Chapter One: TRANSFORMER

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example I: A 3Φ 50Hz transformer has delta connected primary and star connected
secondary, the line voltages being 22,000V and 400V respectively. The secondary has
star connected balanced load at 0.8pf lagging. The line current on the primary is 5A.
Determine the current in each coil of the primary and in each secondary line. What is the
output of the transformer in kW?
Solution:-
The transformer is represented below:-

I1L 5
The primary phase current I1 p    2.887 A
3 3
The secondary current can be determined using the voltage ratio:
I 2 L V2 PP V2 pp 400
 where V2 L  N    230.94V
I1 p V2 L  N 3 3
Hence
I 22000
Therefore 2 L   I 2 L  275 A
2.887 230.94
Output power P  3 V2 L N  I 2 L cos 2 = 3x230.94x275x0.8 = 152.42KW
Example 2: A transformer has primary to secondary ratio as 80:20. When the current in the
secondary is 80A at 0.8p.f. lagging, the primary current is 25A at 0.707p.f. Determine the no
load current of the transformer and its phase angle with respect to its voltage.

Solution:
The turn ratio N1:N2 = 80:20 therefore K = N2/N1 = 20/80 = 0.25
The secondary current I2 = 80A at 0.8 pf lagging
 I 2  80  cos 1 0.8  80 36.87 o
similarly I1  25  cos 1 0.707  25 45o
The no load current is given by;
Io  I1  I1' but I1'  KI 2  20 36.87o
 Io  25 45o  20 36.87o  5.92 73.54o
Therefore I o  5.92 A and o  73.54o
Example 3: A 230/460V transformer has a primary resistance and leakage reactance of 0.2Ω
and 0.5 Ω respectively. And the secondary resistance and leakage reactance of 0.75 Ω and 1.8 Ω
respectively. Find the secondary terminal voltage when supplying 10A at 0.8 lagging.
Solution:
Page 1 of 30
 E2
K  460 2
E1 230
R1  0.2, R2  0.75, X 1  0.5 and X 2  1.8
I 2  10  cos 1 0.8  10 36.87 o
the equivalent quantities referred to secondary are given by;
Re 2  R2  R1'  R2  K 2 R1  1.55
X e 2  X 2  X 1'  X 2  K 2 X 1  3.8
the secondary terminal voltage is given by
V2  E2  I 2 ( Re 2  jX e 2 )
V2  460  10 36.87o  1.55  j 3.8   425.32 2.84o
Example 4: A 230/400V single phase transformer absorbs 35W when its primary winding is
connected to a 230V,50Hz supply, the secondary being on open circuit. When the primary is
short circuited and a 10V,50Hz supply is connected to the secondary winding, the power
absorbed is 48W when the current (in the HV side) has full load value of 15A. Estimate the
efficiency of the transformer at half load, 0.8 p.f. lagging. Also find the maximum efficiency of
the transformer.
Solution:
V1  230V , V2  400V , Wo  35W , WCu  48V
full load current I2  15 A
WCu
WCu  I 2 Re 2  Re 2   0.2133
I2
I 2V2 cos  2
   100%
I 2V2 cos  2  Wo  I 22 Re 2
now at half load I2  0.5  15  7.5 A
7.5  400  0.8
   100%  98.1%
7.5  400  0.8  25  7.52  0.2133
iron loss
load at max. efficiency = full load 
full load Cu loss
Wo 35
 current at max. efficiency I2max  I 2   15   12.81A
Wcu 48
12.81 400  0.8
max.  100%  98.3%
12.81 400  0.8  35  12.812  0.2133

Page 2 of 30
Page 3 of 30
Page 4 of 30
Page 5 of 30
Page 6 of 30
Page 7 of 30
Page 8 of 30
Page 9 of 30
Page 10 of 30
Page 11 of 30
Page 12 of 30
Page 13 of 30
Page 14 of 30
Page 15 of 30
Page 16 of 30
Page 17 of 30
Page 18 of 30
Page 19 of 30
Page 20 of 30
Page 21 of 30
Page 22 of 30
Page 23 of 30
Page 24 of 30
Page 25 of 30
Page 26 of 30
Page 27 of 30
Page 28 of 30
Page 29 of 30
Page 30 of 30