Comprehensive-Abap-Oops-Tutorial-Document - Ed 2 PDF

4/14/2019 Comprehensive-Abap-Oops-Tutorial-Document - Google Docs
Page 1 of 227 Prepared By: Sonu Kumar Verma (SAP ABAP Technical Consultant)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dMEGJAifxRDMVH1cRLaMHqBaynjJ4Xsg6nNsXd8k0HI/edit 1/78
Sonu Kumar
Verma
Technical Consultant (Vikalp

Solutions)
CLASS AND OBJECT USING REPORT
PROGRAM IN ABAP
Classes: Classes describe objects. From a technical point of view, objects are runtime
instances of a class. In theory, you can create any number of objects based on a single
class. Each instance (object) of a class has a unique identity and its own set of values for
its attributes.
Classes in ABAP Objects can be declared either locally

or globally.
Global Class: Global classes and interfaces are defined in the class builder
(Transaction se24) In
the ABAP Workbench. They are stored centrally in class polls in the class library in the R/3
repository . All the programs in R/3 system can access the global classes.
Local Classes : Local classes are define with in the ABAP PROGRAM (Transaction
SE38) and can only be used in the program in which they are declared.
Local Classes : Every class will have two
sections.
1. Definition 2.
Implementation
Definition : This section used to declare the components of classes such as

attributes,methods ,events . they are enclosed in the ABAP statements CLASS ....... END
CLASS.
CLASS <class name>

DEFINITION. ..... END
CLASS.
Implementation : This section of a class contains implementation of all methods of the

class . the implementation part of local class is processing block . CLASS <class name>
IMPLEMENTATION. ......... END CLASS.
Structure of a class. The following statements
define the structure of class.
1. A class contain components. 2. Each
component is assigned to a visibility section 3.
Classes implement methods.
REPORT ZS_CLASS. *Declaring class

definition attribute and property.
CLASS
FIRST DEFINITION. *
public section of class.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: SHOWME
,SAWME.
ENDCLASS. *Implementation
of that class and its method.
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION. * Method
implementation.
METHOD
SHOWME.
WRITE 'SHOW ME
METHOD'.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD
SAWME.
WRITE / 'SAW WITH IN THE
SUPERCLASS'. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. * *class inherating a
super class. CLASS SECOND DEFINITION

INHERITING FROM FIRST..
PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS
SHOWME REDEFINITION.
ENDCLA
SS.
*SUB CLASS
IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS
SECOND IMPLEMENTATION.
* REDEFINE SUBCLASS
METHOD.
METHOD
SHOWME.
WRITE / 'WITH IN THE SUBCLASS'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. *CREATING
OBJECT AND EXECUTING ITS METHOD.
*always create refernce and object in START-OF- SELECTION
Event because the data extraction come under this event.
START-OF-SELECTION. *creating
reference of the object. DATA
FIRSTOBJ TYPE REF TO FIRST.
DATA SECONDOBJ TYPE REF TO
SECOND.
*creating object of the

reference. CREATE OBJECT
FIRSTOBJ. *calling the
method of that class.
CALL METHOD
FIRSTOBJ->SHOWME. *Creating
object of second class CREATE
OBJECT SECONDOBJ. *calling
method of subclass and superclass.
CALL METHOD
SECONDOBJ->SHOWME. CALL
METHOD SECONDOBJ->SAWME.
Components of
class.
1. Attributes : any data , constants , types declared with in a class from the attribute of
the
class. 2. Methods : Block of code providing some functionality offered by the
class can be
compared to function modules . they can access all of the attributes of a

class. Methods are defined in the definition part of class and implement it in the
implementation part using the following processing block.
METHOD <method
name> ......... END
METHOD.
Method are call using the CALL METHOD

statement.
3. EVENTS : A mechanism set with in class which can help a class to trigger methods
of
another class. 4. Interfaces : Interfaces are independent structures that you
can implement in a class to
extend the scope of the
class.
INSTANCE AND STATIC
COMPONENTS
• Instance components exist separately in each instance (object) of the class and
are referred using instance component selector ->
• Static component only exist once per class and are valid for all instances of the
class. They are declared with the CLASS- keywords.
• Static components can be used without even creating an instance of the class
and are referred to using static component selector =>
Here is the sample

code .
*DEFINING CLASS
COMP_EMP CLASS
COMP_EMP DEFINITION.
*public section of class
PUBLIC
SECTION. *static data
or class data .
CLASS-DATA CNAME(12).
*instance data for each
object.
DATA NAME(12). *define the constructor with in a class using constructor
k/w with in the class definition * with in constructor you only pass the importing
parameter because constructor didn't have * any return type.
*instance constructor
definitions.
METHODS : CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING
A TYPE I .
*CLASS CONSTRUCTOR NOT HAVE ANY IMPORT

PARAMETER .
CLASS-METHODS
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. *instance
method definition.
METHODS
SHOW_NAME.
ENDCLASS. "COMP_EMP DEFINITION
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* * CLASS COMP_EMP IMPLEMENTATION
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* CLASS COMP_EMP IMPLEMENTATION.
* now define the constructor of the class here you can initialize the
varriable
METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. *HERE WHEN YOU CALL THIS CONSTRUCTOR
THEN THIS WILL GIVE THE OCTAL VALUE OF A BECAU SE A IS *INITALIZE AFTER
WRITE STATMENT.
WRITE :/ 'THIS IS CNSTRUCTOR
METHOD', A. NAME = 'SONU'. CNAME =
'STATIC DATA'. ENDMETHOD.
"CONSTRUCTOR
*HERE THIS IS CLASS CONSTRUCTOR , WHICH WILL CALL AT FIRST WHEN U

CREATE OBJECT OF THIS
C
LASS
*
METHOD
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR .
WRITE : / 'HELLO CLASS
CONSTRUCTOR' . ENDMETHOD.
"CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR
*IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD

SHOW_NAME.
METHOD
SHOW_NAME.
WRITE : / 'AFTER INITIALIZING THE NAME VALUE IN
CONSTRUCTOR :' , NAME. ENDMETHOD. "SHOW_NAME
ENDCLASS. "COMP_EMP IMPLEMENTATIO *always create method with in

start-of-selection event because data extraction come under this *event.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO
COMP_EMP. * CREATE OBJECT
OBJ EXPORTING A = 13. CREATE
OBJECT OBJ EXPORTING A = 12.
*CALLING THE
METHOD.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->SHOW_NAME.
WRITE / OBJ->NAME. "ACESSING INSTANCE DATA USING
OBJECT. WRITE / COMP_EMP=>CNAME. "ACCESSING
CLASS DATA USING CLASS
Visibilty of
Components.
Each class component has a visibility . In ABAP Objects the whole class definition is
separated into three visibility sections. :PUBLIC , PRIVATE, PROTECTED
1. Data declared with in the public section can be accessed by the class itself , by its
subclasses
as well as by other user outside the class. 2. Data declared with in the
protected section can be accessed by the class itself and also by its
subclasses but not by external user outside the class. 3. Data declared with in
the private section can be accessed by the class only , but not by its
subclasses and by external users outside the
class.
CLASS <class_name>
DEFINITION. PUBLIC
SECTION. ........
PROTECTED SECTION.
............... PRIVATE SECTION.
........... END CLASS.
Here with in each block you can define public , protected and private attributes and
method for a class.
Attributes of Object Oriented

Programming
1. Inheritance
2. Abstraction
3.
Encapsulation
4.
Polymorphism
INHERITAN
CE
Inheritance is the concept of adopting the features from the parent and reusing them . It
involves passing the behavior of a class to another class. You can use an existing class to
derive a new class. Derived classes inherit the data and methods of the super class.
However, they can overwrite existing methods, and also add new ones.
Inheritance is of two types: Single Inheritance and Multiple

Inheritance
Single Inheriting: Acquiring the properties from a single parent. (Children can
be more)
Multiple inheritance: Acquiring the properties from more than one parent.
Example
Inheritance defines the relationship between classes, in which a class (subclass) uses the
structure and behavior that has already been defined in one or more other classes
(superclasses).
So you might be thinking "Inheritance is about reuse!" Correct! However, it is not quite so
simple.
Allow me to use a concrete example to explain inheritance: Collection. Expressed in the

abstract, a collection is any number of objects (more precisely object references).
However, if you want to work with a concrete collection of objects, ask yourself the
following questions: "What does the collection contain? Are there twin references to one
object? Are the objects sorted according to any particular format?"
You will quickly come to the conclusion that a single type of collection is not sufficient.
Collections are required that guarantee:
• that no double entries are present (Sets)

