Akaash Nanda September 1st, 2010

A.P. U.S. History

Chapter 1
Key Terms

Term: Identification: zone undergirded by ancient rock which was the first part of the North American
Canadia landmass to emerge from underwater
n Shield
Page: Significance: was the first emergent part of the “new world”
5
Term: Identification: the blanket of ice that covered the land more than 2 million years ago
Great Ice
Age
Page: Significance: was the controlling function of climate and terrain in the Americas, Asia, and
5 parts of Europe. Was to blame for the origin of human life in the “new world”
Term: Identification: the first populations of humans to inhabit the Americas (prior to European
Incas, arrival)
Mayans,
Aztecs
Page: Significance: were the first interaction Europeans had with this new world, had to “work with”
6 them to take control of this new land
Term: Identification: agricultural term for corn
Maize
Page: Significance: the staple agricultural product for Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs which fed
8 populations more than 20 million at a time
Term: Identification: “village” in Spanish
Pueblos
Page: Significance: the result of maize based agriculture spreading to parts of the Americas
8
Term: Identification: three plants which defined much of pre-colonization agriculture among ancient
“three- civilizations
sister”
farming
Page: Significance: agriculturally diversified many of these civilizations and allowed for populations
10 to grow rapidly and increase in density
Term: Identification: a civilization in the northeastern woodlands of the Americas, matrilinear
Iroquois
Page: Significance: Were the first civilization to develop a system similar to the great “nation-states”
10 of Mexico and Peru
Term: Identification: sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group ofpeople who shar
nation- e a feeling of common nationality.
state
Page: Significance: System utilized by the Iroquois and several other civilizations in the southern
10 Americas
Term: Identification: a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Western
The Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific
Crusades crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land
Page: Significance: European nation’s ambition to crusade the hold lands and spread Christianity is
10 what led to the eventual and accidental discovery of the new world
Term: Identification: the inhabitants of Portugal who eventually came to explore the new world
The alongside the Spanish
Portugue
se
Page: Significance: Were the first to develop capable ships and send them around the southernmost
11 tip of Africa to explore the Spice Islands, India, etc.
Term: Identification: The novel concept in Europe of having African slaves provide cheap manual
Europea labor
Akaash Nanda September 1st, 2010
n slavery
Page: Significance: The basis for Portuguese exploration of the African nation. They supplied African
11-12 slaves to Europe for sale and trade
Term: Identification: An agricultural system in which agricultural goods are mass produced and then
plantatio sold
n system
Page: Significance: this system provided for a dire need for cheap labor, fueled the slave trade
12 business. More than 40k slaves taken from Africa to Atlantic Sugar Islands
Term: Identification: A kingdom (now country) in southwestern Europe
Spain
Page: Significance: Were the main nation who funded and administered the exploration of the new
12 world (through Columbus, Pizarro, etc.)
Term: Identification: A skilled Italian seafarer who is accredited with discovering America
Christop
her
Columbu
s
Page: Significance: he is the man who stumbled upon the new world and sparked European interest
14 in this region of the world
Term: Identification: The crossover of new world goods into the old world and vis-versa. This included
Contact several crops, sugars, and diseases.
between
Old &
New
Worlds
Page: Significance: This clash of two cultures caused for widespread demand for these new goods
14 and also the introduction of several new diseases to the new world (from the old world)

Term: Identification: a treaty which divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between
Treaty of Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands
Tordesill
as
Page: Significance: Delegated new masses of land to European nations between which trade could
14-15 now occur
Term: Identification: one of the spanish conquerors of mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
The
Conquist
adores
Page: Significance: claimed land for Spain in much of the southern Americas. Interacted with the
16 natives of those regions
Term: Identification: the system, instituted in 1503, under which a Spanish soldier or colonist was
encomie granted a tract of land or a village together with its Indian inhabitants in order to convert and
nda spread Christianity
Page: Significance: This process was used to institute Christianity in more and more Indian pueblos
17 and establish European influence in the new world
Term: Identification: A conquistador who succeeded in defeating the Aztecs and conquering Mexico
Cortés
Page: Significance: By defeating the Aztecs, Cortés opened new territory to be claimed by Spain
17
Term: Identification: a mixed nationality between native Indians and Spanish colonists/explorers
mestizos
Page: Significance: this new nationality became increasingly popular as Spanish influence continued
21 to grown in the southern and middle Americas
Term: Identification: An Indian uprising in 1680 in New Mexico during which most Catholic churched
Popé’s were destroyed and Spanish settlers were killed
Rebellio
n
Page: Significance: New Mexico was reclaimed by the Pueblo rebels (Indians) from the Spanish. It
22 took the Spanish nearly 50 years to regain this land.
Term: Identification: Leader of Spanish missionaries in San Diego
Akaash Nanda September 1st, 2010
Father
Serra
Page: Significance: Successfully spread Christianity across California converting more than 300k
22 California inhabitants
Term: Identification: a legend in reference to defaming the Spanish describing how they tortured the
The Indians and stole belongings from them
“Black
Legend"
Page: Significance: this anti-spaniard propaganda brewed a degree of hatred towards these Spanish
23 conquerors prior to the arrival of the English more than a century later.