Chapter 15 Fluid Motion Summary

• Density and Pressure describe bulk fluid behaviour

• Pressure in a fluid is the same for points at the same height
• In hydrostatic equilibrium, pressure increases with depth due to gravity
• The buoyant force is the weight of the displaced fluid
• Fluid flow conserves mass (continuity eq.) and energy (Bernoulli’s equation)
• A constriction in flow is accompanied by a velocity and pressure change.
• Reread, Review and Reinforce concepts and techniques of Chapter 15

Examples 15.1 , 15.2 Calculating Pressure and Pascals Law

Examples 15.3 , 15.4 Buoyancy Forces: Working Underwater + Tip of Iceberg
Examples 15.5 Continuity Equation: Ausable Chasm
Examples 15.6, 15.7 Bernoulli's Equation – Draining a Tank and Venturi Flow
 Fluid Motion science
• Density and Pressure
• Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Pascal’s Law
• Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
• Fluid Dynamics
• Conservation of Mass: Continuity Equation
• Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli’s Equation
• Applications of Fluid Dynamics
A microscopic view
Solid
rigid body

Liquid
Fluid
Incompressible

Gas
Fluid
compressible
What new physics is involved?

• Fluids can flow from place-

to-place

• Their density can change if

they are compressible (for
example, gasses)

• Fluids are pushed around by

pressure forces

• An object immersed in a fluid

experiences buoyancy
 Density
• The density of a fluid is the concentration of mass

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌= 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑚

• Mass = 100 g = 0.1 kg

• Volume = 100 cm3 = 10-4 m3

• Density = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg m3

The shown cubic vessels contain
the stated matter. Which fluid has
the highest density ?
𝟏. 𝟐.
1 𝑘𝑔 of 1 𝑘𝑔 of
water at water at
73°𝐶 273°𝐶
1𝑚 1𝑚

𝟑. 𝟒.
1 𝑘𝑔 of 1 𝑘𝑔 of
water at water at
273°𝐾 373°𝐶
1𝑚 3𝑚
 Pressure
• Pressure is the concentration of a force
– the force exerted per unit area

Exerts a pressure on the

Greater pressure! sides and through the fluid
(same force, less area)
 Pressure

𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴

• Units of pressure are N/m2 or Pascals (Pa) – 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa

• Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1 x 105 N/m2

 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
A What is responsible for
the force which holds B
urban climber B in place
when using suction cups.

1. The force of friction

2. Vacuum pressure exerts a pulling
force
3. Atmospheric pressure exerts a
pushing force
4. The normal force of the glass.
 Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Pressure differences drive fluid flow

• If a fluid is in equilibrium, pressure forces must balance

• Pascal’s law: pressure change is transmitted through a fluid

 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the
Equation of Continuity
If the flow of a fluid is smooth, it is called
streamline or laminar flow (a).
Above a certain speed,
the flow becomes
turbulent (b).
Turbulent flow has
eddies; the viscosity
of the fluid is much
greater when eddies
are present.
 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the
Equation of Continuity
We will deal with laminar flow.
The mass flow rate is the mass that passes a
given point per unit time. The flow rates at any
two points must be equal, as long as no fluid is
being added or taken away.
This gives us the equation of continuity:
(1)
 Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance The SI unit prefixes are used in all

1 J = 1 N∙m branches of engineering.
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

29
 W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing
150 kgf on earth
will weigh only 25
lbf on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).

The weight of a unit

mass at sea level. 30
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and terms in an equation
are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) must have the same unit.
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.
31