• that a specific order is adhered to (Sequence)
• that the objects are sorted according to their keys (KeySortedCollection)
etc.
You may be thinking: "So I

have many types of collection. This is therefore a good opportunity to implement my new
knowledge. I will implement each type of collection as a class!" In principle this approach is
correct. However, you will soon establish that all collections have several components in
common:
✓ Each class requires a method in order to add objects to a collection ✓ Each class
requires a method in order to delete objects from a collection ✓ Each class has a
method which identifies the number of object references in the collection ... You can
probably think of some other similarities
Inheritance is the solution to this situation. You implement all of the similarities in the class
Collection. You then implement the individual types of collection in their own classes which
are Subclasses of the class Collection. As a subclass, these classes inherit all of the
components of the Superclass. Attributes, methods and events are inherited. In addition,
you can implement additional attributes, methods and events in the subclass. If a method
from the Public Section or Protected Section of the superclass cannot be used in this way,
then the method can be redefined in the subclass
Syntax : CLASS <subclass> DEFINITION INHERITING FROM

<superclass>.
REPORT
ZS_SINGLE_INHERITANCE.
CLASS FIRST DEFINITION. *
DEFINING ATTRIBUTES.
PUBLIC SECTION. DATA
FIRST(12). "DEFINING
ATTRIBUTES METHODS ADD.
"DEFINING METHOD.
ENDCLASS.
* IMPLEMENTING
CLASS.
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD ADD. "METHOD
IMPLEMEMNTATION.
WRITE / 'HELLO METHOD FROM THE
FIRST'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
* DEFINING OTHER CLASS WHICH INHERIT PROPERTY

FROM FIRST.
CLASS SECOND DEFINITION INHERITING
FROM FIRST. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA SECOND(13).
METHODS HELLO. METHODS ADD REDEFINITION.
"REDEFINING THE ADD METHOD. ENDCLASS.
CLASS SECOND
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
HELLO.
WRITE / 'HELLO FROM
SECOND'. ENDMETHOD.
METHOD ADD.
WRITE / 'FROM THE SUBCLASS
REDEFINITION'. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*EVENT WHERE DATA EXECUTION

OCCUR.
START-OF-SELEC
TION. * CREATE REFERNCE
OF OBJECT. DATA OBJ
TYPE REF TO FIRST. *
CREATING OBJECT.
CREATE
OBJECT OBJ. * CALLING
MEHTOD OF CLASS.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->ADD.
* CREATE REF OF SECOND

CLASS
DATA OBJ1 TYPE
REF TO SECOND. *
CREATING OBJECT
CREATE OBJECT
OBJ1. * CALLING
THE METHOD.
CALL METHOD OBJ1->HELLO. * CALLING
THE SUPER CLASS METHOD USING SUBCLASS
OBJECT.
CALL METHOD
OBJ1->ADD.
Subclass can access public/protected components( methods, attributes etc)

of superclass.
Subclass can re-implement inherited methods from

superclass REPORT ZS_CLASS_SUBCLASS. * CLASS C1
DEFINITION CLASS C1 DEFINITION. "CLASS DEFINITION
PUBLIC
SECTION.
METHODS : METH1. PROTECTED
SECTION. METHODS METH2. ENDCLASS. "C1
DEFINITION END * CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION
CLASS C1 IMPLEMENTATION . "CLASS
IMPLEMENTATION
METHOD :
METH1.
WRITE:/5 'I am meth1 in class
C1'.
CALL METHOD
METH2. ENDMETHOD.
":
METHOD :
METH2.
WRITE:/5 ' I am meth2 in class C1 '. ENDMETHOD. ":
ENDCLASS. "C1 IMPLEMENTATION END * CLASS C2

DEFINITION INHERITING THE PROPERTY FORM SUPER CLASS
C1. CLASS C2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM C1.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
METHODS : METH1 REDEFINITION .
"REDEFINING THE METHOD. PROTECTED SECTION.
METHODS : METH2 REDEFINITION.
"REDEFINING THE METHOD. ENDCLASS. "C2
DEFINITION * CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION CLASS C2
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
METH1.
WRITE:/5 'I am meth1 in class C2'. CALL
METHOD METH2. ENDMETHOD. "METH1
METHOD : METH2.
WRITE:/5 ' I am meth2 in
class C2 '. ENDMETHOD. ":
ENDCLASS. "C2 IMPLEMENTATION
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA : OREF1 TYPE REF TO
C1 , OREF2 TYPE REF TO
C2. CREATE OBJECT :
OREF1 , OREF2. CALL
METHOD : OREF1->METH1 ,
OREF2->MET
H1.
Inheritance is the concept of passing the behavior of a class to

another class.
• You can use an existing class to derive a new

class.
• Derived class inherits the data and methods of a super

class.
• However they can overwrite the methods existing methods and also add new
once.
• Inheritance is to inherit the attributes and methods from a parent
class.
Inheritanc
e:
✓ Inheritance is the process by which object of one class acquire the properties of
another
class. ✓ Advantage of this property is reusability. ✓ This means we can
add additional features to an existing class with out modifying it.
Working with SUPER and ME
keyword
SUPER and ME k/w used for accessing the attribute and method with in subclass
and class .
SUPER k/w :- This k/w used for accessing the super class attribute and method with in
the subclass you can see the example below . you can use the super k/w only for
accessing the super class method with in the subclass but you can only use it with in the
redefined and reimplementation of that method in subclass , you can not access the super
class method outside of it , and you can not access the super class attribute .
However you can access the attributes and method of super class using the me k/w
because when you inherit the property of super class then it will automatically come under
the subclass.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_SUPER_ME.
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* * CLASS FIRST DEFINITION
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* CLASS FIRST DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION. * CREATING PUBLIC
ATTRIBUTES AND METHOD OF CLASS FIRST.
DATA FIRST1(12) VALUE 'VIKALP'. DATA SECOND(22).
METHODS SHOW. "ALWAYS DEFINE WITH METHODS NOT
METHOD. METHODS SHOWME. * CREATING PRIVATE
ATTRIBUTE AND METHOD OF CLASS FIRST.
PRIVATE
SECTION .
DATA SS(12) VALUE
'PRIVATE'. ENDCLASS. "FIRST
DEFINITION *CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION. *

METHOD SHOWME
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
SHOWME.
WRITE / 'THIS IS SHOW
ME METHOD'. ENDMETHOD.
"SHOWME * METHOD SHOW
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
SHOW.
WRITE / 'SHOW METHOD'. WRITE : / 'THIS IS ATTRIBUTE
VALUE', me->FIRST1. * CALLING THE METHOD WITH IN THE
SAME CLASS USING THE ME K/W.

CALL METHOD
ME->SHOWME.
ENDMETHOD. "SHOW
ENDCLASS. "FIRST IMPLEMENTATION
*SECOND CLASS DEFINITION WHICH INHERIT THE PROPERTY

OF CLASS FIRST.
CLASS SECOND DEFINITION INHERITING

FROM FIRST . * PUBLIC SECTION OF CLASS
SECOND.
PUBLIC
SECTION .
DATA SECOND1(12). *
REDEFINING THE SHOW AND SHOW ME
METHOD.
METHODS SHOW REDEFINITION.
METHODS SHOWME REDEFINITION.
*NEW METHOD WITH IN THE SECOND
CLASS.
METHODS SHOW1.
ENDCLASS. "SECOND DEFINITION
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* * CLASS SECOND IMPLEMENTATION
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* *
*------------------------------------------------------------------
----* CLASS SECOND IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD SHOWME. * CALLING THE SUPER CLASS
METHODS USING THE SUPER KEYWORD..
CALL METHOD SUPER->SHOWME. * SHOWING THE VALUE OF FIRST1 WHICH IS
DEFINED WITH IN THE CLASS FIRST , HERE WE USED ME K/W FOR ACC ESSING THIS *
BECAUSE CLASS SECOND INHERIT THE PROPERTY OF CLASS FIRST.

WRITE :/ 'SHOWING THE FIRST1 VALUE',
ME->FIRST1.
ENDMETHOD. "SHOWME *IMPLEMENTING

THE HIS OWN CLASS SECOND METHOD SHOW1.
METHOD
SHOW1.
WRITE : / 'SHOW1 METHOD IN SUBCLASS' . ENDMETHOD. "SHOW1 *REDEFINING THE
METHOD OF SUPER CLASS AND CALLING THE SUPER CLASS METHOD. *YOU WILL ONLY CALL
THE SUPER CLASS METHOD WITH IN THE REDEFINTION OF SAME METHOD USING THE SUPE
R K/W.
METHOD
SHOW.
WRITE : / 'THIS IS IN SUBCLASS METHOD'. CALL METHOD
SUPER->SHOW. "CALLING THE SUPER CLASS METHOD.
WRITE : / 'THIS IS SUPER CLASS ATTRIBUTE'. ENDMETHOD.
"SHOW ENDCLASS. "SECOND IMPLEMENTATION
*EVENT WHERE EXECUTION

START.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
* CREATING REFERENCE OF CLASS
SECOND.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF
TO SECOND. *CREATING
OBJECT OF CLASS SECOND.
CREATE OBJECT OBJ. CALL
METHOD OBJ->SHOWME.
*CREATING REFERENCE OF
CLASS FIRST.
DATA OBJ1 TYPE
REF TO FIRST. *CREATING
OBJECT OF CLASS FIRST.

