachic works written in other lands, Frankfurt Am Main
stood as a valiant stronghold of the authentic Minhag Ashkenaz. This spiritual birthright, which
had once been entrusted to the communities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz (“Kehilos Shu’m”),
was passed over to the Jewish community of Frankfurt. The Jews had been expelled from Mainz
and Speyer hundreds of years earlier, and the population of Worms had diminished in body and
spirit.
The Jewish community of Frankfurt had gradually become the “Jerusalem of Germany” over the
past four hundred years at least. Its credentials were its antiquity, its famous and eminent
yeshivos, its great Torah sages who served in its rabbinate, and its remarkable ability to
preserve the Ashkenaz legacy without compromise. Among the ancient German communities,
Frankfurt had inherited the birthright. It served as a compass and signpost for the other
communities, big and small, in southern and western Germany.
R’ Klugman, in his recent monumental work on R’ Samson Raphael Hirsch, writes:62
The Jews of Frankfurt were fiercely proud and zealously protective of their traditions,
and changes in the services were not undertaken lightly. Entire books detail the intricate
customs known as Minhag Frankfurt, which were practiced for hundreds of years.
This distinctive status is recorded in the words of R’ Shabtai Sheftel Horowitz (1592-1660),
author of the Vavei Ha’amudim:63
The “mountain summit,” Frankfurt, the great city of G-d, in all Germany is the peak that
all others turn to.
Throughout all the years of turmoil and evil decrees in Germany, the Ashkenazic communities
had continued to keep almost all the customs handed down to them from the Rishonim. The
Rama’s brother-in-law, R’ Pinchas ben Yisrael Horowitz of Cracow (1540-1618), singles out
Frankfurt as:64
A “matriarchal” city in Germany, in Torah and all matters of holiness, from Sinai they
have received their legacy.
62. R’ Eliyahu Meir Klugman, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah
Publications, 1996), p. 109.
63. R’ Shabtai Sheftel Horowitz, Vavei Ha’amudim, introduction.
64. R’ Pinchas b. Yisrael Horowitz, Derushim Lechol Cheftzeihem (Cracow 1609), introduction.
_______________________________________________
XXVII
In some cases this idea is evident in prayer books. On the title page of a machzor
(holiday prayer book) printed in 1625 without note of place of publication, it reads:65
See, this is new, has not been around for ages, a small machzor arranged according to
the order of customs of Frankfurt and other communities and Ashkenazic provinces,
may G-d protect them, and also according to Polish custom.
Note that Frankfurt is singled out as the leading community in Germany. Similarly, on the title
page of a machzor printed in 1712 in a Polish city under Prussian jurisdiction, the subtitle
reads:66 “According to the customs of Frankfurt and the Ashkenazic countries.”
R’ Yakov HaKohen Papris (1670-1740), author of the Shav Yakov, writes in one of his letters:67
It is unnecessary to talk about issues of custom, because I have truly seen that he has
investigated the matter in Frankfurt, and all Ashkenazic countries are dependant on the
custom there. When writing about his first rabbinate in Koblenz (on the west bank of
the Rhine, at its confluence with the tributary river Moselle), the Shav Yakov says that
the members of his community practiced the customs of Frankfurt in all matters.68
R’ Yakov Emden similarly asserted that:69
The community of Frankfurt ...serves as a leading community in Germany, which all

other communities diligently follow.
R’ Tzvi Hirsch Horowitz (-1817),70 author of the Machaneh Levi and son and heir to the
rabbinate of R’ Pinchas Horowitz (c.1731-1805), the Haphla’ah, in Frankfurt, repeated and
confirmed this claim to Frankfurt’s superiority in 1815, saying that “most of the German
communities follow our customs.”
R’ Shlomo Zalman Geiger (1792-1878)71 published his Divrei Kehillos in 1862 to make known
“the superior customs of prayer in Frankfurt on the Main and the rest of the German
communities that follow them.”
Even the ancient communities of Worms and Friedeburg recognized the distinction of
Frankfurt, so much so that R’ Chaim of Friedeburg, the Maharal’s brother, who had served in
65. R' Naphtali Wieder, Hitgabshut Nusach Hatefillah Bemizrach Ubema’arav (Jerusalem 1998), vol.
1, p. 414.
66. Jerusalem Judaica, Sales Catalogue for 4 I Adar 5757 (11 February 1997),number 30.
67. R’ Yakov HaKohen Papris, Shav Yakov, vol. 2, Choshen Mishpat, end of §13.
68. Ibid., vol. 1, §14, s.v. Hinei.
69. R’ Yakov Emden, Toras Hakna’os, Amsterdam 1752, p. 36a.
70. R’ Tzvi Hirsch Halevi Horowitz, Chomer Bakodesh (letters) §6.
71. R’ Shlomo Zalman Geiger, Divrei Kehillos (Frankfurt on the Main 1862), title page.
_______________________________________________
XXVIII
the rabbinate in both those communities, claimed that through his exposure to Frankfurt he
had been fortunate enough to identify the true German customs. He writes:72
During my twenty-six years in Worms and Friedeburg, I would continually travel to the
“King’s city,” Frankfurt, and I would constantly and thoroughly investigate the customs
of the country.
Likewise, R’ Yair Chaim Bachrach (1628-1701), author of the Chavos Yair, a third generation
rabbi in ancient Worms, deliberated with other German rabbis of his generation about a certain
wedding custom. He relates that to avoid an uncertainty:73
After all that was said, I wrote to a special member of the Frankfurt community,
requesting that he let me know the custom there.
The communities which stood under the influence of Frankfurt or had similar lifestyles and
customs were mainly those situated nearby. Earlier in this work we presented the fact that the
ancient customs of Germany fall under two categories: Minhag Rheinus and Minhag Ashkenaz.
Both terms essentially define geographical boundaries. An additional, less known geographical
region is Franconia, which refers to the territories on both sides of the Main River. From there
came the name Frankfurt, which means “Gate of the Franks” in Old German. The river became
familiar to anyone studying Jewish history, because of the eminent city that rests upon its banks.
The Chasam Sofer (1763-1840), writes of his native city Frankfurt,74 “She is unique to her
people, in the whole world there exists not her equal.” He delineates the geographical
boundaries of the uniform heritage of Franconia in his letter defending its heritage from attack.
A Hungarian rabbi had written to the Chasam Sofer in scathing terms against the German
custom to permit a mourner to take a haircut if he was to take part in a circumcision during his
thirty-day mourning period. The Chasam Sofer replied:75
What he wrote in reference to the cities of Franconia, that their practice is not in
accordance with Torah law, Heaven forbid one should say such things against G-d’s
people, for this insults the honor of my teachers, rabbis, colleagues, and holy ancestors,
both living and dead.... They have the upper hand in these matters, and they are great
and virtuous, of lofty holiness....Let it be known that the cities of Franconia are
comprised of all the German communities south of the villages of Fürth [a suburb of
Nuremberg], for the communities [in the vicinity of Fürth] still practice the Polish
customs [that had infiltrated Germany] in most matters.... From there on, however —
from the Würzburg region on — along the Main and Rhine rivers all the way to the sea,
those we count among the cities of Franconia, among them Frankfurt, Mainz, Worms,
Metz, Mannheim, etc.
72. R’Chaim of Friedburg, Vikuach Mayim Chaim, introduction.

73. Chavos Yair §52.
74. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher §7:9.
75. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher (new letters) §10.
_______________________________________________
XXIX
Most of their customs follow R’ Amram Gaon, whose grave I stood at in Mainz, and R’
Yoel, R’ Ephraim of Bonn, the Tosafists, Rashi, the Maharam of Rothenburg, the Rosh,
and the Tur. What can I add to that? You can see, for example, Noheig Katzon Yosef and
Yosef Ometz, ...where you will find customs that differ greatly from the decisions of [the
Rama], because he spoke for Minhag Poland, whereas they [the people of Franconia] did
not alter their ancient customs because of this [the Rama’s decisions].
The Chasam Sofer points out that in Fürth “they still practice the Polish customs in all matters.”
Indeed, in Fürth the machzor of Minhag Ashkenaz was used and many authentic Ashkenazic
customs were practiced. An examination of the customs of Fürth shows that they were more
faithful to the Ashkenazic heritage than most German Jewish communities of today. They were
not, however, as insistent and precise as Frankfurt, the Chasam Sofer’s birthplace, and therefore,
he branded them as being followers of Minhag Poland in most matters. Notice that he had
hopes that the situation would be temporary, as he writes, “They still practice,” implying that
they may go back to the authentic customs.
Some cases in which the practice in Fürth was true to Minhag Ashkenaz are the prayer book
text (with the short version of Veyiten Lecha, etc.) and the order of piyyutim. Alternatively,
some signs of influence from the east, indicating a deviation to the Austrian customs, are the
following: Birkas Kohanim (priestly blessings) is said in Mussaf (late morning services), but not in
Shacharis (morning services); when a holiday falls on Sabbath there is no Birkas Kohanim at all,
and neither are ma’aravos (evening service piyyutim) recited; when holidays or intermediate days
of holidays fall on Sabbath, Bameh Madlikin (chapter of mishnah on the topic of Sabbath candle
lighting) is not recited; Barechi Nafshi (Psalm 104) is recited on Sabbath afternoon in the
winter; and Kiddush is recited on Sabbath night after Amar Rabbi Elazar — and not before.
8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts)
The conservatism in Frankfurt and its suburbs applied not only to all customs related to the
four sections of the Shulchan Aruch, but also to the prayer text. The community of Frankfurt
had tenaciously guarded the ancient prayer texts over the centuries, and had scarcely been
influenced by new siddurim, notwithstanding the pressure to adopt changes such as those
suggested by grammarians or those from Sephardic sources.
The customs under discussion are based primarily on Minhag Frankfurt, for there the Jews had
kept most details of the Ashkenazic heritage, which earlier had been widespread all over
Germany. When certain elements were changed because of various influences, Minhag
Frankfurt still represented the most authentic, robust, and ancient Minhag Ashkenaz, but not in
every detail. Some customs going back to the time of the Rishonim had actually been more
faithfully kept in other communities, while in Frankfurt a newer form was adopted. Some
examples of ancient customs that were altered in Frankfurt are the recital of Yizkor (the
memorial service for the departed) only on Yom Kippur, the removal of seven Torah scrolls for
the Hoshana Rabbah circuits, and the true pronunciation of the cholam vowel. In such cases, we
would certainly opt for the authentic customs when establishing a new Ashkenazic community
today.
_______________________________________________
XXX
It should be noted that the general characteristics of the synagogue were kept almost identical
in all Ashkenazic communities. These characteristics were also preserved in central European
communities, who prayed with machzorim which followed pre-Chassidic Minhag Poland.
(During Chassidic times, Sephardic elements were intentionally added.) The most conspicuous
differences between authentic Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland appear in the order of the
piyyutim and selichos. Additional differences between Frankfurt and other communities arose as
a result of the fact that other communities had not kept the ancient legacy as tenaciously.
During the period of the Rishonim, Ashkenazic Jews had prayed with siddurim (daily prayer
books) and machzorim handwritten on parchment. In the writings of the Rishonim and in the
vernacular of Ashkenazic Jewry until later generations, the term tefillah (prayer) referred to the
siddur tefillah (prayer book), just as the term “Torah” refers to the Torah scroll. Even during the
past several hundred years, when printed siddurim and machzorim became available and
prevalent, the custom in ancient communities was for the leader of the services to use a special
siddur written by a scribe on parchment. One of several reasons given for this is that when a
scribe copies a manuscript there is more control over the precise transcription of the
community’s earlier text, as opposed to a printing press, which just runs off the most
commonly used texts in the country. This custom of providing a handwritten siddur for the
leader was important especially in ancient Ashkenazic communities, which took great pains to
protect the ancient legacy.
Another reason for this custom is that it is fitting for the leader to pray from a siddur that is
the property of the entire congregation. Moreover, in a handwritten siddur the names of G-d
are manually written with their holiness in mind; regarding print, however, the halachic codifiers
disagree as to whether it has the same status as handwriting.76 Alternatively, for this reason
some protested the use of handwritten siddurim, as the Talmud teaches that siddurim should
not be written.77
In any case, writing these siddurim for the prayer leader was generally considered to be a great
mitzvah. Many people would “spend great sums of money to write the prayers and thereby
deplete their savings.”78 The high cost of such a project led some communities to institute the
practice of using charity money for this purpose.
In practice most communities were forced to make due with printed machzorim, which came
off the presses of printers in various cities in Europe, such as Venice, Sulzbach, Amsterdam,
Metz, and others. In 1800 a new siddur began to appear — the Saffah Berurah and the Seffas
Emes of R’ Binyamin Wolf Heidenheim of Rödelheim (1757-1832), the Ravah. His significant
contributions to the legacy of prayer texts was the correction of printing mistakes in the
piyyutim and the addition of precise, consistent vowelation. The problem is that the Ravah often
changed the prayer texts from the old Minhag Ashkenaz on the basis of recommendations from
the maskil, Yitzchak Satanov (1732-1804). He also casually interspersed Sephardic and Polish
versions, which had been rejected by the Rishonim of Ashkenaz.
76. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), central text, p. 18, §13; and see also R’
Moshe Isserles, Rama, Orach Chaim §53:26.
77. Shabbos 115b. See Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz, vol. 3.
78. R’ Yakov Yukev Weil, Toras Shabbos §284:1.
_______________________________________________
XXXI
Nowadays people do not realize that the Ravah’s Rödelheim prayer texts had not been
accepted in Frankfurt because he had changed the ancient versions. He had allowed himself to
be influenced in some matters by Yitzchak Satanov (who feigned to be a believing Jew by
wearing Polish dress). The Ravah writes in his introduction to the Pesach machzor, “And one
should know that in establishing the order of prayer I have followed the sage who authored
Vaye’tar Yitzchak, and I have printed most of the text on the basis of his view and decisions.”
Furthermore, at times the Ravah mixes Sephardic and Polish versions into the authentic
Ashkenazic texts. He was definitely a great grammarian, weeding out bad vowelization from the
text, but his interest in sales in Minhag Poland communities led him to blend Ashkenaz and
Poland, with additional changes in vogue in his day.
The traditionalist community of Frankfurt refused to accept the new Rödelheim prayer texts.
An examination of the most important Frankfurt book of customs, Divrei Kehillos, by R’ Shlomo
Zalman Geiger (1792-1878), shows that he criticizes the Rödelheim siddur and machzor in
dozens of places!
In later generations, Frankfurters began using the Rödelheim siddur for want of a better printed
siddur, but they would write the correct versions in the margins throughout the siddur. Only a
few of those notes made it to the printing press in later editions of the Rödelheim siddur, and
even those were not always precise. Frequently they were contributed by secular members of
the community who had some affiliation with the Reform movement. Those notes seem to bear
the Reform imprint and consciousness.
Our great sage the Chasam Sofer praises the Ravah for his corrections of the piyyutim and for
their translation. He writes that if not for the Ravah, people would have ceased to recite them
in his generation. He does omit, though, praise of the actual version of the prayer text. Notice
his emphasis on piyyutim:79
The accomplished sage, our teacher R’ Wolf Heidenheimer ...spent much time
correcting the piyyutim and translating them into German, and if not for him the piyyutim
would have already been forgotten and omitted in these generations, something that is
clear to all.
He went to the trouble of amassing hundreds of texts necessary for such a task and
invested a great sum of money.... Our eminent sages, the Chassidei Ashkenaz, had set in
such a case the due privilege of his selling this work exclusively for twenty-five years,
and no one may encroach upon his right.
Approbations for the Ravah’s project from other contemporary sages are also directed toward
his revival of the piyyutim in his machzorim, his translation of them, and his wonderful
explanations. Not one word, though, is written about his siddur text and the version of prayers
presented in his machzorim.
Had the Ravah seen all the siddurim of the Rishonim — the precise versions of which have
become available to us only recently — he surely would not have printed versions which
followed the myopic logic of his own generation.
79. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher, Choshen Mishpat, end of §79.

_______________________________________________
XXXII
Siddur Rödelheim served as a prototype for many siddurim in both western and eastern Europe.
Some siddurim, such as the common German Siddur Tefillas Yisrael, by R’ Yechiel Michel Zaksh
(nineteenth century, Berlin), were transcribed entirely from the Rödelheim text. The
widespread distribution of these siddurim brought about a change in practice in the small and
medium sized communities which relied upon those texts. Large, precision-oriented
communities such as Frankfurt, on the other hand, rejected Heidenheim’s additions and changes
and continued to pray according to the ancient versions preserved in old siddurim. In Frankfurt,
the leader’s siddur was written according to the accepted version there, and community
members who appreciated the significance of a precise text would write corrections in their
personal Rödelheim siddurim according to the customs of Frankfurt.
A very small number of these corrections were eventually printed in later editions of the Siddur
Sefas Emes as alternate versions. Most of the distinctive characteristics of old Minhag Ashkenaz
siddurim, though, were not recorded. For example, a note indicates that in the Sabbath evening
prayers, the custom in Frankfurt was to say poreis sukkas shalom, and not haporeis... (the
Sephardic version). There is no note, however, saying that in Baruch She’amar they said Av
Harachaman, instead of Ha’av... (this too the Sephardic version).
Other examples of authentic Ashkenazic prayer customs are as follows: Le’olam yehei adam yerei
shamayim is not recited at all, since it is only an introduction explaining the significance of what
comes next. Birkos HaTorah are said before Parshas Tamid and not before Birkos Hashachar
(and certainly not after Asher Yatzar, which would interfere with Elokoy Neshamah). Birkas
Kohanim and Eilu Devarim, which come from eastern Europe, are not recited at all; rather,
Korbanos (the sacrifice section) serves as the customary Torah study. Mizmor Shir Chanukas
Habayis, a Sephardic custom, is omitted, as in Ashkenaz no Tehillim (Psalms) are recited before
the blessing Baruch She’amar. The recital of Aleinu ends at timloch bechavod. The additions of
the Ari are omitted, as they cause the sum of letters to deviate from the tradition of Chassidei
Ashkenaz.
The fact that these deviations from Minhag Ashkenaz are printed in the siddur without any
mention of their being inauthentic — and in some cases directly opposed to authentic custom
— gave rise to the misconception that they are, in fact, part of the original nusach.
Therefore, the Nusach Ashkenaz siddurim of today are not authentic Minhag Ashkenaz texts at
all. They are based on an Ashkenazic version with additions and changes adopted in later years
in eastern Europe, just as Nusach Sepharad is based on a Sephardic version with many changes.
A Sephardic Jew would not pray from an eastern European Nusach Sepharad siddur; similarly,
an Ashkenazic Jew who wishes to follow the tradition of his ancestors will not find what he is
looking for in the standard Nusach Ashkenaz siddur.
The time has come to print a siddur suitable for those who wish to pray according to the
authentic text of ancient Minhag Ashkenaz.
Just as the sages did not allow their heritage to be lost in face of persecution and migration, so
too today, those who thirst to discover the invincible spirit of the Torah heritage of our fathers
have the opportunity to plow through the wreckage of World War II and bring our ancient
culture back to life.
Those interested in learning more about the Ashkenazic heritage, are encouraged to see
Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz, a series by the same author.
_______________________________________________
XXXIII
yhiic - yicii
orAi
¤ dpii ¥ `© orAi
¤ dqiF`
¥ dxFz
¨ xt¤ q¥ zqp̈
© k§ d© e§ z`© v̈Fd
ortEx
¤ btiF` § Called to the dxFY ¨
xqF`
¤ Ironic Negation “Osser Sagt Schiller!”
h§ xF`
§ b§ ,oxF`
¤ Latin "ora" (="pray") pray, has prayed
dli¤ k¦ `© food (Hebrew)
xrn¤ rnl¤ `© dn̈iA¦ [the elevated center platform of the synagogue]
zn¤ ` ¡ zxFY© ,zn¤ `
¡ Truth, Really!, The Honest Truth
?xW¤ t§ ¤̀ Possibly
zFtp§ M© rA© x§`© A Four-Cornered Undergarment
!hEb EÀ̈ ,!hEb if¦ oriF
¤ A© A greeting conveyed on Seder night from
“Èd xic¦ `© Èd xic¦ `, © Bau Die Tempel dxi¨ W!” ¦
lriFA
¤ Old Wares
mixEg ¦ A© ,oWxEg ¤ Ä ,xEgÄ Young Man, Little Young Man, Young Men
xEgÄxhpE` ¤ as opposed to a xEgÄxAF` ¤ Someone who has not yet finished his Talmud studies
xEgÄxf¤g© A driller of religious information
hpi§ g¥ A§ A Charming Person
?la¤ `¨ EC h§ qi § A¦ Are you an la¥ `¨ (walking around the house without shoes)?
"!LcŸ¤`n§ lk̈aE § ,LW§ t© § p lk̈aE
§ ,La§ äl§ lk̈A"
§ “With All My Being!”
xa¤ C«¨ lA© [xfi¤ n] ¦ [Miserable] Person In Question
dl¤ t¦ Y§ lA© A man skilled in reciting the prayers
milEAl
¦ A¦ Confusion
hl¤ Az§ A¤ W© ,hl¤ A§ Billet, i.e. A ticket for room and board with the
member of the community
zFAl§ r© A© Boss. Many people believe that the word “Boss” comes
from the Hebrew contraction of the two words zi¦A© d© lr«
© A.
©
orW
¤ pr § A¤ Lit. Table Prayer, hiA¥ B¤ WiY¦ or oFfÖd© zk© x§A¦
xrW¤ rA ¤ and opposed to xrk ¤ rA
¤ Kiddush Cup
W`Ÿx iElib¦ A§ or W`Ÿx zFlw© A§ Bareheaded or Levity
qkiFxA
¤ Upset
orw
¤ xÄ§ or dt` ¤ wd © v̈n© Breakfast food containing mashed dv̈n, © sugar,
hot coffee and milk.
!mFlẄlE § miI¦g© l§ ,mFlẄA§ Peacefully, In Good Health And Peace!
un¤ g̈ drh ¤ l§ c¤A© B§ The leavened goods gathered the evening before gq© R¤
dxEa¤ B§ Pomposity
orqi
¤ À © p§ `© qhEb ¤ or !o`© hEb qi`¦ A© good eating - after the xEtM¦ mFi fast day
hxF` § ohEB ¤ Cemetery miI¦g© d© ziA¥
rAEh
¤ W§ rhEb ¤ Parlor
oW¤ p§ A¤ lnFb¤ The dk̈xÄ§ recited by those who have escaped danger
!däFhl§ Ef mB© Lit. This Is Also For The Good!,
_______________________________________________
XXXIV
yhiic - yicii
"!oxh¤ W§ p¦ mixER
¦ 'pE` xwi
¤ W¦ xì
¨ fp§ B"
© Lit. “All Year Drunk And mixER ¦ Sober!”
(Thank God it worked out!)
s¤pB© Thief
hxnFr ¤ b§ To count the Omer [i.e. Hast Du “G’Omert”?]
!hFb qExb§ A greeting in God’s name like “!mk¤ n̈r¦ mW¥ d” ©
qi` ¦ C© Troubles
`wee ¤ c© Defiance
ql¤ C© Poverty
"!hw§ p§ rl ¤ hFb oE` hw§ p§ rc
¤ Wp§ rn
¤ xrc"
¤ “Man Calculates And God Does!”
WiR¦ C© Clumsy
iÀ© B© Wc¤w§ d¤ Director of the shelter for poor Jewish families
lrR¤ nie § e¦ Made from a swaddling cloth which had been placed under
a baby during the dl̈in¦ zix¦A,
§ was cut into four long strips
and sewn together. This roll was decorated and
embroidered and later to be wrapped around a dxFY ¨ xt¤ q.
¥
bpEld̈xrcie ¤ e¦ u"W© d© zx©f̈g©
oi`xre © e¤ organization
on¥ `¨ xn`Ÿ © pe§ End Of Discussion
Wili ¦ f¥ Of Blessed Memory
xa¤ g̈ friend or member. A title given to a talmudic scholar,
who has excelled himself in learning (Austria, Germany).
dzEx¤ a§ g© Learning partner, Community
(mipFR) ¦ dR¤ vEg § Gall (Face)
iFBd© zwEg © A non-Jewish Custom
WEg Sense
xrh¤ p§ g̈ rAi ¤ g¦ Cry Baby
qERig¦ Preparing the dxFY
¨ xt¤ q¥ so the dì¨ x¦w§ lr«
© A©
could easily find the place
ziWiFl ¦ g© Junk
dni ¤ n¦ g© Warmth
olrh` ¤ A© un¤ g̈ Disposing of the un¥ g̈ before gq© R¤
xn¤ g© Stupid Person
dR¤ x§g© Humiliation
s¤pih¦ Bad Goods, Cheap Quality Items
Wic¦ wx © ì© The Wic¦ w© whose melodies span the year said on dxFY¨ zg© n§ U¦
icEd
¦ i§ ,micEd ¦ i§ Jude (short form “Judd” sometimes had an antisemitic touch)
oxrh ¤ Wp § rcEi
¤ A six branched zÄW© oil lamp which was
suspended from the ceiling
_______________________________________________
XXXV
yhiic - yicii
rl
¤ b¤ t-aFh
ª mFi Lit. “The Yom Tov Birdies”
Students on vacation from school.
"!FnW§ cgï" ¤ “Blessed Be His Name!”
dWEx
¤ i§ Inheritance
miaEW
¦ i¦ ,onaEW © i¦ Country Jew, Villages
zEpFxW© §i Honesty
caFM
¤ A,cFa§ M̈A§ Syn. with Honorable, Dignified, Important, Beneficent, etc.
wic¦ a¤ M̈ ,ca¤ M̈[A§ `Ÿ lW]
¤ [Without] Honor, Honorable
dWEA
¤ d¤pA§ k© iC¦ [dẄEA rA¤ k© Ki`]
¦ Lit. I Am Embarrassed, the humiliation
[“Die ‘Chabeneh Busheh’ Ist Zu Gross!”
“The shame is too great!”]
W`Ÿx caFM ¤ Lit. Heavy Head, Decorum
[LgŸ£ MÎxẄi]¦ !"gFM © W"§ ,gŸ© M Strength, Well Done! (i.e. after someone has read a dx¨ḧt§ d) ©
oili¦ fx
¥ ni
¤ x¥M§ Shopkeepers
or¤pi`l© Old German for reading. Refers to the public Torah reading.
h§ q§ rt
¤ orh ¤ dªAiF
§ l© zFMqª
[mip¦ R̈] qik¦ d© l§ In Spite of, Brazen
orWp
¤ rA ¤ h§ Wi § l¦ Blessing the zÄW© or aFh mFi Candles
WrciFk
¤ l© A dialect of cattle dealers and schmoozers
in the region of Franconia. A corruption of the
Hebrew words WcFw ¤ d© oFWl̈.
orpx
¤ rl ¤ learning i.e. the learning on the first night of zFrEaW§
hiivl`© n© an expression used after oFfn̈d© zM© x§A¦ to conclude the meal
dxiFn
¤ Fear
dvFn
¤ [K`n] © Reciting the dk̈xÄ§ of ìvFn
¦ d©
ax©d̈ EpixFn
¥ [dxFn] ¤ Titles awarded to great Rabbinical Talmudical scholars
lf¤n© A Lucky Person
Wpi§ n¦ ,bpic¦ Wi
§ l© t§ ,bpic¦ Wli
§ n¦ Dairy, Meaty, Pareve (the term Pareve
comes from the name of a room in the yc¨w§ n¦ d© ziA) ¥
Yn¤ l© n§ A teacher
dc¤p¦ A§ xf¤n§ n© The worst thing to call someone
oiq¦ x§tE
© lw¥ Y§ `¥pn§ `¥pn§ God has counted your kingship (and terminated it for you).
You have been weighed in the scales and been found
wanting. Your kingship has been broken and given
to Media and Persia.
[Daniel 5:25-28] (ak oixcdpq)
dn¤ Ẅ¤pn© A corrupted form of “dn¤ Ẅp§ d¤pi`n” ©
qlªwd§ v̈n© dv̈n© dumplings
d ¤̀ iv¦ n§ A bargain, My greatgrandmother would say,
"!qiF` hl§ B¤ oi`f
© o`n© hAi§ b¦ z ¤̀ iv¦ n§ hin"
¦
“With deals one gives (still) one’s money away!”
_______________________________________________
XXXVI
yhiic - yicii
[iEWn] § rbEW
¤ n§ Mad, Crazy
miz¦ x§Ẅn§ ,zxFW ¤ n§ Farm Hands, Servants
cnEW
¤ n§ Baptized Jew, Renegade
oiWl ¦ WiFn ¤ Stories
dg¤ R̈W§ n¦ Relatives
[KiA¤ ¦ p] WiA¤¦p Regrets
`¤ipEc§ p§ Dowry
"!dl̈cä§ d© xEt uWi § p¦ 'pE` Wci¤ w¦ xEt uWi
§ p"
¦ “Not For WEciw¦ And Not For dl̈cä§ d!” ©
miq¦ p¦ ,q¥p Miracle,Miracles “What Are You Waiting For, miq¦ p?” ¦
x©p Simpleton
dx¤c§q¤ The weekly dxFY ¨ portion, a `x¨ci§ q¦ contains many zFiW¦ x§R©
q¤pbx § `q © lhi
¤ w¦ (A white burial shroud worn on the mi`¦ xFp¨ minï
¦
and by some leaders of the mix¦c¨q§ gq© R) ¤
"!ikŸ¦ p` ix¦a§ r"¦ (h:` dpei xtq) “I Am A ix¦a§ r¦ [Jew]!” (how Jews identified each other)
dl̈e§r© Injustice
miv¦ x©n§ r© ,zv¤ x©n§ r© the uneducated, uneducated people
zv¤ r¥ ,dv¤ r¥ Advice
o¤pxrl ¤ hEb ow© xr¥ He can learn well!
hWFR¤ Simpleton
uER gq© R¥ gq© R¤ cleaning
lEWpriFx ¤ t§ Ladies’ Gallery in the synagogue
mnFxt§ Religious
q¤px§R© President Of The dl̈id¦ w§
liee¦ hFb Ev "With God’s help!”
"!ql¤ `© oEp qpE § oW`¤ e© ql`
¤ n© qhq ¤ t¤ mEv” A Seder saying “For the Festival meal all will wash (their
hands)!”referring to the second washing before dv̈n© ìvFn ¦
oini¦ pfFw¦ or mipi¦ fFw
¦ ,ofFw¤ Rich Man, pl. Rich Ones
W`Ÿx zFlw© Lit. Light Head, Irreverence
dRi¤ w¦ Company
d¤pUÎd¤¦ pw¦ Jealousy
oWR¤ w¤ Yarmulke, Kippah, Kappel
dxi¤ x¦w§ Cold
lwi¤ w¦ qkiFx ¤ Hothead
hk`©plrtnEx ¤ Packing the gq© R¤ dishes and pots and pans after gq© R¤
zWi ¤ x¦ Antisemitism
[example: “Judd, mach mores!” Jew, mind your manners!]
rW¤ x¨ "The Evil Man”, Antisemite
mip¦ Äx© ,ax© Rabbi, Rabbis (as opposed to the term Rabbeim)
_______________________________________________
XXXVII
yhiic - yicii
lrhi`
¤ W© as opposed to lhi
¤ W¥ a wig, worn by Orthodox Jewish women after their marriage
"!dg̈Epn§ A¦ zA¤ W"
© “zÄW© With Rest!”
[Not something to do or talk about on zÄW] ©
rcb
¤ rnz
¤ A¤ W© maids who carried the pot with the zÄW© soup
from the bakers to the homes of the Jews
oibii
¦ c©W§ [zŸev§ n]
¦ Bidding on zFv§ n¦ or micEAi
¦ M¦ in the synagogue
lEW Synagogue
ot¤ l̈wlEW
§ During the year of mourning, mil¦ a¥ `© the were expected
to make the rounds and wake the householders to come
to synagogue.
zxFk¤ U§ Goods
lk¤ U«¥ [Common] Sense, Understanding
hrl`
¤ W© o¤pÄ ,dREq
¤ o¤pFA dY¤ v§ f¤b¤ Gruenkern (Spelt) or Navy Bean soup with smoked meat
dg¤ n§ U¦ Joy
lf¤n© l¤ W§ The Unlucky Fellow
lin¦ l¤ W§ Unfortunate One
[my father would call me that when was sick]
uEnW§ ,WivEn
¦ W§ Dirt(y)
rnle
¤ e©W§ ic¦ rn
¤ ẅ ipi¦ n¦ W§ The first swallows arrive when is ipi¦ n¦ W§ `x¨ci§ q¦ read.
zn¤ W© Sexton, official in charge of keeping the synagogue in order
lights the other dM̈Epg£ zFx¥p
ltiEd
¤ dc©p§ W© Grammen, rhymed verses of color which wittily alluded
to happenings
xCp̈
¤ W¤ A Yiddish corruption of the Hebrew xcp̈ © W, ¤
(“Because He Vowed”).
The vow or pledge of a donation to the synagogue.
olcEp
¤ W§ ,lcEp ¤ W§ Mumble, Mumbling
dkFx
¤ U§ Stench
dx¤xÜ§ A Genteel Person
FdÄe© FdŸ A complete mess
"!iFY ,iFY ,iFY" Thankfully! [without the Evil Eye]
z¤pig¦ Y§ Special prayers or supplications recited by women
zil¦ k§ Y© [Kn] © Be Practical (Brass Tacks)
mk̈g̈ dxFY ¨ cEnl§ Y© Scholar
dl¤ t¦ Y§ xEciq¦
obi
¤ l¥ oili ¦ t¦ Y§ Lay (don) oil¦ t¦ Y§
lc¤p§ x¤Y§ Dreidel p - uWi § p/none,
¦ b - up§ `b/all,
© d - sœ l§ d©
/half, y - oii`© lh¤ W/put
§ in.
ziWx
¦ A¤ ,xrW
¤ Y/
© xrW
¤ C© Bread for zÄW© and aFh mFi
_______________________________________________
XXXVIII
yhiic - yicii
Many of the terms my father used have a unw or a wexey at the end of the word,
many when used in conversational Yiddish, are pronounced as a lebq:
dl̈ik¦ `© dli ¤ k¦ `© Epi«zFa

