Physics

Formula and data book

171501
 Formulas
Processing of data
absolute uncertainty
Percentage uncertainty (%) = × 100
measurement
measured value − true value
Percentage error (%) = � � × 100
true value

Heating processes

𝑇𝑇K = 𝑇𝑇C + 273 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇 ∆𝑈𝑈 = 𝑄𝑄 + 𝑊𝑊
energy output 100
𝜂𝜂 = × %
energy input 1

Ionising radiation and nuclear reactions

1 𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 � � ∆𝐸𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐 2
2

Electrical circuits
𝑞𝑞
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑊
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2 +. . 𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛
𝑞𝑞
𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡 = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 +. . 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = + +⋯
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛

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 Linear motion and force

𝑣𝑣 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝐸
1
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠
2
1
𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸k = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
2
𝐹𝐹net
𝑎𝑎 = ∆𝐸𝐸p = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆ℎ
𝑚𝑚
1 2
1 2
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 � 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣before = � 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣after
2 2

� 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣before = � 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣after

Waves
𝜆𝜆
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑓𝑓𝜆𝜆 𝐿𝐿 = (2𝑛𝑛 − 1)
4
1 sin 𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣1 𝜆𝜆1 𝑛𝑛2
𝑓𝑓 = = = =
𝑇𝑇 sin 𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣2 𝜆𝜆2 𝑛𝑛1
𝜆𝜆 1
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼 ∝
2 𝑟𝑟 2

Gravity and motion

2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣 =
𝑇𝑇
1 2 𝑣𝑣 2
𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔𝑡𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎C =
2 𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦2 = 2𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦2 𝐹𝐹net =
𝑟𝑟
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹 =
𝑟𝑟 2
𝐹𝐹 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑔 = = 2
𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝑇 2 4𝜋𝜋 2
𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔 =
𝑟𝑟 3 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

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 Electromagnetism
1 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞sin𝜃𝜃
4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0 𝑟𝑟 2
𝐹𝐹 1 𝑞𝑞
𝐸𝐸 = = 𝜙𝜙 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵cos𝜃𝜃
𝑞𝑞 4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0 𝑟𝑟 2
∆𝑈𝑈 𝑛𝑛∆(𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴⊥ )
𝑉𝑉 = emf = −
𝑞𝑞 ∆𝑡𝑡
𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝐼 ∆𝜙𝜙
𝐵𝐵 = emf = −𝑛𝑛
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 ∆𝑡𝑡
𝐵𝐵 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑛𝑛𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼p 𝑉𝑉p = 𝐼𝐼s 𝑉𝑉s

𝑉𝑉p 𝑛𝑛p
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵sin𝜃𝜃 =
𝑉𝑉s 𝑛𝑛s

Special relativity
𝑡𝑡0 𝑚𝑚0 𝑣𝑣
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑣𝑣 =
�(1 − 𝑣𝑣 2 )
2
�(1 − 𝑣𝑣2 )
2

𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐

𝑣𝑣 2
𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0 �(1 − ) ∆𝐸𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐 2
𝑐𝑐 2

Quantum theory

𝑏𝑏 ℎ
𝜆𝜆max = 𝜆𝜆 =
𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝

𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟

𝑛𝑛ℎ
𝐸𝐸k = ℎ𝑓𝑓 − 𝑊𝑊 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
2𝜋𝜋
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝑅( 2 − 2 )
𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖

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 Physical constants and unit conversions

Heating processes

Latent heat of fusion for water 𝐿𝐿f = 3.34 × 105 J kg−1

Latent heat of vaporisation for water 𝐿𝐿v = 2.26 × 106 J kg −1

Specific heat capacity of ice 𝑐𝑐i = 2.05 × 103 J kg −1 K −1

Specific heat capacity of steam 𝑐𝑐s = 2.00 × 103 J kg−1 K −1

Specific heat capacity of water 𝑐𝑐w = 4.18 × 103 J kg −1 K −1

Ionising radiation and nuclear reactions

Atomic mass unit 1 amu = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

Electron volt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J

Mass of an alpha particle 𝑚𝑚α = 6.6446572 × 10−27 kg

Mass of an electron 𝑚𝑚e = 9.1093835 × 10−31 kg

Mass of a neutron 𝑚𝑚n = 1.6749275 × 10−27 kg

Mass of a proton 𝑚𝑚p = 1.6726219 × 10−27 kg

Speed of light in a vacuum 𝑐𝑐 = 3 × 108 m s−1

Electrical circuits

Charge on an electron 𝑒𝑒 = −1.60 × 10−19 C

Linear motion and force

Mean acceleration due to gravity on Earth 𝑔𝑔 = 9.8 m s −2

Waves

Speed of sound in air at 25 °C 𝑣𝑣s = 346 m s−1

Gravity and motion

Gravitational constant 𝐺𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg −2