CREATE OBJECT OBJ1.
CALL METHOD
OBJ1->SHOW.
ME
K/W
Me k/w used for accessing the attribute and method with in the same class you can use
this k/w with in the same class you can see the example above here I use to call the
attribute and Method using the me k/w like this.
Here in below you can see that I am using the me k/w for accessing the attribute and
method.
* METHOD SHOW
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
SHOW.
WRITE / 'SHOW METHOD'. WRITE : / 'THIS IS ATTRIBUTE
VALUE', me->FIRST1. * CALLING THE METHOD WITH IN THE
SAME CLASS USING THE ME K/W.
CALL METHOD
ME->SHOWME.
ENDMETHOD.
USING THE ME K/W FOR ACCESSING THE INSTANCE VALUE

IN METHOD. REPORT ZS_CLASS_USE_OF_ME. * CLASS
FIRST1 DEFINITION
CLASS FIRST1
DEFINITION. *
DEFINING PUBLIC
SECTION
PUBLIC
SECTION.
DATA NUM TYPE I
VALUE 22. METHODS
TESTMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. "FIRST1 DEFINITION
* CLASS first1
IMPLEMENTATION
CLASS FIRST1
IMPLEMENTATION. * defining
the method.
METHOD
TESTMETHOD.
WRITE : /'value accessing using the me k/w', ME->NUM. "accessing the instance value using
the me k/w
ENDMETHOD. "testmethod
ENDCLASS. "first1 IMPLEMENTATION
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO
FIRST1. CREATE OBJECT OBJ.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->TESTMETHOD. Creating
table pointer in ABAP Class.
This program is included in above program this is just snippet of code for testing
purpose.
* CREATING TABLE
POINTER
DATA TAB_OBJ TYPE TABLE OF REF TO FIRST1. *creating loops 5

times and create object 5 and append it to tables type object tab_obj.
DO 5
TIMES.
CREATE OBJECT OBJ.
APPEND OBJ TO
TAB_OBJ. ENDDO.
* looping at table and calling the

method.
LOOP AT TAB_OBJ INTO
OBJ.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->TESTMETHOD.
ENDLOOP.
Abstraction: Everything is visualized in terms of classes

and objects.
Abstract class Objects cannot be created from an abstract class. Only the
subclasses of such class can be instantiated.
With in abstract class there are two types of

method.
1. Concrete method : which can be implemented with in the implementation of class
we
can define concrete method as we define simple
method like this. methods method1. "defining concreate method.
2. Abstract method : abstract method define with k/w abstract and it can not be
implement with in the class it only implemented with in a sub class where it inherit his
property like this.
methods abs_method abstract. "defining abstract
method.
report
zs_class_abstract_class.
* CLASS abs_class DEFINITION class abs_class definition abstract. * with in abstract

class you can define two types of method abstract method and concrete method.
public
section.
data abdata(12). methods method1. "defining concreate
method. methods abs_method abstract. "defining
abstract method. endclass. "abs_class DEFINITION
*with in implementation of class you only implement the concrete method definition not for the abstract
method. *if you give implementation of abstract method it will give you compilation error.
class abs_class
implementation.
method
method1.
endmethod.
"method1 * method abs_method. "when be open this it will
give compilation error showing that abstract method * endmethod. "can not be implemented.
endclass. "abs_class IMPLEMENTATION
class impl_abs_class definition inheriting from
abs_class.
public section. data sd(12). methods abs_method redefinition. "redefinition of abstract method must
be necessary with in the sub class. endclass.
class impl_abs_class
implementation.
method
abs_method.
write / 'this is abstract
method'. endmethod.
endclass.
Abstract method will only implemented with in the subclass if you implement it with in the
same class then it will give you error. And with in the subclass you must redefine the
abstract method of super class , then you can implement it with in the implementation of
subclass. As you saw above code.
We can’t create the object of abstract type class , if we create object of abstract
class then it will give compiler error as you saw in below code.
data abs_obj type ref to abs_class. "reference of abstract class data conc_obj type ref to
impl_abs_class. "reference of concrete class * create object abs_obj. "we can not create the object
of abstract class if we create then it will give compiler * error
create object
conc_obj.
abstract method can not be implemented in

abstract class.
You can not give implementation of abstract method with in the abstract class , you can
see the example in above program , if u do it will give compilation error.
Final classes can not be inherited by other classes. Class defined with final k/w
can not be inherited from the other classes means subclass , if you do it will give
compilation error. Like this.
report zs_class_final_class. * CLASS fin_class

DEFINITION class fin_class definition final. "defining final
class using final k/w
public
section.
methods
show.
endclass. "fin_class DEFINITION *

CLASS fin_class IMPLEMENTATION
class fin_class implementation.
method
show.
write 'hi this final method.'. endmethod.
"show endclass. "fin_class
IMPLEMENTATION
*inheriting the final class , but as we check using ctrl+f2 it will give error that final class not be
subclassed. class inherit_final definition inheriting from fin_class.
endclas
s.
class inherit_final
implementation.
endclas
s.
so you must remember that final class never be

instantiated.
Final method can not be redefined in subclass. Final method never be

reimplemented with in the subclass if you do this it will give you compilation error as you
show in below code.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_FINAL_METHOD.
class first
definition.
public section. methods showme final.
"defining the final method. endclass.
class first
implementation.
method showme. "implementing the final
method.
write 'hello this is
method'. endmethod.
endclass.
class second definition inheriting from

first.
public
section.
methods showme redefinition. "redefining the final method will give you compilation
error. endclass.
class second
implementation.
method
showme.
write 'hello
method'.
endm
ethod.
endclass.
Encapsulation : The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called class)
is known as Encapsulation. The data is not accessible to the outside world only those
methods, which are wrapped in the class, can access it.
Polymorphism: Methods of same name behave differently in different classes. Identical

(identically-named) methods behave differently in different classes. Object-oriented
programming contains constructions called interfaces. They enable you to address
methods with the same name in different objects. Although the form of address is always
the same, the implementation of the method is specific to a particular class.
WORKING WITH
CONSTRUCTOR
Each class has only one instance constructor, which cannot be overloaded. But,
using optional and default parameters allows seeming overloading.
Description of
Constructor:
❖ Constructor is automatically called when an object

created. ❖ Constructor is the same name of the class. ❖
No return value. ❖ With in static method we can only
access class attributes. ❖ Class-constructor does not
have any parameters. ❖ Constructor has only import
parameters.
There are two types of

constructor.
1. Instance
constructor 2. Class
constructor
Constructor can not have export
parameters.
When we call the constructor means during creation of object this import parameter pass
by using export parameter like this.
when we create object then it will automatically call the constructor of that class
then if that con structor have import parameter then we must pass that value using
the export parameter.
Like
this.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR1.
CLASS FIRST
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
* CLASS CONSTRUCTOR WILL BE

EXECUTE FIRST . * DEFINING CLASS
CONSTRUCTOR.
CLASS-METHODS
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
* DEFINING INSTANCE
CONSTRUCTOR.
METHODS CONSTRUCTOR importing today_date
type d. ENDCLASS.
* CLASS
IMPLEMENTATION.
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
*INSTANCE CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE / 'INSTANCE CONSTRUCTOR'. write : /
'TODAY DATE IS ' , today_date dd/mm/yyyy.
ENDMETHOD. * CLASS CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE / 'CLASS
CONSTRUCTOR'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
*EVENT OF REPORT WHERE EXECUTION

OCCCUR.
START-OF-SELECTIO
N. * CREATING REFERNCE OF
CLASS FIRS.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO FIRST. * CREATING OBJECT OF CLASS FIRST THEN IT
WILL CALL FIRST THE CLASS CONSTRUCTOR THEN IT WILL CALL THE * OBJECT
CONSTRUCTOR.
CREATE OBJECT OBJ exporting today_date = sy-datum. "when we create object then it will
automatically call the * constructor of that class then if that constructor have import parameter then we
must pass that value using the * export parameter.
Objects must be created at runtime (CREATE OBJECT – instruction in ABAP Objects).
With their creation they also get their own identity. However, there are no fixed attribute
values linked to the identity. You are probably already wondering how objects get to their
initial state. How do objects recognize their initial attribute values? How does an object
know during its creation that it is a Miller and not a Meyer?
The Constructor concept exists specifically to answer this question. The constructor is a
method, which runs automatically during the creation of an object. The constructor allows
you to define IMPORTING-parameters.
In ABAP Objects you differentiate between instance-dependent and class-dependent

constructors via the language elements METHODSand CLASS-METHODS to be used in
the definition part and via their names constructor and The class constructor is called by
the first access to a class element (method, attribute, event, object), the (instance)
constructor by the creation of an object (CREATE OBJECT).
You can now create small programs with the help of the ABAP Objects language
instructions you have learned. You know the basic elements of classes (attributes and
methods), the differences between classes and their objects and how to express these in
ABAP Objects.
HERE IS SAMPLE PROGRAM WHO USE CLASS CONSTRUCTOR AND