¥ £̀ zFa`¨ qrpi
¤ zFa
¥ £̀ zFa`¨
xn̈rn¤ l§ `© xnr ¤ n¤ l§ `© ìaP̈
¦ d© (E)dïl¦ ` ¡ dap̈ï
¤ l¦ ` ¡ xW© t§ ¤̀ xW¤ t§ ¤̀
xäc¨ lr« © A© xa¤ c«¨ lA© xEgÄ xgFA ¤ dẄEA dWEA ¤
ap̈B© a¤pB© dxEa ¨ B§ dxEa¤ b§ dl̈t¦ Y§ lr«
© A© dl¤ t¦ Y§ lA©
dẄx¨c§ dW¤ x¨c§ `ẅee§C© `w¤ e§C© dxFY
¨ xa© C§ dxFY ¤ dx¤äC§
dn̈k§ g̈ dn¤ k§ g̈ crFn
¥ d© lFg hFn lFg dxä§ g¤ dx¤a§ g¤
dẗix¥h§ d¤pt¤ x¥h§ ,dt¤ x¥h§ dR̈vEg § dR¤ vEg § xFng© xr¤ n§ g©
ix¥c§p¦ lM̈ dx¤c§p¦ lM̈ zFlM© ,dl̈M© zl¤ M© ,dl¤ M© dẄExi§ dWEx ¤ i§
zx¥Ẅd© ik¥ `© l§ n© zx¤Ẅd© dk¤ `© l§ n© lf̈n© lf¤n© `xFn ¨ `xiFn ¤
dc¨p¦ A§ xf¤n§ n© dc¤p¦ A§ xf¤n§ n© ìvFn ¦ d© dvFn ¤ cn¤ l© n§ Yn¤ l© n§
rb̈EWn§ rbEW ¤ n§ dì ¨ v¦ n§ d ¤̀ iv¦ n§ dg̈Epn§ dgEp ¤ n§
dq̈p̈x§R© dqp̈¤ x§R© dïpEc
§ p§ d¤ipEc
§ p§ dg̈R̈W§ n¦ dg¤ R̈W§ n¦
qp̈w§ q¤pw§ d`¨ p§ U¦ d`¨ p§ w¦ d¤pU¦ d¤pw¦ dx¨ci§ q¦ dx¤c§q¦
rẄx¨ rW¤ x¨ zEWix¦ zWi ¤ x¦ zEpn̈g§ x© z¤pn̈g§ x©
xkFU
¥ xkFU ¤ Epiïg¡ d¤ W¤ d¤pïg¡ d¤ W¤ zÄW© zA¤ W©
Wn̈W© zn¤ W© dg̈n§ U¦ dg¤ n§ U¦ zFpn̈ gl© W© z¤pn̈ gl© W§
dl̈t¦ Y§ dl¤ t¦ Y§ mil¦ d¦ Y§ mli¤ Y¦ dx¨xÜ§ dx¤xÜ§
"?orcEi
¤ dhxEtw
¤ p§ x©t§ dh¤ l§ `© dhEb
¤ ic¦ h§ pi§ f¦ `Fe" “Where are the good old Frankfurt Jews?”
A popular Frankfurt Am Main expression my grandfather said, being nostalgic for the old style
Frankfurt Jews.
"?oi`¦ f© hxEtwp§ x©t§ oẗ hki

§ p¦ Wpr
§ n¤ oi¦`© o`w© iee¦ ,oi`© pi§ d¦ RiFw oi`¦ hki
§ p¦ xin¦ hi`¦ b¥ zr"
¤
“I cannot get it through my head; how can anyone not come from Frankfurt?”
"!mEx iEf ?xiF` wpi§ l¦ oi`¦ C© h§ fi§ `¦ `Fe cEi" “Jew, where is your left ear?” “This way!”
If someone said something far fetched. [the hand gesture is, to grab one’s ear with one’s hand
over the head.]
".hi ¥̀ bpi§ d¦ qEt Ev xrfi

¤ `w© xrc
¤ Fè"
§
Literally: “Where the Kaiser goes by foot.” (A Homburg euphemism for the bathroom of the
Kaisers. Their former summer palace is located in town which is explored by curious tourists.)
_______________
References:
“Jewish Life in Germany, Memoirs from Three Centuries” Edited by Monika Richarz, Translated by Stella Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld
“Jewish Life in the Village Communities of Southern Germany” by Hugo Mandelbaum
“Portraits of Our Past, Jews of the German Countryside” by Emily C. Rose
The Wiesenthal family’s everyday conversational speech
_______________________________________________
XXXIX
On The Main Line
Website: onthemainline.blogspot.com
Vom Geistlichen Stand.

Here's an interesting excerpt from a 1754 lexicon of Hebrew terms used by Jews and translated
into German. The Hebrew is transliterated into German for the ease of readers, who may not
even know how to read Hebrew. Here's an excerpt under the category "Spiritual Terms:"
Vom Geistlichen Stand. - Spiritual Terms

Hebraisch Teutsch English Translation
Gallach ein Geschorner oder Pfarrer A shaved person, or pastor
Lamdan ein Gelehrter a learned person
Melamet ein Schulmeister a school master
Rabbiner ein Juden = Priester a Jewish priest
Rav ibid. ibid.
Rosch Jeschiwe ein Jüdischer Rector. Mag. a Jewish rector, magister
Balschem ein Geister=Beschwörer an exorcist
Bochur ein Student a student
Chason ein Jüdischer Vorsinger a Jewish song leader
Chosid ein frommer Mann oder Pietist a frommer man, or pietist
Zadidig ein Gerechter a righteous man
Schames der Schul = Klopffer the synagogue knocker
Bess Hackneses die Synagogue the synagogue
Tefilla das Gebet the prayer
Schir Gesang song
Orrun Hackodesch der Altar darinnen die the altar where the 10 commandments
10: Gebot stehen are contained
Omuth des Vorsingers Stelle the choirmaster's place
Allmemer darauf man die 10. Gebot liset where the 10 commandments are placed
Drosche ein Predigt the sermon
Migdol der Kirch=Thurn the church tower
Paimon die Glocken the bells
Zedocke das Ullmosen alms
Beß Chaiem der Juden Begräbniß the Jew's graveyard
Kewer das Grab a grave
Mazewa das Grab=Stein a grave stone
Kabron der Todten=Gräber tomb of the dead
Mitta die Toden=Bahr death bed
Orren die Toden=Truhe the casket for the dead
Meß ein Todter a dead body
Heureg ein Erschlagner a murder victim
Owel ein Leid=tragender the mourners
Kewura begraben burial
Kriereissen uber einem nahem Befreunden a nearby friend tears the clothes
die Kleider zureissen
From Friedrich Osterchrist "Hebräisch und Teutsches Sprach-Buch" (Regensburg 1754).
_______________________________________________
XL
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
`"hily onpiihy axd and l"vf aiyil` axe jàxie` onlf dnly axd spoke about the importance of reciting
miheit as discussed in such mixtq as fpky` ibdpn iyxy, epizyexi and fpky` bdpn lr zexecd ilecb.
miheitd zxin`
dreyie dpx lew Î u"aexw oeyln èdy mixne` yie ,oaxw oeyln èdy mixne` yi .zeaexw mb e`xwp miheitd
mdipy dtx 'ze 'v mixne` eid ztxvay ,zeaexw dlind ly yeaiy èd u"aexwy mixne` yie) miwicv ildà
.cala ,jyeg `xeae xe` xvei xg` cin mixne`y heitd èd xvei .(dnec dxeva
mxn`ln repnl oekpe ,miheit xnel y"w zekxaa miwiqtny zenewn yi :l"fe ,gq oniq miig gxeà r"eyd azk
lka oibdep oke (xehde `"ayxde oicner oi` t"q i"xd) xaca xeqi` oi`c mixne` yie :`"nxae .wqtd iedc meyn
ebdpy mewna xeaivdn envr yextl mc`l oi` k"re ,'eke ciqtd `l mxne` epiè lwinde ,mxn`l zenewnd
.(n"ce l"ixdn) 'i sirq 'v oniq l"re mdnr mze` xnìe ,mxn`l
.mxne`l `ly minrh dnk epivn miheitd oipra znàe
lecb lk ixac envrl gwie ìdy enk miìap ly dlitze dkxa mc` gipi ji` azk (b"rw oniq) mizrd xtqa (`
.mlerd on xwrp i`cn xzei mewn ly egaya xtqnd ,mleray
.zekxa ly rahnn dpyn èdy my azk cer (a
.df mrhn dxyr dpeny zlitz z` elit` elha zayae ,zaya mikxv zywa my yiy cere (b
.g"x oniq xecd x`t m"anxa èd oke
,opax edegxh` `l ik èd zaya g"i zlitz elhiay dn eply q"yly siqed (dpial mizr) my dxrdae (c
.miheit ieaixa xeavd lr gixhdl oi`y e"w k"è
mizrd xtqae .cegl dlitz ixace cegl dxez ixac zeidl jixve dlitzd rvnà dxez ixac miaxrny cer (d
owzp èdy dfa azk
.mxne`l `le aeyl jixv meid la` ,jzxez extd 'dl zeyrl zr meyn cnyd zrya
zindl eciay `xepe lecb jln iptl ok xnel ie`x df oi` eyexit rcei oi`y mewnay siqed `xfr oaà (e
.zeigdle
.zepey`x 'ba md miheitdn daxde ,zepey`x zekxa 'ba eikxv ywal mc`l xeq` (f
exizd gxehay `"t 'iq oycd znexz 'r) y"wc zekxaay miheit xzei xeng dfae .wqtd mrhn oecl yi (g
daeyza ,oicnr ax m`hypreel mdxa` axdl) miigd xexv xtqae ,(zekxaa wiqtdl miheit xnel mipe`bd
wiqtdl xeq`y y"w zekxaa `weec md ciqtd `l mxn` epiè lwindy `"nxd ixac lky azk (dnkg miyiyia
.`"nxd lwid `l u"yde xeaivd elltzd xaky u"yd zxfga la` ,my
:z`f zexnl la`
.zepey`x zekxa 'ba u"yd zxfga oiae ,rny zìxwa oia ,miheita wiqtdl mibdep mlek meid
_______________________________________________
XLI
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
zenewn aexa `nlr ebdp :l"fe ,(arw oniq) eixac zligza ligzd miheitd zxin` cbpk xacny mizird xtqay
iriayd meia miyrnd lkn zay xy` '`l ycewd ipte` mr mitxy cr jegayi lkde jecei lkd zezaya xninl
azk oikd `zlin `de mei lka enk dkxad z` xnebe jci dyrn gay lk lre lrnn minya cr 'eke ayie dlrzp
mdipal zezay lgpde dvx mixne` zay ly dxyr dpenyay mb azk oe`b mxnr ax ,ab` zxrda) mxnr ax xn
dl`y mixne` xaky oeikn èd ok mixne` `l epgp`y dny g"aa 're ,'eke xfer jln ,dadà jny ornl dgepnl
xwir el oi` `bdpn i`dc ol ifg ozrc zeiprl opè ,oixzà `nlr bedp ikde (epzgepna dvx `"e` rvnà z`f
f"ndxaae ziriax dkxaa cegla dlitza `l` zay ly ixekc`l opax oewiza mlera ogky` `lc ìd `zerhe
minkg erahy rahnd on dpyn èdy iptn g"i `vi `le dreh zekxa x`ya zay ly xikfnd lke milyexi dpeaa
d`n depwzy jxck rexib `lae ztqez `la dcal dlitzd lltzne zebdpn ozeà hrnnd lke ,'eke zekxaa
`ly dn dkxaa oitiqeny `cg (xveia zetqezae) 'eke mewnd iptl xeny exky miìap dnk mdae mipwf mixyre
dnewna oitiqene mei lka dxecq ìdy enk dkxad oixiqny cere .zay ly [minkg epwz `ly] ,minkg epwz
dl`y jxev da oiè ìd zay ly dkxa `lde lega oia zaya oia dzepyl ef dkxaa oipr dn oke .mixg` mixac
.minkg depwizy enk lega oia zaya oia dze` xnel ep` oiaiige dxyr dpenya enk
xveia gztiy mcew ekxa xg`l dze` xnì dixninl irac o`n jecei lkda zeyrl ie`xy dn jkld :my miiqe
gzet k"gè ycew zay meia l`xyi enrl dgepn ligpne cr miyrnd lkn zay xyè jecei lkd miiqne xe`
,rexb `lae ztqez `la minkg depwzy jxck lega enk dlek zekxad xcqne jyeg `xeae xe` xvei d"n` i"à
.bdep èd jky azke
oiipra oc ,(a"p oniq z"ecdn ,yh`yhean) mdxa` lyày ,heitl oec` lw z` eaiygdy d`xp dkldl znàe
lwly azk la`) dlitzd ixg` epxnè blcl oekp ile` oec` lwy hwpe ,u"yd mr witqdl ick y"w zekxaa blcl
zqpk iyp`n dkxa gqep xwir èd ileè ,blci `l ,dlitzd xg` `picn exnè xfeg eblc m`y epicy zay xy`
.(dlecbd
oe`b ii`d epiaxl ogkyè azky mizrd xtqa y"r jenk ine miigl epxkf mixne` dxyr dpeny ly zepey`x 'bae
dyr ok qp mdl ziyry myk mixete dkepga oebk oedlk ilin oild xninl daiyia opax ilibx `lc xn`wc l"f
eda ibidpe edpip miax ikxvc ilin oild mè miigl aezke jenk ine miigl epixkf k"deie d"xa oebke miqpe `lt epnr
`ly eprh dfa mby ìad (onwl) meyxb epiaxn daeyzae ,ixekc`l daiyia irpnin oepixninl l`xyi aex
ly miheitd z` xne` didy azk c"qw oniq ax dyrna znàe .(dkxad oprn mpi`y itl mrhd mye) wiqtdl
miwiqtn ikd e`lay oeikny ,dfa xeìa ìad dnly ixacae ,(wqtd md miheitd ezhiyly zexnl) k"eie d"x
.mixac x`ya wiqtdl xyt` aey ,miigl epixkfa dlitzd z`
.(b"dke xetik meia dceard xcq heit z` mixne` micxtqd mby) miwiqtn i`cea dxyr dpeny rvnàe
.da ol zil zeirvnà xvwnde jix`nd azky g"xd mya (g"k oniq) hwld ilaya 'r
:dkldl ewqt jk znàe
oniq) dlebd xe`n meyxb epiax ,(d"ky oniq) ixhie xefgn ,(g"k 'iq) hwld ilay ,(c"rw oniq) qcxtd xtqa i"yx
oecl oey`xd oniqd z` `weec exgay oiivl yi] ('` oniq) dad`n daeyzae ,(g"p oniq) minyd on z"ey ,('`
.dligzkl ievxe ie`x èdy mlek ewiqde miheitd zxin` oica epcy ,[df xaca
_______________________________________________
XLII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
miheit
dtya ald zpekae dgnya miheitd xnel mc` lk lr aeige ,u"aexw ly miheit zxinà jipira lw didi `l"
zvr it lr exagzp miheitd ik `ynk jilr oinec miheitd eidi `le ,oi`ltp zeceq yi heite heit laa ia ,dxexa
oigayne oixnfn ok ik w"xyz it lre zia sl` it lr miheitd xciqy ixilwd xfril` 'xl elbpy dlrn ik`ln
epi` mxne`l jk lk aeig epi`y xneè u"aexw zxinà lwny in .miciqg itne mipwf itn icia dlawe ,dlrnl
miqp dnk mdl dyrp xy` dyrn iypè xecd ilecb eid miheitd exagy micigid lk ik ,melye qg eini jix`n
(et wxt xyid aw xtq) xaepciew yxid iav 'x ".ozzinae odiiga
“Let the recitation of poetry (miheit) not be light in your eyes…. it is an obligation upon every
person to say miheit with joy, concentration of the heart, and clear enunciation, because in every
single heit there are wondrous secrets. The miheit should not appear to you as a burden, because
they were composed according to the counsel of angels on high that were revealed to xfril` 'x
xilwd who arranged them in alphabetical order and reverse alphabetical order, since that is how
they sing and praise on high…..”
Upon attending a synagogue which omits miheit; they should not be said in the midst of
the dlitz but after synagogue, since they may be considered a wqtd. Likewise, one should not
add the introductory phrases (i.e. 'eke mler xe`), since they are only recited when miheit are
actually recited. However, l"vf xpfee axd ruled that if one is inspired by reciting miheit and
it invigorates ones dlitz, one may recite miheit individually as they occur in dlitz along with
the introductory phrases, even if the congregation does not recite them.
Q: When should the xeav only recite the stated responses to the ofg during the recital of miheit
and when should the xeav recite the entire heit. What if the ofg is going too fast to say the
entire heit, what should one do?
A: Any heit which is not said aloud by the ofg, one should say on one’s own. If the ofg says it
aloud, one may rely on his recital (but even in this case it is better to say on one’s own).
It is that it is better to recite miheit in a language one understands, than not to say them at all
or say them and not understanding what one is saying. [Response from xbxeand axd epixen]
zewqtd zezaya zexvei zxin`

Q: For what purpose and special character do the zewqtd zezay have, that zexvei are recited?
A: Since there are many consecutive zezay during which zexvei are recited (from milwy zay until
gqt ly iriay), it would be considered an "insult" to skip a zay and not say zexvei, therefore,
they are said during the zewqtd as well. There is similar logic in regard to oeiq 'a - oeiq '` is y`x
yceg, days 'd ,'c ,'b are dlabd ini zyly and therefore, no oepgz is said. Actually there is no
reason to refrain from saying oepgz on oeiq 'a. oepgz is not said in order not to "insult" it, since it
is occurs between days without oepgz, (therefore, it is called euphemistically 'zeiepnd mei', a day
of distinction).
_______________________________________________
XLIII
Piyut Curiosities
Website: rabbikaganoff.com
By BaltimoreJewishLife.com/Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff

Question 1:
"Many people tell me that the lengthy recital of zepiw on aà dryz does not inspire them because
they do not understand the passages. Is the mourning of aà dryz intended to be simply a day of
much tedium?"
Question 2:
"I once heard a ax give a running commentary to the zepiw of aà dryz, and he mentioned that
the first dpiw is a continuation of the heit recited during the repetition of the dxyr dpeny. But I
never saw anyone recite miheit during the repetition of dxyr dpeny aà dryz and do not even
know where to look for them."
Question 3:
"As a child I remember that all the shullen recited miheit during aixrn on miaeh mini, and many
did during dyecw on special zezay. Now, I see miheit recited only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei.
What has changed?"
Although these questions seem unrelated, they all focus on a central subject: the additions of
miheit and other special passages in our davening, of which the zepiw we recite on aà dryz are
one example. After an introduction explaining the background to the miheit, I will return to
answer the first two questions.
What are miheit?

During the period of the mipey`x, the mipe`b, and even earlier, great Torah scholars wrote prayers
and other liturgical works that were inserted into many different places in the davening,
particularly during the rny zìxw zekxa (between ekxa and dxyr dpeny) and during the repetition
of the dxyr dpeny. Standard synagogue practice, particularly among Ashkenazic Jewry, was to
recite these miheit on all special occasions, including miaeh mini, mourning and fast days, and
special zezay (see a:aiw ;`:gq miig gxe` `"nx). These miheit express the mood and the theme of
the day, often recall the history of the day, and sometimes even provide the halachic background
for the day's observance. At times, they served as a means for teaching people the zekld germane
to the day or season. Studying these miheit not only gives us tremendous appreciation for these
days, but sometimes provides us with certain aspects of mystery, as I will explain.
There is also a humbling side to the study of miheit. All the miheit predate the printing press and
bring us back to the era when all works had to be painstakingly hand copied. Most communities
could not afford hand-written manuscripts of all the miheit, and therefore, part of the job of every
ofg was to commit all the miheit to memory.
Some of the more common “miheit”

We are all aware of the zegilq recited on Fast Days and during lel` and daeyz ini zxyr, which
are a type of miheit. Another famous part of davening that qualifies as heit is zencw`, recited
prior to dxezd zìxw on zereay. This introduction to the dxezd zìxw for zereay was written by
wgvi oa xi`n epiax of Worms, Germany, who was one of the great leaders of Ashkenazic Jewry,
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Piyut Curiosities
pre-i"yx. Other examples of miheit that are commonly recited include lh zlitz and myb zlitz,
the poem xqd iec -- authored by hx©A©
§ l oA¤ `¦ W©pEc, an early poet-grammarian cited by i"yx in several
places, which is recited before bensching when one will be reciting zekxa ray -- and jnyl dcep,
which takes the same slot at a dlin zixa.
Double Duty
Some miheit are used in two different contexts. For example, the song frequently chanted at a
zixa, dycg dxiy, originated as a heit recited immediately before the close of the dkxa of l`b
l`xyi in rny zìxw zekxa on the Seventh Day of gqt. This heit, written by ield dcedi iax, refers
both to the splitting of the seq mi and to dlin zixa and is therefore, appropriate on both occasions.
Teaching dxez through miheit

Many times, the rabbis used poetry as a means of teaching Torah. For example, a very extensive
literature of miheit lists and explains the zevn b"ixz. Most of these pieces date back to the times of
the mipe`b; indeed, the famous count of zevn by oe`b dicrq ax is actually a poem.
Other examples include miheit that instruct us in different special observances throughout the
Jewish calendar. Among the most famous is the dcear xcq of xetk mei, which is already referred
to in the `xnb, although the text they used is long lost. Dozens of different miheit were written in
the period of the mipe`b and mipey`x describing the dcear xcq in detail. The mipey`x devote much
halachic discussion to the technical accuracy of several of the versions they received from earlier
generations, often taking issue and making corrections to the text of the heit.
epizty mixt dnlype

Reciting the dcear xcq also fulfills the concept of "epizty mixt dnlype", “And let our lips replace
the (sacrificial) bulls” (b:ci ryed). The yxcn teaches that when we are unable to offer zepaxw, God
accepts our recital of the procedure as a substitute for the zepaxw (b:c mixiyd xiy ,dax yxcn). This
implies that we can achieve dxtk (atonement) by reciting these miheit with dpeek. Therefore, a
person who recites the iecie of the dcear xcq and truly regrets his sins can accomplish atonement
similar to that achieved through the iecie recited by the lecb odk.
Other "Substitute" Prayers

The same idea of epizty mixt dnlype is followed when we recite miheit that describe other zepaxw,
such as, for example, the xnr oaxw, the water libation (mind jeqip) of zekq, or the gqt oaxw. We
can achieve the drawing close to God that zepaxw achieve by discussing them and by longing for
their return. This broadens the rationale for reciting miheit.
Educating in Observing zevn

Some miheit serve not only to teach dxez, but also to educate people how to correctly observe
zevn. For example, the 'zegexd icl`' heit, recited on lecbd zay contains a lengthy halachic
description of all the preparations for gqt, including detailed instructions for koshering and
preparing the house. This halachic-liturgical classic was authored by m¤l ¤̀ -aEh sqei ax, the
halachic leader of French Jewry prior to i"yx's birth. zetqez and other mipey`x devote much
_______________________________________________
XLV
Piyut Curiosities
debate to the halachic positions taken by ml`-aeh sqei ax in this poem, and later mipey`x, such as
mz epiax, edited 'zegexd icl`' to reflect their opinion of what is the correct dkld. Since this heit
serves to teach people the correct way to observe gqt, the mipey`x felt it vital that the text be
halachically accurate. It is obvious that this heit was meant to be read, studied, and understood.
Who Authored Them?

You might ask how we know who wrote the different miheit, particularly when many are over a
thousand years old?
In general, most miheit follow an zia sl` acrostic in order to facilitate their memorization.
(Remember that they were written with the assumption that the ofg would recite them for the
community from memory.) In many, if not most, instances, the author completed the work by
weaving his name into the acrostic pattern he used for the particular heit. Thus, zegexd icl`
begins with stanzas following an zia sl` pattern, but closes with stanzas that spell xa ohwd sqei
wfg lèny, which is the way ml`-aeh sqei ax chose to "sign" this heit.
An Old Controversy
Early controversy surrounded the practice of interrupting rny zìxw zekxa or the repetition of
dxyr dpeny to recite the zexvei, the word frequently used as a generic word for all miheit inserted
into the regular davening. (The word 'zexvei' originally referred only to those miheit inserted after
ekxa, shortly after the words 'jyeg `xeae xe` xvei'. However, in standard use, the word zexvei refers
to all miheit inserted into rny zìxw zekxa or the repetition of dxyr dpeny). The jxer ogly,
reflecting accepted Sefardic practice, rules: "There are places that interrupt the rny zìxw zekxa
to recite miheit, but it is correct not to say them, for they constitute an interruption" (miig gxe`
`:gq). On this point, the `"nx, reflecting early Ashkenazic practice, adds: "Others say that this is
not prohibited, and the practice in all places is to recite them." Each country and community had
its own special customs concerning what was said and when; often, this was recorded in a
community ledger.
mipeape minkg ceqn
To acknowledge that these miheit interrupt the regular repetition of the dxyr dpeny, an
introductory request, beginning with the words mipeape minkg ceqn (Based on the tradition of the
wise and understanding) is recited prior to beginning the miheit of the repetition of the dpeny
dxyr. These words mention that early great Torah leaders advised the introduction of these
praises.
Why miheit have recently fallen into disuse

The oe`b `plie, in his commentary to jexr ogly (ibid.), explains both the position of those who
encouraged the recital of zexvei and those who discouraged them.
For the most part, the Lithuanian zeaiyi followed the personal practice of the `"xb not to
recite miheit during rny zìxw zekxa, and did not recite zexvei during the repetition of dpeny
dxyr (f"p ax iyrn). (The zeaiyi recite zexvei during the repetition of dxyr dpeny on dpyd y`x
and xetk mei.) With the tremendous spreading of shullen that follow the practices of the
zeaiyi rather than what was previously followed by the Ashkenazic communities, it is
increasingly difficult to find a synagogue catering to yeshivah alumni that recites the miheit.
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XLVI
Piyut Curiosities
This answers the question asked above: "As a child I remember that all the shullen recited miheit
during aixrn on miaeh mini, and many did during dyecw on special zezay. Now, I see miheit
recited only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei. What has changed?"
Unfortunately, due to this change in custom, this vast, treasured literature of the Jewish
people is quickly becoming forgotten.
Who was the First ohiit?