Mass of the Earth 𝑚𝑚E = 5.97 × 1024 kg

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 Electromagnetism
1
Coulomb’s constant = 9 × 109 N m2 C−2
4𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀0

Magnetic constant 𝜇𝜇0 = 4𝜋𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇𝑇 𝐴𝐴−1 m

Quantum theory

Wien’s displacement constant 𝑏𝑏 = 2.898 × 10−3 m K

Planck’s constant ℎ = 6.626 × 10−34 J s

Rydberg’s constant 𝑅𝑅 = 1.097 × 107 m−1

Scientific notation

Ratio to basic unit Prefix Abbreviation

10–18 atto a

10–15 femto f

10–12 pico p

10–9 nano n

10–6 micro 𝜇𝜇

10–3 milli m

10–2 centi c

10–1 deci d

10 deca da

102 hecto h

103 kilo k

106 mega M

109 giga G

1012 tera T

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 List of elements by name
Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol Name Atomic no. Symbol
Hydrogen 1 H Gallium 31 Ga Promethium 61 Pm Protactinium 91 Pa
Helium 2 He Germanium 32 Ge Samarium 62 Sm Uranium 92 U
Lithium 3 Li Arsenic 33 As Europium 63 Eu Neptunium 93 Np
Beryllium 4 Be Selenium 34 Se Gadolinium 64 Gd Plutonium 94 Pu
Boron 5 B Bromine 35 Br Terbium 65 Tb Americium 95 Am
Carbon 6 C Krypton 36 Kr Dysprosium 66 Dy Curium 96 Cm
Nitrogen 7 N Rubidium 37 Rb Holmium 67 Ho Berkelium 97 Bk
Oxygen 8 O Strontium 38 Sr Erbium 68 Er Californium 98 Cf
Fluorine 9 F Yttrium 39 Y Thulium 69 Tm Einsteinium 99 Es
Neon 10 Ne Zirconium 40 Zr Ytterbium 70 Yb Fermium 100 Fm
Sodium 11 Na Niobium 41 Nb Lutetium 71 Lu Mendelevium 101 Md
Magnesium 12 Mg Molybdenum 42 Mo Hafnium 72 Hf Nobelium 102 No
Aluminium 13 Al Technetium 43 Tc Tantalum 73 Ta Lawrencium 103 Lr
Silicon 14 Si Ruthenium 44 Ru Tungsten 74 W Rutherfordium 104 Rf
Phosphorus 15 P Rhodium 45 Rh Rhenium 75 Re Dubnium 105 Db
Sulfur 16 S Palladium 46 Pd Osmium 76 Os Seaborgium 106 Sg
Chlorine 17 Cl Silver 47 Ag Iridium 77 Ir Bohrium 107 Bh
Argon 18 Ar Cadmium 48 Cd Platinum 78 Pt Hassium 108 Hs
Potassium 19 K Indium 49 In Gold 79 Au Meitnerium 109 Mt
Calcium 20 Ca Tin 50 Sn Mercury 80 Hg Darmstadtium 110 Ds
Scandium 21 Sc Antimony 51 Sb Thallium 81 Tl Roentgenium 111 Rg
Titanium 22 Ti Tellurium 52 Te Lead 82 Pb Copernicium 112 Cn
Vanadium 23 V Iodine 53 I Bismuth 83 Bi Nihonium 113 Nh
Chromium 24 Cr Xenon 54 Xe Polonium 84 Po Flerovium 114 Fl
Manganese 25 Mn Cesium 55 Cs Astatine 85 At Moscovium 115 Mc
Iron 26 Fe Barium 56 Ba Radon 86 Rn Livermorium 116 Lv
Cobalt 27 Co Lanthanum 57 La Francium 87 Fr Tennessine 117 Ts
Nickel 28 Ni Cerium 58 Ce Radium 88 Ra Oganesson 118 Og
Copper 29 Cu Praseodymium 59 Pr Actinium 89 Ac
Zinc 30 Zn Neodymium 60 Nd Thorium 90 Th

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 Periodic table of the elements

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