INSTANCE CONSTRUCTOR.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR1.
CLASS FIRST
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
* CLASS CONSTRUCTOR WILL BE

EXECUTE FIRST . * DEFINING CLASS
CONSTRUCTOR.
CLASS-METHODS
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
* DEFINING INSTANCE
CONSTRUCTOR.
METHODS
CONSTRUCTOR.
ENDCLASS.
* CLASS
IMPLEMENTATION.
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
*INSTANCE CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE / 'INSTANCE
CONSTRUCTOR'. ENDMETHOD. *
CLASS CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
WRITE / 'CLASS
CONSTRUCTOR'.
END
METHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*EVENT OF REPORT WHERE EXECUTION

OCCCUR.
START-OF-SELECTIO
N. * CREATING REFERNCE OF
CLASS FIRS.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO FIRST. * CREATING OBJECT OF CLASS FIRST THEN IT
WILL CALL FIRST THE CLASS CONSTRUCTOR THEN IT WILL CALL THE * OBJECT
CONSTRUCTOR.
CREATE OBJECT
OBJ.
SAMPLE PROGRAM FOR UTILIZING THE CONSTRUCOTR WITH IN

ABAP OOPS.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
*CLASS DEFINITION. CLASS

FIRST DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. DATA ONE(12). METHODS CONSTRUCTOR
IMPORTING A TYPE C. "CONSTRUCTOR DEFINITION. ENDCLASS.
*CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. "CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
ONE = A. "ASSIGNING THE VALUE TO ONE WRITE: / 'THIS IS
CONSTRUCTRO WHICH CALL WHEN OBJECT CREATED' , ONE.
END
METHOD.
ENDCLASS.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO FIRST . "OBJECT REFERENCE TYPE WRITE / 'BEFOR
OBJECT CREATION'. CREATE OBJECT OBJ EXPORTING A = 'SDK'. "CREATING
OBJECT WILL CALL THE CONSTRUCTOR.
METHOD WITH IMPORT , EXPORT , CHANGING PROPERY AND
CALLING IT.
export and import parameter of the method definition change during import and export
parameter respectively and with in export parameter we use to pass value , while with in
import parameter we pass the data object where we get the value of import parameter
same in changing parameter.
Here is the example

below.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.
DATA SECOND(12).
*CLASS DEFINITION.
CLASS FIRST
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. DATA ONE(12). METHODS CONSTRUCTOR
IMPORTING A TYPE C. "CONSTRUCTOR DEFINITION. * method
definition with all type of parameter.
METHODS SHOWME IMPORTING A TYPE C EXPORTING B
TYPE C CHANGING D TYPE C. ENDCLASS. "FIRST DEFINITION *CLASS
FIRST IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. "CONSTRUCTOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
ONE = A. "ASSIGNING THE VALUE TO ONE WRITE: / 'THIS IS
CONSTRUCTRO WHICH CALL WHEN OBJECT CREATED' , ONE.
ENDMETHOD. "CONSTRUCTOR * METHOD IMPLEMENTATION
METHOD
SHOWME.
D = 'HELLO CHANGE'. B =
'HELLO IMPORT
SECODND'.
WRITE : / 'THE VALUE OF A IS ' , A.

WRITE : / 'THE VALUE OF B IS ' , B.
WRITE : / 'THE VALUE OF D IS ' , D.
ENDMETHOD. "SHOWME ENDCLASS.
"FIRST IMPLEMENTATION
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA OBJ TYPE REF TO FIRST . "OBJECT REFERENCE TYPE WRITE / 'BEFOR
OBJECT CREATION'. CREATE OBJECT OBJ EXPORTING A = 'SDK'. "CREATING
OBJECT WILL CALL THE CONSTRUCTOR. * CALLING THE METHOD SHOWME.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->SHOWME
EXPORTI
NG
A=
'SHOWME'
IMPORTING
B=
SECOND
CHANGIN
G
D = SECOND. WRITE : / 'AFTER CHANGE
PARAMETER THE SECOND VALUE IS : ' , SECOND.
Static constructor can be triggered at the beginning of a

processing block(form /event/block/procedure)
Static constructor will only call when either we create object or access the class type of
data or call class type method, other wise it will not call or it call atfirst.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_STATIC_CONSTRUCTOR.
* CLASS first DEFINITION CLASS
FIRST DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
CLASS-DATA NUM TYPE I VALUE 23. "defining class or static data. CLASS-METHODS
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. "for defining class constructor always define with class_constructor.
ENDCLASS. "first DEFINITION
* CLASS first
IMPLEMENTATION
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. "constructor
implementation.
WRITE / 'hi i am class
constructor'. ENDMETHOD.
"class_constructor ENDCLASS. "first
IMPLEMENTATION
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
WRITE : / 'hello selection'. WRITE : / 'hello class data',
FIRST=>NUM. "as we access the value of class data the
class constructor will call.
*if we comment the second line write code then static consturctor will not , it will only call when either we
create o bject, call static method or accessing the static attributes.
Working on
Polymorphism
Polymorphism occurs, where classes implement the same functionality with different
methods (one functionality, several methods but the same name). This can occur via an
inheritance relationship, in that the methods belonging to the superclass are redefined in
the subclasses and implemented differently. ABAP Objects requires the method names to
be the same and the signature to be the same (signature = method interface).
Polymorphism can be achieved in 2

ways:
• Two independent classes implement methods with the same names and the same
signature with the intention, that the methods should be called dynamically from a third
location.
•Asuperclass implements a method, and in a subclass you want to re-implement the
same method, as the superclass implementation is not suitable for the subclass.
The first scenario will not occur very often in ABAP Objects, as the interface concept was
created precisely for such cases (see Interfaces).
POLYMORPHISM:- Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different

behavior or value in a subclass, to something that was declared in a parent class. For
example, a method can be declared in a parent class, but each subclass can have a
different implementation of that method. This allows each subclass to differ, without the
parent class being explicitly aware that a difference exists.
CLAUSES REGARDING
POLYMORPHISM:-
✓ Allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. ✓ When objects from
different classes react differently to the same procedural call. ✓ User can work with
different classes in a similar way, regardless of their implementation. 4.Allows improved

code organization and readability as well as creation of “extensible” programs.
5.Although the form of address is always the same, the implementation of the method is
specific to a particular class.
Here in below code First class definition we used to define ADD method , with in the same
class we use to define another class second which inherit the property from FIRST class in
which we redefine the method ADD again ,.
REPORT
ZS_SINGLE_INHERITANCE.
CLASS FIRST DEFINITION. *
DEFINING ATTRIBUTES.
PUBLIC SECTION. DATA
FIRST(12). "DEFINING
ATTRIBUTES METHODS ADD.
"DEFINING METHOD.
ENDCLASS.
* IMPLEMENTING
CLASS.
CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD ADD. "METHOD
IMPLEMEMNTATION.
WRITE / 'HELLO METHOD FROM THE
FIRST'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
* DEFINING OTHER CLASS WHICH INHERIT PROPERTY FROM FIRST AND REDEFINIG THE
FIRST CLASS METHOD.
CLASS SECOND DEFINITION
INHERITING FROM FIRST. PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA SECOND(13). METHODS HELLO. *
REDEFINING THE ADD METHOD OF CLASS
FIRST.
METHODS ADD REDEFINITION. "REDEFINING THE
ADD METHOD. ENDCLASS.
CLASS SECOND
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
HELLO.
WRITE / 'HELLO FROM
SECOND'. ENDMETHOD.
METHOD ADD.
WRITE / 'FROM THE SUBCLASS
REDEFINITION'. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*EVENT WHERE DATA EXECUTION

OCCUR.
START-OF-SELEC
TION. * CREATE REFERNCE
OF OBJECT. DATA OBJ
TYPE REF TO FIRST. *
CREATING OBJECT.
CREATE
OBJECT OBJ. * CALLING
MEHTOD OF CLASS.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->ADD.
* CREATE REF OF SECOND