The title of being the earliest ohiit may belong to xilwd xfrl` iax, often referred to as the y`x
miphitd, who authored the lion's share of the zepiw we recite on aà dryz as well as a huge
amount of our other miheit, including lh zlitz and myb zlitz, the miheit for the four special
zezay (ycegd ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy), and many of the zexvei we recite on miaeh mini. We know
virtually nothing about him personally — we cannot even date when he lived with any accuracy.
Indeed, some mipey`x place him in the era of the mi`pz shortly after the destruction of the zia
ycwnd, identifying him either as jxr oa xfrl` 'x (hqz:` `"ayx z"ey), a disciple of i`kf oa opgei 'x, or
as i`gei oa oerny 'x's son xfrl`, who hid in the cave with his father (ilbxe d"c bi dbibg ,'qez; y"`x
`k:d zekxa); others date xilwd xfrl` 'x much later and even during the time of the mipe`b.
We do not know for certain what the name 'xilw' means. Since there are several places where he
used the acronym'xilw iaxa xfrl`' , it seems that his father's name was xilw. However, the jexr
explains that 'xilw' means a type of cookie, and that he was called 'xilwd' because he ate a cookie
upon which had been written a special formula that blessed him with tremendous erudition (III
xlw jxr ,jexr).
Kalirian Curiosities
xilw xfrl` 'x's miheit and zepiw require studying rather than reading. They are often extremely
difficult pieces to read, relying on allusions to miyxcn and historical events. Many commentators
elucidated his works, attempting to illuminate the depths of his words. Also, he sometimes
employs extremely complicated acrostics. This is sometimes cited as proof that he lived later,
when such poetic writing became stylish, but, of course, this does not prove his lack of antiquity.
It is universally assumed that xilwd xfrl` 'x lived in l`xyi ux`, based on the fact that we have no
miheit written by him for the second day of aeh mei (ilbxe d"c bi dbibg ,'qez; `k:d zekxa y"`x).
zetqez [op. cit.] uses this evidence to prove that he lived at the time that the oic zia determined
yceg y`x on the basis of visual evidence.). However, the zexvei recited immediately following
ekxa on the second day of zekq clearly include his signature and follow his style. This, of course,
would imply that xilwd xfrl` 'x lived in a time and place that the second day of aeh mei was
observed. If that is true, why would he have written special miheit only for the second day of
zekq and not for any other aeh mei?
Perhaps xilwd xfrl` 'x indeed wrote this particular heit for the first day of zekq, but subsequently
Diaspora Jews moved the zexvei the he wrote for the first day of aeh mei to the second day! This
approach creates another question, since the zexvei recited on the first day of aeh mei were also
written by him: Would he have written two sets of zexvei for zixgy on zekq? There are other
indications that, indeed, he did sometimes write more than one set of miheit for the same day.
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XLVII
Piyut Curiosities
Why is cec gnv z` Ignored?
There is another mysterious practice in some of his writings. The miheit he wrote for the
weekday dxyr dpeny (such as for mixet) include a paragraph for every dkxa of dxyr dpeny except
one, the 'cec gnv z`' zkxa that precedes 'eplew rny'.
Why would xilw ax omit this dkxa? Perhaps the answer to this mystery can help us understand
more about when he lived.
Answering the Mystery

Our use of the words dxyr dpeny to identify the focal part of our daily prayer is actually a
misnomer, dating back to when this dkxa indeed included only eighteen dkxa. In the times of the
dpyn, a nineteenth dkxa, micnynl, was added, and the ilaa cenlz notes that this increases the
zekxa of the 'dxyr dpeny' to nineteen.
However, there is evidence that even after micnynl was added, not everyone recited nineteen
zekxa. A `ztqez implies that they still recited eighteen zekxa in dxyr dpeny, and that two zekxa,
mlyexi dpae and cec gnv z`, were combined. This would explain why someone would not write a
heit for the 'cec gnv z`' zkxa, since it was no longer an independent dkxa. Thus, if we can
identify a place and time when these two zekxa were combined, we might identify more precisely
when xilwd xfrl` 'x lived. It would seem that this would be sometime between the introduction
of the 'micnynl' zkxa and the ilaa cenlz's practice of a nineteen dkxa 'dxyr dpeny' became
accepted.
Kalirian Controversies
The antiquity of xfrl` iax's writing did not save him from controversy. No less a lecb than the
`xfr oa` stridently opposes using xilw 'x's works, arguing that prayers and miheit should be
written very clearly and be readily understood (Commentary to `:d zldw). After all, the goal of
prayer is to understand what one is saying. `xfr oa` recommends reciting miheit written by ax
oe`b dicrq, which are easy to understand, rather than those of xilw.
None of these criticisms should be taken as casting aspersion on xilwd xfrl` 'x's greatness. The
hwl ileay records that he heard that when xfrl` ax wrote his miheit, the angels surrounded him
with fire (quoted by the mdxa` obn at the beginning of g"q oniq.)
xilw ax's miheit in general, and his zepiw in particular, are written in an extremely difficult poetic
Hebrew. Often his ideas are left as allusions, and the story or yxcn to which he alludes is unclear
or obscure. They certainly cannot be understood without careful scrutiny and study. Someone
who takes the trouble to do this will be awed by the beauty of the thoughts and allusions. The
l"fix` recited all of the xilw's miheit, because he perceived their deep kabbalistic allusions (obn
mdxa` at the beginning of g"q oniq).
The zepiw
Having completed my general introduction to the role of miheit in Judaism, I want to paraphrase
the first question mentioned above: Why are the zepiw so difficult to comprehend?
Most of the zepiw we recite on aà dryz are authored by xilwd xfrl` 'x, whose works are
typically written in a very poetic and difficult Hebrew. Many commentaries have been written on
the zepiw, and the only way to understand his zepiw is either to study them in advance, to read
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XLVIII
Piyut Curiosities
them together with a translation, or to hear a xeriy from someone who understands them.
Furthermore, I recommend reading each dpiw slowly so that one can understand what the author
meant. This may entail someone reciting only a few zepiw for the entire morning of aà dryz, but
he will understand and experience the meaning of what he read.
Other parts of zepiw

zepiw include several pieces that describe specific historical events, including the death in battle
of the great king ediyì jln, the personal tragedy of the children of lecb odk l`rnyi iax, the
burning of the twenty-four wagons of manuscript cenlz and commentaries in Paris, and the
destruction of Jewish communities during the Crusades. These zepiw are not as difficult to
understand as xilw ax's are, but, still, they are deeply appreciated by those who prepare them, or
attend a zepiw presented by someone who understands them.
Conclusion
We see that liturgical poems enhance our appreciation of the day and provide a background for
our mourning. This is borne out even more with the several zepiw that begin with the word oeiv,
which all bemoan our missing the sanctity of l`xyi ux` and our desire for the return of dpiky.
Another dpiw that stands out, jelda f` dpiw describes how ìapd 'dinxi gathered the zea` and the
zedn` to pray on the behalf of the exiled Jewish people. This story is described greater in the
moving yxcn which quotes how epin` lgx beseeched God on behalf of the Jewish people. lgx
points out the extent of sacrifice that she underwent to save her sister from humiliation. In the
yxcn, lgx closes her prayer: "If I, who am flesh and blood, dust and ashes, felt no jealousy
towards another woman married to my own husband, and went out of my way to guarantee that
she would not be embarrassed, You, the living King, All-merciful… why were You zealous
against idolatry, which has no basis, and why did You exile my children… allowing the enemies
to do with them as they desired?" As a result, God responded with great mercy, replying: "For
your sake, lgx, I will return the Jews to their home" (dax dki`, end of ck `zwiqt).
---------------------------
The leaders of a certain city set out to recruit a rabbi to lead their community.
They approached a qualified and notable scholar and appealed to him to accept the position,
explaining to him how fitting it would be for him to serve as the spiritual guide to their city,
where the f"h, the mdxa` obn and xbi` àiwr iax were all buried. They felt that it would be
only appropriate for a man of his stature to assume the role as rabbi of their town.
A little while later, after having accepted the position, the rabbi learned that the f"h
was in fact buried in Lvov, the mdxa` obn in Kalish and xbi` àiwr iax in Posen. He called
the leaders of the community to his home and confronted them with the news. “Why did you
fool me?”, he asked.
“We did not mean to trick you at all,” they answered. “In Lvov, the teachings of the f"h
are learned and studied daily. His legacy is alive and well, as if he himself lives eternally.
In Kalish, the mdxa` obn lives on by means of his writings. His lips continue to quiver in
the grave as the education which he provided, serves to guide and direct the daily life of the town
until this very moment. Furthermore, xbi` àiwr iax’s lessons are the talk of the town in Posen,
the issues that he taught are still discussed as current events. In our city, however, no one
is studying these books. The words of Torah which they disseminated are not heard here, and
for all intents and purposes they are dead and buried in our town.” (miax za xry xtq)
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XLIX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lY© lM̈ ,igFi
© oA¤ oFrn§ W¦ mEWn¦ op̈g̈Fi ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ mk̈g̈ cin§ ¦ lY© lM̈ ,xn© `¨ wg̈v¦ § i ia¦ x§ mW¥ A§ `xi¦ ¨ fp§ oFrn§ W¦
zFaaFC § eiz̈Fzt§ U¦ ,d¤Gd© m¨lFrÄ eiR¦ n¦ dr̈EnW§ xa© C§ mix¦nF` § W¤ eiz̈ẗU§ ,d¤Gd© m¨lFrÄ eiR¦ n¦ dk̈¨ld£ xa© C§ mix¦nF` § W¤
,`xi¦
¨ fp§ oFrn§ W¦ `n̈izi¥ `¦ e§ `xi¨ r¦ f§ oA¤ wg̈v¦ § i ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ .xa¤ w¤ A§ 'ebe aFH©² d oi¬¥iM§ KM¥¾ g¦ e§" :xn¡
© `P¤W¤ .xa¤ w¤ A§ FOr¦ zFW£gFx
a¥ FC mi®xẄi¥
¦ n§l icFc§
¦ l K¬¥lFd aFH© ² d oi¬¥iM§ KM¥¾ g¦ e§" ?d`¨ x¨w§ i`n© lW¤ xnFM¤ dn© (i:f mixiyd xiy) ":mi«¦pW ¥ i§ i¬¥zt§ U¦ a¥aFC
xnFM
¤ dn© ,miap̈£ ¦ r lW¤ xnFk¤ M§ (i:f mixiyd xiy) ":mi«¦pW ¥ i§ i¬¥zt§ U
¦ ,aa¥ FC cÏn¦ ,ei¨lr̈ FrÄv§ ¤̀ mc̈`¨ gi¦ © pO¥ W¤ oëi¥M ,d¤f miap̈£ ¦ r
,aa¥ FC cÏn¦ ei¨lr̈ FrÄv§ ¤̀ mc̈`¨ gi¦ © PO© W¤ oëi¥M ,miap̈£ ¦ r lW¤ dk̈¨ld£ xa© C§ oix¦nF`
§ W¤ oëi¥M ,miwi ¦ C¦ v© lW¤ mdi ¤ zFz
¥ t§ U¦ s`©
mdi¤ R¦ n¦ dr̈EnW§ xa© C§ mix¦nF` § W¤ oëi¥M ,mink̈£ ¦ g ici ¥ n§
¦ lŸ s`© od¤ Ör¦ zFy£gx©n§ odi ¤ zFz
¥ t§ U¦ ,miwi ¦ C¦ v© lW¤ mdi ¤ R¦ n¦
(.fv zenai 'nb) :xa¤ w¤ A© zFaaFC§ mdi ¤ zFz
¥ t§ U¦ ,d¤fd© m¨lFrÄ (:f milwy 'nb) :xa¤ w¤ A§
iepikd sk
Q: Amongst the manuscripts of fpky` we find two mibdpn regarding the iepikd sk. In some
manuscripts it is in its pure Hebrew form (dvenw sk k"gè l"ebq e` `"ey) while in others it is in
its Aramaic/Mishnaic Hebrew form (sk zgz `"ey k"gè u"nw). In the l"ixdn ixtq (zelitz xcq
dpyd y`x Section 6) says, 'l"ebqa exn` oz jl on jl zniiqny daiz lk'. As HoRav Hamburger
mentions in his introduction to the `yinxee ibdpn xtq by yny `tfei iax, the l"ixdn was not a
mibdpn ìvnn e` oycg, and on the contrary he only collected and recorded the authentic customs
of fpky` of antiquity. However, since so many manuscripts are in opposition to his custom as
cited in dpyd y`x zekld, including `yinxee xefgn, which was used by the dltz lra in Worms
until World War II, is it fair to say that this was the l"ixdn's own innovation, or is he merely
recording the authentic custom of fpky`?
A: The l"ixdn did not innovate new mibdpn, but he would decide which bdpn to choose if there
were some different mibdpn before him. In this case, he may have chosen the gqep with l"ebq
before the sk, because this was one of the ze`gqep he saw, and for his own reasons he decided
to accept this gqep more than other ze`gqep. The xiì zeg in his commentary on miig gxe` (xewn
miig) in dpyd y`x zekld a"twz oniq quotes the l"ixdn giving credence to the notion that this
was his practice on mi`xep mini/dpyd y`x only. The q"yxdn (xteq izay 'x) in the zillk dncwd to
his xeciq in c"ei ze` 'e wxt quotes the l"ixdn as well. He also quotes the l"yxdnd ly xeciq, as
using the Hebrew form of the iepikd sk and cites an example from the dpyd y`x zelitz.
The q"yxdn himself precedes to apply this concept to all zelitz, because the
Aramaic/Mishnaic Hebrew form of the iepikd sk is a ok xacl ie`x oiè dawple xkfl dey xy` cewp'.
'dawpl ezeeydl i"yd cbp
ziaexrn siew
Q: In Jüdisch Deutsch we find the word Kauf written as: siew. How was this pronounced by Jews
of fpky`. Kauf or Koyf as it is written phonetically? Did this change over time. Is there any
connection between the spelling of this word (and others) and the fact that in modern German
when the diphthong 'au' has an umlaut over the letter 'ä' it is pronounced 'oy'? Is there any
connection between any of the above and the corruption of the pronunciation of the vowel
m"leg in Hebrew?
A: The letter ‘c"ei’ was added to strengthen the pronunciation, as we have a c"ei in jil`, even
though one is not expected to pronounce a w"ixig there (we don't say Eleycho, just Elecho, with
an emphasis on the "le"). Therefore, when one wanted to write se`w, he would write it as siew,
in order that the reader would make the "o" of the m"leg not just a regular long "o", but an au.
In '` fpky` ibdpn iyxy (pg. 249-250), HoRav Hamburger discusses this issue. He states there,
that in Eastern Europe, the Jews read books in Yiddish Deutsch, and therefore, siew was
mistaken to read Koyf instead of Kauf.
_______________________________________________
L
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
y"ixd zgz gzt shg
Q: What are the rules that determine when, according to the cewip of ezriqe miidpciid slee 'x, a y"ix
that otherwise would get a `p èy gets a gzt shg instead? A y"ix must be preceded by a vowel,
so (with the possible exception of a y"ix preceded by another y"ix that has a gp èy), any y"ix
preceded by (a consonant with a gp èy beneath it), or that begins a word (like the y"ix in
oae`x), will have a `p èy and not a gzt shg.
A: Regarding the gzt shg under the y"ix I'm not sure if this is miidpciid slee 'x's dhiy or not. If you
look in the miidlcex printings which were printed during his lifetime you'll find that the only
(to my knowledge) word with a gzt shg under a y"ix is the word ekxa when it appears in mildz
d"lw xenfn, which is said on zay and aeh mei. When it appears in all other places, it simply has
a `p èy. And in (zixgy) xvei zkxa and the word mizxyn has a regular `p èy. miidlcex printings
published after his lifetime, all have a gzt shg. And in the notes to his xeciq l`xyi zcear on
the word ekxa, Dr. Seligmann Baer wrote:
gp èya y"ixd z"iad lr oebpd didi m` dkxa oeyl lky ,zxqnd it lr xnel jixv ok gzt shga y"ixd ekxa
iweqta dlrnly d"eex lr dnze (`l:'c lìpc) zkxa d`lrle cg` on ueg gzt shga y"ixd s"kd lr oebpd mè
(llkd gky o`ke ,epick 'd z` (gzt shga y"ix ekxa l`xyi zia cwp dxnfc
Regarding the words eizxyn and mizxyn he wrote:
oeyle yxb oeyl lk oke e"iza oebp xy` zxy oeyl lk oke xnel jixv ok eizxyn oke gzt shga y"ixd mizxyn
xy`Îoa ìcda azk oke ,a"i ziy`xal azky dn ixace ekxa zlna dlrnl d`xe ,y"ixd ze` xeara ède jxa
eizexeqn
In the foreword titled dibnd ixac to the 1855 printing of the zegilq miidlcex, Dr. Seligmann Baer
writes:
xecq it lr dben zegilq xcq xrbxraxdrl oec`d qetc yakn zgzn `vie c"vwz zpya .dix` oa wgvi xne`
j` .daxd minrt df xcq qtcp aey dzr cre f`ne ,zenewn zvwa exà s` edibdy l"f d"eex dkxa eixgd gipdy
ex`yp xy` zenewn dnka ea xcbzdl il mewn cer gped exdhn lka ik iz`vne wc oeira eizwcae eizi`x
t"re wecwcd illk t"r xcqd lk z` mrtd cer izdbde izaxw k"re .ogqep oiprl m` ocewp oiprl m` zerhen
eid xy` lkn wwefne oaeln dfd zegilq xcq `viy iznbn lk iznye ,iptl mìade 'd ippg xy` i"ik mixecq
w"tl e"hxz xc` ycg ,miidlrcrx .eiptl
owf / zeìt
Q: Were "big zeìt" (which many place behind their ears) worn in fpky`? How about
shaving/growing a beard? Was it common among mipax/regular population, only married etc.?
Was it reflective of the times? Even among mipax which had beards, many had the typical
“German Rabbi” type beard like xriexa axd and jàvxrn dpei axd, which would obviously
require one to shave.
A. There are many pictures of people (especially mipax) in fpky` with zeìt, some behind their
ears and some in front (usually those who had a beard wore their zeìt in front and those who
did not have a beard had their zeìt behind their ears). It was commonly accepted in fpky` to
have big zeìt, as opposed to a beard which was not deemed as important. In pictures of axd
yxid, his zeìt are visible behind his ears, miidpciid slèe axd had big zeìt as well. Shaving
ones beard was commonplace in fpky` dating back to the Middle Ages (many generations
before the advent of Reform). Various types of beards were likewise sported. The oycd znexz
states he was insistent on leaving 40 beard hairs on his chin, clearly therefore, he did not have
a full beard.
yxid axd in his dxezd lr yexit suggests that zeìt form a symbolic separation between the
front part and the rear part of the brain. The side of the head which is located in front of the
ears, is the intellectual part, from the ears themselves and around the back of the head, is the
more physical, the more sensual part. One may therefore, even shave the hair on the back
of one’s head down to the scalp, however, one should let the hair in front the ears, which
includes the whole side of the head, grow until it reaches the bottom of the ears.
_______________________________________________
LI
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
dlitza mireprp
Q: During dlitz, may one pace the floor? Also, is it the custom to sway or stand stationary?
A: fpky` bdpn is not to pace during dlitz. In recent generations many places made a dpwz that one
should not leave one’s place, from the beginning of dlitz until the end, except for receiving
an dilr or similar ceaik. Swaying is fpky` bdpn. Some were against swaying for Kabbalistic
reasons. By the nineteenth century swaying became very rare, (because of strict miàb). axd
xriixa, in an essay entitled “Our Way,” describes what he does and does not consider being
indigenous to the “Yekkish” way of life. On the topic of swaying during dlitz, he writes as
follows. “The same holds true for our posture during the dlitz. dkld is silent on the
preference of stationary versus a moving positions in regard to the intensity of dpeek during the
dlitz. The sainted l"fix`, and with him many of our Torah Greats, assumed stationary
positions during the dlitz – and they were certainly not German Jews.”
The dyn dhn, a well known source of fpky` ibdpn wrote the following:
exzi zyxt xend xexvd k"ke ''ebe 'd dpxn`z izenvr lk' xn`py dltzd zrya envr rprpl mc` jixv"
"ezltz zra rrepzn 'idy l"ixdn dyr oke d`xid xtqa dpei x"xd azk oke
(The dyn dhn many times cites fpky` ibdpn, even though he lived in Poland.
The reason being that the old oilet bdpn was very similar to fpky` bdpn, and the dyn dhn was a
staunch supporter of the old bdpn.)
fpky` zxeqn
Q: Why is it that hxetwpxt bdpn is purported to be the most correct bdpn? I would think that since
the Jews first settled in Italy after the second oaxeg, that the mibdpn practiced there are the most
authentic.
A: Our xeciq is based upon two mibdpn - laa bdpn (Babylonia) and l`xyi ux` bdpn. l`xyi ux` bdpn
was transmitted through Italy, and laa bdpn may have come through Italy as well, or maybe it
came to Europe only later on, directly to fpky`.
At the time of the mipe`b in Italy, there were few dxez centers, and its possible that there were
a few different zexeqn (very little is known to us about European mibdpn from that time as
opposed to Babylonia).
At the time of the mipey`x, the dxez centers were already established in fpky` and people
from Italy came to learn dxez in fpky`. Therefore, the most proper and well kept dkld
and mibdpn were kept in fpky` from that period on. The y"`x (k llk) remarks he relies on
fpky` bdpn, since the dxez has been kept by the fpky` ipa since the days of ipy zia oaxeg.
(See HoRav Hamburger’s "fpky` bdpn xnyn lr zexecd ilecb"). hxetwpxt became an important
dxez center in fpky`, and the mibdpn practised there, were most authentic (historically).
cxtq bdpn is based fully on laa bdpn, and fpky` bdpn has more elements of l`xyi ux` bdpn in it.
Q: How did it occur that `hil / oilet igqep are referred to as fpky` gqep?
A: Early on, the bdpn of those in fpky` zevx`, contained slight variations between jiixhye` bdpn
(Austria) and qepiix bdpn (Rhine). (By the way, in Northern Italy, qepiix bdpn was followed.)
jiixhye` bdpn spread to Poland, Hungary, Russia and Lithuania, and every place east of the
River Elbe.
_______________________________________________
LII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
jiixhye` bdpn received its name 'oilet bdpn', since the printers wanted to sell their books of
miheit, zegilq etc., so they wrote on the title page, the places these miheit or zegilq were said.
oilet was mentioned first because it had the largest population, and therefore, the name became
'oilet bdpn'.
Eventually two types of mixefgn evolved. If printers wanted to sell mixefgn qepiix bdpn they
called them 'fpky`' since this was the bdpn used in fpky` zevx` (Germany, Switzerland and
France).
When the miciqg began using the Chassidic gqep (which at first was called i"x`d gqep, then gqep
cxtq), they referred to oilet gqep as fpky` gqep as well, since it wasn't cxtq gqep, but in reality
was indeed jiixhye` gqep. By the nineteenth century, one finds Poland’s non-Chassidic gqep
referred to as 'fpky` gqep'.
Q: Is one always permitted to change back to the Ashkenazic mibdpn of ones ancestors?
A: The yi` oefg and oiihypiit dyn ax and a majority of miwqet maintain that the miciqg should
revert to fpky` gqep.
oiihypiit dyn ax, addresses a variation of this question;
elltzd zeciqgd zhiy dhytzpy cre miciqgd s` fpky` ipa md...cp`lqexe ox`bpeè oilet iyp` lky reci dpd
epiy md... .miepiy dfià xg` gqepa lltzdl bidpdl miciqgd iy`x eligzd k"g` j` fpky` gqepa mlek
reawd gqep zepyl exizdy dna xexa mrh reci oiè .fpkyè ztxv inkg mler ixic` epizeaxe mdizea` bdpn
ehay rcei epi`y inl illk gqep èd cxtq gqepy mixne` yiy dn ik ?g"q q"x `"bnd ìady inlyexid cbp
m"anxd wizrdy cxtq gqep epi` oilltzny gqepd `d df cal mbe .ef `xaq lhay f"h oniq g"e` q"zga oiir
.cxtq gqepk `le fpky` gqepk `l gqepd oi`y `vnpe epiy zenewn dfià wxe fpky` gqepk èd mixacd aexac
.ezencwl xfeg ixdy i`yx i`ce epizeaxe epizea` gqep èdy fpky` gqep lltzdle xefgl dvex cg`yk...
(ck:a ,miig gxe` dyn zexb`)
[For example; Rav Dushinski said that miciqg who perform ddabd before dxezd zìxw
for several generations (like the micxtq), should change back to the fpky` bdpn and perform
ddabd following dxezd zìxw.]
hk`p lhip
`pxih wifii` epiax (Oberlander) says that epilr is recited aloud that night. The xteq mzg cites from
xlc` ozp ax that the reason for hk`p lhip is zelia`, but he disagrees with him. He remarks that the
Hungarian Jews would go to sleep early, wake up at midnight and learn the rest of the night.
Since the mieb go to midnight ceremonies, this could cause a bexhw on l`xyi llk, since they are
going to their worshiping in the middle of the night, and we are going to sleep. Therefore, there
should have been a dpwz that one should learn at midnight, in order that there won't be such a
bexhw. But the mipax did not want to make such a dpwz to learn on this date, since it would seem
that we are copying the miebd bdpn, Therefore, the dpwz was not to learn until midnight, which
would cause the minkgd icinlz to go to sleep at the beginning of the night, and then begin
learning at midnight.
_______________________________________________
LIII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
The following is the daeyz of the xteq mzg:
dlild dzeà zeida ,bxhwl ohyle welgl c"ral mewn ozil `ly meyn ok epipencw ebdp xyt` ,il d`xpd
maex dxez icnel elit` ,mdizehn lr mipyi el` 'd mre ,recik jliè zevgn mdidl` ziaa micrep minrd lk
jliè zevgn mkyd micner l`xyi lk eidiy xefbl evx `le ,zevg xg` mipyie dlild zligz mixerp mlekk
z` ewgi `ly dpyd y`x axr zxenyà lek`l ebdp dfn dlecbe ,mdizeweg xg` mixxbp ep` el`k dlild dzeà
mcew cenild erpn lkyda k"r ,ìdd zra dpiyd zecicp xefbl oi`y y"kn [a"q `"twz 'iq g"e` r"ey] mipind
mizr miraewd ozne `yn ilra y"kne ,zevg xg` mewie dlild zligz oyi mkg cinlz lk `linne ,ixnbl zevg
mzaeg mlyl zevg xg` ecnri k"r ,bdpnd iptn mirpnp dlild dzeè dlild zligza `nzqn mei lka dxezl
oebd df mrhe ,dkky jlnd znge dtn elè dtn el` 'd zceara miwqer dnke dnk eidi `linne ,eneia mei xac
:ipira
Some German zelidw abstained from learning dxez on the night of December 24th until
midnight, while others did not have this bdpn. A difference between the German and Chassidish
bdpn is that Germans will learn if the night of December 24th is Friday or Saturday, while
Chassidim are not universal about this. xriexa axd cancelled a regular Friday night xeriy due to it
occurring on hk`p lhip.
The titles xag and epixen.

Beginning in the fourteenth century, individuals received the title 'xag' and 'epixen'. Originally,
the title xag was given to an individual who learned a few years in daiyi and was able to
continue learning by himself (more than the mr oend). The person would receive handwritten
notice from the ax stating he had received the title xag, and was called to the dxez the next zay.
Unfortunately, by the nineteenth century the big zeaiyi in Germany were closed, and not many
deserved the title xag, so it was given to whoever would help and contribute to the community.
It was bestowed voluntarily, for a special occasion; if his ax is the oiyeciw xcqn, and ascribes the
xag title within the daezk, or for the person’s sixtieth birthday. According to fpky` bdpn, a ax
receives dkinq and the title epixen. It is given to one who is d`xed dxen and can zeli`y oiwqt. The
latest the title of 'xag' is granted, is before an individual’s dxeaw, (when the body is still present).
----------------------------------
In 1603, Germany rabbis held a synod in Frankfurt, which enacted various zepwz. The fifth dpwz,
by uiaexed qekxn axd, deals with the manner in which rabbis could be ordained in Germany.
millg miax ik mzi`xa dlebd icenr l"f epizea`n 'cqiizp xy` 'pyi 'nbhixt xtq lr zelrl jxevd wner epi`x
llgzi `l ornle fpkyà daiyi iqtez mixen 'b 'nkqna k"`` epixenl ax mey fpky` lka jenqi `ly epiidc .dlitd
`l ,fpky` 'picnl ueg èd xy` mkg dfi`n ozipd xag zkinq it` mb ,dycg jk lr xefbl epnkqd dyecwd epizxez
xegadyk 'weece dpezgd xg` mipy izy zelk ixg` wx xega meyl eknqi `le dxrn in einin z"ql xag mya dpeki
.ecia miiwzn ecenlze miny z`xia dxeyk bdep èd m` ,mlera erah rceeiy ick daiyi mewna `ly xecl ài èdd
Yekke or Jecke - German Jew
In l`xyi ux` many people believe the term is an abbreviation for "fpky` zelidw i`vei". There are
many theories as to its origin. Most historians are of the opinion that it was once a derogatory
term used by the Slavic nations out of jealousy. Since most Germans were more sophisticated
and well off, it was a way to ridicule them. Later Eastern European Jews used this term for the
same reason, trying to make fun of the Western European Jews. Over time it lost its negative
connotation and became just a nickname for Western Jews, referring to their jacket. Today the
word Yekke is used with pride.
The o"anx in igie `xciq ('i :h"n ziy`xa) explains the words "miO©
¦ r z©dT§ ¦i Fl§e" by saying:
":devnd leawe zernyn oeyl ea eyxite ,dwi eyxyy zdwia exn` wecwcd ilra"
Free Translation: A Yekke is someone with the proper discipline who follows and fulfills zevn.
jàvxrn dpei axd was fond of pointing out this o"anx.
_______________________________________________
LIV
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
Two of the rebbes of the Gerrer Chassidim stated the following about German Jews. The zty
zn`, xhl` aiil dix` dcedi axd (1847–1905), stated that they are wealthy since they recite zkxa
oefnd aloud. The zn` ixn`, xhl` ikcxn mdxa` axd (1866–1948), commented, that in the
Holocaust 90% of the Polish and Lithuanian Jews were killed, whereas almost 66% of German
Jews escaped. We may assume this to be a result of their concern for zqpkd zia ceak and their
refraining from talking during dlitz.
It is noteworthy that aèey oerny axd related that the zn` ixn` once told him that “The Tzaddik
of Frankfurt [Rav Hirsch] was a liebidige mussar sefer [a living mussar sefer].” The Gerrer
Rebbe’s assessment and awe of Rav Hirsch should now come as no wonder.
The zn` ixn` was not the only rebbe to hold Rav Hirsch is high esteem.
On one occasion, while he was attending the shiurim of Rabbi Simcha Bunim Schreiber (1843 -
1907), a grandson of the Chasam Sofer and author of Shevet Sofer, Reb Shraga Feivel found
himself the object of criticism when he was seen studying Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch’s
works. Because Rabbi Hirsch wrote in German vernacular, his works still occasioned suspicion
within the deeply conservative Hungarian yeshiva world of the day. Reb Shraga Feivel was
summoned to appear before the yeshivah administration. At his “trial” he enlisted the assistance
of an old Jew living in Pressburg, who testified that thirty years earlier, when his first wife’s
mental disability forced him to seek permission from one hundred rabbis to take a second wife,
the Divrei Chaim of Sanz had advised him to travel to Frankfurt Am Main to obtain the signature
for Rabbi Hirsch, telling him, “What I am to Galicia, he is to Germany.”
Placement of the cenr and the xrnrnl` (dnia).

The cenr has been located in the front of the synagogue as far back as the tenth century!
The reason being that the dltz lra represents and therefore stands, in the front of the
congregation. We have many pictures and illustrations of synagogues, in which the cenr directly
faces the ycewd oex`. This includes the xpl jexr Synagogue in Altona, the `"nx Synagogue in
Cracow, the ryedi ipt's Synagogue in Berlin, and yxid l`tx oeyny axd's Synagogue in n"ctt. [In
the heit recited during mi`xep mini sqen we say: 'dnià ycewd oex` len miyb'] micxtq have a similar
bdpn; however, Hungarian mipax of the nineteenth century, learned from the miciqg xtq, that the
cenr should not be face the ycewd oex` directly, for the reason that we may not request from
God mipt len mipt (face towards face). Therefore, they said the cenr should be to the right ofoex`
ycewd.
The Reform Movement wanted to have the xrnrnl` in the same area as the cenr,
with both in front and up high, similar to churches. This was one of the first things the Reform
changed (although there were two Orthodox synagogues that followed suit, as a compromise
with those congregants who were influenced by the Reform). There are many zeaeyz concerning
this issue, and many reasons were put forward for placing the xrnrnl` in the center of the
synagogue; a) in order for dxezd zìxw to be heard better since it is likened to dxez ozn, where mr
l`xyi were encamped around ipiq xd, b) in order for the zepryed procession to proceed around
the xrnrnl`, which is compared to the gafn (Altar).
_______________________________________________
LV
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
Collecting dwcv
In one particular Yekkish synagogue, the Pushka sits at the entrance to the synagogue and people
are supposed to give dwcv upon entering or exiting. No collection is made in middle of oren.
This was the custom in Berlin as well. The custom of collecting during oren is a very disturbing
which distracts the xeav from u"yd zxfg, yicw, epilr, etc..
dlitzd iptl zeywae zelitz
The zeywa icxtq (jywa` xgy, jiz`xw ip`, and lcbi) are not part of xeaiva dlitz, and may be said in
private. mler oec` and lcbi were accepted in all fpky` zelidw (except for `yinxee). jywa` xgy is
rarely seen, and although it is printed in the hxetwpxt xeciq (5416), it was not included in other
mixeciq ifpky` before the miidlcex.
ziaxre dgpn ipnf
According to the l"ixdn ibdpn, one may oren dgpn and ziaxr very early, if circumstances warrant
it (e.g. a wedding). Since ziaxr is a zeyx zlitz which has been accepted as a aeig, one may be
lwin with the onf. For this reason, it is acceptable to oren ziaxr earlier than the time considered
night (one can oren dgpn and ziaxr after dgpnd blt, even though they are 'ixzqc izxz'). Possibly,
the same wqt applies to making early zay. (2 zedbd 'w 'q `yinxee ibdpn xtq). zeynyd oia was not
considered to begin from driwy, therefore, the bdpn was to oren dgpn later than driwy. l`xyi ux`
which is closer to the equator, one has to oren closer to the driwy, and the more one is located in
the north - the later one could oren (therefore, Washington Heights orens dgpn ten minutes after
the driwy). It appears to me that relying on the zeynyd oia of the mipe`b was done primarily just
for dgpn, when many mipey`x and mipexg` held that you may oren until ynn miakekd z`v.
However, for hundreds of years, the zeynyd oia of the mipe`b was accepted in Frankfurt, even for
purposes of delaying the date of dlin, in which one cannot just be 'xingn' like the mipe`b because
this leads to a dlin being performed on the ninth day, according to those who have a later
zeynyd oia. When controversy struck in Frankfurt in 5495 regarding this issue, uw awri 'x's daeyz
to rule like the mipe`b, was the accepted position. So this would seem to indicate that, in fpky` for
questions of a `ziixe`c zevn, the bdpn was to be yyeg for the dhiy of the mipe`b as a real wtq,
as already ruled dkldl according to the j"y (long before the `"xb) on the basis of the m"xdn
xwyl`. For further information, see Chapter 46 of "dklda mipnfd" by yipra miig (in ycewd oeyl).
xriixa axd preferred to oren dgpn as late as possible because he said that it is better to recite
rny zìxw in its proper time as it is `ziixe`c. In opaxc issues - they were not yyeg for that dhiy.
While it is true that in many countries, mostly in Eastern Europe, mz epiax ipnf were followed. In
fpky` in particular, they were not accepted, and the mipnf stayed in accordance with the mipe`b. In
general, mz epiax ibdpn were not accepted by fpky` ipa. The only mz epiax bdpn which was generally
accepted in fpky`, was the textual change to ixcp lk, in which we mention the mixcp from this year
to next (not the mixcp from last year to this year).
Oren - oxe`
A word formed by the addition of the German infinitive suffix to the Latin "ora" (="pray") which
was very familiar to every one in the Middle Ages, as it still is in Catholic countries, from its
repeated use in the frequent litanies of the Church. "Oren" is used by Jews of German descent
not so much to signify "to pray" as "to say one's prayers"; that is, to recite a set form of
devotions, whether with the congregation or in domestic privacy. Among Jews resident in
Slavonic lands, "oren" is replaced by "dawenen"; in England and America, more generally
_______________________________________________
LVI
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
"daven." This word has been supposed (by I. B. Lewisohn originally) to be a varied
pronunciation of the Middle English "dawen" in its lengthened form "dawenen," identical with
the modern English "dawn," and referring especially to the prayer of early morning. But much
more probably it is to be derived from the Arabic "da'wah" = invocation, although this word is
not used in Arabic for "prayer," since "du'a" (from the same root, "da'a")denotes prayer. In some
manner, however, perhaps through the Turkish, "da'wah" became known to the Jews of eastern
Europe in the sense of "prayer," the verbs "da'wenen," "dawenen" being formed from it.
The woman who recites prayers aloud to companions unable to read the square Hebrew or
rabbinic characters, or unprovided with books, is, on the other hand, called a Sagerin, from the
German word "sagen" (= "to say"), because while all the men "said" their prayers in Hebrew, the
women as a rule "said" them—especially the less frequent piyutim and other passages reserved
for festivals and the like—in "Tchines-Teutsch" or "Siddur-Teutsch" (i.e., "prayer German").
Both "oren" and "dawenen" are sometimes specifically used to connote the artistic and
devotional elements in the musical intonation of the prayers according to the traditional Jewish
manner; but this is only when one who publicly officiates as cantor is spoken of, and in the same
sense an officiant is termed a "ba'al tefillah" (lit. "master of prayer," i.e., "competent leader of the
devotions"). When a private worshiper is alluded to, the terms are applied to the monotonous
wailing chant in which the prayers were crooned in an undertone by congregants or private
worshipers of a past generation in northeastern Europe. The melody of this intonation was a form
of the plaintive strain which prevails in the recital of the Kinah and much other medieval Hebrew
verse, and which, closely reproduces the melancholy that is so noticeable in much of the
folk-song of the Slavonic peoples.
Jewish Encyclopedia
uledpity zay
In regard to the possible origins of the term uledpity zay, the following is by iexhpx` jepg axd,
miyp" e`xy micirn m`y `"r h"t oihiba `xnbd zxne` okle dpezgd meil zeehl minid mzeà ebdp mb miyp
zay" dpezgd iptly zayl fpkyà e`xw mipiad inia .dpezg my meidy zei`xd zg` z`f "xpd xe`l zeeh
'e w"q `"pwz mdxa` obn oiir ,"uledpity
But there are some other explanations. This is what Hermann Schwab, "A World in Ruins"
wrote:
The first festive harbinger of a wedding was the preceding Sabbath called Spinholz. The origin
of the word is disputed. One explanation, according to which it found its way to the German
ghetto from the Italian Jews, traces it back to the Italian 'spinalzare' (to make merry). Others link
the word with spinning, an activity which in the Middle Ages constituted a large part of a
housewife's work. It may be a reference to the new home awaiting the young wife. Be that as it
may, the Spinholz Sabbath was a round of gaiety focused on the betrothed pair. The programme
varied in different communities. The Friday evening as well as the Sabbath was taken up with
visits to the homes of bride and bridegroom, and merry-making at the dance-house; which no
community lacked. The bridegroom would already be wearing his ceremonial Sarbal (festive
coat) and Mitron (cap), and the bride, too, would be dressed in festive garments. The ensuing
days before the wedding also found the betrothed pair in this attire. The celebrations on the
Spinholz Sabbath were not confined to the home. They were no less manifest in the synagogue,
where the bridegroom was the object of special honors and Spinholz-melodies rang out.
------------
.''oi¦pT̈EznE
§ miaFh
¦ e§ mikEx£̀
¦ mi¦Ig© L§l oY¦
¥ i mi¦Ig© d¥Ig© n'§ - ik¦ d̈ ix¥n§ `¨ ,`z̈ic¦ A§ nEt
§ A§ ic¥c̈£dn¥ op̈Äx© ix¥h§ Ri
© n¦ iM'¦ ,dÄx© xn© `¨
Rabboh said: “When the Rabbis would take leave of one another in Pumbediso, they would say the following:
‘The One Who gives life to the living should give you a long, good, and well-provided life.’” (.`r `nei 'nb)
_______________________________________________
LVII
Treasures of Ashkenaz
Website: treasuresofashkenaz.wordpress.com
Four Methods Of Reciting mildz

Comparison And Contrast of The Different Methods
In general, after various distractions, it seems that speeding, or excessive speed, is perhaps the
greatest enemy of proper dpeek, and spirituality. (See bdpn iyxy' xtqa "zepiznae zgpa dltz" wxt
''c wlg fpky`).
1) The u"y says/chants/sings the opening weqt of the xenfn aloud, the ldw says the entire
xenfn on their own until its conclusion, the u"y says/chants/sings the last weqt aloud.
There is a significant probability and temptation for people to speed through mixenfn, since they
are recited at their own pace.
2) The u"y and ldw says/chants/sings the xenfn together (jailxw ipipn ,migxfn ,micxtq).
The recitation is usually quite slow and deliberate, which is an improvement in terms of battling
the scourge of speed, and creating more dpeek.
3) The u"y says/sings/chants a weqt, followed by the repetition of the weqt by the ldw.
(Widely used when mildz are said for a dleg or in an dxv zr.
It may feel needlessly slow, since it is essentially repeating each weqt twice, once hearing, and
once saying it.
4) The u"y opens with the first weqt, followed by the ldw responding with the next weqt, and
so on, until the end of the xenfn, when the u"y chants the last weqt aloud. (i.e. zexinf mirp`)
It has an alternating interaction between the u"y and the ldw, being active and passive,
alternating between reading/speaking and listening/hearing.
Alternating Way Of Reciting mildz (4 above) Background

While many are familiar with the first three methods, the fourth is less known. According to
xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen, in his notes (3 dxrd ,ai cenr ,'h oniq ,'` wlg) on `yinxee w"wc mibdpn,
it is a very ancient method of mildz recitation, and also a xètn bdpn (glorious, beautiful custom),
with origins in j"pz. It is further described in the ancient xecq attributed to `fiinxbn dnly x,
as being xiy jxck , dnirpa, a pleasing recitation, song-like. In fpky` bdpn it is employed on certain
occasions, for example on zay lil, when a number of mixenfn are said as part of zay zlaw. In the
Middle Ages dxnfc iweqt were read responsively by u"y and ldw in a similar fashion. Therefore,
is a great deal of ldw - u"y interaction, which leads to more active involvement than there might
otherwise be, and necessitates paying more attention. The ldw is more empowered, by not just
following the u"y's recitation, but rather being almost equal partners, or co-leaders.
_______________________________________________
LVIII
:op̈¨ ei i¦ax§ x©n`¨ s¥ ei x©A wg̈§vi¦ ax© x©n`¨
(.fnw zay) :'z`ḧ©g aiÏ©g zÄ©WA§ eti¥ zM§ lr© el z©g«©pEn z¤lR«¤Ew§n zi¦lh© A§ `¥ ei©d'
sqei xa wgvi ax stated in the name of opgei iax, one who goes outs into the public domain
with a folded cloak resting on his shoulder on zay, is liable for a z`hg:
Commentary:
The `xnb understands zilh to be a large four-cornered garment similar in size and
dimension to the zilh used during dlitz today (`"t w"q `"y 'q oglyd jexr); see also (`"l
w"q `"y 'q oglyd jexr). In Talmudic times, this garment was a normal part of daily attire
(`"ahix). It was generally worn draped over the head and shoulders in such a way that
most of one’s body would be covered by it; the sides of the cloak would flow down one’s
arms, and the end of the cloak would extend down one’s back towards the floor (see i"yx
and oglyd jexr ad loc.). Here, though, the `xnb discusses a case where the cloak was not
worn in this manner. Instead of allowing the cloak to drape behind him, the person lifted
the back end of the garment onto his shoulders, in effect folding the cloak in half
width-size (i"yx). His purpose in doing so was presumably to guard against the end of the
cloak touching the ground and becoming soiled or ripped (see oglyd jexr ad loc.). Since
this is not the normal way the cloak is worn, the person is deemed to be carrying the
garment rather than wearing it (see i"yx here and above, z`hg aiig d"c ,d"p sc), and
carrying from a private to a public domain is prohibited on zay. [Since the cloak is not
usually worn in this manner, the person cannot be said to be wearing the garment (see
'l ,h"k w"q `"y 'q miig gxe`).]
fpky` ipa were citwn not to fold the zilh over their shoulders, but to wrap their bodies in it,
to wear it like a blanket. The zilh is considered clothing, not just something resting on
one’s shoulders. The ofg would wear it the same way as mipfg wear it today in fpky` zelidw.
This is discussed at length by gwex xfril` iax. The gwex’s opinion is as follows, a) one
should have two zeiviv in the front and two in the back, (Those who wished to follow his
opinion, would wrap two zeiviv back around their neck!) According to the ancient bdpn
this was not done, as most people were not citwn. People by not folding the zezilh over
their shoulders, might cause their zeiviv to drag on the floor, this does not pose a halachic
problem. (Those who wish to wear their zilh in a similar way to the ancient bdpn, and
don't want to have the zeiviv on the floor, should tuck in the bottom zeiviv through their
belt, in this way they fulfill all mibdpn.) The gwex’s opinion is quoted by the melye miig ikxc
(Munkaczer mibdpn Paragraph 35 of the footnotes). This was also the bdpn of many miciqg in
the Ukraine and surrounding regions, including those of Chernobyl, Skver, Karlin-Stolin,
and Belz.
-------------
As mentioned in '` wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy according to fpky` bdpn, a lecb zilh is neither only
for davening, nor only for daytime use. Rather it is appropriate garment for communal
functionaries (ofg / ax) performing certain functions, xeavd ceak iptn, both during the day
and at night. (for example: Droshos, Hespeidim, Weddings, and Kerias HaMegilloh)
©l`¦ x©A dc̈Ed§i i¦ax§ l¤W Fbd̈§pn¦ dïd̈ KM̈' ax© x©n`¨ dc̈Ed§i ax© x©n`¨ C§"
:i`r§
(:dk zay) "':zFà̈§v 'c K©`§ln© l§ d¤
nFc§e oi¦viïEv§nd© oi¦pic§
¦qA§ a¥WFi§e s¥Hr©z¦
§ nE ... zÄ©W ax¤r¤
,zi¦vi¦vA§ ' Di¥l x©n`¨ '?i¥th§ xi¦df̈ i`©nA§ KEa£̀ ' :dÄx©c§ Dix§
¥A s¥qFi ax§©l s¥qFi ax© di¥l x©n`¨ "
(:giw zay) "':D¥in§ x© `lC§ dÖ©M dz̈¨è§ zi¦gp̈ `N§e ,`ḧEg Di¥l wi¦qR§ i¦` ,`B̈x§c§
©A wi¦lq̈ `ẅ dë£d c©g `n̈Fi
_______________________________________________
LIX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
dlitzd zrya y`xd lr raeke zilh
y`xd lr zilh
ipy miraep oipn .zilh ieqik `ll j` my`xl raek miyaegy yie ,zilhd my`x z` miqknd yi dlitzd zra
?dl` mibdpn
.zilha mithrzn eid day dlitz lka devn ly zilha y`xd z` zeqkl did bedp miipiad inia dipnxba
zilhd miyi ,zixgya zilha shern ayeid" : (f"rwzz 'c-) 'miciqg xtq' 1lra ciqgd dcedi iax ixacn dler jk
df oi` .y`xd z` dqkn zilhd xy`k zixyt` mipird lrp zilhd zniy ."dpè dp` lkzqi `ly ick ,eipir iptl
.y`xd ieqik `la zilha mipird z` jexkl lltzndn yexcl ipeibd
o"aaixd mieprd zgtynl `texd oinipa x"a dlri dcedi iax iwlhi` mkg ixaca xzei cer dxexa ef dcaer
`l` ,dpde dpd lkzqi `ly ,gth eipt lr zilhd cixedl d`xp ile" :'hwl ilay' lra ly ecec oae eax (-'k 'd-)
dpzip ìde 3.ezlitza oiekl dvexy cg` lkl `l` ,xeaiv igilyl e` minkgl dxn`p `l ef dvr 2."dltza oiekzi
.my`x z` dqkn dzid zilhy milltznd llkl wtq `ll
z`vnp ,'bxeaphexn m"xdn iac mibdpn xtq' ,dipnxba oiixd lagn e`veny ,dtewz dze`n sqep xeaiga
zilha oy`x sehir ligzdl mixegad mipzgd ebdp zenewn yia" :zilha y`xd ieqikl zyxetn zecr
eid mvra dl` zenewn ipa m` epl xexa `l ik m` ,zilha my`x miqkn eidy i`ce mzpezg xg`l 4."mzpezga
zenewn ipa ly zilha zethrzdd lk `ny e` ,y`xd mb z` eqik mzpezg zrne mzpezg iptl zilha mithrzn
.oièyipd xg` wx dlgd dl`
jezn milltznd ipy `le zilha ey`x sher u"yd wx ea ,miipiad ini idlyn xefgn jezn xeiv epicia
md oi`y d`xp ,xida mege mec` ,ixewnd xeiva mitqepd milltznd ipy ly yeald rav itl mle` .xeaivd
e` dgpn dlitza èti` xaecne ,oal rava zilha shern u"yd wx ,xg` yeala `l` ,llk zilhn mithern
.u"yd caln ,zilha shrzn xeaivd oi` da ziaxr
onf lk ey`x lr zilhd gipn" did ik eilr cird (j"x-o"w) 'oycd znexz' lra oilxqi` l`xyi iax ly cinlz
xeaivd aex ly `l` mipaxd bdpn wx èti` df did `l 5."jixhye` ipa aex eyr oke ,ey`xa oilitzdy
.dixhqeà
`tfei sqei iax z`f xikfde ,zilha y`xd z` zeqkl dipnxb zelidwa ekiynd oiicr xzei zxge`n dtewza
6
."ey`x lr ldw ly zilh miyn" u"ydy eazka (g"lz-c"qy) '`yiinxee w"wc mibdpn' lra yny
ly ezenyxzd dzid ef .ztpvnd lrn zilha my`x miqkn eid milltznd x`y mb `l` u"yd wx `l
zqpkd ziaa ...icedil" :c"rz zpya exeìzn dlery itk hxetwp`xt zlidwa hcey o`dei awri dipnxbd cnelnd
7
."zilhd z` el yi ey`x lr ...
raekd lrn zilh
lrn zilhd z` gipdl ,mipiad ini idly f`n zegtl ,bdpnd ce`n uetp .ztqep daeyg dcewpl miribn ep` o`k
cxei l"f mely epayk epxekf" :epa zilh lr l"pd 'oycd znexz' lra ly ezaebzn xxazn jk .y`xd lry raekd
it lr s` ,ey`x lr zilhd diabdl il xnè ,etxer lr eixeg`l ey`x lrn ezilh ltepyk ,lltzdl daizd iptl
8
."`tw oixewy ey`x lr oexhn dedc
mexca zexiir dnka zepaxa yniyy l"z zpya dpiee iyxebnn ,ykeprd sqei x"a xra daiwr oerny iax
jixv" :dxeziz agx èd zilhl zgzny raekd xy`k ,zaya lde` ziiyr iptn milltznd z` xidfd ,dipnxb
zilhd zeqkl xeq` zaya la` .oilitzd dqki mby ick ,ztpvnd lr ey`xn dlrnl gth enk zilhd shrzdl
9
."ld` meyn ,y`xn dlrnl gth ztpvnd lr
lrn mdiy`x lr zezilhyk milltznd aex mi`xp oiicr ,dipnxba zqpk iza ly 18-d d`ndn mihixgza
eyag zeiqpk izaa ,hrn ycwna mb jk ,mzcear zrya 'zerabn ix`t' eyag ycwnd ziaa mipdkd .mdiraek
dti ikcxn iax .dpiky `xenl minxez mdy wenipa ,miraekd zyiag z` eccer miwqetd .miraek milltznd
.c"tyzzz 'iq ,`nx`t i"zk ,miciqg xtq 1.

.22 'rd hnz 'inr ,f"pyz oilwexa ,a"g ,`pieen wgvi x"a miig epiaxl 'rexf xe` iwqt'a eàed eixac 2.
.dqw 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,mixac ,mlyd dyn zxez ,m"zgd epiax ,'c xà ,dlebd xà ,l"xdn 'ir 3.
.83 'nr ,i"gxtz wxì ep ,bxeaphexn m"xdn iac mibdpn xtq 4.
.13 'nr ,`"g ,xyei hwl 5.
.ep 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,`"g ,yny i"xl `yiinxee w"wc mibdpn xtq 6.
J. J. Schudt - E. Frisch, Von der Frankfurter Juden Vergangenheit, Berlin 1934 ,p. 50 7.
.20 'nr ,g"e` ,xyei hwl 8.
.`"r hl sc ,f"qz jàvlef ,`xead zcear ly `xza `xecdn 9.
_______________________________________________
LX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
edfy mixyd iptl ok zkll mibdepy mewna elit` qpki `l dlebn y`xa ...zqpkd ziaa" .(a"ry u"x) 'yeal'd lra
iptl y`x caeke dni` el yi ey`xa raek el yiyke ,eilry dpiky `xen el oi` el`k ,c`n y`x zelw jxc
iig' lra bivp`c mdxa` iax dilr riavdy daiq dze` zngn ,`nlra 'y`x ieqik' `le 'raek' oiiv èd 10."jxazi
11
."raekd zgzy ohwd raeka `le aegxa jledy jxck ey`xa raek miyi" :(`"twz-g"wz) 'mc`
miydl jixv" :(b"vxz-g"vwz) 'dxexa dpyn' lra odkd xi`n l`xyi iax mb rinyd raekd zyiagl df wenip
miyp` iptl ok cenrl jxc oi` ik ,raekd zgzy ohwd raeka `le ,aegxa jledy jxck ey`xa raek dltzd zra
12
."miaeyg
y`xdn zilhd zxqd
iax `yiinxee zlidw ly dax .mipfgd lv` zilha y`xd ieqik lr dctwd-i` ly dnbn dlgd 17-d d`nd seqa
:zilha my`x eqik `ly mipfgd z` gikede oeitxk z`f d`x ,(a"qz-g"vy) 'xiì zeg' lra jxka miig xiì
lk meib xg` zilh ly dxhrd milihny mizigynd cbp dl` ixac eidie ...zilha ey`x dqkiy oekp ...u"y"
dn lr ope`zd cer 13."meeib xg` zilhd mikilyny mipfgl xqen" edfe ,"y`x zelw wx df oiè ,dlitzd
mdl yiy mze` elitè ,devn ly zilhe ztpvn gwiln mpir rxi zleki ilra s` ,zephw zexiire mixtka"y
.zilh sehir ipipr lka oeitx lr zecr 14."oicd mein mdl ie` ,gxehl mdle myealn milvrzn ,mdiptl migpene
,minkg icinlz ly zicrla dbdpdl aygpy cr ,zilha y`xd ieqik lr miwcwcnd wx ecitwd onfd jyna
c"a` uiaexed ield yxid iav iax giked ,e"qwz zpya hxetwp`xta dyxca .milibx miza ilra epnn ewngzdy
mrl zqpkd ziaa miza ilrad zeyrl rxd xvid jxc" :zilha y`xd sehira mrd oend ly leflfd z` ,n"ctt
repnl eziqne ,mkg cinlzd bdpzny jxck ,ey`x lr zilhd shrzdl `ly mb ,dlitza jix`dl `ly ,ux`d
15
."ciqg ux`d mr `l :zeixad eilr exnì `ly ,dl`k mixacn
xnel ozip miillk miewa .miraekd zxev zepzyd iptn ,rwzyp - zilhd sehrl eilrne raek yeagl ,oyid bdpnd
zrya raek zyiag lr ecitwd el`y ,dtexi` gxfn ipan daxrne dtexi` fkxn ipa mipexg`d zexeca elvtzp ik
`hil ixra s` e`vnp mpn` .raek zyiag `la y`xd lrn zilhd sehir lr elè ,y`xd lr zilh `la dltzd
16
.zilha ey`x dqkn did xeaivd gily wx wqixa enk dreci xirae ,zilha my`x z` eqik `ly miax micedi
c"a` cltpxdr lèny iax enk ,raekd zxqde zilha y`xd ieqikl etihdy yi dtexi` fkxna jci`n
oilitzd z` miwgec einiay miyicg miraekdy ,yyg dlrdy ,(b"nxz-d"vwz) 'xteq ozg' lra sxecqxh`n
minlye mi`xi [dixbped-exhqe`] epizpicna dpd" :ixnbl raekd zxqd z` ccerl eziihp dzid okle ,gvnd oeeikl
my`x lr zilhd miniyn ...zepicn lka la` ,mkg cinlzc `pna yalzdl `ly ,my`x lr zilh zzln mirpen
iptn eyeai `le ,'d i`xi eyri oke ,mdl ixyè ,zenilya oilitz zevn miiwl ick ,ard raekd mixiqne
17
."mibirlnd
rited xy`ke ,zilha my`x eqik mipaxd wx zxge`nd ztewza ziaxrnd dtexià zenewnd aexa
rwxw mb zeid xacd .xacay qenipd xqeg lr el mixirn eid ,zilha shern ey`xe axk reci did `ly edc-o`n
elek sehr ey`xe lltzn bxeavxiee ly zqpkd ziaa d`xp cg` xirv ik xteqn .zepipye micecig zgixtl dixet
x`tzdl ux`d mrl xeq`y ahid rcei mkg cinlzk dz` !xega" :el xnè xe`k`h edilcb axd eil` dpt .zilh
18
."dfk oteà
lka l`xyi ibdpn z` zepwcwca xwg b"vxz-a"qxz mipyd oiay ipnxb cneln ,hcx`dxb jixle` xeqtext
z` sehrl .[oàxehd] y`xd ieqik lrn zilhd z` jeynl gep gxfnd zevxà" :df opira oiiv ,laz zevx`
zelidwa mihrn lv` wx cer miiw df bdpne ,xzè xz` lka hrnk lhazd ,i`texi` raek lrn zilhd
lrn zilhd mr daizd iptl zaya lltzdy icedi `w`xwa cg` zqpkd ziaa `vn ik xtiq cer 19."dipnxb mexc
20
!lniixhyd
.zilhd ieqik eilrne raek miyaeg oiicr gxfnd zecr ipa ipwfn micigi meik
.'e sirq `"pw 'iq ,zlkzd yeal 10.