CLASS
DATA OBJ1 TYPE
REF TO SECOND. *
CREATING OBJECT
CREATE OBJECT
OBJ1. * CALLING
THE METHOD.
CALL METHOD OBJ1->HELLO. * CALLING
THE SUPER CLASS METHOD USING SUBCLASS
OBJECT.
CALL METHOD
OBJ1->ADD.
Working with
Interfaces
In ABAP interfaces are implemented in addition to, and independently of classes. An

interface only has a declaration part, and do not have visibility sections. Components
(Attributes, methods, constants, types) can be defined the same way as in classes.
✓ Interfaces are listed in the definition part of the class, and must always be in the
PUBLIC
SECTION. ✓ Operations defined in the interface are implemented as methods
of the class. All methods
of the interface must be present in the implementation part of the class. ✓
Attributes, events, constants and types defined in the interface are automatically
available
to the class carrying out the implementation. ✓ Interface components are
addressed in the class by <interface name>~<component name>
REPORT
ZS_INTERFACE.
*DEFINING THE INTERFACE AND ITS METHOD OR ATTRIBUTES INTERFACE FIRST. *METHOD
DEFININTION ALWAYS STARTS WITH METHODS NOT METHOD AND IN INTERFACE ATTRIBUTES
AND MET HODS ARE PUBLIC. DATA NAME(12). METHODS SHOW.
ENDINTERFA
CE.
* IMPLEMENTING THE
INTERFACE .
CLASS IMPLEMENT_INTERFACE DEFINITION. "CLASS
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. * INTERFACE WHICH YOU WANT TO IMPLEMENT WITH IN
A CLASS MUST PASS WITH IN PUBLIC SECTION
INTERFACES FIRST. "INTERFACE WHICH I WANT TO IMPLEMENT WITH
IN THIS CLASS.
METHODS
METHOD1.
ENDCLASS.
* IMPLEMENTING
CLASS.
CLASS IMPLEMENT_INTERFACE
IMPLEMENTATION. * IMPLEMENTIONG
INTERFACE METHOD.
METHOD
FIRST~SHOW.
WRITE / 'THIS IS INTERFACE
METHOD.'. ENDMETHOD.
* IMPLEMENTING CLASS
METHOD.
METHOD
METHOD1.
WRITE / 'THIS IS CLASS
METHOD'. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLA
SS.
* EVENT
START-OF-SELECTION.
START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OBJ
TYPE REF TO IMPLEMENT_INTERFACE.
CREATE OBJECT OBJ. * CALLING THE
INTERFACE METHOD. CALL METHOD
OBJ->FIRST~SHOW. * CALLING THE CLASS
METHOD.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->METHOD1.
Interfaces can only be implemented in the public section of a class if you implement it
either in private or protected section it will give you compilation error.
A class with an interface should implement all the methods of that interface other wise it
will give compiler error.
ABAP
Objects :
• ABAP Objects is an upwards-compatible extension of the existing ABAP

language.
• You can use existing ABAP statements within ABAP
Objects.
• You can use ABAP Objects within existing

programs.
• ABAP Objects is full integrated in the ABAP
debugger.
• Instances of function groups as
objects
• Example: Function group as
counter.
Elements of ABAP
Objects :
• Classes
• Interfaces
• Objects
• Object
References
•
Inheritance
Classes :
• Classes are the central element of

Object-orientation
• A class describes a general element or a general concept, for example the abstract
concepts Business Partner, Material, Transaction, Equipment or list. Classes realize an
abstract data types.
• You can define classes globally using the class builder (Transaction SE24) or locally
in an ABAP program.
• Local classes and interfaces can only be used in the program in which they are
defined.
Components of
classes.
• Attributes
• Methods
• Constructor
• Events
• Types and
Constants.
In ABAP Objects classes are made up of a definition and an

implementation part.
*Declaring class definition attribute and

property.
CLASS FIRST DEFINITION. * BODY OF THIS CLASS OR DEFINE METHODS
CONSTRUCTOR TYPES AND EVETNT
ENDCLA
SS.
*Implementation of that class and its

method.
CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION. *IMPLEMENT METHODS AND CLASS WITH IN THE
CLASS.
ENDCLA
SS.
Attribute
s.
Attributes can take on values within an object at runtime. The sum of all attributes and
values describes the state of an object.
In ABAP Objects attributes are defined in the definition part via the ABAP keyword DATA.
In this example we have defined that the name of a business partner may be 50
characters long and is of the data type Character:
CLASS cl_party DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. "I will return later to the meaning of
the language element Public Section see Visibility DATA: name(50) type C.
ENDCLASS.
Here name is a attribute of class

cl_party .
Attributes can be defined as instance dependent as well as Class

dependent.
Class attributes (Class attributes are also called static attributes) are not tied to a single
instance, rather they "belong" to all instances of the Class. These attributes exist only
once in main memory. Instance-dependent attributes exist once per instance and are tied
to a single instance. For example, the attribute name is an instance-dependent attribute,
while the attribute instance_count could be a Class-dependent attribute, in which the
number of instances of the Class cl_party could be noted.

attributes by means of the ABAP keywords DATA or CLASS-DATA to be used in the
definition part:
CLASS cl_party DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.

CLASS-DATA: instance_count type i. DATA: name(50) type c.
ENDCLASS. START-OF-SELECTION. DATA: instance TYPE
REF TO cl_party. * Access to the different attribute types is
also defined in the syntax: * Class attribute:
cl_class=>instance_count * Instance attribute: instance->name
IF cl_class=>instance_count
< 50. CREATE OBJECT
instance. ... ENDIF. IF

instance->name <> 'Miller'. ...
ENDIF.

property.
CLASS
FIRST DEFINITION. *
PUBLIC SECTION. data
instance_data(12).
class-data class_data(12).
METHODS: SHOWME
,SAWME.
ENDCLASS. *Implementation
of that class and its method.
CLASS FIRST
implementation.
METHOD
SHOWME.
WRITE 'SHOW ME
METHOD'.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD
SAWME.
ENDCLASS. * *always create refernce and object
in START-OF- SELECTION Event because the data extraction

come under this event.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
*creating reference of the

object. DATA FIRSTOBJ TYPE
REF TO FIRST. *creating object
of the reference. CREATE
OBJECT FIRSTOBJ.
*using the class and instance

object.
FIRSTOBJ->instance_data = 'INSTNCE DATA'. "GIVING THE VALUE TO

INSTANCE ATTRIBUTE. FIRSTOBJ->CLASS_DATA = 'CLASS DATA'. "GIVING
THE VALUE TO CLASS ATTRIBUTE.
WRITE : / 'ACCESSING CLASS DATA : ', FIRSTOBJ->CLASS_DATA.
WRITE : / 'FIRST OBJECT INSTANCE METHOD DATA : ' ,
FIRSTOBJ->INSTANCE_DATA.
*CREATING ANTOTHER REFERENCE AND OBJ OF

FIRST CLASS. DATA FIRSTOBJ1 TYPE REF TO
FIRST. CREATE OBJECT FIRSTOBJ1.
*ACCESSING THE CLASS DATA OF FIRSTOBJ1. WRITE : / 'ACCESSING

THE CLASS DATA USING ANOTHER OBJECT :' , FIRSTOBJ1-
>CLASS_DATA. "HERE IT WILL GIVE OUTPUT *BECUASE THIS IS CLASS
DATA. WRITE : / 'ACCESSING THE INSTANCE DATA USING ANOTHER
OBJECT : ' , FIRSTOBJ1- >INSTANCE_DATA. "HERE IS GIVE BLNAK VALUE
*BECUASE HERE NOT SPECIFY THE VALUE OF INSTANCE_DATA FOR
OBJECT FIRSTOBJ1 ,
Here in above program we can see that the class attribute value remain same for all object
same type class , where as the instance data of class have different value for each class.
Method
s
As well as attributes, Classes have so-called Methods (you could say functions instead of
methods but, as mentioned in the introduction: New technologies require new names).
While attributes describe the static structure of a class and its objects, Methods describe
the behavior of objects within a class. With the help of methods, the system provides
operations, services and functions. Via methods, a user can manipulate the objects in a
class or also the class itself. As for attributes, there are instance-dependent as well as
class-dependent (static) methods.
In order to carry out instance-dependent (or instance-dependent) methods, the calling

program needs a specific instance of the class. That is, the calling program must have
a defined reference variable, that points to a specific instance. Class methods are not
instance- dependent. They can be called at any time by a user. To see how the syntax
calls the various method types, see the following example.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS.

property. CLASS FIRST DEFINITION. *
PUBLIC
SECTION.
data instance_data(12). "INSTANCE DATA
DELCARATION.
class-data class_data(12). "CLASS DATA DELCARATION. METHODS:
SHOWME ,SAWME. "INSTANCE METHODS DECLARATION.
CLASS-METHODS:CLASSMETHOD_SHOWME. "CLASS METHOD
DECALRATION.
ENDCLASS. "FIRST DEFINITION