.'g 'irq a"k llk mc` iig 11.
.a"i q"q `"v oniq ,dxexa dpyn 12.
.'` sirq b"p 'iq ,miig xewn 13.
.'` sirq `"pw 'iq ,my 14.
.c xeh f sc ,e"rwz jàite` ,dcez ingl ,uieexed d"vx 15.
.wqixa xira cili ,`"hily o`npiihy aiil oxd` x"bd itn 16.
.xteq ozg z"eya xagnd zeclez seqa ,'oilitz zyecw oipra zexdf`' qxhpew 17.
.cp 'rn ,e"nyz m-i ,cria` xtq ,invr ly mixac ,cria`-bxaqtlee ediryi 18.
U. Gerhardt, Jüdisches Leben im Jüdischen Ritual, Heidelberg 1980. p. 48 19.
.180 'nr ,my 20.
_______________________________________________
LXI
cxtq ibdpn COMMONLY PRACTICED BY mifpky`
1) ip` dcen - xikn oa dyn 'x, who lived in ztv with the l"fix`.
2) mildz at meals before oefnd zkxa - xikn oa dyn 'x.
3) zay zlaw
4) dax `pryede zereay lil oewiz
5) opaxc yicw by the mdxcea` and the m"anx.
fpky` ibdpn COMMONLY PRACTICED BY micxtq

1) Answering eny jexae èd jexa upon hearing zekxa, from the fpky` iciqg, promoted by the y"`x.
2) Saying jl ozie on zay i`ven.
3) jilyz first mentioned in the l"ixdn.
4) zextk on xetik mei axr. Although the xagn opposed it, other milecb icxtq accepted it.
5) Moroccan micxtq have more fpky` ibdpn, due to the influence of the y"`x.
mibdpn SHARED BY fpky` ipa AND micxtq

1) Boys wear zezilh. If you see a xega with a zilh, is either a icxtq or fpky` oa.
2) The dteg at a dpezg. The original dteg, which was widely prevalent in ancient days, was a
zilh (meaning a zilh draped over the ozg and dlk). As per the ancient expression Dz̈F` dtFg
¤
Fzi¦lh© A.
§ dtFg
¤ means to cover. micxtq and fpky` ipa practice this ancient bdpn.
3) oilitz with small miza. Both fpky` ipa and micxtq had small oilitz.
4) Reading zexhtd from a `zxht` xtq (a collection of zexhtd written dyecwa on a slw).
___________________________________________________________________
(k:` dicaer) :a¤b«¤Pd
© i¬¥xr̈ z¥̀ EW¾ x«§i¦ c®©xẗ§qA¦ x´W
¤ £̀ m©lẄEx§«i z¬ªlb̈§e zt©½ x´§v̈Îcr© Æmi¦pr©
£pM§ Îx«W
¤ £̀ l³¥̀ x§
Üi¦ i¥̧p§a¦l d¤GdÎl¥
©Â g«d© z´lªb̈§e
And this first exile of the ten tribes of Israel [i"yx] who dwell from Germany [miprpk - `xfr oa`] / [Holland],
even unto France [ztxv - mixteq zrc ,l`paxa` ,w"cx ,`xfr oa` ,i"yx] / England [ztxv - l`paxa`] and the captivity
of the Jews of Jerusalem in Spain [cxtq - ozpei mebxz] shall possess the cities of the South.
_______________________________________________
LXII
'` wlg - awri itel` milecbd xve`
odkd awri ilztp
xbxeand axd stated that many of the mibdpn mentioned here, were correct at certain times,
and were eventually changed both by qepiix bdpn and jiixhqe` bdpn.
.ìcda xtqd y`xa myk dpd - jiixhqe` ibdpn qepix ibdpn

ixtqa ok dèxd d`xi izazky dn lke yi meidy
l"ixdn ixtqa elld mipyn epizeax fpky` inkg 'ihyte `xdp `xdp mipice mibdpna miwelig
n"xdn ,`pexa i"xdn ,c"dz ,c"ybd ,e"ixdn 'id ok dpd .recik cxtq ipae fpky` ipa oia
ìcda k"b d`xpy enke ,ivpin i"xdn ,ivpen cr mitl` 'd zepya mipencw mipya miptln
.oldl k"b dt miwzrend zepeyln mibdpne mipica miwelig `"nxe r"y ixeag ixg`
oia mpyiy miwelig zvw dt meyx` dpde ipa oia 'tbè qepix xdp lr miayeid mze` oia
e`vnpy itk ,jiixhqe` ipa oiae qepix ipa ik s` xy` ,jiixhye` zpicna miayeid
.dfn xkf zvw mixtqa miwlegn n"n ,fpky` zepicna k"b ìd jiixhy`
enk zgd zxad mixacn eid qepix ipa (` qepix ipa zepicnac `l` cer `le mibdpna eid
(eteqa l"ixdn) ,jiixhye` ipa ok `le ,`d ipae oeilr lilb ipa oia miwelig eid `teb
ik l`rnyi zevxà mb did df welig znàe) xirn ezlgzd 'id ,oezgzd lilbe ,oezgzd lilb
dizeaiaqe izax `pibhyew xira xy` micedid `pilew oxlrb zpicn lk oke ,d`lde `vpilaew
x`ya k"`yn ,`d enk zigd zxad mixacn eid zaeyzn xèany enke) ,odizepae orwp`xe
hkw 'iq heyt hba xèany enke ,my zepicn miaygpy (y"iir alw 'iq miazk c"dze `"xdn
zepicn dnka ok welig yi epipnfa oke ,y"ir oezgzd lilbc bq 'iq c"dzae oezgzd lilbl
zvwa ,ìx`bpe` xbd uxày micedid enk minkg icinlz zveaw my iyp` mda eid mlern
.(dfa l"nkè ,recike ,ok zefegn zeldw meyl gk 'id `l k"r rva i`pey
oigipn jiixhye` ipa oilitz zgpda (a oecl èal dixkdl n"ey zeldw s` zexg`
`zxarn oigipn qepix ipa cid cvl `zxarn l"ixdna edin ,my oiir 'eke mdiptl mipic
.(hn 'iq c"dz l 'iq l"ixdn) ,sebd cvl mnvr m© iwifgn eid oeilrd lilb ipac
miwqta mdibdpn aex jiixhqe` ipa (b y"iir 'eke oezgzd lilb ipan xzei miqgein
ax 'idy rexf xe` lra zrc lr mipice lilbac 'i oniq l"ixdna cere n"ey ixr epiidy
ixg` jeynl n"ka ekxc f"e` lrae orieea 'eke bxeaphexn n"xdn ibdpn miqtez oeilrd
'iire ,mipta ekxra 'iir ,i"yx (ar 'iq l"ixdn) bxeaypbrx ipac eq 'iq e"ixdn 'eyzae y"iir
i"tr mdibdpn aex qepiix ipac l"ixdn jxr oke jiixhqe` ipa ixg` odibdpn lka mixexb
.y"eri l"ixdn ,alw 'iq miazk c"dza àedy ezaeyza
oilitz zgpda oibdep jiixhqe` ipa (c mibdep mipic zvwac d"e` zekld l"ixdnae
ick rexfa `xezizd lr `"t drevxd oikxeky .y"iir jiixhqe` ipa enk `vpbna
.'eke wfega dwcdl oia welig yi mixtqa mbc `l` cer `le
mitzrzn mixrpdy oibdep qepix ipa (d d`xp ea ikcxnd xtqa ède ,eli` zepicn
zevx` x`yae ,dy` mi`yepy mcew s` ziviva ikcxn oke qepiix ipac ikcxn ci ik ,df welig
(my) .devn xa dyrpy mein miàeny mipice miwqt daxd ik jiixhye` ipac
zxiy zyxty mibdep jiixhye` ipa (e df ikcxn ax xtqa epyi qepix iayei ilecbn
oke ,mda milgy zezaya zexacd zxyre mid izkx`dy enke ,etelig oke exiaga oi`y dn
,zeiyxt mze` zexwl u"yd ribnyk h"eia .mn zeà ikcxn xtq jxr f"ka
ldwd mi`xewe ligzn `l` v"yd `xew epi` eny cg` xtq mipencw minia mdl 'ide
miiqn u"yde mciay miynegn elek ok k"g` 'id l"ixdn xtqa mb àedy ,qepix ibdpn xtq
ibdpn ok `le ,mx lewa oexg`d weqt wx z"qa x"xdn epiidy w"`xdn ibdpn xtqe ,dkepg
(ck 'iq c"dz) .qepix ipa ibdpn wx llek epiid ,xpfielw mdxa`
z"q zìxwa zelrl ebdp jiixhqe` ipa (f ly mibdpnc 'i 'iq c"dzae .k"r 'eke ,jiixhy`
,qepixa ok `le eny dpzypyk zeny ipya od `pxih `"x ibdpn oke ,iwpe aw od w"`xdn
(clx 'iq c"dz) .hba mbdpn oke my aezky enke ,y"iir mdiae jiixhye` ibdpn
_______________________________________________
LXIII
odkd awri ilztp
oi`c zixgya ezxgne zay lila wx dpezga mixne` zay zelitza jiixhqe` ipa (g
zekxa 'a wx ziyily zcerqae .zeycg mipt epl (my) dfd zay mei qepix ipae ,dfd gepn mei
(my) .k"r 'eke `xa xyè eperna dgny 'id mi`xep minia zelitzd ipebp (h
mini 'b rewzl miwiqtn qepix ipa (ck ,miheit oke ,qepix ibdpnn dpeyn jiixhqeà
(xyei hwl) .'` mei jiixhqe` ipae ,dpyd y`x iptl (my) .dfn df mipeyn mdl eid
q"pkdiaa yihta ynyd dkn qepixa (dk znypa xne` ziy`xa zaya qepix ibdpn (i
-sl` ,zia-sl` jxca jiixhqeàe b-a-` u"yd cner jl dnci in cr u"yd ribnyk
(my) .zg` dkn k"gè ze`kd ipy 'a 'eke cede xc` in heitd xneè daizd iptl
zeyrl oefg zaya oixizn qepixa (ek (my) .y"iir zepexgè zepey`xd zefexg
k"`yn ozgl lrityx`t e` uledpity q"pkdiaa ozg yiyk oibdep qepix ipa (ì
(my) .jiixhqeà `veiy oepgz ea mixne`y 'd - 'a mei ède
mcew dnyp iwl` zkxa oikxan qepixa (fk exnìy ick dvx zxin` zrya q"pkdan ozgd
(my) .dxezd zkxa xg` jiixhqeàe dxezd zkxa ('t miazk c"dz) .jiixhqe` bdpn ok oiè ,oepgz ldwd
oiyael qepixa ixcp lka k"dei lila (gk ozg yiyk zaya jiixhqe` bdpn (ai
(my) .jiixhqeà `l la` zilh xihtdl dxehtda oibdep eidc zqpkd ziaa
miieey inc oipzep k"dei axra qepixa (hk ìapn blcl k"gè ,f` ie`xd eze` zxehtd
zeterd oipzep jiixhqeàe ,miiprl zextkd ly ix`ya k"`yn ,ozg zxehtd mb xihtdle ìapl
(my) .miiprl mnvr (cv 'iq my) .zepicn
gxfn oia dkepg xp oiwilcn qepixa (l dkepg xp wilcdl miligzn qepix ipa (bi
oetva jiixhqeà k"`yn ,zqpkd ziaa axrnl (ew 'iq c"dz) .oini cvl jiixhqe` ipa el`ny cvl
(my) .mexcl zay lka dngd zeniac qepix ibdpn (ci
èdy dkepg xpa oiwilcn qepixa (`l dgpnd zlitz mcew ziyily dcerq oilke`
.oini cvl jiixhqeàe ,l`ny cvl .jiixhqe` ipa k"`yn
mei mcew dpal miycwn oi` qepixa (al dngd zenia lek`l oibdep qepix ipa (eh
.mcew miycwn jiixhqeà la` ,mixetkd milyean mivia lek`l zaya ziyily dcerqa
ldend itn wexfl mibdep jiixhqra (bl (my) .unega oiilxhit mr miyw
dlxrd mr miyery enk lega dvivnd oii ea`y eply miny ebdp qepix ipa (fh
oibdepy wx epnn lhipy oiid l` qepixae exdfp `l zepicn x`yae mixkp `le micedi
ziaa ycewd oex` zgz dvivnd oii qek zzl (l"ixdna my 'd) .jka
(my) .zqpkd ,gqta qekxka xzid ebdp qepix ipa (fi
`txh oixewy ser milke` oi` qepixa (cl bidpd l"ixdn j` xeqi` ea ebdp jiixhqe` ipae
(ev 'iq l"ixdn) .milke` jiixhqrae (my) .ea `xeqi` k"b
mbtl mrh ozep oica mibdep jiixhqra (dl lr aihnde aehd mikxan qepix ipa (gi
zrck ,zrl zrna `wec `le zg` dlila wx miblten zepii lr wx jiixhqe` ipae zepii lk
(cn l"ixdn) .ok l"qy miwqetd (clx 'iq c"dz) .gayl
oivpt lry alg lek`l ebdp qepixa (el dgnydy oad oeicta mixne` qepixa (hi
zhiyk dqixtd zgz qxkl weacd alg epiid (gqx 'iq c"dz) .mixne` oi` jiixhqeàe ,eperna
ly ewqtk mixqe` jiixhqàe ,mixt` epiax a"h ea lgy zayay mibdep qepix ipa (k
.lèi 'x ok `le bdep `rpvay mixac q"pkdaa fixkdl
mikf mina drea mixiykn jiixhqra (fl (xeb`) .zevx` x`ya
.mixqe` qepixae xya swid `la dìx iletya mixcg lka dfefn oiyer oi` qepiix ipa (`k
dtegl dlke ozg miqipkn qepixa (gl .`veike ea zehywzn miypdy sxegd ziaa enk
dfe ,xvei zlitz mcew dtik zgz zixgya .zefefn eraw mixcgd lka jiixhyeà k"`yn
.jiixhqeà ok `le ,mdly dtik aeyg (l"ixdn 'eyze my)
zepnl `ly miypd mibdep jiixhqra (hl oilltzn mixetay oibdep jiixhqeà (ak
.dzi`x zligz mein mini 'f xg` wx miiwp 'f mixet zcerq oilke` zevg xgè ,dlecb dgpn
(dnx 'iq c"dz) (my) 'eke dlill jynpy cr
lk oixqe` qepixa dviaa `vnpy mc (n zekxa ray oikxan oi`y oibdep qepixa (bk
_______________________________________________
LXIV
odkd awri ilztp
cinlz zekln qnn mixhet jiixhqra (dp .xzen x`ye mcd xiqn jiixhqxrae dviad
qepixae ,daiyi qtez èd m` `wec xiyr mkg (l"ixdn g"e` 'd)
(any 'iq c"dz) .llk oixhet oi` qxg ly zexicw oipala qepixa (`n
qepixl did zekxrde miqn inelyz lka (ep oivgex jiixhqrae gqtd xg` mda ynzydl
,dt xeviwa mxhtl `"`y ,mipey mibdpn .ming mina
(my) .jiixhqrn mieb icia wely aexk oixqe` qepixa (an
zxneya ìpecpd zwelga zeldwd zpwz (fp ok `le mieb ileya meyn hiexw xrief mixewy
dhytzp n"ey inkg epwzy ,maid oiae dpia mai .jiixhqra
bxeaypbrxc ,eq 'iq e"ixdn dfa 'iire ,jiixhqra mixeq` zian `vei cg`yk qepixa (bn
..dfa jiixeqe` ipa xg` xixb jexa el mixneè eipt lr min oiktey eixiag
ipa oia mibdpna miwelg zvw cer mexyè .ok mibdep mpi` jiixhqra la` ,mixeq` xizn
àedy itk oezgz lilb ipal oeilr lilb zxnen zxva xeqi` mibdep jiixhqra (cn
.mixtqa (hix 'iq c"dz) .xzid mibdep qepixae
dxeve dcil mewn aezkl ebdp oeilr lilba k"gè zxnenl hb mikfn jiixhqra (dn
(hb 'd my) .hba (epx 'iq my) .ectw `l qepixae zxg` `yep
cin zepkcy xky zeabl ebdp oeilr lilba qepiix oia miwelig yi miypd zaezka (en
.jiixhqra k"`yn qpwd myedy xg` jxeà dfa 're ,zern ixeriya zepicn ix`yl
,miqgeinl mnvr miwifgn eid oeilr lilba .mikex` mixacde e"ixdne hkx-alx 'iq c"dz
k"`yn ,ze`n yy daezka aezkl ebdp okl `kipge mey lke ,hba miazek qepixa (fn
.miz`n wx oezgz lilb (anw 'iq my) .jiixhqra `l la`
lilbae ,mizty agxa mpeyl oeilr lilba ztihra l"x zelaà mibdep qepiixa (gn
zenya hb iab n"wtpe `lilw `pyil oezgzd exèv jxc wx oexhn sehra mei cnl lk y`xd
eid oeilr lilba `viix my enk ,miype miyp` .jiixhqra k"`yn
oezgzd lilbae `kviix epiid ixiva mixne` zaya ezial la`d mieeln qepixa (hn
(eè 'iq n"nxdn) .`kvix wixig oirk xvga miayei wx jiixhqrae ,mini 'f jezay
oibdep `vpbn ipa zenai ikcxna `ziè .zqpkd zia
h"eia rwxwl xaegne iletya dreaa xeqi` ly zeayena xnel oibdep jiixhqra (p
`zln `gix oixqeè ,eyriy ick cr axrl ipy (my l"ixdn) .qepixa ok `le ,mrep idie la`
`yinxbl `vpbn ipa miàyke oixizn `finxbae wx la`l gelb xeqi` mibdep qepixa (`p
.y"iir 'eke mdl ricedl mikixv mipy lk jiixhqeàe zereay b"i dxrb xeriy
,dry 'iq y"aixd epiax 'eyza 'ke (l"ixdn my) .yceg xyr
miliwn md mifpkyè miztxvd epizeaxc oilyan oi` qepixa mini 'b ddyy xya (ap
ipaxe mipe`bd la` `zz`c `pebr zel`ya ('c llk miig min gekee) .dilv xg`
.y"iir 'eke mixingn cxtq zlrbd oica xingdl oibdep qepix ipa (bp
la` mipencwd epizeax lr dpeekd llkd .dpiab iqetc
mr jexr oglyd mdl yi xak dpd mipexgà ikcxne d"ia`x xg` mikynp qepix ipa (cp
yie lwdl mihep yi k"trè ceqil milk i`yep xg` oikynp jiixhqàe ,mzpicnn didy d"eè
l"nkè myxey itke mzeciqg itk lkd xingdl xtqa i"`xdn oke mzpicnn mixg` miwqet
.dfa (my) .eibdpn
(qepiix bdpn which is cited as the source for donning a zilh, 'dy` mi`yepy mcew s`', meaning prior
to marriage. It could be a mixteq zerh, because it does not fit with the structure of the sentence.
It maybe that the author was referring to the bdpn offered by the l"ixdn, that one begins wearing
a only when one is married.
The bdpn of singing cede xc` in is brought as qepiix bdpn, though not done today.
In jiixhqe` bdpn they consider a utensil to be mbtl mrh ozep after night has passed, not after 12
hours in the daytime.)
_______________________________________________
LXV
xnrd zxitq ibdpn
,cg̈ ¤̀ wx¤t¤ A§ Ezn¥ ol̈Eke§ ,qx¦Ri
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¦ p`© cr© zäB§ n¦ ,à̈iw£
¦ r ia¦ x¦§l Fl Eid̈ mici¦ n§
¦ lY© mi¦bEf s¤l ¤̀ xÜr̈ mi¥pW§ ,Exn§ `¨
,md¨
¤ l D`p̈
¨ WE
§ mFxc̈A© W¤ EpizFA ¥ x© l¤v ¥̀ à̈iw£
¦ r ia¦ x§ À̈W¤ cr© ,mn¥ Ẅ m¨lFrd̈ dïd̈e§ ,d¤f¨l d¤f cFaM̈ Eb£dp̈ `¨NW¤ i¥pR§ n¦
.dr̈Ẅ dz̈F` dxFY ¨ Ecin¡ ¦ rd¤ md¥ md¥ e§ ,rEn
© W© oA¤ xf̈r̈§l ¤̀ ia¦ xE§ oFrn§ W¦ ia¦ xE§ iqFi
¥ ia¦ xE§ dc̈Ed§i ia¦ xE§ xi`¦ n¥ ia¦ x§
(:aq zenai 'nb) .zx¤v£ ¤ rd̈ cr© e§ gq© R¤ n¦ Ezn¥ m¨lEM ,`p̈Ÿ
Some of the reasons for the dxitq ibdpn are the following: 1) the àiwr iax icinlz died during this time
period, because the didn’t respect each other, 2) the xnr could no longer be brought to the ycwnd zia,
3) the massacres by Crusades, especially for German Jews, which took place at this time of year.
This is a brief summary of the different customs,
as to which days between gqt and zereay have the xnr period restrictions.
A- The l‰fix`, as per the daeyz ixry 493:8, who is quoted by xrci` oerny 'x, "Halachos of gqt"
vol II, pp 330-331. It's also mentioned by qpxwpnela ‡x, "The Laws of gqt - A Digest",
5753/1993 edition, pp 17-2, 17-3, as custom 4a. - The l‰ixdn personally followed this practice,
no haircuts from gqt until zereay axr including xnra b‰l.
(All of these use the phrase "zereay axr cr" implying that one may get a haircut zereay axr
during the day. They make no mention of not having to observe xnra b‰l.)
B- Same as A, but ends the morning of the first day of the dlabd ini zyly.
C- `‰nx 493:2, as per dxexa dpyn 493:6 and dkld xeria "mibdep yi". In the d‰a, it is the second
custom listed under the first opinion. It's mentioned in the dyn zexb` (2nd custom) and oerny 'x
xrci` (ibid; B), quoting this `‰nx, qpxwpnela ‡x (ibid; custom 1) and xrclrt oxd` ‡x in "icren
oexeyi". In the last two sentences of the daeyz, dyn ‡x says that the `‰nx was giving this opinion
for micxtq, disagreeing with the xagn (next).
D- oglyd jexr 493:2, as explained in the dxexa dpyn (ibid) and ahid xà (ibid; 1st custom in the
1st opinion), the oglyd jexr 493:4, dyn zexb` (ibid; 1st custom), xrci` oerny 'x (A) and
qpxwpnela ‡x (custom 2). The l‰ixdn taught his mixgea from gqt until after xnra b‰l.
E- ahid xà (ibid; 2nd opinion). He takes this as an explanation of K, and not a separate custom.
dyn zexb` (6th bdpn), quoting the mdxa` obn (no reference); however, dyn ‡x holds no one
follows this bdpn. Of the thirty nine days, six are going to be zezay, leaving thirty three.
F- dyn zexb` (5th minhag), quoting n 493:15 from miigd jxc xeciq. This is the custom of
hxetwpxt. - [This was true not only ctt, but Germany before the oaxeg in general. The
rationale is simple: all days from gqt to zereay except for days on which oepgz isn't said.
(NB: On ipy gqt, it is said.)]
G - mdxa` obn, as per ahid xra 493:8, MB 493:15 (who also quotes mc` iig), oglyd jexr 493:6,
dyn zexb` (4th minhag), xrci` oerny 'x (C, "The is..."), qpxwpnela ‡x (custom 3b), xrclrt oxd` ‡x
and is the custom in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
H- ahid xra 493:3, quoting rexf xe`
I- qpxwpnela ‡x (custom 3a)
J- dyn zexb` (3rd bdpn) quoting the `‰nx 3 and mdxa` obn 5, and xrclrt oxd` ‡x.
K- nx 493:3, first opinion, as explained by dxexa dpyn 493:14 (2nd half) and 493:15
(1st sentence), ahid xra 493:7 (quoting the a), dkld xeìa (ibid; 2nd opinion), xrci` oerny 'x
_______________________________________________
LXVI
xnrd zxitq ibdpn
(C: first 2 paragraphs).
L - The usual custom at the time of the l‰ixdn was - from xii` g‰x until after xnra b‰l.
M - ... or, according to the mdxa` obn's understanding, from after xii` g‰x until after xnra b‰l.
N and O - are variations on L and M, respectively, according to those miwqet (a‰ixdn) who allow
shaving on zay axr in case of xnra b‰l being on Sunday.
O - has only fourteen days, and something between this and nineteen (L) was common
specifically in those areas that had a local and fresh memory of the Crusades.
P - The longest dhiy in comparison observes fifty days (including the afternoon of gqt axr and
zereay axr until daytime), or in theory, 51.5 days, even if zereay axr is a zay shaving is not
allowed on this zay axr.
dyn ‡x lists six customs, given here as: D, C, J, G, F, and E. dyn ‡x says that the `‰nx ruled
against the first of these (i.e. D), and that in practice, no one follows the last (E). He shows that
the other four are variations of the same bdpn, and therefore, one can switch among them without
mixcp zxzd.
The two most common mibdpn, are probably C and either J or K.
The following days are observed with the restrictions of the xnr according to the mibdpn listed:
[All methods include xii` 'd, and the afternoon before xnra b"l.]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
x x x x x gqt
x x x x x bg exq`
x x x x x oqip h"k - c"k
x x x x x x x x x xii` ycg y`x '`
x x x x x x x x x x xii` ycg y`x 'a
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xii` f"i - 'a
x x n x n n n n n n n n x xnra b"l
x x n x x x x x x x x xii` h"i
x x x x x x x x xii` h"k - 'k
x x x x x x oeiq yceg y`x
x x x x x x x oeiq 'a
x n x x x x x dlabd mei '`
x x x x x x dlabd mei 'b ,'a
n n n x x zereay axr
_______________________________________________
LXVII
fpky` bdpn and Recent xnera b"l Innovations
By Treasures of Ashkenaz fpky` zecdi zexve`
fpky` bdpn And The Traditional Way Of Enjoying The Day

1) One does not observe a aeh mei not mentioned in q"y and miwqet (b"lx drc dxei xteq mzg).
Making a holiday out of the day a wicv passed away (aka dlelid) runs contrary to the `xnb
which mentions such a day as a day of fasting. In fpky` zxeqn the term used for such a day
is hiivxdì, a day of fasting and introspection. We don’t make a small village in northern
l`xyi ux` the focus of a giant pilgrimage, greater than w"dir mlyexi.
fpky` ipa are gnyn because the àiwr 'x icinlz ceased dying.
2) A number of Chassidic groups Satmar, Belz, Bobov and Lubavitch, as well as others, did not
light bonfires in the past (as evidenced by the lack of proof of such bonfires in prewar
Europe). Another interesting development is the development of new practices by some
adding a Litvish-Yeshivish twist to their adoption of this new Chasidic practice, auctioning
off the lighting of the fire to bochurim who bid for it with pledges to learn various amounts of
gemara. Some “Ashkenaz” shuls and yeshivous jump on the Chasidic bandwagon and have
bonfires as well, even without such modifying touches, but one cannot do so. To mix customs
from differing traditions is problematic, fraught with danger, and introduces confusion into
the minds of their followers. Such mixed messages are confusing and dangerous. The bonfires
themselves which are part of the “celebration” create giant clouds of smoke. Pollution and
smoke inhalation can be dangerous to people and the environment. In l`xyi ux`, some people
suffer from the smoke, have to stay inside all day and night and keep their windows closed.
Contractors complain of significant losses from wood disappearing from building sites.
It is a day when fpky` ipa students are given leisure.
3) What are the origins in our tradition of bonfires in connection with such a day? There are
those who do so, all over the world as well, something which was not done in the past.
fpky` ipa enjoy music and conduct weddings.
4) Upsherin is not fpky` bdpn at all. This topic has been well covered by 'b wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy .
fpky` ipa take the first haircut since xii` yceg y`x.
5) dwyn lhex i"g is a Chassidic dlebq, connected to the oexin event. Interestingly though, in the
`yinxee ibdpn xtq, (yny `tfei x), it does mention that micnln gave y"ii to micinlz, presumably
within reason of course, probably for ‘making a miigl’. fpky` ipa believe there is a place
for dgnye dzyn.
We see here a great example of the common practice and outlook of paramount gedolim, at the
pinnacle of Torah leadership in our time. Both Sepharadic and Ashkenazic recognized the
problematic aspects of the Meron pilgrimage and stayed away.
According to fpky` bdpn one does not recite oepgz only at zixgy zltz.
Many milecb, not only fpky` ilecb, but also great Chassidishe mipax and milecb icxtq, deliberately
do not participate in this event. l"vf jy ax told his micinlz not to go to oexin. l"vf aiyil` ax, never
went to oexin in his life (at any time of the year) as was reported in the Jerusalem Post. dicaer mkg
l"vf sqei, also never went to oexin on xnera b"l, in his ninety three plus years of life!
If the xteq mzg voiced reservations about the oexin pilgrimage close to two hundred years ago,
when the attendance there was presumably much smaller than it is nowadays, would his
reservations not be much greater today?
Without getting into the question of possible zay lelig caused by preparations for xnera b"l,
when it occurs on Sunday like this year, and whether it is actually the hiivxdì of i`gei oa oerny 'x.
_______________________________________________
LXVIII
.ekxae yicw rny `ly ine rny zqixt ipic
cg` cner ,ekxae yicw rny `le k"dial èal exg`y e` cigia r"ta '` lk elltzdy `"a yi m`
dkizg 'l dpyna xkfpy rny lr qxet `xwp edfe ,cala xe` xvei ly dpey`x dkxae ,ekxae yicw xneè
'd ekxa mr acpzda l`xyia zerxt rexta `xw` deknqè dpnn zvw `l` `"`y (ìvend dqext enk)
zeyrl 'dilr lheny dn eyr `le elhayk xnelk ,èd liha ix` `"ze ,èd rext ik 'ln rexta t"d
zexeabe zea` oixneè oiblcn xveic dpey`x dkxa miiqy xg`l cer oitiqen yie ,'d jxal mrd eacpzi f`
eze` oixneè dxyra `l` elld mixac oiyer oiè dpyna iepyd daizd iptl xaer `xwp dfe ,myd zyecwe
'd jexa oipere ekxae yicw xne` `l` y"r qextl oibdep oi` elld zepicnae ,rny `ly cg` liaya 'it`
,jxeand 'd jexa dpryk ,xveil ribd `l oiicry t"rè eic dxezd zexwl dlern itn ekxa rnyy ine mdl oiklede
miweqta epexqg milydl ,owzl eciay dn owzi dxyr oipn uawl lkei `ly ine .mewnd lkn g"i `vi
.mixtqa mixecq mdy o`k mbivpe ,el` mipiprn zexacnd zeziixae
.df xnì zixgya ekxa mcew yicw ivg rny `le zqpkd zial àl xg`ny in
.zixgy ly ekxa mcewe yicw ivg mewna ip` xne` df
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_______________________________________________
LXIX
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_______________________________________________
LXX
The Development of mezi yicw – Fundamentals and History – From
ancient times to the modern era.
(Based on a comprehensive xeriy delivered in l`xyi ux` by xbxeand dnly oinipa ax epixen, edited
and arranged by Treasures of Ashkenaz)
We all know that if someone is an la`, or if has hiivxdì, then one attempts to recite yicw, or
even better, to daven in front of the cenr. Often, there is competition to get the cenr, and in the
past, there was also competition to be able to recite a yicw. Why? Because the yicw was never
established as a “group yicw”, rather as a single yicw….which leads to the development of how
the single yicw turned (among some) into a “group yicw”, which we will discuss this later on in
this xeriy. But first, some basics.
HOW DOES THE RECITAL OF yicw HELP THE xhtp?

The first question which I would like to address, is how can an action or a deed that is performed
after dxiht of a xhtp, after a person is already deceased, help after the deceased has gone to the
zn`d mler? We find the miciqg xtq (1171) explains it very clearly. We find an expression in
l"fg, 'à` ikfn `xa' (cw oixcdpq) - a son adds mizekf, adds merits to his father. How so? If the
father has not acted properly in his lifetime, yet he sends his son to a Talmudic school, cenll
miaeh miyrne dxez, he sent him to cheder, sent him to a Jewish school…….and there the son
learns Torah, he learns how to behave himself properly, and perform good deeds, ici lre lièd'
'oad dkf a`d. The son’s good behavior is a result of the education which the father saw to,
whatever the son does now as a result of this education, is 'à` ikfn `xa' – the son therefore, adds
mizekf to his father. And furthermore, if the father commanded his son, he left a dèev to do this
and that, to do something after his dxiht, 'zea`d eyri eli`k mipad eyryk ixd', what the son does is
as if the father did it (even though the father is not living anymore). From this concept comes the
bdpn that people give zenypd ielirl dwcv. Similarly, davening for mixhtp, is also a zlrez – it does
give help to them, because '?dwcv il dn dltz il dn'. What difference does it make to jexa yecwd
èd if it is this devn or that devn, so long as it is done as a result of the father’s jepig.
yicw IS NOT THE ONLY THING ONE CAN DO FOR THE xhtp
So far haven’t mentioned anything about miyicw. We have plenty of miyxcn which point out the
special gk of yicw. We have to keep in mind that yicw is only one of many means to help a xhtp.
There are plenty of others. obpilcxp o`d sqei ax of Frankfurt, a member of the d"ly’s oic zia when
the d"ly was a ax in Frankfurt, who wrote a xtq called une` sqei. It is at the same time both a
mibdpn xtq and dkld xtq. He writes a very important comment. The idea of zkxa ,ekxa ,yicw
gvpnle ,zelrnd xiy ,oefnd for mila`, (going to the cenr for oeivl àe ,gvpnl ,ixy`), going to cenr for
ekxa (ekxa is an expression for davening before the cenr)…. also oefnd zkxa, meaning the la`
leading the oenif, which is also a zekf for the xhtp, not common nowadays…….ici lr dnd oilrn'
'mpdibn md (raises the xhtp from mpdib). Of course, he says, davening the whole dltz is better
_______________________________________________
LXVIII
than bits of it. And of course yicw is also very important. But the most important thing, which
people overlook he says, the biggest zekf, is dxez cenil, learning Torah! Another point he
makes is, ...ekxa miyicw zeltz are mainly for ux`d inr (unlearned people) – but if you can learn,
and you learn, 'mizray liren dxez cenil' (dxez cenil helps seven fold), more than all these
zeltz…. Through that, not only mpdibn oilrn, but ocr obl oiqipkn (they take the xhtp to ocr ob),
which is a greater level. And if the son goes further and he is dxez iyecig ycgn, he’s a ocnl and is
on a level that he creates his own miyecig? Then the ceak his father gets in ocr ob is even greater
yet. He cites the xdef, that in such a case èd jexa yecwd calls everyone in dlrn ly ìlnt, and
says ‘come in and assemble, to hear the beautiful dxez iyecig of this person, the son of oa ipelt
ipelt (true miyecig, [not just made up ones]), the son of this dnyp’. This is the greatest honor that
one can give, to say dxez iyecig…
DEVELOPMENT OF yicwd gqep

However, yicw nevertheless is well known by all as a great tool and most people try to have an
opportunity to recite it.... Where does the text of yicw come from? Is it in ilaa cenlz? cenlz
inlyexi? No!
(ilaa) zay zkqn makes mention of a critical phrase, i"yx) 'egk lka jxan x"yi` dperd lk' l"aix xn`"
"'epic xfb el oirxew' (ezpeek lka ± , if one answers yicw, which can mean dpeekd gk, according to i"yx
and zetqez, or with all his strength, according to a second hyt brought in zetqez, his bad oic xfb
is torn up, those inscribed for bad in the miigd xtq. We find in the yxcn, that àiwr iax attempted
to help a dnyp he found in trouble in the zn`d mler, by teaching his son to say ekxa and yicw,
and in that way to get his father out of mpdib. The ability of yicw to bring people out of mpdib, is
mentioned by both the `xnb, and the yxcn.
The yicwd gqep is not mentioned either in yxcn or in `xnb. The first source in which find a text is
in the oe`b mxnr ax xecq, the oldest siddur we have – there we find the yicw gqep, but without
'digiyn axwie dpwxet gnvie', like fpky` gqep. That is the very first yicw we find in Jewish literature.
The phrase 'dpwxet gnvie' we find in a later Babylonian siddur, that of oe`b dicrq ax. But just
'dpwxet gnvie', not 'digiyn axwie', so that must have been a later development.
THE PURPOSE OF yicw IN THE MIDST OF THE zelitz

So what is the purpose of yicw? We find miyicw besides mezi yicw. mezi yicw is a very specific
yicw that is said after a dltz. But we have miyicw within dlitz as well. The leky`d xtq, says
that we have the yicw for the purpose of separation. He says that the first yicw is to separate
between dxnfc iweqt (gazyi) and xe` xvei zkxa in zixgy. (The yicw said nowadays after zepaxw is
very recent, we will come back to that later). The second yicw is after we finish dxyr dpny. After
dxyr dpny we have oepgz, which is attached to it. If there is oepgz we say yicw after it, and that
yicw acts as a separation between the dxyr dpny part of dlitz and dxezd zìxw. If there is zìxw
dxezd, a yicw separates dxezd zìxw from oeivl àe ixy`, which is a new section. The final yicw
after oeivl àe ixy`, lawzz yicw, which ends all miyicw. Such is the structure which yicw imposes
on the service.
_______________________________________________
LXIX
THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF mezi yicw
mezi yicw, which has little to do with davening before the cenr, which was instituted later,
perhaps in the beginning of the second millenium. We do find it in the ixhie xefgn already. It was
introduced for miphw minezi who are not allowed to go before the cenr. The son is a minor and
therefore, can’t help his father with yicw, so they instituted mezi yicw for him. But how many
times does a mezi have a chance to say yicw? Initially, not at all. After epilr? No, epilr was not
said daily in the ancient times. After the xenfn, sq`l xenfn xiy? Some shuls say it, you may know
it from there, some after zixgy, some have it even after aixrn. This too did not exist in the time
of the mipe`b. So they instituted a non-specific xenfn after dltz, and they enacted a yicw to be
said by miphw. In the beginning, mezi yicw was not said during the week, but only on zay. On
zay we recite oiwilcn dna after aixrn, This is still done in in ux`l ueg as it used to be in
European countries. oiwilcn dna, '... `pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`' which is `zcb`, then mezi yicw.
Nowadays, people say opaxc yicw, which is a later development. Initially this yicw was for
minezi, yicw for miphw who couldn’t recite yicw during dlitz. The second opportunity for yicw
mezi was on zay morning, after zxhwd meht, '... `pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`'. The third mezi yicw,
on zay i`ven after jl ozie, after 'd `xi lk ixy` zelrnd xiy. These were the only miyicw at the time
of the mipey`x…….they eventually introduced mezi yicw on weekdays as well……but that was a
much later development. Eventually they began reciting sq`l xenfn xiy, after epilr. mei ly xiy
developed even later. So the principle is, that one can only say mezi yicw after sections of j"pz or
at least miweqt – we never find that after a shiur yicw is recited right away, rather the pesukim,
'l`xyi z` zekfl dawd dvx xne` ìywr oa ìppg iax'……or '`pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`'…. (however
not after a dpyn). The yicw said nowadays after the l`rnyi iaxc zecn dxyr yly, before jexa
xn`y, is a disputed bdpn which does not fit with ancient the dkld, but only with the l"fix`d ibdpn.
IS IT PROPER TO LIMIT/MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF miyicw

Reciting yicw is a wonderful thing! u"yd zxfg is also a wonderful thing. What would you say
however, if someone thought u"yd zxfg is a wonderful thing, I will say it twice. I want to repeat
dxyr dpeny twice. How would we look at such a person? Is he doing something good? He has
repeated dxyr dpeny twice. What if a person before a person drinks Coca Cola, says didp lkdy'
'exaca, then takes another sip and says it again and again, and again, after each sip. Is he more
frum? Or if he says three times 'zeytp `xea' – is he more religious? Or is it a case of dpi`y dkxa
dlhal dkxa/dkixv? Many miwqet bring down, including the dxexa dpyn, that just as we don’t
repeat the same dkxa again and again, because the more you repeat them, the more difficult it is
halachically (dlhal dkxa/dkixv dpi`y dkxa), the same way, one should not say yicw more than
needed. According to the plain dkld in the dxexa dpyn and earlier miwqet, saying extra miyicw is
wrong. And he says, '... yicw xnel oihrnny myk'. The oglyd jexr uses very sharp terms against this
practice. He says (b ,dp miig gxe`) “There are common people who believe that the more miyicw
one says, the better, how wrong they are! One doesn’t use the scepter of èd jexa yecwd more
than He allows us to use it.” There is a limit to the amount of usage! By saying yicw you are
crowning èd jexa yecwd. And if you repeat it again and again, it is a leflf, you’re degrading the
divine. And we find miwqet that say, those who increase the number of miyicw are weakening the
divine dyecw of the great sacred name of d"awd, melye qg.
_______________________________________________
LXX
yicw IS RECITED BY AN INDIVIDUAL, NOT A GROUP
Nevertheless there is a great desire to say yicw. It has increased so much, that people recite more
miyicw, not only the number of times, but also in terms of the number of people saying it at one
time. What we call nowadays a “group yicw", which didn’t exist in the past. Just as a “group zxfg
u"yd” (two dltz ilra saying u"yd zxfg together) would not be tolerated, the same should be true
of the “group yicw”. It was created for miphw, a ohw who can’t daven before the cenr, so he may
recite a yicw after davening. Nowadays people join him! It’s like joining the dltz lra! We have
a rule that irnzyn `l ilw ixz (two simultaneous voices are not heard). Imagine if a number of
people would stand up here talking at the same time. One would get confused. The same holds
true with a yicw. This is the conception of the classical miwqet.
SEPHARDIC ATTITUDES TOWARD yicw, ADOPTION OF “GROUP yicw”

We do find that micxtq believed so much in the power of yicw that they found all kinds of
mixzid to say a “group yicw". They invented the idea of “group yicw”. It went so far in some
places of the micxtq, that in Iraq, we find the ig yi` oa recording (fh sirq ,ybie 't ,` dpy ,ig yi` oa)
that in his city of Baghdad, the bdpn was, that everybody would say every yicw possible during
davening. When they finished gazyi… what happened after gazyi? (even in those places that
recite “group yicw", only the dltz lra says this yicw and then ekxa.) In Baghdad, the whole
congregation stood up and everyone said yicw. Not only that yicw, every yicw! After dxyr dpny,
everyone stood up and said yicw. The ig yi` oa was very disgusted by it. mezi yicw, might still be
tolerated, but every yicw? He said, “These people think that when they say yicw they cause ziigz
miznd.” They believe so much in yicw; they view it out of proportion and in that they err.” We
find that yicw at one time, was only for the dltz lra. The yicw after dxezd zìxw likewise,
became a mezi yicw amongst micxtq. This became widespread in some Ashkenaz communities as
well ([dkwÎbiw ,` epzyexi xtq] – xbxeand axd shows conclusively that this yicw properly belongs
to the dìxw lra/dltz lra, not an la`).
fpky` ibdpn RELATED TO RECITATION OF yicw

In fpky` zeldw they give the one saying mezi yicw the ceak he deserves. The la` is treated as a
dltz lra. Firstly, the primary rule of a dltz lra is, that he goes to the cenr. He doesn’t stand
wherever he finds himself in synagogue says yicw, he goes forward to the cenr. Since the lra
dltz is still at the cenr, having more mixenfn to say, the person saying yicw stands nearby, as
close to the cenr as possible. This is brought down in several miwqet, including the dxexa dpyn.
Secondly, one who recites yicw dons a zilh, because like a dltz lra, and this is likewise
brought down in the miwqet.
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LXXI
“GROUP yicw” HISTORICALLY NOT DONE IN fpky` zevx` IN THE PAST
The conception of group yicw did not (historically) exist in Europe, not even in Eastern Europe,
or even in Chassidishe circles.
If you open a jexr ogly, with the mdxa` obn ,`"nx. etc…., or if you look in miwqet, like the xe`
l`wfgi zqpk ,miigd……and many others, you will find something called dnicw xcq. It delineates
in great detail who has the right to say yicw. If you have several people in synagogue required to
say yicw, it lays out in what order and who has priority. We know that a dray oa (someone
within dray) has priority over a miyely oa, (someone within miyely) miyely oa over yceg 'ai oa
(someone within the twelve months of zela`), and a hiivxì (Yahrzeit – marking the anniversary
of a passing) has priority over all of them. All these priorities? All these discussions among
miwqet about who has priority? Someone may even have to wait a day, week, or month to say
yicw. Why? If there is a “group yicw”, there is no need for all these priorities, since everybody
has the right to say yicw.
I remember once I came to Manhattan, as a tourist from Israel. I had to daven dgpn. We went into
a modern synagogue. I’m not used to this, living in l`xyi ux`. People came in without zetik – for
an ordinary dgpn. It was very heart warming for me to see so many people at a regular weekday
dgpn. They all stood around and at the end of the dlitz, the penny dropped. I realized what was
going on. Everyone said yicw! I was the only one to answer this yicw. Women said it as well –
everyone, except and my wife and myself. This is something that did not exist in the past.
miciqg ADOPT THE “GROUP yicw”, WITH SOME DISSENT

As I mentioned already, micxtq accepted the “group yicw” first. Then miciqg, who adopted gqep
cxtq, and certain cxtq ibdpn, were the next ones to accept it. And yet, even in the Chassidishe
world, we find those who were not happy about it. The sharpest is the Komarna Rebbe. In his
xtq, (c dkld ,alw oniq ,blyz ,aia` lz) xedhd ogly, p.194), he writes that if two people say yicw
together, 'lecb `hge mbt èd' – it is a flaw and a great sin! Not only does he not do a favor for the
xhtp, but it could be that it even harms him, bringing him down to a lower stage in mepdib, or ob
ocr, melye qg. He remarks that it comes from the micxtq, and therefore, is not part of our
heritage, and we should reject it. Unfortunately, hardly anyone in Chassidic world follows him.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE COMPELS “GROUP yicw” IN fpky` zevx`

How did “group yicw” come to the non-Chassidic world, which follows the dxexa dpyn and the
fpky` iwqet?
We have a number of historical factors, beginning in the nineteenth century. One was Napoleon
Bonaparte. To some extent he is the one responsible for this change in our religious history.
Now that’s puzzling! What does Napoleon have to do with our miyicw?
Well, Napoleon was a tremendous conqueror, he conquered almost every part of Europe and he
established new states, one of which was the Kingdom of Westphalia. He let his brother,
Jerome-Napoleon, rule it. Jerome-Napoleon had new ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity
(equality, freedom, brotherhood). He wanted to make the Jews equal to everyone else, and make
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LXXII
their religion equal as well. So he established the Consistories, which meddled in the religious
lives of Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. He opened churches for all three. The Consistories,
ruling Jewish life instituted reforms, appointing reform motivated individuals to introduce all
types of (relatively) mild reforms, in Jewish life. Amongst them was the “group yicw”.
The “group yicw” was a way of democratization, and equality. Ideas of equality, of rights which
led to the forbidding of calling up people by name (t"a"t cenri) for zeilr to the dxez. The reason
being, some people are called up by titles (e.g. axd epxen cenri)……Inequality! Can’t fit in with
the regime of Napolean Bonaparte! So they didn’t call up anybody by name – they gave out
cards instead (there are remnants of this practice in some synagogues today). Another thing the
Consistories didn’t like were priorities in yicw. Why should there be priorities for yicw? We
want everyone to have the right to say yicw! They abolished the priorities for yicw and forced
the “group yicw” on the German - Jewish communities which they governed. Obviously, as soon
as this regime collapsed, after a few years, it was rejected strongly by all the fpky` ipax – though
it slowly made its way into Eastern Europe (`cxeita dnxd daiyid, V.II, pg. 410-417).
xbi` daiwr axd AND THE “GROUP yicw”

We find an interesting role played by the great master xbi` daiwr ax in this development. What
happened? How did xbi` daiwr ax become involved?
In the year 1831 there was a great Cholera Epidemic in Europe, which cost the lives of thousands
upon thousands of people. It hit Jewish communities hard as well, including xbi` daiwr ax’s city
of Posen. xbi` daiwr ax was confronted by immense pressure from people desiring to say yicw
for their loved ones, and therefore, he gave them a xzid for “group yicw". The great daiwr ax
xbi`?! He writes in his own handwriting, ‘In a` yceg y`x 5591/1831 when cholera started here in
our city, there were so many mila`, that needed to recite yicw. I made a dpwz allowing “group
yicw", for one year only…..” He gave a xzid for one year only …and after that year (by the
following a` yceg y`x), d"a, the epidemic had stopped, people stopped dying, and when the
trouble was over it was stopped. “It was a dry z`xed (strictly temporary enactment) not allowed
from then on except for one yicw a day which was still allowed as a ‘group yicw’”.
People extrapolated that if the great xbi` daiwr ax could allow a “group yicw” in his city, in his
time, so we can allow it in our time, unlimited, anytime we need a yicw. If it’s good enough for
xbi` daiwr ax, it’s good enough for us! This is a misconception, many people go around and say,
xbi` daiwr ax allowed it, he allowed a “group yicw”…..
I have a recent discovery, – a manuscript of his son, xbi` dnly ax, his successor in the zepax of
Posen, and he refers to this d`xed of his father, regarding the “group yicw”. I will now read from
this newly discovered manuscript, which has not yet been published -
‘It’s clear in my mind that what my late father dkxal epexkf, the great xbi` daiwr ax, instituted for
everyone to say yicw together, was not his wish at all, rather it was against his will. He found a
xzid to be xizn an xeqi` – note that he refers to it as an xeqi` (prohibition). There was a terrible
need for the common people. oendd jxev he calls it – a psychological need. At the time of the
Cholera Epidemic, people were panicking – trying to do anything which could help the deceased.
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LXXIII
He says that we find a similar xzid in regard to a hiivxdì xp that goes out zeynyd oia. One may
have a non-Jew light it again, because of a psychological need. But those minkg icinlz who say a
“group opaxc yicw” after a xeriy? What is their xzid to say such a “group yicw”? This xzid was
not meant for minkg icinlz! It is meant for the common people who have psychological need.
Am Haaratzim, mr oend. Don’t lean on my father xbi` daiwr ax (for a general blanket xzid of a
“group yicw”)! This is a discovery, which I must say, is an eye opener in the whole notion of ax
xbi` daiwr and the “group yicw.”
oicnr awri axd AND THE “GROUP yicw”

When the Consistoire in Westphalia introduced the “group yicw”, as well as other mixzid that
had not existed, they tried to give it a halachic image, or to find halachic grounds to support
them… For example, they instituted that all mifpky` should consume zeiphiw on gqt. Not only
the Consistoire allowed them to, they forced mipax by a decree to eat it, as non-Ashkenazim do.
The Consistoire put forward opinions, which served their purposes that the zeiphiw xeqi` did not
apply to their times, and they claimed that in times of war or shortage of food, it was perfectly
acceptable. They found the iav mkg and oicnr awri ax, his son, both expressing the view that now
as opposed ancient times, the zeiphiw xeqi` doesn’t make sense. The grains we buy today are not
mixed together as they were in days of old. However, these mipax themselves only brought up the
notion, that there is no room for zeiphiw xeqi` in our times. They didn’t introduce it practically,
and did not rely on it.
Similarly, the comments of these two great milecb, were applied to “group yicw". They lived in
Portuguese/Spanish exiled communities in Hamburg, Amsterdam, and London.
Portuguese/Spanish Jews which had fled a hundred years after the great exile of Spanish Jews in
1492, and established beautiful flourishing communities in Western Europe. These Sephardic
communities, observed Sephardic practices. The iav mkg and oicnr awri ax, observed and
admired what was worthy to learn from them. But again, they never practically introduced it,
never said that it was proper for an Ashkenazi to rely on a Sephardic heter.
WHAT oicnr awri axd’S POSITION REALLY WAS

The Rabbis that were engaged in the Consistories of Westphalia took advantage of the
expression of oicnr awri ax in this matter as the model for a Rabbi who was trying to institute it
(dyrnl).
Therefore, it is worthwhile to quote the exact quotation of oicnr awri ax regarding this matter,
and see if he actually wanted to institute it. He writes in his very famous oicnr awri ax xeciq,
perhaps the most important siddur of an oexg`. We find no oexg` on his level who compiled his
own siddur. The two volume (miny icenr and miny ixry) siddur itself, and commentary, which he
published in his own lifetime, in his own home.
When it comes to miyicw, he says that he will not mete out zenicw (priorities) in miyicw, which
are discussed elsewhere '... mipexg`d ilecb witqn ea exac xak' (it has already been sufficiently
discussed by the great later authorities)………anyway, 'micxtq bdpn èd xyi dne aeh dn', that
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LXXIV
more than one person says it. Therefore, there is no reason for zwelgn, no competition…. you
don’t have to go into all those mipic of who goes first. If you really want to know the zenicw, see
yeal ,jexr ogly, other miyxtn etc..
This is the passage proponents of “group yicw" like to quote but they miss two points. Firstly,
people forget that he says go look it up (the zenicw)….he doesn’t say you do not have to do it –
he says look elsewhere for the information. He says I admire it (the Sephardic way), but he
does not say ‘I am a Sephardi’. Secondly, he says, you know mifpky` have a bdpn that the last day
of saying yicw in the year of zelia` (called dwqtd mei- the day people stop saying yicw), he gets
top priority, to recite all the miyicw of that day, everyone else is pushed aside.
These rules would only apply according to one person reciting yicw. oicnr awri ax says, “I want
to warn you….When you finish the last day of the eleventh month, you should stop (saying
yicw) then, and not go by the practice of the micxtq who have a wqt that you can continue for
another week and stop after eleven and a quarter months, a week later.” So we see that awri ax
oicnr didn’t actually follow the cxtq bdpn. He himself says that he stopped immediately after the
eleventh month, like mifpky`…. This is the same oicnr awri ax who wrote that though he admired
Sephardic practice, never attempted to introduce the same among mifpky`.
THE xteq mzg RESPONDS TO oicnr awri axd, DEFENDS THE SINGULAR yicw
What is particularly interesting is that there was a citation of what the xteq mzg wrote in a
daeyz, defending the old fpky` bdpn, that only one person says yicw at a time, and taking issue
with oicnr awri ax about it.
The analysis of the xteq mzg, contrasting the fpky` bdpn singular yicw with the group yicw
practice, is quite enlightening.
He says as follows "That which oicnr awri ax wrote regarding yicw, that the cxtq bdpn in which
everyone recites yicw together is easier, and many, e.g. a group, who do a devn, are better than
individuals who do so…. can we, blithely assume, that the fpky` ilecb clung to an inferior
practice without justification? So it is a wonder, astounding, that our ancestors, the great
dxez icinlz of fpky`, to whom the dxez was an inheritance, as is stated in the xy` epiax zeaeyz ,
the y"`x (which is quoted by the great Sephardic Rav, the sqei zia, in his commentary on ogly
drc dxei jexr as well), didn’t follow such a practice. Can we lightly assume that they had an
inferior and defective stance in this matter? And furthermore, how can we understand the xcq
dnicw, the bdpn that an la` in dray has precedence over one in miyely, who has precedence over
a hiivxdì lra, who has precedence over an la` in yceg a"i? After all, if there are partners who
find profitable merchandise, can one of them say, I need it more, give it all to me, and the others
have no share in it? No, the partners divide it. So too, with yicw, if several people need to say
yicw; they should not share it and say it all together, but rather than only one should recite it.
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LXXV
So the xteq mzg explains that the main benefit to the xhtp (deceased) that comes from
saying yicw is not from the mere recitation of it, but rather from the many responses of on`,
and especially dax diny `di on`, that it elicits from the xeav (congregation). Since those come
about via the la`, the benefit accrues to the xhtp.
(We could view this in terms of a multiplying effect. If one person saying yicw causing a xeaiv of
fifty people, for example, to answer four on`’s, one dax diny `di on`, and one èd jixa, he has
done so much more than just say yicw with six responses of on`, x"yi`, èd jixae. He has brought
about three hundred such responses)
Therefore, explains the xteq mzg, fpky` bdpn which requires that only one person says yicw at a
time, is beautiful and most potent. Because where many say yicw at the same time, the bringing
about of the responses of on` which comes about through just one of them, causes the others to
be in the category of riiqn, those who extend a hand, the act of which is considered by dkld, as
'ynn ea oi`', lacking in substance compared to one who is the clear cause of an action….
WHY THESE INNOVATIONS WERE REJECTED IN fpky`

The reason why in the German communities, they did not follow these new mixzid, is because
they knew exactly what their origins were. It did not come from the mipax like xbi` daiwr ax, it
definitely did not come from the xteq mzg. It was one of the early Reform inroads, from the
Consistoire.
xbpilhr awri ax a German Rav, the xpl jexr, his mixtq are learned in all zeaiyi. He was once
asked about the “group yicw”. Would it be acceptable for a community to adopt this new
Sfardishe bdpn. To support their view they cited the words of oicnr awri ax. His response was the
following. “You refer to it as a great dpwz to go along with the “group yicw”? To change a bdpn
l`xyi which has prevailed in fpky`, prevailed in Europe, not only in Western Europe, but also in
Eastern Europe, for hundreds and hundreds of years. Ever since mezi yicw was established, we
have had only one person reciting a yicw, and you want to follow these miycgzn, the reformers
who instituted this, and have changed so many other things of dltz as well? No, no, no, one
should not do it!” (akw ,oeiv oipa zeaeyz).
OTHERS WHO REJECT THE GROUP yicw