*Implementation of that class and its
method. CLASS FIRST
IMPLEMENTATION. * INSTNACE Method
implementation.
METHOD
SHOWME.
WRITE 'SHOW ME
METHOD'. ENDMETHOD.
"SHOWME *INSTANSE METHOD
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
SAWME.
"SAWME *CLASS METHOD
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CLASSMETHOD_SHOWME. WRITE / 'THIS IS CLASS METHOD.'. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. "END OF FIRST CLASS IMPLEMENTATION
* *always create refernce and object in START-OF-

SELECTION Event because the data extraction come under
this event.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
*creating reference of the

object.
DATA FIRSTOBJ TYPE REF TO
FIRST. DATA SECONDOBJ TYPE
REF TO SECOND.
*creating object of the

reference.
CREATE OBJECT
FIRSTOBJ. *calling the
method of that class.
CALL METHOD
FIRSTOBJ->SHOWME. *Creating
object of second class CREATE
OBJECT SECONDOBJ. *calling
method of subclass and superclass.
CALL METHOD
SECONDOBJ->SHOWME. CALL
METHOD SECONDOBJ->SAWME.
*CALLING CLASS
METHOD.
CALL METHOD
FIRSTOBJ->CLASSMETHOD_SHOWME.
*using the class and instance

object.
FIRSTOBJ->instance_data = 'INSTNCE DATA'. "GIVING THE VALUE TO

INSTANCE ATTRIBUTE. FIRSTOBJ->CLASS_DATA = 'CLASS DATA'. "GIVING
THE VALUE TO CLASS ATTRIBUTE. WRITE : / 'ACCESSING CLASS DATA : ',
FIRSTOBJ->CLASS_DATA. "ACCESSING CLASS DATA . WRITE : / 'FIRST
OBJECT INSTANCE METHOD DATA : ' , FIRSTOBJ- >INSTANCE_DATA.
"ACCESSING THE INSTACNE DATA.
*CREATING ANTOTHER REFERENCE AND OBJ OF

FIRST CLASS.
DATA FIRSTOBJ1 TYPE REF
TO FIRST. CREATE OBJECT
FIRSTOBJ1.
*ACCESSING THE CLASS DATA OF

FIRSTOBJ1.
WRITE : / 'ACCESSING THE CLASS DATA USING ANOTHER
OBJECT :' , FIRSTOBJ1- >CLASS_DATA. "HERE IT WILL GIVE
OUTPUT *BECUASE THIS IS CLASS DATA.
WRITE : / 'ACCESSING THE INSTANCE DATA USING ANOTHER
OBJECT : ' , FIRSTOBJ1- >INSTANCE_DATA. "HERE IS GIVE BLNAK VALUE
*BECUASE HERE NOT SPECIFY THE VALUE OF INSTANCE_DATA FOR
OBJECT FIRSTOBJ1 ,
CONSTRUCTOR IN ABAP
CLASS
Objects must be created at runtime (CREATE OBJECT – instruction in ABAP Objects).

With their creation they also get their own identity. However, there are no fixed attribute
values linked to the identity. You are probably already wondering how objects get to their
initial state. How do objects recognize their initial attribute values? How does an object
know during its creation that it is a Miller and not a Meyer? The Constructor concept
exists specifically to answer this question. The constructor is a method which runs
automatically during the creation of an object. The constructor allows you to define
IMPORTING-parameters.

constructors via the language elements METHODSand CLASS-METHODS to be used in
the definition part and via their names constructor and class_constructor:
There are two types of constructor in ABAP
CLASS.
1. Instance
construcror 2. Class
constructor
Instance constructor will call when you create object using that
constructor.
EVENTS IN ABAP
CLASS.
The steps to be followed are as

follows:-
❖ Create an event in a class ❖ Create a triggering method in the

same class which will raise the event. ❖ Create an event handler
method for the event in same/other class. ❖ Register the event
handler method in the program.
Now, your settings are complete. Create an object from the class containing the event and
call the triggering method to raise the event.
* CLASS c1
DEFINITION class c1
definition.
public
section. *(1)Creating
event : E1
events: e1. *(2) Creating an event handling
method. This method can belong to * same or different class
methods: m1 for
event e1 of c1. * Method to
raise the event
methods : t1. endclass. "c1
DEFINITION * CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION
class c1 implementation. *Method : M1 will be
called when the event is raised
method :
m1.
write:/5 'I am the event
handler method'. endmethod. ": *
Method : T1 will raise the event
method :
t1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event
E1'. raise event e1. endmethod. ":
endclass. "c1 IMPLEMENTATION
*start of selection , form where execution

occurs. start-of-selection.
data: oref type ref to c1. create
object: oref . * Registering the event
handler method
set handler oref->m1 for oref .
* Calling the event which will raise the
event.
call method
oref->t1.
HANDLING EVENT OF ONE CLASS IN

ANOTHER CLASS.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT5.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. *
Creating event : E1
EVENTS: E1. * Triggering
method : T1 METHODS :
T1. ENDCLASS.
CLASS C2
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. *
Creating an event handling
method. METHODS: M1 FOR
EVENT E1 OF c1. endclass.
CLASS c1
: T1 will raise the event
METHOD :
T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event
E1'. raise event E1. ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
class c2 implementation. * Method : M1 will be

called when the event is raised METHOD : M1.
write:/5 ' I am the event handler
method in c2'. ENDMETHOD. endclass.
Start-of-selection. Data: oref1 type ref to

c1, oref2 type ref to c2. Create object:
oref1 , oref2 . * Registering the event
handler method SET HANDLER
oref2->M1 FOR oref1 . * Calling the
event which will raise the event.
call method
oref1->T1.
More than one event handler method can exist for

same event
For an event in a class, there can be more than one event handler methods in same or
different class. However, at runtime only one event handler method will be triggered at a
time, based on the registration.
❖ Class C1 contains an event E1, for which the triggering method is T1 and the event
handler
methods are :- ➢ M1 in same class C1. ➢ M2 in another class C2. ❖ In the

START-OF-SELECTION block, objects are created from class C1 and C2. ❖ First,
registration is made using method M1 of class C1 as event handler method. ❖ Then,
the event E1 is raised, calling method T1. This raises event handler method M1 of
class C1. ❖ After that, the earlier registration is de-activated and new
registration is made for method
M2 of class C2 as event handler method . ❖ Event E1 is raised calling
method T1. This raises event handler method M2 of class C2.
REPORT ZS_CLASS_EVENT6.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC
SECTION. * Creating event : E1
EVENTS: E1. * Creating an event
handling method. METHODS: M1
FOR EVENT E1 OF c1. * Method
to raise the event METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS C2
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION. *
Creating an event handling
method. METHODS: M2 FOR
EVENT E1 OF c1. endclass.
CLASS c1
: T1 will raise the event
METHOD :
T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'. raise
event E1. ENDMETHOD. * Method : M1 will be

method M1 in c1'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
class c2 implementation. * Method : M2 will be

method M2 in c2'. ENDMETHOD. endclass.

c1, oref2 type ref to c2. Create object:
oref1 , oref2 . * Registering the event
handler method SET HANDLER
oref1->M1 FOR oref1 . * Calling the
call method oref1->T1. * De-Registering
the earlier event handler method SET HANDLER
oref1->M1 FOR oref1 ACTIVATION space . *
Registering the new event handler method SET
HANDLER oref2->M2 FOR oref1 . * Calling the
call method
oref1->T1.
Use of static event Static methods can only raise static events. The FOR...addition
is not required to register for static events. Here Class C1 contains a static event E1 and
static triggering method T1. The event handler method M1 is in class C1 itself. At the time
of registering event M1 as event handler method, the FOR...addition is omitted.
REPORT ZS_CLASS_EVENT7.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC
SECTION. * Creating event : E1
CLASS-EVENTS: E1. * Creating
an event handling method.
METHODS: M1 FOR EVENT E1

OF c1. * Method to raise the event
CLASS-METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c1
IMPLEMENTATION.
* Method : T1 will raise the
event
METHOD :
T1.
write:/5 'I am T1, going to raise event E1'. raise
event E1. ENDMETHOD. * Method : M1 will be
method M1 in c1'. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

c1. Create object: oref1 . * Registering
the event handler method SET
HANDLER oref1->M1 . * Calling the
call method
oref1->T1.
Event with export parameters. Events can have export parameters, which it
passes to its event handler method. The triggering method must pass values for all the
exporting parameters of the event while raising the event using RAISE EVENT statement.
The interface of an event handler method consists of a list of IMPORTING parameters,
whose names are identical with those in the EXPORTING list and which are automatically
created from the interface of the event. Each handler method can however specify which
event parameters it wants to handle and which it does not.
Here Class C1 contains event E1 which exports two parameters , NUM1 and NUM2 to its
event handler method , M1 in class C1. Method T1 is the triggering method for the event,
which passes values to the EXPORTING parameters of the event at the time of RAISE
EVENT statement.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT8.
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
EVENTS : E1 EXPORTING
value(NUM1) TYPE I value(NUM2)
TYPE I.
METHODS : M1 FOR EVENT E1