The bottom line is, we think that, okay, some Yekkes still obey this dkld; they don’t say “group
yicw”, that even some Litvaks still obey this rule, they follow the Chazon Ish, for example,…but
all micxtq do say it. However, we find that that even some micxtq, like those of the Tunisian
Jewish capital, Djerba, according to their mipax down to the present day, are very citwn that only
one person should say yicw.
I trust I have shown the historical development of yicw, that initially everyone recited a single
yicw, the micxtq started the concept of a “group yicw”, then miciqg adopted it, and eventually
some mifpky` followed.... There are still some pockets which do not follow oicnr awri ax’s idea,
but oicnr awri ax’s wqt, not to change, and they therefore, still say a single yicw.
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LXXVI
The Contemporary Confusion about the yicw after dxezd zìxw –
jiiy inl dxezd zìxw xg`l yicw ?xab mil`c lk m`d
By Treasures of Ashkenaz
xbxeand axd was asked, in light of the statement in jexa ipt xtq (a popular contemporary work on
zelia`, translated into English under the title “Mourning In Halachah” (Artscroll)), the the yicw
after dxezd zìxw belongs to mila`, what basis is there for the contrary fpky` bdpn requirement
that the dìxw lra - not an la` - says this yicw?
He responded that the bdpn is a continuation of the ancient practice been passed down to us from
the mipe`b and mipey`x (while the practice cited by the jexa ipt is a later distortion of bdpn
micxtqd, which some mifpky` have adopted).
xbxeand axd then makes a very trenchant observation. In various halachic literature, there is
discussion concerning when there are multiple mourners, which gets preference. In those
discussions, the different miyicw available for such are delineated. However, notes xbxeand axd,
in all those discussions, not once is the yicw after dxezd zìxw included in such a
framework! The reason simply being, because it was known that that yicw belonged to the igily
xeaiv (dìxw ilra), and not mila`.
As was discussed previously, in some icxtq circles, due to the great desire of the masses to say
yicw, people engaged in questionable practices, such as saying yicw together with the u"y,
something the ig yi` oa, complained about and tried to address. Until today though, in zelidw
micxtqd, such practices continue.
The purpose of the yicw after dxezd zìxw is explained by the leky`d xtq, xeb`d, and the zia
sqei. The sqei zia states, dltza mixne`y zeyicwd lr mrh..dxezd zìxw xg` yicwe, ipta devn ìd ik"
".dnvr. The yicw is to make a separation between different segments of dlitz, distinguishing
between various segments thereof. It was not instituted to serve mila` by giving them a
chance/place to say it, unlike other miyicw.
xbxeand axd quotes from over thirty authorities, from the mipe`bd onf to the present day, which
show that this yicw belongs to the dltz lra (dìxw lra). These authorities cover a very great
spectrum of mler ilecb, such as oe`b mxnr ax, the ixhie xefgn, the m"anx, c"a`x, d"ia`x, gwex, xe`
rexf, mdxcea`, bxeaphexn m"xdn ,hwld ilay, ixi`n, ikcxn, mixehd lra, l"ixdn, sqei zia, u"ari, lra
ìpzd, oilx`wn oxd` x, miidpciid slee 'x, wqixa m"xdn, lèi ixac(x`nh`q), dyn zexb`, dnly zgpn
(jàxrie` onlf dnly x).
As time went on, some micxtq began granting this yicw to mourners, mainly in parts of North
Africa, and in l`xyi ux`, while other micxtqd ipax opposed this change. oieb`b aeh my ax
(Gaguine) writes in aeh my xzk, that in London and Amsterdam that yicw was always said by the
dltz lra). As time passed, it became more widespread among micxtq, to the point that it was
seen as a trademark micxtqd bdpn, which mifpky` did not practice, as sqei dicaer ax wrote in his
xner riai z"ey, 'c ze` e"k iq c"ei bg. It spread to some ifpky` immigrants to l`xyi ux` as well, some
of them having adopted certain cxtq ibdpn. Others, such as the family of xwqixa miig ax, held fast
to the old fpky` bdpn that this yicw belongs specifically to the u"y, (c"n axd ipiptn-dn).
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LXXVII
yicw ibdpne ipic
In some Chassidic circles, where there already existed an inclination for micxtqd ibdpn; they
accepted to a limited degree this change, to transfer the yicw after dxezd zìxw to an la`.
However, this was limited to an la` that received the last dilr, not a mourner that was not
involved with the dìxw, who just came over afterward to say yicw. Over time though, that
stipulation was forgotten and/or discarded (as sometimes happens when a limited xzid is given,
which may not be understood by the masses), with the great demand by mila` for opportunities
to say yicw, and in some of these circles mila` took over that yicw. However, even in the
Chassidic camp, important and powerful figures, such as the x`nh`qn lèi ixac for one, were
insistent that only the u"y (dìxw lra) should say this yicw, and this insistence among
some miciqg continues to this day.
There is still a very pressing question. Why does only one person (e.g. la`) say that yicw, even
though there are several people saying yicw at other points where mezi yicw is said, e.g. after
epilr? If these people claim that the yicw after dxezd zìxw is a mezi yicw, not the yicw of the lra
dltz, why is it only said by one la` and not by all mila` (although according to fpky` bdpn only
one person at a time says yicw, in these places they follow the modern micxtqd bdpn that
multiple people recite it simultaneously.) So why not here as well? The answer must be that
somehow, under the surface, it is known that this yicw is really not just a regular mezi yicw, but
that it is different.
Further Comments About the Form and Function of the yicw.
The xeh states that the miweqt, 'lcbi dzre' and 'jingx xkf' are recited before every yicw. Very few
people have the bdpn to say them, possibly because of issue of wqtd. Practically, the miweqt are
only recited before a lawzz yicw.
The cenlz does not require standing for yicw at all. fpky` iciqg accustomed themselves to stand
just for ...àx diny `di on`. The l"ixdn comments, that those already standing, should not sit until
after ...àx diny `di on`, otherwise it belittles the yicw. (i.e. since one is already standing for gazyi
one should remain standing for the yicw before ekxa.) The xiì zeg was surprised to find out that
the l"ixdn didn't stand for yicw. yny dtqei ax and une` sqei are of the opinion, that one should
stand for every yicw.
These are the words of the dceb`d lra to (b sc) zekxa zkqn :
''di my rnyn iedc D¥nW
§ 'd witn `le di¥nW
§ `¥di§ xnel yiy rnyn o`kn jxean lecbd eny `di'.
Until the early seventeenth century the first two words of yicw were not pronounced with a ixiv
(WC©
¥wz§ i¦e§ lC© § i), based the on first words of the weqt, (bk:gl l`wfgi) "iY¦½ W
¥Bz¦ § C©
¦wz§ d¦ e§ ÆiY¦ §lC© § de§" (i"yx).
¦Bz¦
The first to do so was the dnly oipa (`p`d onlf dnly 'x Frankfort a. d. Oder 1723). This work was
highly controversial; in fact, he was forced to print an apology which was appended to the end of
the book. Numerous works came out that took issue with many of his textual changes. awri 'x
oicnr and many of the others that disagreed with `p`d onlf dnly 'x here as well as in other parts
of dlitz. xteq izay 'x’s understanding is that the first two words are Hebrew, and therefore, he
rejects pronouncing them with a ixiv. `p`d onlf dnly 'x’s changes were accepted by a) thexzrie
wgvi, who advocates for pronouncing it with ixiv. b) the micbn ixt and the `"xb (cp 'q ax dyrn).
The original gqep of yicw did not include D¥pẅxª §R g©nv§ ©ie§, since the whole prayer of the yicw is for ielib
miny zekln ceak which will be at the time of the dle`b. The oglyd jexr (g"e` 56:2), explains that
the explicit dlitz for giyn, 'D¥gi¦Wn§ axẅi¦ §R g©nv§ ©ie§', which was added by cxtq gqep, is alluded to
¥ e D¥pẅxª
by the words, D¥zEk§ln© Ki¦ln§ ©ie§, meaning d"awd’s kingdom should rule, in order for the weqt of ï§i dïd̈§e'
'ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈Îlr© K¤ln«¤§l to be fulfilled, with the coming of giyn. cxtq gqep added the phrase whereas
fpky` gqep did not for reasons of hyt and ceq. In general, the preference in fpky` gqep is a more
concise gqep, understanding that brevity is an advantage. In general, where there is a shorter and
_______________________________________________
LXXVIII
yicw ibdpne ipic
longer gqep, the shorter one is the original and the longer a later addition, since words were
added in certain places, but not taken away. gwex xfrl` epiax of Worms (4936-4998) makes it
quite clear, that the first part of yicw contains only twenty words corresponding to the zxyr
zexacd plus the ten instances of the word ip` in miyecw zxcq. The twenty words also correspond
to the twenty times it says micl` 'c in ziy`xa and the twenty kinds of zepeek that lìpc recited in
his dlitz. Additionally, according to cxtq gqep which does say 'D¥gi¦Wn§ axẅi¦ §R g©nv§ ©ie§' should
¥ e D¥pẅxª
on` be said in response? Since the m"anx makes no mention of on` following axẅi¦ ¥ e D¥pẅxª §R g©nv§ ©ie§'
'D¥gi¦Wn§ - even those who do add this phase, should not answer on` (wiviiaeleq f"ixb).
It is appropriate for the ofg to wait until the xeaiv has also completed reciting the word jxazi.
There is no doubt that one should answer on` after 'àx dny ...lcbzi'. This is discussed by the gwex
and the m"anx.
There is a miwqetd zwelgn as to whether one should respond on` following the phrase èd jixa. In
order to alleviate a doubtful situation, fpky` iwqet ruled, that both u"y and ldw should recite jixa
èd together.
According to fpky` bdpn, the miweqt, jzxeza aezkk' and 'xn`pe' are not considered part of epilr, and
need not be said, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. The miweqt should be said however, if one
wishes to recite yicw after epilr. (Notwithstanding the fact that reciting yicw after epilr is quite
problematic according to fpky` bdpn).
opaxc yicw originated from cxtq gqep. Later it was accepted in fpky` - but not recited during dlitz
(after the recital of zxehwd meht, zea` iwxt, oiwilcn dna), but only outside the dlitzd gqep. There
are no sources for adding '`yicw' `xzà to opaxc yicw. The Steipler Gaon expressed opposition to
saying '`yicw'. The xteq mzg did say '`rxè ìnya ic'.
The recital of (...`zcgz`l cizr èdc) by some at a meiq is a relatively recent development.
Originally, it was only recited at a diel. fpky` bdpn is to recite a regular opaxc yicw at a e` zkqn meiq
zeipyn xcq. Ancient editions of q"y do not have (...`zcgz`l cizr èdc) in the text of opaxc yicw of
the oxcd. The reason for saying it at a diel is understandable, since it mentions miznd zigz, which
has no relevance to a meiq. Perhaps since people often make mixhtpd zenyp xkfl mineiq, to coincide
with a miyely or hiivxdì, some began reciting `zcgz`l cizr èdc as well.
The miweqt in the middle of yicw ('c mrn ixfr ,'c my idi ,mingxa law) are not mentioned by the
mipey`x, but were added in the first printed mixeciq. The source for their recital is unclear,
therefore, some are accustomed to say them while others are not.
melyd dyer is said by those who do not change to melyd dyer 'c dz` jexa at the end of dcinr
(during daeyz ini zxyr), so instead they say melyd dyer at the end of yicw.
The usual custom of a dlidw is to give each aeig an opportunity to recite one yicw. If an
individual fails to receive a yicw by himself, it is still a greater dnyp ielir for him to attend
synagogue and answer àx diny `di on`, then to oren at home. Many miwqet maintain that
reciting multiple miyicw is tantamount to a dkixv dpi`y dkxa! Not only is it not beneficial to the
zn, but may be melye qg detrimental. In `vpbn, mezi yicw was recited only once a week, namely on
zay (after the recital of jl ozie, zxehwd meht, oiwilcn dna). This was still the prevailing bdpn at the
time of the l"ixdn. Although today, it is the view of most people, that the most important thing is
to say as many miyicw as possible, this does not seem to be the way the mipey`x viewed it.
If a xhtp has no sons, a) a grandson or son-in-law may recite yicw b) brother(s) say yicw or c)
someone is hired to say yicw. In Prague the bdpn was that a woman would say yicw in such an
instance, standing in a separate room where she could be heard in the synagogue, however, this
was not a widespread bdpn.
_______________________________________________
LXXIX
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb
exeìaa .e
mixacd yexit oiadl mikixv ixd - eny jxazi lecbd eny ycwzn f"iry èd yicwd zekf mver lky zeide
: yicwd ixac z` dxvwa z"idfra o`k xàpe .gayd ly
bebne beb znglna xen`d (bk:gl l`wfgi) "izycwzde izlcbzde" `xwnd it lr cqed - ycwzie lcbzi (`
(e"p g"e` xehd oeyl) cg` enye cg` 'd idi èdd meia aizkck ,d"awd ly eny lcbzi f"g`y
eny oi` wlnr zhily onf lkc ,wlnra dnwple dle`bd onfl ribnyk ,mly eny zeidl xefgiy - àx 'iny
eny oiè mly `qkd oi`y "d-i qk lr ci ik" aizkck ,(mipt xzqda lekiake) mly e`qk oiè mly d"awd ly
htynl opek ayi mlerl 'de 'ek gvpl zeaxg enz aie`d" miewi fè ,(l`xyi ly ephy) wlnr zltnl cr mly
.(cere xehd oeyln) mly e`qke mly myd ,"e`qk
`ln mler] mc` ipa oevx zbyd itk llk `le ,èd epevx wner itk e`xay dfd mlera - 'izerxk `xac `nlra (a
zeyrle exvei z` qipkdl ezeyxay ,zipktktd ezti`ye ezpekza mc`d mlek lre eixevi oenda zeìlte ze`lt
`xea 'idy cnln (b"t x"a) eda` iax ixacl mb fnxne .[qlwle dlrle epevx zeyrl ezeyxae epevxn jtidd
.(mlyexin oecxeb l"`x xad xecqa qtcpd "mely xaec" 'itke) il oiipd `l oedzi oiipd oic xnè 'ek zenler
.(l"fpd xecqay dltz oeir 'ita àene) epevxk eny ycwzie lcbzi lr i`wy d"dlf `"xbd 'it mb d`xe
- l`xyi zia lkc iigae .mieykrd oekineia mb `l` l"zrl 'gza micizrd oekiiga wx `l - oekineiae oekiiga (b
.dcizrd 'igzl enewiy dl` lkle meik miigd dl`l
l"fkgn miaxy cr ,l"x l`xyia zegivxde ze`lzd eaxzi dle`bd mcewy itl : miyxtn - cere mdxceaàe
.miigl mix`ypdn zeidl ekfzy oekineiae oekiiga mixne` okl (: g"v oixcdpq) 'iping` `le izii exn`
,(xengd lr akexe iprk `le ìny ipprk drtezd 'izye) aixw onfae (dpyig`l dkfpy) dxdna- `lbra (c
.[.g"v oixcdpqa l"aix ly l"fpd ze`xnnd ipyl xyt` fnxn oeyld ltek]
(.b zekxa) 'qezae .(e"p my `"nxa àene miwqetd y"nk) jxanl àx oia wiqti `l - jxan àx 'iny `di (d
dze` dper xeaivd mby `"f ,mly 'idie eny `lniy dltz ìd "àx 'iny `di" ik ixhie xefgn mya eìad
'nbd oeylny 'qezd eazk f"re ,(xeha df 'it mb àene) zxg` dltz ìd mlrl jxane .('` ze` lirln) dl`ynd
izkec lkac xdefd ixac lkn n"ke ,(`"nxd y"nke) jxan àx diny `di ,dlrnl xaegn jxan i`dy gken
x"yi `l` jxan xcde x"yi ypi` `nil `l àx xn` .h"l dkeqae] ,"jxan àx 'iny `di" xn`p x"yi oixikfny
.['nba zwelgnd idefy rnyn ,'ek `kde mzd `l` 'ek `xtq ax l"` jxan
_______________________________________________
LXXX
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb
epeeki mixcdndy ievx (mipexgè xehd) miwqet dnk eìad ixhie xefgn ly ipyd 'itd mby zeide
(àxd) 'iny `diye (a .(ecaln oi`y lkd exikie mly eny `diy `"f) ,àx 'iny `diy (` : miyextd ipyl
.(ìnlr inlrle mlrl) jxan
.(cer mipexgè a"wq `"bn y"yn d`x) jxanl àx oia `le ,àxl 'iny oia `l oiwiqtn oi` okae
i"qq r"eyd oeyl zehytk) jxazi zaiz mb xnel t"ie .ìnlr cr x"yi` zeprl iazk cere `"xbd dpde
.(d"lyd k"ke ,`"bnd eixacn oiad xy`ke i"ad ixac zernynke) `nlra oxin`c cr u"yd mr miiql `"ie .(e"p
wx mixne` i`ce x"yi`l y"w rvnà e` dkxad rvnà oiwiqtnyk okl - dfa zwelgn yiy ixgè
,ìnlr cr èd gayd xwir t"kre] ,`nlra opixn`c cr xnel mileki (rvnà dper epi`yk) mzqa lre ,ìnlr cr
.[`nlra opixn`c cr ofgd mr dyigla xne` x`yde egek lka xne` (ìnlr cr epiid) elld zeaiz 'fe
,x"yil on` oia oiwiqtne ,'iny `dil on` zaiz mixagn oi` - 'ek àx 'iny `di on` miperyk
.xg` gay èd x"yie ,'ek ycwzie lcbzi lr ,lirl` i`w on` ziiprc
ddbda mye 'd sirq lirl eìad xy` z` d`x - ezpek lka i"yxte "egek lka x"yi` dperd" l"f`c `da]
.[miigd ytp lra l`xyi oe`b 'it
`lirl èd jixa .d`ldl xaegn èd jixa i`d t"dex y"ntl - 'ek `z̈k̈x¦
§AÎlM̈¦n `lirl èd jixa `ycewc 'iny (e
lirll xaegn èd jixa i`d zepekd 'q mya z"ry y"ntl la` .(f"e` mya my `"nxe n"c) `zkxa lk on
.`"xbd xeàn n"ke ,'ek `zkxa lk on `lirl xg` gay ligzn k"gè "èd jixa `ycewc 'iny"
èd wizr iaxr oeylay dlawde azkd y"ntk) llde zx`tz "`zngpe" mixàn yi- `zngpe `zgayez (f
,zegayza lledn ycg gaye xiy el xyei f`y ,deewnd dngpd onfl oeekndy miyxetn miaxe ,(zx`tz oeyl
dle`bde dngpd onfa xn`zy efn 'it` xnelk - `zngpe `zgayez `zxiye `z̈k̈x§AÎlM̈
¦ n¦ `lirl mixne` ep` f"re
xecqa dltz oeir 'ita àenk ,zeyiyà ipeknq t"dr y"dy yxcne ,'` h"n ziy`xa inlyexi mebxzn n"ke)
.(l"f oecxb l"`x axd
,xcdzie - ,`ypzie - ,mnexzie - ,x`tzie - ,gazyie - ,jxazi - ,ycwzie - ,lcbzi - : zegayz xyr opyi yicwda (g
,zexacd xyr cbp mdy - (mdxcea` mya i"ad y"nk) w"dla mixn`p (elld zegayd) ode .lldzie - ,dlrzie
.mlerd `xap mday zexn`nd zxyre
.(d"wq n"c d`xe) cenrl ievx x"yi` zxin`l (h
jxazi (b .aixw onfae `lbra (a .ycwzie lcbzi (` zxinà : zerixk 'd yicwd zxinà rexkl oibdep maex (i
ealkd mya y"n ,a"p xeh d`x) xg` oteà zerixkd eazky yie .on` zixnàe (d d"aewc 'iny (c .gazyie
.zeyx ziyingde daeg odn 'c zerixkd zyngn ik eazke .(yeale g"ae e"p g"e` r"ey d`xe qcxtd myae
_______________________________________________
LXXXI
The Pronunciation of the m¨lŸeg Vowel
Four pronunciations of the ml̈eg prevailed among Ashkenazic Jews in recent generations
up to the time of the Holocaust: two in Eastern Europe and two in Western Europe. The
table below illustrates these four pronunciations in both English and German as well as in
the Ashkenazic pronunciation of ycewd oeyl.
Accent in
Accent in Ashkenazi Accent in
Region of Diaspora German
pronunciations English
diacritic
Poland, Austria-Hungary komatz chirik – i`¦ `¨ Oi [t]oy
Lithuania, Russia segol chirik – i`¦ ¤̀ Aei [p]ay
Northern Germany, Holland patach shuruk – E``© Au [h]ow
Southern Germany,
Switzerland, France, Latvia, komatz shuruk – E``¨ Ou [g]o
England, North America
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME PROOFS AND OBSERVATIONS

THAT THE 'm¨leg' IS NOT PRONOUNCED “Oy”.
Written by Rabbi Y. Kramer - Jerusalem Israel
FIRST PROOF (The pronunciation of various milecb)
In the `"xbd zpyn xtq, the `"xb writes that the pronunciation of the m¨lŸeg is a diphthong - a
blending of two vowels - the oḧẅ un© ẅ and the wxEy
ª - the sounds of which issue from the lips
(which excludes the ‘O ’ sounds completely - since the ‘Y’ sound comes from the palate).
y
(Regarding the above mentioned blending of vowels, specifically the oḧẅ un© ẅ which is a dc̈§lŸez of the ml̈Ÿeg and is
sounded from the ‘lips’ - and not the lŸecb̈ un© ẅ which is the a`¨ of the gz© R© and is sounded from the ‘throat’). The
(`"hily xbxand dnly oinipa axd) fpky` bdpn iyxy writes - according to the testimony of oe`bd axd
`"hily àlee dnly - the Kelm Talmud Torah, as a matter of principal, pronounced the m¨lŸeg as
'Ou'. Ullman mely axd testified that his iax, xrlqrc edil` axd, the edil`n azkn, who was a cinlz
in the Kelm Talmud Torah, was citwn until the end of his days to pronounce the m¨lŸeg as ‘Ou’
both in ‘davening’ and in reading dxez. oxrhy ozp axd of Monsey, N.Y. testified that his
grandfather, l"vf iwvrpin`w awri oe`bd axd, was citwn to pronounce every m¨lFg in rny zìxw as
‘Ou’ and not ‘Oy’. This was corroborated by his son iwvrpin`w mdxa` axd and his daughter
Rebbetzin Rivka Diskind. A xega daiyi once asked l"vf oiihypit dyn oe`bd axd the following
question - his father (daeyz lra) pronounces the m¨lŸeg as ‘Ou’ and he attends a daiyi where they
all pronounce it as ‘Oy’, how should he conduct himself - should he follow his father’s bdpn or
pronounce it the daiyi way? dyn ax answered he should follow his father’s bdpn and then added
the following words “the pronunciation of the m¨lŸeg as ‘Ou’ is probably the correct one”. a`f axd
srl, the ax of edizzn ayen in l`xyi ux`, testified that his iax the l"vf xrhtib oe`bd axd, the y`x
daiyid of Telz Yeshiva, was very citwn to pronounce the m¨lŸeg AS ‘Ou’and not ‘Oy’, at all times
and not just in rny zìxw. He was citwn as well in all other 'miwecwc' such as proper accents, etc..
_______________________________________________
LXXXII
SECOND PROOF (Pronunciation during rny zìxw)

The pronunciation of the m¨lŸeg as ‘Oy’ seems to be a relatively recent phenomenon - the last 150
to 200 years or so - and was due to the influence of the migrating Jews from country to country
in Europe during the upheavals that occurred in the nineteenth century!! - From mixtq before
that time we see that the sound of ‘Oy’ for a m¨lŸeg was unknown. - for example the xecq of axd
xteq izay, dceard yxeye ceqi, the miig min xà and others - point out how to be careful in the
pronunciation of rny zìxw - one of the points they make is to be careful to separate the attached
- that is not to blend two words together (where the last letter of the first word is the same as the
first letter of the 2nd word) such as j̈aä§ § l | lk̈A§ (one should make a very slight pause between the
two words) so that the two ‘mic"¦ n© ¤ l’ should be heard - and not as one ‘c"n¨ ¤ l’ (if the 2 words would
be said together). Likewise, one should make a pause between xW£̀ ¤ | izŸ© ev§ n¦ - so that the c"Ÿei at the
end of izŸ© ev§ n¦ (Which is a ‘y’ sound) should not make the word xW£̀, ¤ which follows it, sound like
'xy©
¤ i'. - Likewise, every conceivable combination of words in rny zìxw, which if read without
pause, would make them sound otherwise is pointed out. If the m¨lŸeg were pronounced ‘Oy’ - then
one ought to be careful separating like sounding letters for example d¤id¦ § i `ŸŸle§ and dxŸ¤ei Ÿezr¦ A.
§ If
Ÿezr¦ A§ were pronounced as “B’eetoy” and `ŸŸle§ were pronounced as “V’loy” - because of the ‘Y’
sounds at the end of those two words - they certainly would have pointed out to be careful to
separate them from the words that follow them - namely d¤id¦ § i and dxŸ¤ei - so as not to make the two
‘Y’s sound as one ‘Y’, (as they pointed out by all the other words where the last letters of one
word would be blended with the with the first letters of the next word, and the letters would
sound like one letter.) b) mz¤ x§k© fE§ and ŸezF` which if ŸezF` were pronounced ‘Oysoy’ the ‘Y’ sound
at the end would blend with the next word mz¤ x§k© fE§ and sound like “mz¤ x§k© fEi” § but since its not
y
mentioned - it is clear that the m¨lŸeg was not pronounced as ‘O ’.
OBSERVATION!
It is strange that those who pronounce God’s name (ip̈Ÿc £̀) as “Adoynoy”, have not realized a
contradiction di¥aE di¥pn¦ - that the m¨lŸeg over the z¤lc̈ in God’s name has the same sound as the
c"Fi-un© ẅ at the of the word - that is the sound of the m¨lŸeg which comes from the lips, should have
the same sound as c"Fi-un© ẅ which comes from the throat and palate respectively? and are two
different vowels entirely! Why should or could they sound the same?
OBSERVATION!
The usage of certain terms today should also be an indication of the sound of ‘Ou’ being retained
even by those who say ‘Oy’! For example; we wish each other a “Gut Yom Tov” - no one says
“Gut Yoym Toyv”. likewise there are; miy¦ xŸ§ei, dp̈ÿd© y`Ÿx, mih£ ¦ gŸey, mig¦ vŸ§ ex ,aFh lf̈n, © and others.
THIRD PROOF (FROM j"pz)
STEP 1 - We find in all of j"pz that when a word begins with one of the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letters, if the
word right before it ends with an open syllable - that is, the last sound the word makes is a vowel
- then there is no W¥bc̈ in the zt¤¤ k c¤ba¤ letter. - i.e. in rny zìxw- j§§ x¤c¤a© j̈Y§ k¤
§ laE.
§ The last sound one
hears in the first word is the un© ẅ- therefore, an open syllable - there is no W¥bc̈ in the a in the next
word. Another example - oz¥ z¦ `Ÿl - since the last sound of `Ÿl is a vowel (the ‘Ou’ sound) there is
no W¥bc̈ in the a in the next word and instead of oY¥ Y¦ it becomes oY¥ z.[If ¦ the `l is pronounced ‘loy’
the W¥bc̈ should appear in oY¥ Y¦ ]. This is true throughout all of j"pz.
(By the way the above rule is NOT applied when there is a pause [like a comma or period]
between two words, i.e. ‘lk̈A§ Fca§ r̈§lE’, since both first words have ta-amim that are considered a
stop (like a comma) so in spite of them ending with an open syllable, the word following retains
theW¥bc̈.- The reason for the W¥bc̈, is for ease of pronunciation - it is easier to blend an open
_______________________________________________
LXXXIII
syllable with one of the above six letters when the W¥bc̈ is removed than with theW¥bc̈. Therefore,
if there were a pause between the two words, blending them could not be done, and the rule
doesn’t apply. Another case where it does not apply is, where it would cause a problem in
pronunciation - i.e. Lzi ¤ a¥A§ LY§ a§ W¦ A§ - to change the a to a A in the second word and have to read the
word - Lzi¤ a¥A§ is too problematic and not easy to pronounce, therefore, the W¥bc̈ is retained and the
rule is not applied. )
STEP 2 - When a word begins with one of the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letters and the word right before it ends
with a closed syllable - the last sound the word makes is a consonant - then the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letters of
the following word retains the W¥bc̈, i.e. Lzi¥
¤ A zFfEfn.
§
STEP 3 - The letter c"Fi ( “Y” in english) functions most times as a consonant and sometimes as
a vowel. It functions as a consonant for example in the words didi ,cli ,ci etc.. It functions as a
vowel - only when it follows one or two vowels - the wixi¦ g¦ or the ix¥ ¥v - i.e. in¦ or i¥pa.
§ The reason
being, since the c"Fi comes from that organ of speech called the ‘Palate’ (according to the dxivi xtq),
and the two vowels - the wixi¦ g¦ and the ix¥ ¥v also come from the ‘Palate’ - they blend together, and
the 'c"Fi' takes on the property of a vowel. That is why in all of j"pz whenever a word ends with a
c"Fi the vowel before it is a wixi¦ g¦ or a ix¥ ¥v, it is considered an “open syllable” (the last sound heard is
‘ee’ or ‘ay’) - if the following word begins with one of the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letters, the W¥bc̈ is removed
from those letters. i.e. mdi ¤ c¥b§ a¦ it§
¥ pM© ,m¤ki¥pa§ ini
¥ e¦ and xwŸ¤ a idi©
¦ e (`l,bk,hi,bi,g,d:` wxt ziy`xa) and in
m¤kä iY¦ k©
§ lW§ d¦ e§ (ak:ek `xwie).
STEP 4 - When a word ends with a c"Fi and the vowel proceeding it - is not a wixi¦ g¦ or a ix¥ ¥v - but
it is either a, un© ẅ, m¨lŸeg, or wxEWª - then the c"Fi is considered a consonant. (because the sound of
the gY© R© theun© ẅ comes from the throat - and the sound of the ml̈Ÿeg and the wxEW ª come from the
lips - there is no blending with the c"Fi which comes from the palate - it is therefore, considered a
consonant in these cases.). Throughout all of j"pz whenever a words ends with a c"Fi preceded by
one of the vowels that is not a wixi¦ g¦ or a ix¥ ¥v and the next word begins with one of the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤
letters, the W¤bc̈ in the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter is retained. - (where thec"Fi is proceeded by a gY© R©)izŸ© ev§ n¦
Exn§ W§ z¦ (b:ek `xwie) and eq`¨ n§ z¦ iz©Ÿ wgªa§ (fh:ek Ÿ `xwie) and gz̈t§ z¦ iz© ẗŸy§ (fi:`p mildz). i.e. (Where thec"Fi
is proceeded by a un© ẅ) (k:f diryi)xr©z© a§ ip̈ŸŸc £̀, and in (a:` lìpc) Ÿecïa§ ip̈ŸŸc £̀. (i.e. where the c"Fi is
proceeded by a wxEW ª as in W ¥̀ ä iElẅ (eh:a `xwie).)
In these instances the c"Fi closes the syllable, as it is a consonant, the W¤bc̈ is retained in thec¤ba¤
zt¤
¤ k letters that follow it.
STEP 5 - In all of j"pz we find - that when a c"Fi at the end of a word is proceeded by a m¨lŸeg as
in the word iŸeb - and if followed by a word that begins with a zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter - the zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter
retains the W¤bc̈ - i.e. miz¦ x¥k§ iŸeb (d:a diptv) and iŸebA§ iŸeb (e:fh a minid ixac) and everywhere it is written
lŸecB̈ iŸeb (numerous places - one example - (f:d mixac), the l"n¤ b¦ in lŸecB̈ always has a W¤bc̈. Other
examples - lk̈ iŸed (`:dp diryi), and iŸed mi¦pä (`:l diryi).
Whereas - in all of j"pz we find - any word that ends with just a m¨lŸeg and is followed by a word
that begins with a zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter then the W¤bc̈ is always removed from that zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter. This
shows that a word ending in a m¨lŸeg is an ‘Open Syllable’ and a vowel. - In d:bi mixac there are
four words that end with a m¨lŸeg followed by four words that begin with a zt¤ ¤ k c¤ba¤ letter z not Y
the W¤bc̈ was removed - because it followed an ‘Open Syllable’ word. We see clearly that a m¨lŸeg
at the end of a word is an ‘Open Syllable’. We see from above that a word that ends with a c"Fi
following a m¨lŸeg closes the syllable. This is in all of j"pz!
_______________________________________________
LXXXIV
CONCLUSION!
It is therefore clear, from above, that whenever one pronounces a m¨lŸeg as an “Oy” he is adding
a c"Fi, l"x, to a word which does not belong. Therefore, when one pronounces God’s name as
“A-DOY-NOY”, he is adding a c"Fi - no different from adding any another letter for instance
“A-DO-B-NOY” or “A-DO-G-NOY” which has no dẄEcw§ whatsoever. (It is no different from
the dl̈£ gn© [sickness] which is frequently heard, people saying God’s name as “adEE-noy”
[changing the ml̈Ÿeg to an ‘ee’] or “ad’noy” [omitting the ml̈Ÿeg completely] or “adono” [omitting
the c"Fi at the end of God’s name] all of which also have no dẄEcw§ whatsoever) Therefore, it
would seem that any dkxa said with ‘A-DOY-NOY’ (or “a-dee-noy” or “ad’-noy”) has no dẄEcw§
and no on¥ `¨ should be answered. (It would probably be an “dnezi on`.) Furthermore, it would
seem that one who pronounces God’s name with an ‘Oy’ has never made a dkxa, nor has been
rny zìxw zevn `vei.
In the yxcnd zia of the yi` oefg, if a u"y (in dxyr dpeny) ended the dkxa of epihtey daiyd
with "htyne dwcv a¥iŸe` jln" (a¥iŸe` instead of adŸ¥ e`) - it is well known, (and brought in a number
of mixtq) that the yi` oefg would not answer on`.
Some people wish to be zekf cnln quote the yxcn in dax mixiyd xiy on the weqt, "dad` ilr elbce"
- the yxcn seems to indicate that any mistake in wording or pronunciation is acceptable to God. -
`"hily o`nted i mdxa` axd) zeyecwd miln znrhd xtq states, “After a lengthy discussion
regarding the above yxcn concludes (with the corroborating testimony from o`nrpixb .y axd - that
the yi` oefg agrees) that the yxcn is only discussing a case of (1) an ux`d mr, (2) a wepiz, (3)
an qpe`, and (4) there is no one to learn from, - only in such cases is there a special ‘Love’ from
God for their efforts and intentions - but the devn is still not considered fulfilled.”
But why look for mix¦Y¥ d? ¤ In a yxcn (mixiyd xiy), one can see the seriousness of proper
pronunciation. In (:ck sc) dlibn `xnb (ìypd dcedi iax) ycwd epiax castigated ìig iax telling him
that whenever he comes to the weqt (fi:g diryi) “'cl izi ¦ k¦ g¦ e”
§ (And I will wait for God) he is being
sc©
¥bn§ and sx¥g© n§ (He has reviled and blasphemed God). i"yx explains that ìig iax pronounced a d
instead of a g (not unlike our difficulty in America with this sound -since there is no g in
English), - instead of saying the word izi ¦ k¦ g¦ e§ with a g (And I will wait for God), he said izi ¦ k¦ d¦ e§
with a d (And I will smite God). zetqez point out - it was not impossible for ìig iax to vocalize a
g, but if he concentrated with difficulty, he could pronounce it. Now we can be sure that ìig iax
had the proper dp̈ë©M when he said the word izi ¦ k¦ g¦ e§ - still ycwd epiax castigated him in the strongest
terms. (In spite of the fact that it was ìig iax’s dxeqn).
How careful must one be in pronunciation - it may lead to secib & sexig, melye qg. (Like sayinglA©
zexeab (no powers) instead of zFxEaB§ lr«© ©A (Master of mighty acts), or in [mid zxiy] mrd Exi¦e© (the
nation shot at ...) instead of mr̈d̈ E`xi§ I¦e© (the nation feared God). etc., etc..
Some people point out that it is unnecessary to be careful in the pronunciation of the words or
letters in rny zìxw since we rule in accordance iqei iax in ('b dpyn 'a wxt) zekxa, which states “if
one reads (rny zìxw) and is not meticulous in its letters - iqei iax says one has fulfilled one’s
obligation. The (` ,aq oniq) dxexa dpyn, explains iqei iax differently way. (After seeing the above
dxexa dpyn, one should be careful to pronounce the d in the word Dl̈Eai§ in order to fulfill ones
obligation).
It would be appropriate at this time to point out that the ('a oniq dè̈ ¨ v)
© 'dceard yxye ceqi' states
that the long and bitter zelb is due to the fact that Jews do not pronounce the letters, vowels and
miW¥
¦ bc̈ correctly during davening, and that such flawed prayers do not accomplish anything in the
upper worlds.
_______________________________________________
LXXXV
ip̈c£̀
:'a ohw sirq 'd oniq miig gxe` dxexa dpyn
mlega 'cde cal `"aya e` cal gzta `l la` gzt shga sl`n epiidc ipc` zcewpa
.diied myl oieki dpeka wx dti zxkip `dzy c"eid yibcie unwa oepde
There are various mibdpn, how to pronounce the myd my.