OF C1
IMPORTING NUM1
NUM2 . METHODS : T1.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS C1
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD :
M1.
WRITE:/5 'First input ' , num1
. write:/5 'Second input ' ,
num2 . ENDMETHOD.
METHOD
T1.
RAISE EVENT E1 exporting
num1 = 2
n
um2 = 3.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
DATA : oref TYPE REF TO
c1. CREATE OBJECT oref.
SET HANDLER oref->M1 for
oref. call method oref->T1.
THIS IS THE SAMPLE PROGRAM WHICH USE INTERFACE AND EVENTS

WITH IN CLASS.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT.
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* * INTERFACE lif_employee
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* INTERFACE lif_employee.
METHOD
S:
add_employe
e
IMPORTING im_no
TYPE i
im_name TYPE string im_wage TYPE i. ENDINTERFACE.
******************************************************* * Super
class LCL_CompanyEmployees
******************************************************* CLASS
lcl_company_employees DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
TYPES: BEGIN OF
t_employee,
no TYPE i, name TYPE string, wage TYPE i, END OF
t_employee. * Declare event. Note that declaration could
also be placed in the * interface
EVENTS:
employee_added_to_list
EXPORTING value(ex_employee_name) TYPE string.
* CLASS-EVENTS: Events can also be defined as
class-events
INTERFACES
lif_employee.
METHODS:
constructor,
display_employee_list,
display_no_of_employees,
* Declare event method
on_employee_added_to_list FOR EVENT employee_added_to_list OF
lcl_company_employees
IMPORTING
ex_employee_name sender. PRIVATE
SECTION.
CLASS-DA
TA:
i_employee_list TYPE TABLE OF
t_employee, no_of_employees TYPE i.
ENDCLASS. *-- CLASS
LCL_CompanyEmployees IMPLEMENTATION
CLASS lcl_company_employees
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
constructor.
no_of_employees =
no_of_employees + 1. ENDMETHOD.
METHOD lif_employee~add_employee. *
Adds a new employee to the list of
employees
DATA: l_employee TYPE t_employee.
l_employee-no = im_no.
l_employee-name = im_name.
l_employee-wage = im_wage.
APPEND l_employee TO
i_employee_list. * Raise event
RAISE EVENT
EXPORTING ex_employee_name =
l_employee-name. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
display_employee_list. * Displays all employees and
there wage DATA: l_employee TYPE t_employee.
WRITE: / 'List of Employees'. LOOP AT
i_employee_list INTO l_employee.
WRITE: / l_employee-no, l_employee-name,
l_employee-wage. ENDLOOP. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
display_no_of_employees. * Displays total number of
employees
SKIP 3. WRITE: / 'Total number of employees:',
no_of_employees. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
on_employee_added_to_list. * Event method
WRITE: / 'Employee added to list',
ex_employee_name. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
*******************************************************
* Sub class LCL_BlueCollar_Employee
******************************************************* CLASS
lcl_bluecollar_employee DEFINITION
INHERITING FROM
lcl_company_employees. PUBLIC SECTION.
METHOD
S:
constructo
r
IMPORTING im_no TYPE i im_name TYPE
string im_hours TYPE i im_hourly_payment
TYPE i, lif_employee~add_employee
REDEFINITION.. PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA:no TYPE i,
name TYPE string,
hours TYPE i,
hourly_payment
TYPE i.
ENDCLASS. CLASS lcl_bluecollar_employee

IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD constructor. * The superclass constructor
method must be called from the subclass * constructor method
CALL METHOD super->constructor. no = im_no. name =
im_name. hours = im_hours. hourly_payment =
im_hourly_payment. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
lif_employee~add_employee. * Calculate wage an call the
superclass method add_employee to add * the employee to the
employee list
DATA: l_wage TYPE i. l_wage = hours *
hourly_payment. CALL METHOD
super->lif_employee~add_employee
EXPORTING im_no
= no
im_name = name
im_wage = l_wage.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. ******************************************************* * Sub class

LCL_WhiteCollar_Employee *******************************************************
CLASS lcl_whitecollar_employee DEFINITION INHERITING FROM
lcl_company_employees.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
METHOD
S:
constructo
r
IMPORTING im_no TYPE i
im_name TYPE string
im_monthly_salary TYPE i
im_monthly_deductions TYPE i,
lif_employee~add_employee
REDEFINITION. PRIVATE SECTION.
DAT
A:
no TYPE i, name TYPE
string, monthly_salary
TYPE i,
monthly_deductions TYPE
i.
ENDCLASS. CLASS lcl_whitecollar_employee

IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD constructor. * The superclass
constructor method must be called from the subclass *
constructor method
CALL METHOD super->constructor. no = im_no. name =
im_name. monthly_salary = im_monthly_salary.
monthly_deductions = im_monthly_deductions. ENDMETHOD.
METHOD lif_employee~add_employee. * Calculate wage an call
the superclass method add_employee to add * the employee to
the employee list
DATA: l_wage TYPE i. l_wage =
monthly_salary - monthly_deductions. CALL
METHOD super->lif_employee~add_employee
EXPORTING im_no
= no
im_name = name
im_wage = l_wage.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS. *******************************************************
*REPORT
******************************************************* DATA: *
Object references
o_bluecollar_employee1 TYPE REF TO
lcl_bluecollar_employee, o_whitecollar_employee1 TYPE
REF TO lcl_whitecollar_employee. START-OF-SELECTION.
* Create bluecollar employee obeject
CREATE OBJECT
o_bluecollar_employee1
EXPORTING im_no
=1
im_name = 'SONU KUMAR' im_hours =
38 im_hourly_payment = 75. * Register
event for o_bluecollar_employee1
SET HANDLER
o_bluecollar_employee1->on_employee_added_to_list
FOR
o_bluecollar_employee1.
* Add bluecollar employee to employee
list
CALL METHOD
o_bluecollar_employee1->lif_employee~add_employee
EXPORTING im_no
=1
im_name = 'VIKALP' im_wage = 0.
* Create whitecollar employee
obeject
CREATE OBJECT
o_whitecollar_employee1
EXPORTING im_no
=2
im_name = 'VAIBHAV' im_monthly_salary
= 10000 im_monthly_deductions = 2500.

* Register event for
o_whitecollar_employee1
SET HANDLER
o_whitecollar_employee1->on_employee_added_to_list
FOR
o_whitecollar_employee1.
* Add bluecollar employee to employee

list
CALL METHOD
o_whitecollar_employee1->lif_employee~add_employee
EXPORTING im_no
=1
im_name = 'AMIT' im_wage = 0. * Display employee list and
number of employees. Note that the result * will be the same
when called from o_whitecollar_employee1 or *
o_bluecolarcollar_employee1, because the methods are defined
* as static (CLASS-METHODS)
CALL METHOD
o_whitecollar_employee1->display_employee_list. CALL
METHOD
o_whitecollar_employee1->display_no_of_employees.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE USING EVENTS

IN ABAP
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT1.
*CLASS DEFININTION.
CLASS cl_class
DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION.
EVENTS: object_created EXPORTING value(ex_reference) TYPE REF
TO cl_class. METHODS CONSTRUCTOR.
* DEFINING EVENTS FOR HANDLING THE

RAISED EVENTS.
METHODS HANDLEEVENT FOR EVENT
OBJECT_CREATED OF CL_CLASS. ENDCLASS.
*CLASS IMPLEMENTATION.
CLASS cl_class
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. *
setting the handler TYPE FOR ALL
INSTANCES.
SET HANDLER HANDLEEVENT FOR ALL
INSTANCES. * RAISING THE EVENT WHEN THE OBJECT
CREATED OF THIS CLASS.
RAISE EVENT object_created EXPORTING ex_reference = me. "me references the
current instance
ENDMETHO
D.
*IMPLEMENTING THE EVENT HANDLER

METHOD.
METHOD
HANDLEEVENT.
WRITE / 'EVENT
RAISED'.
EN
DMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
*CREATING REFERENCE OF CLASS

CL_CLASS. DATA: OBJ TYPE REF TO
cl_class.
START-OF-SELEC
TION. *CREATING
OBJECT. CREATE
OBJECT OBJ.
OTHER EXMPLE FOR HANDLING