American / Sephardic Pronunciation British / German Pronunciation
Ahdonoy/Adonai [Short ‘O’ Sound] Ahdaunoy/Ahdounoy [Long ‘O’ Sound]
1
Rav Shimon Schwab l"vf writes, “the most important word in all of our
zelitz is the Name of èd jexa yecwd. In place of the Ineffable Name, which is
written dÎeÎdÎi, we use ipc` (my Master), the plural of word oec` with the first
person singular pronominal suffix. This word is written with a mleg, which can
be pronounced differently, depending on individual mibdpn. However, it is
certainly not pronounced “EE.” Consequently, the often mispronounced word
“ahdeenoy” 'ip̈c£̀'
¦ (or “ahd’noy” 'ip̈c£̀'
§ ) are not the Name of jexa yecwd
èd and are totally meaningless. The use of this word for yecwd my is
a travesty, and those who pronounce it this way should be corrected.”
The gzt under the ` is a gzt shg. shg comes from the word sFh£g©l “to cut
off”. Therefore, the accent is not on the first syllable ( x£d` ¡ ). To accent
© ,z¤n`
the second syllable in oicnr awri axd’s opinion may be considered 'secibe sexig'
and moreover according to the dcedia rcep it is simply incorrect. It is
deplorable that there are mipfg who insist upon accenting the second syllable,
and feel that the melody demands this pronunciation, as if the melody rather
than the dkld were the standard.
The accent is therefore, on the last syllable.

gpe b"za dcewp o"epd `ld ehtynk mrhd ea èaln epia` my rxbi dnl cakpd mya la`"
epi` dpynd lke df xaca wetwt mey mlern eprny `le rxln mrhdy `witq o`k zile d`xp
".dpezgzd lr ecie rxln envr èd lirln zexwl ezrc lr cnere zwelgna wifgnde dreh `l`
('a 'q ,`nw `xecdn g"e`) ,dcedia rcep z"ey
.:gl `nei 'nb oiire (f:i ilyn) d®k̈x§ ¦v x¤k´¥f zeaiz iy`x 1.
ä¦l wiC©
_______________________________________________
LXXXVI
mildz ,ilyn ,aei` ixtqa minrhd
from “The PSALMS” with commentary by l"vf yxid l`tx oeyny axd epixen
The accents used in the Book of mildz deserve to be given just as much
consideration with respect to their relevance in its interpretation as the accents which
are employed in the other books of the Scriptures. However, it must be understood that
in part they have a different value and are designated by other names in the Books
of mildz, ilyn and aei` (zÀ nÀ À̀ ixtq) than in the remaining books. We therefore, present
here a list of the accents occuring in the zÀ nÀ À̀ ixtq, which is based on the one included
in the edition of 1825 by Heidenheim.
THE TWELVE ‘SEPARATING’ ACCENTS
`¿ xft, as in: edita

¿ oi` ik (i:d mildz).
| a³ dinxbl jtdn, as in: l` `l | ik³ (d:d mildz).

| b̧ dinxbl `lf`, as in: iphty | cecÆl (`:ek mildz).
cÀ lecb riax, is distinquished from the ohw riax by its greater separating effect
and sometimes also transforms èy into a vowel, as in: ec¥aì
À miryx ik (k:fl mildz), or
in: Lzreyia
À dppxp (e:k mildz).
dË ohw riax, has a lesser separating effect and is always followed by a cxeie dler, as in:
w¬g l Å̀ dËxtq` (f:a mildz).
»e xepiv, is a `wxf which is always placed at the end of a word when the stress is on
the next to the last syllable, as in: c» xtk qeqk (h:al mildz), or as in: c» gt ecgt (e:bp mildz).
It must be distinguished from the ‘joining’ zixepiv, which occurs together with `kxn or
jtdn and precedes the stressed syllable, as in: j» iew ia eyea»i l` (f:hq mildz). In this weqt
eyea»i is zixepiv and j» iew is xepiv. In monosyllabic words xepiv is placed at the end and
zixepiv at the beginning of the word. jln d»f in (g:ck mildz) is accented with a zixepiv.
¬fÅ cxeie dler, is the accent which has the greatest effect in separating parts of sentences
from each other. Its value in this respect is the same as that of the gpz` in the other
books of j"pz. In fact, the gpz` in the zÀ nÀ À̀ ixtq is weakened in its effect when
preceded by an cxeie dler, e.g., in b,`:` mildz. The cxeie dler consists of a `kxn
underneath the stressed syllable and of a jtdn above the preceding syllable, as in:
Å dxdn (b:`l mildz), j¬¤
ep¬livd cqga Å (bk:dp mildz). In case of a monosyllabic
Å (ibid. 8), j¬¤lklki
word, or when in a two syllable word the `kxn is placed underneath the first letter,
then the jtdn is placed at the end of the preceding word, as in: w¬g l` Å dxta` (mildz
f:a), mi¬n iÅblt (b:` mildz). When such a word itself takes no accent, as in the examples
just cited, then the jtdn takes the place of a swn.
g igc, is a `gth which appears always at the beginning of a word in front of the initial
vowel, even if the latter is not stressed. It must be distinguished from the `gth,
which is always found on the stressed syllable, is called `li`n `gth and serves in a
connecting function. The accent in leai `l edlre (b:` mildz) is a igc, whereas
dyri xy` lke (ibid.) is accented with a `li`n `gth. In all monosyllabic words
containing the vowels mleg or wxey the igc must always be placed in front of the first
letter, as underneath it, it would be a `li`n `gth. In enrl fr (ì:hk mildz) it is igc, but in
aeh j` (`:br mildz) it is `li`n `gth.
_______________________________________________
LXXXVII
mildz ,ilyn ,aei` ixtqa minrhd
from “The PSALMS” with commentary by l"vf yxid l`tx oeyny axd epixen
h® gpz`, has a separating effect only (as in the other books of j"pz) if it is not preceded
by an cxeie dler in the same sentence, e.g., in e,d,c:` mildz (Cf. f above).
Ëi yxben riax, the riax is always placed on the stressed syllable and the yxb on the first
letter, as in: miËryx eyeai (gi:`l mildz), or as in: dËizewevnn (e:fw mildz). However,
if the first letter is also stressed, then riax and yxb are placed together above it, as
in: xzËi lr (dk:`l mildz).
| Ã̀ i dlecb zlyly, is always followed by a vertical line, which is similar to a wqt, in order
to distinguish it from the dphw zlyly, which belongs to the group of ‘joining’ accents.
Ã xcl (a:ht mildz) it is a dlecb 'ly, whereas in 'cÃ j`ln (g:cl mildz) it is a dphw 'ly.
In | xce
ai
« weliq, is a weqt seq which which closes a sentence as in the other books.
THE NINE ‘JOINING’ ACCENTS
³̀ jtdn, is sometimes found in connection with zixepiv in order to distinguish it from

dinxbl jtdn, as in: ipri³ yed ³ new (g:b mildz).
» | d»
a¬ `kxn, is sometimes found in connection with zixepiv in order to distinguish it from dler
cxeie, as in: u`»
¬ b (b:i mildz).
b̧ `lf`. -
ć gpen, is found underneath a letter and is called dhnln jled xtey.
dÄ ielir, is found above a letter and is also called dlrnln jled xtey.
e¶ enei oa gxi, is also called lblb.
f `li`n `gth (Cf. igc).
g» zixepiv, occurs only in connection with jtdn and `kxn and always precedes them so
as to mark them as joining accents (Cf. ` and a). It may be distinguished from the
‘separating’ xepiv by its position (Cf. ibid.). When a zixepiv occurs with two
monosyllabic words, which by rights should be connected with a swn, a zixepiv is
always placed above the beginning of the word which precedes the one accented
with a jtdn or `kxn and thus takes over the function of a swn, as in: epicl` èd
³ i»k
(f:dv mildz).
hÃ dphw zlyly, is never followed by a vertical line.
All the remaining accents which occur in the other books of j"pz, but are not
enumerated in the foregoing, are not found in the zÀ nÀ À̀ ixtq, except in the
introductory and concluding miweqt of the Book of aei`.
_______________________________________________
LXXXVIII
A Brief History Of German Jews In Chicago
1832
The first Jew, Morris Baumgarten, arrives in Chicago.
1837
The City of Chicago, with its five thousand inhabitants, is incorporated
as a city.
1840
Morris Baumgarten is followed by Isaac Ziegler, the brothers Benedict
and Jacob Shubert and Phillip Newburgh. The following settle in Chicago
between the years 1840 and 1844: H. Fuller, Jacob Fuller, Marx L.
Mayer, Rosbach, Isaac Engle, B. Stern, A. Frank, Marcus Peisser,
Levi Rosenfeld, Jacob Rosenberg, Morris Einstein, the brothers
Julius, Abraham and Moses Kohn, James Marks, the two brothers
Benjamin and Henry Meyer, and Mayer Klein the first Chazzan in Illinois.
1845
Religious services are held for the first time in the Jewish settlement of
Chicago, on Yom Kippur, in a small room above a store on Wells and Lake
streets. The following persons are present: Benedict Shubert,
Jacob Rosenberg, S. Friedheim, who live at Pigeon Woods, west of Elgin,
Illinois, the Bavarian brothers Julius, Abraham, Morris and Mayer Kohn,
who had come to Chicago from New York City. Harry Benjamin,
Philip Newburgh and Mayer Klein. The last two officiate as chazzonim.
Jewish Burial Ground Society founded - the first Jewish organization in
Chicago.
1846
The second public services are held on Yom Kippur, also in a private room,
above the store of Messrs. Rosenfeld & Rosenberg, 155 Lake Street.
The chazzonim this time were Philip Newburgh and Abraham Kohn.
Not many more persons are present at this service than at the first.
A Jewish cemetery is established near Lake Michigan just north of
North Avenue, within what is now known as Lincoln Park.
1847
Kehillas Anshe Mayriv - Congregation of The Men Of The West - the first
Jewish congregation in Chicago and possibly the Midwestern United States,
is founded. The Kohn brothers, they had left their widowed mother Dila
in New York. Mrs. Kohn would come only if she could be provided
with kosher meat. Her sons hire a schochet from New York City,
Rabbi (Reverend) Ignatz Kunreuther.
Rabbi Kunreuther (1811-1884), was born in Gelnhausen near
Frankfort-on-the-Main. The son of Rabbiner [Naftoli] Hirsch Levi Kunreuther,
the last rabbi of Gelnhausen and head of the town’s large yeshiva. While he
_______________________________________________
LXXXIX
was not an ordained rabbi, he was a chacham, a learned man. He was the
schochet, chazzan, Torah reader, teacher and Minister of congregation. He is
an upright and kindly character, well-versed in Talmud and Hebrew lore.
He conducts the services at K.A.M. in accordance with the strict observances
of Orthodoxy. Rabbi Kunreuther assembles the first Beth Din in the city.
The rabbi’s residence and the K.A.M. synagogue are spared from destruction
by the Chicago Fire of 1871, while on the other side of the street, and north
of it are completely burnt. Rabbi Kunreuther insists that his prayers
(in accordance with Minhag Ashkenaz) saves that side of the street.
Abraham Kohn (1819-1871) born in Moenichsroth, Bavaria, Germany,
becomes the leader of the Chicago Jewish community and serves as
K.A.M.’s vice president and third President of from 1853 to 1856. He is an
enthusiastic advocate of establishing a Rabbinical College in the United
States. Abraham fights the battle of conservative Judaism against modern
Reform. Not less attractive is the other side, the gentler side of his
character: his detestation of human slavery. These two qualities are
complimentary.
1849
The lot on Clark Street, between Adams and Quincy, is leased by K.A.M.
for the erection of a permanent synagogue.
The first Jewish wedding in Chicago occurs, between Jacob Rosenberg and
Hannah Reese (of the Michael Reese family).
1850
Chicago obtains its first Jewish Teacher, “Lehrer” Leopold Mayer. His first
position is in Chicago as a private teacher of German and Hebrew.
Mr. Mayer at once becomes a power force, and uses his influence to reform
Judaism in Chicago. He makes it possible for later friends of reform,
to establish the “Jüdischer Reformverein.” It was this influence, which
induces K.A.M. to entrust the instruction of its children to a progressive man
like teacher Godfrey Snydacker (Gottfried Schneidacker). Born in
Westphalia, Germany. Mr. Snydacker receives an excellent education in the
national schools. It is expected that he will teach the children in his new way
and imbue them with his new thoughts of Judaism. He is a man of modern
education and progressive ideas. His engagement is quite a step for a
congregation, which is until now has been strictly Orthodox. For three years
he is preacher of K.A.M., and also teaches the day school in connection with
the Congregation. When Sinai Congregation is formed in 1858, Mr. Snydacker
becomes a member and is on several occasions, its presiding officer.
1851
Kehillas Anshe Mayriv builds its first Jewish house of worship, on Clark
Street between Adams and Quincy, now the site of the Kluczynski Federal
Building. The synagogue also houses the first mikveh (ritual bath) in Chicago.
_______________________________________________
XC
At K.A.M. from the start, Minhag Frankfurt, the rituals of the Jews from
Frankfurt Am Main, is adopted, "but it doesn’t take long before demands
are made for a more ‘reformed’ ritual and more ‘modern’ services for the
synagogue. The leaders of the congregation gradually yield, and grant a few
concessions from time to time. Piyutim and Selichos are first abolished,
then prayers are sung in the vernacular of the country, the organ
is introduced and then a few more such ‘slight reforms’ are adopted.
The kosher dietary laws though, are still strictly adhered to by most of the
members of the congregation, and they therefore, still require the services
of a Schochet."
1852
Twenty Jews from Posen, Germany have become discontented enough to
break off from K.A.M. (partly because of the majority of its members
originating from Bavaria it has become known as the “Bayerische Shul”) and
found Chicago’s second Jewish congregation, Kehillath B’nai Shalom which
is more Orthodox and practices Minhag Polin as well as cultural differences
between Eastern European and German immigrants, leads to creation of this
new congregation.
1853
Rabbi Kunreuther sits on a Bais Din with a lay person Samuel Straus, as
well as Rabbi Isador Kalisch (1816-1886), who journeys from
Cleveland, Ohio to be the necessary third. The rabbinical court on which they
sit had been convened to perform the conversion of Caroline Hamlin
of Ohio, who marries (Colonel) Marcus Spiegel, a young Chicago Jew
whose father Moses Spiegel, teaches in K.A.M.’s religious school. Colonel
Spiegel one of the highest ranking Jewish officers in the Union Army during
the American Civil War is mortally wounded during the Red River Campaign
on May 4, 1864. His brother Joseph Spiegel founds the famous Spiegel
Catalog in 1865.
Rabbi Kunreuther severes his connection with K.A.M. when his ‘extreme’
Orthodox views compel him to resign rather than to submit to innovations in
the ritual. However, according to one document, he is actually expelled.
Later in life, Rabbi Kunreuther engages in real estate and loans, in which
he is very successful. Mr. Snydacker is then appointed president of the
congregation and engaged by the congregation as Torah reader and teacher.
1859
K.A.M. establishes an all-day school and also Sunday school.
1861
The question or ritual is still agitating the minds of the members. Resolutions
are adopted in one meeting and reconsidered in another. Minhag Hamburg
is proposed by one group, the Merzbacher Reform Prayer-Book by another.
As a compromise Minhag Frankfort is briefly reintroduced, and again
discarded. The reform element of the congregation is by now restless and
dissatisfied, and the conservative element unyielding and persistent.
_______________________________________________
XCI
Towards the close of 1861 twenty-six members secede K.A.M. and form a
new organization under the name Sinai Congregation. Rabbi Kunreuther
is succeeded in the pulpit by Rabbi Liebman Adler (1812-1892), born in
Lengsfeld, near Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, a position he occupies
continuously, with the exception of 1872-1876, until his retirement in 1882.
Rabbi Adler was educated by prominent Hebrew scholars, including his
father and the father of Rabbi Kunreuther. Rabbi Adler is an exceedingly
modest and unassuming man. His congregation soon learns that he is a
staunch abolitionist, but also equally strong on the need for reconciliation
after the Civil War. He abhors every kind of polemic, every expression of
unkindness. In his religious views he is conservative: yet his conservatism
does not prevent him from feeling the necessity to introduce, to a moderate
extent, some reform in the liturgy of his congregation and in the ceremonial
life of his people.
1864
Kehillath Bnai Shalom’s first synagogue is built on Harrison Street
and Fourth Avenue. (In 1906, Kehillath B’nai Shalom, Chicago’s second
Jewish congregation, merges with Temple Isaiah Israel.)
1870
Rabbi Aaron J. Messing (1840-1916) born in Argenau, Germany becomes
Kehillath B’nai Shalom’s first rabbi. He is the son of a well-known Hebrew
author, Rabbi Joseph Messing. He leaves the congregation for three years,
assuming the pulpit of Congregation Sherith Israel in San Francisco.
His understanding is that the synagogue is Orthodox. Rabbi Messing does
not know that there are important elements within the congregation that
favor modest reforms in the practices of the Congregation. One of those
reforms concerns mixed seating. Some time before, they have abolished
separate seating. To what extent Rabbi Messing knew of the situation is
indicated in a letter: “I will have a lot of work to do in order to lead them on
the right track back to Torah Judaism.” He returns to Chicago in 1873,
and remains until 1876, when the second Chicago fire leaves the
Congregation without a rabbi or a home. He then returns to San Francisco
and serves Congregation Beth Israel with grand success from 1877 to 1890.
The congregation is at this time more in tune with his Orthodoxy. In 1890,
Rabbi Messing returns to Chicago for the third time, and resumes his
ministry here. He is Chicago’s first brilliant Jewish public orator.
1871
A fledgling minyan of Austro-Hungarian Jews rents space in an assembly hall
at the corner of Peoria and Ohio Streets. Gemeinde Rodef Sholom—the
first to meet in Chicago after the Great Fire—is born.
1872
Gemeinde Rodef Sholom purchases the wood frame of an old Norwegian
Lutheran church on the corner of Huron and May Streets. The synagogue
then moves the structure to land it has purchased, on the corner of Huron
_______________________________________________
XCII
and Peoria Streets. Shabbos morning services are held in the Orthodox
tradition with leadership largely provided by the Rabbi Ignatz Kunreuther
who walks a considerable distance from his home on Harrison Street and
Fourth Avenue, to officiate at the minyan. Rabbi Kunreuther officiates
there for approximately one year. At this time, the congregation is
composed entirely of German-speaking immigrants from Central Europe,
mainly from Bohemia, Silesia (a region comprising parts of Germany, Poland
and Czechoslovakia), and Austria-Hungary, with several additional members
from central Germany. The liturgy and ritual practice are derived in large
part from the services at older Central European synagogues, and the Divrei
Torah are delivered in either Hebrew or German.
1873
Rabbi Dr. Herman Eliassof (1849-1918) born in Vilna, Lithuania, arrives
in Chicago. With a highly favorable recommendation from K.A.M.’s German
Reform Rabbi Reverend Dr. Michaelis Machol (1845-1912), Dr. Eliassof
is hired and installed as the first official rabbi of Rodef Sholom.
He possesses a good Rabbinic training, and has mastered the Hebrew,
English, and German languages. He goes on to teach both Hebrew and
German. He does not occupy the pulpit for long. He also becomes the
Principal of the Sabbath School of K.A.M. in 1897. Early in the Twentieth
Century, the congregation changes its name to Temple Beth-El and
becomes a Reform congregation.
Congregation Anshe Emet is founded. It is the first synagogue since 1852
begun by German Jews, which is not established as a Reform but a
Conservative congregation.
1895-1896
Isaiah Temple is organized, and Temple Israel is organized in 1896.
1874
K.A.M. officially becomes a Reform congregation.
1906
Temple Israel merges with Kehillath B'nai Sholom, the second oldest
Jewish congregation in Illinois. Temple Isaiah merges with B'nai Sholom
Temple Israel; the merged congregation takes the name Temple Isaiah
Israel.
1936
[North Side] The Sport Center of Jewish Youth is established a sports and
social club on Chicago’s North Side by Jewish refugees of Nazi persecution,
who come to Chicago from Germany and Austria in the mid 1930’s. They are
followed by Holocaust survivors from Europe, Australia, China, Cuba and
Latin America. The Sport Center of Jewish Youth later evolves as the
North Center of Jewish Youth. In 1946, The first full time rabbi, Rabbi
Davin Schoenberger (who performed the marriage of Anne Frank's
parents) suggests, the North Center of Jewish Youth’s name be changed
to Temple Ezra. In 1962, Temple Ezra joins the United Synagogue of
America and in 1967, the congregation changes its name to Ezra
Congregation in order to formally identify with the Conservative Movement.
--------------------------
_______________________________________________
XCIII
[South Side] The Jewish Center also begins with the arrival of refugees of
Nazi persecution, young and old, who come to Chicago from Germany and
Austria in the mid 1930’s and by Holocaust survivors who arrive from
Europe, Australia, China, Cuba and Latin America after World War II. The
Jewish Center negotiates with Sinai Congregation to conduct a separate
services for the High Holy Days. In 1939, another group of unaffiliated
newcomers forms Conservative Friday evening services. The group is
incorporated by the State of Illinois in 1945 under the new name of
Habonim. In 1946, both south side groups merge under the name
Habonim Jewish Center and Rabbi Bernard Wechsberg is appointed its
spiritual leader. In 1960, Habonim joins the United Synagogue of America.
1971
K.A.M. and Temple Isaiah Israel merge.
1973
Ezra and Habonim merge and become Congregation Ezra-Habonim.
1997
Congregation Ezra-Habonim splits into two segments, One segment of
the congregation, merges with Niles Township Jewish Congregation and
the synagogue building is sold. Those who remained members form
Congregation Ezra-Habonim, the Rogers Park Conservative
Synagogue which shares the facilities of Temple Menorah. They remain
an independent synagogue until their merger with Ner Tamid
Congregation. In 2007, Ner Tamid - Ezra Habonim Congregation
merges with the Egalitarian Minyan of Rogers Park. The congregation
currently rents space within the Chedar Lubavitch Girls School building.
2010
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago is founded by Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal.
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago holds monthly prayers services, in the
Temple Menorah building. It is founded as a vehicle for Jews of German
ancestry, to explore their rich traditions and customs.
2012
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago becomes the Minhag Ashkenaz Minyan and
now meets on a monthly basis in Congregation Knesset Israel Nusach
Sefard of West Rogers Park’s Beis HaMedrash. The first minyan occurs on
January 6, 2012 at K.I.N.S., where the following people are in attendance:
Mara D’Asra, Rabbi Leonard Matanky Mr. Mitchell Goldberg
Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal Mr. Barry Goldberg
Rabbi Moshe Kahn Mr. Mark Lebovitz
Rabbi Aaron Jacoby Mr. Neil Harris
Dr. Jordan Pollack Mr. Mattan Meital
Dr. Edward Loew Mr. James Mainzer
Mr. David Bier Mr. Yitzi Cohen
_______________________________________________
XCIV
© Exk§ f¦
Remember The Teaching Of Moses My Servant (ak:b ik`ln) !iC¦a§ r© dWŸ¤ n zxFY
Above the entrance of the Bad Homburg Community House was inscribed with these words:
My Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions

Many years ago `"hily xbxeand axd epixen gave me the following sage advice;
“Write down your family traditions!” In this way, you will create a
written record to pass down to the coming generations. No matter at
what observance level you currently find yourself or how limited your
recollection of your traditions are, time will only make those memories
all the fainter! I encourage you to utilize these last few pages of the
siddur to begin the process. (I categorized my family customs and
traditions in the following manner; leg ini, zay, aeh mei, mi`xep mini etc..)
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XCV
:midl` lk lr del` zxfra :xecqd mlyp
¦ M̈Îz¤̀ mz¤ iU¦ r£ e«© Ex½ Mè f§ Y¦ o©r´©nl§ hxtle xcql
:w"tl :m«k¤ i ¥ l`«l¥ mi ¦ cw§ m¬¤zi¦id«§ e¦ i®¨ ev§ nÎl
ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ
ÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛÛ
dpenà ycewd zk`lna wnerd lretd ici lr
:e"vi l`hprfiee dyn 'x oa uxid dnly axd
Rabbi Rallis Hermann Wiesenthal
:fpky` zepicna 'd 'c 't bxeaned cà w"w epizea` xir
:zixad zevxà iepili` ebwiy w"wa ycewd zk`ln dzr zrl
:xn¡
© `P¤W¤ ,oir¦ n̈W¦
§ p eixä
¨ C§ m¦in© Ẅ z`© x¦§i FA W¥iW¤ mc̈`¨ lM̈ ,`p̈Ed ax© xn© `¨ FA§lg¤ ia¦ x§ xn© `¨ (:e zekxa 'nb)
':mc`dÎlk
« dfÎik xeny
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® lḱd xac seq¬ '
(bi:ai zldw)
:mler `xea l`l dldz mlype mz
åååå
åå
å
_______________________________________________

Tefiloh Sefas Yisroel (Rallis Wiesenthal)

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In Memory Of The Bad Homburg Kehilloh

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“Consecrated on November 9th 1866 in the spirit of tolerance, racial hatred

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Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012 - XIX

Memorial For Bad Homburg Rabbonim And Chazzonim XXV

The Bad Homburg Minhag XXIX

The Torah Legacy From The Land Of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands

3. The Boundaries Of Minhag Ashkenaz XX

4. The Significance Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXI

5. Polish Customs In The Ramo’s Writings XXIV

6. Guardians Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXV

7. The Community Of Frankfurt - Stronghold Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXVII

8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts) XXX

Vom Geistlichen Stand - Spiritual Terms XL

Piyut Curiosities by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Kaganoff XLIV

Various Ashkenazic Customs

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dltzd iptl zeywae zelitz LVI

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Various Sefiroh Customs

Minhag Ashkenaz And Recent Lag B’Omer Innovations LXVIII

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The Pronunciation Of The “ChOulom” Vowel LXXXII

MY Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions XCV

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