EVNET REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT2. CLASS
lcl_dog DEFINITION.
PUBL
IC SECTION. *
Declare events
EVENT
S:
dog_is_hung
ry
EXPORTING
value(ex_time_since_last_meal) TYPE i.
METHODS:
constructo
r
IMPORTING im_name
TYPE string,
set_time_since_last_meal
IMPORTING im_time TYPE i,
on_dog_is_hungry FOR EVENT dog_is_hungry OF
lcl_dog
IMPORTING
ex_time_since_last_meal. ENDCLASS.
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* * CLASS lcl_dog IMPLEMENTATION
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* CLASS lcl_dog IMPLEMENTATION. *
constructor.
METHOD
constructor.
WRITE: / 'I am a dog and my name
is', im_name. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
set_time_since_last_meal.
IF im_time <
4.
SKIP 1. WRITE: / 'You fool, I am not
hungry yet'. ELSE. * Subsrcribe for
event:
* set handler <Event handler method> * FOR
<ref_sender>!FOR ALL INSTANCES [ACTIVATION
<var>]
SET HANDLER on_dog_is_hungry FOR ALL
INSTANCES ACTIVATION 'X'. * Raise event
RAISE EVENT
dog_is_hungry
EXPORTING ex_time_since_last_meal =
im_time. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. METHOD
on_dog_is_hungry. * Event method, called when the event
dog_is_hungry is raised
SKIP 1. WRITE: / 'Hey owner i have not take
meal since',
ex_time_since_last_meal, ' hours'.
WRITE: / 'Give me something to eat NOW!'.
ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* * R E P O R T
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
----* DATA: o_dog1 TYPE REF TO lcl_dog.
START-OF-SELEC
TION.
CREATE OBJECT o_dog1 EXPORTING
im_name = 'kalu'. CALL METHOD
o_dog1->set_time_since_last_meal
EXPORTING im_time = 2. * This
method call will raise the event dog_is_hungy *
because time > 3
CALL METHOD
o_dog1->set_time_since_last_meal
EXPORTING im_time
= 5.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE FOR HANDLING

THE EVENT.
REPORT
ZS_CLASS_EVENT3.
*DEFINING THE
CLASS. CLASS
VIKALP DEFINITION.
PUBLIC
SECTION. *
CREATING A
EVENT.
EVENTS EVENT1. * CREATING AN EVENT HANDLER METHOD THIS METHOD
CAN BELONG TO SAME OR DIFFERENT CLASS.
METHODS METHOD1 FOR EVENT
EVENT1 OF VIKALP. * METHODTO RAISE THE
EVENT.
METHODS
TRIGGER.
ENDCLA
SS.
* IMPLEMENTING THE
CLASS.
CLASS VIKALP
IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD
METHOD1.
WRITE / 'I AM EVENT HANDLER
METHOD'.
ENDMETHO
D.
METHOD
TRIGGER.
WRITE / 'I M RAISING AN EVENT
EVENT1'. RAISE EVENT EVENT1.
"RAISING THE EVENT.
ENDMETH
OD.
ENDCLASS.
START-OF-SELECTION. DATA OBJ TYPE

REF TO VIKALP. CREATE OBJECT OBJ. *
REGISTERING THE EVENT HANDLER
METHOD.
SET HANDLER OBJ->METHOD1 FOR
OBJ. * CALLING THE METHOD WHICH WILL
TRIGGER THE EVENT.
CALL METHOD
OBJ->TRIGGER.
Events allow for the loose coupling of components (classes or objects) in a system. The
event trigger does not normally know at the time of coding who is going to react to the
event. Those components, which want to react to the event, register at the event runtime,
in that they tell the runtime environment which method is to be executed when the event is
raised. In this way many components can register for an event.
Event handler methods can proceed synchronously as well as asynchronously. At present,

ABAP Objects only supports synchronous calling of the event handler method.
Events in
class.
When an event occurs – for example the event ‘mouse click occurred’ in the user
interfaces or new account created in a business application , it needs to be made known to
the interested event handlers. Event and event handling can be compared to
procedure(method) calls : raising and
event corresponds to calling procedure and handling an event corresponds to the called
procedure (the callee) , The main difference b/w procedure calls and event concept is that
a procedure caller(object) and callee(method) are tightly coupled but with events they are
decoupled .
While procedural ABAP programs can handle events from the runtime environment ,
ABAP objects provides a complete event concept that allows classes and objects to both
raise and handle events.
The Procedural approach to Events. With in

procedural ABAP development , we can not execute program without handling events
because ABAP is event-driven procedural programming language.
In order to executed by SUBMIT , a program must contain START-OF-SELECTION event ,

which is triggered by the runtime environment. The screen flow logic must contain
handlers for both PBO and PAI events triggerd by the runtime environment during the
screen processing . Further you can handle AT SELECTION-SCREEN events from the
selection screens and AT LINE-SELECTION and AT USER-COMMAND events from the
ABAP Lists.
One of the main problem with procedural ABAP events is their implicitness. With only two
exceptions (PUT which trigger the GET event from logical database programs and SET
USER- COMMAND which triggers the AT USER-COMMAND event) procedural ABAP
events can not be triggered from an ABAP program .
you have to know program particular process (the reporting process, the dialog
process , the selection screen process , the list process , e.t.c) in the ABAP runtime
environment in order to understand your program flow so that you can implement each
handler in an appropriate way.
Further more there is one to one relationship b/w handler and the event you can not
implement different handler for one event and you can not deactivate a handler once it is
implemented.
Means you can not define and trigger its own event meaning that procedural ABAP
supports only strong coupling b/w callers(object) and procedure(method). Which means
that moment you call a procedure , it must exist or(otherwise) a runtime error
occurs.
Object Oriented Approach to
Events.

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Technical Consultant (Vikalp

Classes in ABAP Objects can be declared either locally

Local Classes : Every class will have two

Definition : This section used to declare the components of classes such as

CLASS <class name>

Implementation : This section of a class contains implementation of all methods of the

REPORT ZS_CLASS. *Declaring class

ENDCLASS. * *class inherating a

super class. CLASS SECOND DEFINITION

OBJECT AND EXECUTING ITS METHOD.

*creating object of the

compared to function modules . they can access all of the attributes of a

Method are call using the CALL METHOD

Here is the sample

*CLASS CONSTRUCTOR NOT HAVE ANY IMPORT

ENDCLASS. "COMP_EMP DEFINITION

*HERE THIS IS CLASS CONSTRUCTOR , WHICH WILL CALL AT FIRST WHEN U

*IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD

ENDCLASS. "COMP_EMP IMPLEMENTATIO *always create method with in

Attributes of Object Oriented

Inheritance is of two types: Single Inheritance and Multiple

Allow me to use a concrete example to explain inheritance: Collection. Expressed in the

• that no double entries are present (Sets)

You may be thinking: "So I

Syntax : CLASS <subclass> DEFINITION INHERITING FROM

* DEFINING OTHER CLASS WHICH INHERIT PROPERTY

*EVENT WHERE DATA EXECUTION

* CREATE REF OF SECOND

Subclass can access public/protected components( methods, attributes etc)

Subclass can re-implement inherited methods from

ENDCLASS. "C1 IMPLEMENTATION END * CLASS C2

Inheritance is the concept of passing the behavior of a class to

• You can use an existing class to derive a new

• Derived class inherits the data and methods of a super

----* CLASS FIRST DEFINITION.

CLASS FIRST IMPLEMENTATION. *

SAME CLASS USING THE ME K/W.

*SECOND CLASS DEFINITION WHICH INHERIT THE PROPERTY

CLASS SECOND DEFINITION INHERITING

----* CLASS SECOND IMPLEMENTATION.

BECAUSE CLASS SECOND INHERIT THE PROPERTY OF CLASS FIRST.

ENDMETHOD. "SHOWME *IMPLEMENTING

*EVENT WHERE EXECUTION

OBJECT OF CLASS FIRST.

USING THE ME K/W FOR ACCESSING THE INSTANCE VALUE

ENDCLASS. "FIRST1 DEFINITION

DATA TAB_OBJ TYPE TABLE OF REF TO FIRST1. *creating loops 5

* looping at table and calling the

Abstraction: Everything is visualized in terms of classes

With in abstract class there are two types of

1. Concrete method : which can be implemented with in the implementation of class

* CLASS abs_class DEFINITION class abs_class definition abstract. * with in abstract

endclass. "abs_class IMPLEMENTATION

abstract method can not be implemented in

report zs_class_final_class. * CLASS fin_class

endclass. "fin_class DEFINITION *

so you must remember that final class never be

Final method can not be redefined in subclass. Final method never be

class second definition inheriting from

Polymorphism: Methods of same name behave differently in different classes. Identical

❖ Constructor is automatically called when an object

There are two types of