SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

DESIGN INFORMATION
Dimensions
Internal width Wi = 2.500 m Tw =
Internal Height Hi = 2.500 m
Length L = 1.000 m Ts = 350
Thickness of top slab Ts = 0.350 m
Wall thickness Tw = 0.350 m
Base slab thickness Tb = 0.350 m
Height of Dry weather flow Hdwf = 0.000 m

3200

2500
Width of Dry weather flow Wdwf = 0.000 m
Total external width We = 3.200 m

He =

Hi =
Total external height He = 3.200 m
Haunch chamfer internal Ci = 300.0 mm Hdwf = 0
Chamfer external Ce = 300.0 mm Tb = 350

Soil Data Tw =
Depth of fill Df = 5.000 m
Density of concrete gc = 25.00 kN/m³
Density of soil gs = 19.00 kN/m³
Depth of Water Table from existing ground DWTable = 0.000 m below existing ground
Earth pressure coefficients K1 = 0.500 Max.
K2 = 0.330

2850
K3 = 0.200 Min.
Partial Load Factors

h=
SLS ULS
Load Type
gf3 gfL gf3*gfL gf3 gfL gf3*gfL
1) Culvert Self-weight 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.265
2) Superimposed Dead Load
2a) Min. Fill load = gH 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
2b) Max. Fill load = βgH 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.320
3) Lateral Soil Pressure
3a) Min 0.2 gH 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000
3b) Max 0.6 gH and 0.33 gH 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.10 1.50 1.650
4) Live Load surcharge 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.10 1.50 1.650
5) Vertical Live Load 1.0 1.1 1.10 1.10 1.30 1.430
6) HB Traction Force 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.210
7) Buoyancy/hydrostatic 1.0 1.1 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.210
8) For Relieving effects 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000

Live Load - HB 45 Units Loading Live Load - HB 45 Units Loading

Due to HB 45 Units Point Load for fill > 0.6m P = 112.50 kN { HB 45 Units = 112.5kN , HB 30 = 75kN, HB
Due to HB 45 Units Vertical Live Load pressure LL = 20.00 kN/m² { LL = P × 8/(Df + 2.12)/(Df + 3.32) but min.
Due to HB 45 Units Live Load surcharge Udl = 20.00 kN/m²
Do you want to consider Traction Force in the design ? = Yes (Yes/No)
Traction Force due to HB 45 Units Fh = 0.00 kN/m {Fh = 25% of total HB or HA×(W
Distribution Width for Traction Force ET = 3.32 m { See BD31/01 Clause 3.2.7(f)(g) }

Loading Criteria
Superimposed Dead Load Factor β = 1.15
Self weight of top slab Sw1 = 8.75 kN/m²
Self weight of walls Sw2 = 13.67 kN/m²
Self weight of Soil, consider neg. arching effect Sw3 = 109.25 kN/m²
Ultimate Design point load on top slab Pult = 0.00 kN
Ultimate Design pressure on topslab, Self-wt qt1 = 8.75 kN/m²
{ β = 1.15+0.50(Df - 8)/3 OR β = 1.5+0.35(D
{Sw1 = Ts×gc }
{Sw2 = 2×Tw×Hi×gc /(Wi + 2×Tw
{Sw3 = Df × gs × β } ==> Arching effect increase by
{Pult = P applicable only for fill ≤ 0.6m }
{qt1 = Sw1}

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 1 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Earth fill qt2 = 109.25 kN/m² {qt2 = Sw3 }

Live Load qt3 = 20.00 kN/m² {qt3 = LL for fill > 0.6m }
Lateral pressure due to surcharge qo = 10.00 kN/m² {qo = K×Udl} ==> when K = 0.50
= 6.60 kN/m² when K = 0.33
Ultimate Design pressure at base, Self-wt qb1 = 22.42 kN/m² {qb1 = (Sw1 + Sw2) }
Earth fill qb2 = 109.25 kN/m² {qb2 = Sw3 }
Live Load qb3 = 20.00 kN/m² {qb3 = LL for fill > 0.6m }
Earth pressure at top of wall qs1 = 49.16 kN/m² {qs1 = K×gs×(Df + Ts/2)} ==>
= 32.45 kN/m² when K = 0.33
= 19.67 kN/m² when K = 0.20
Earth pressure at base of wall qs2 = 76.24 kN/m² {qs2 = K×gs×(Df +Ts + Hi + Tb/2+ Hdwf }
= 50.32 kN/m² when K = 0.33
= 30.50 kN/m² when K = 0.20

DESIGN CONSIDERATION USING BS 5400

Concrete Grade fcu = 35.00 N/mm²
Reinforcement Grade fy = 460.00 N/mm²
Concrete cover c = 35.00 mm

ANALYSIS OF BOX-CULVERT BASED ON RIGID FRAME FORMULAS BY PROF. DR. ING. A. KLEINTOGEL
Analysis Coefficients
Width to center of wall l = 2.8500 m {l = Wi + Tw }
Height to center of bottom slab h = 2.8500 m {h = Ts/2 + Hi + Tb/2 + Hdwf }
k1 = J3 /J1 J1 = Tb3/12, J2 = Tw3/12 k1 = 1.0000
k2 = J3 /J2 * ( h/l ) and J3 = Ts3/12 k2 = 1.0000
K1 = 2k2 + 3 K1 = 5.0000
K2 = 3k1 + 2k2 K2 = 5.0000
R1 = 3k2 + 1 R1 = 4.0000
R2 = k1 + 3k2 R2 = 4.0000
F1 = K1*K2 - k2 2
F1 = 24.0000
F2 = 1 + k1 + 6k2 F2 = 8.0000
Load Case 1 - Self-Weight of Structure - Uniform Pressure at ULS Acting Downwards and Upwards on the Slab
Case 1a Case 1b
Downwards pressure @ top Upwards pressure @ base slab
Ultimate Uniform Pressure w = 8.75 kN/m² 22.42 kN/m²
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = 0.74 kNm -9.49 kNm {Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) }
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -3.70 kNm 1.90 kNm {Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1)
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -3.70 kNm 1.90 kNm {Mc = Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 0.74 kNm -9.49 kNm {Md = Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 5.18 kNm 1.90 kNm {Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } an
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 0.74 kNm 13.28 kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } a
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -1.48 kNm -3.79 kNm {Mf = (Mc + M
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = -1.48 kNm -3.79 kNm {Mg = Mf }
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 12.47 kN 0.00 kN {Vb = wl/h } and {V
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -12.47 kN 0.00 kN {Vc = -Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN -31.95 kN {Va = 0.00 } and { V
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN 31.95 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 1.56 kN -3.99 kN {Hc = (Ma - M
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -1.56 kN 3.99 kN {Hb = -Ha }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 1.56 kN -3.99 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = -1.56 kN 3.99 kN {Ha = Hb }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 2 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Load Case 2 - SIDL(Earth Fill) - Uniform Pressure at ULS Acting Downwards and Upwards on the Slab
Case 2a Case 2b
Downwards pressure @ top Upwards pressure @ base slab
Ultimate Uniform Pressure w = 109.25 kN/m² 109.25 kN/m²
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = 9.24 kNm -46.22 kNm {Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) }
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -46.22 kNm 9.24 kNm {Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1)
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -46.22 kNm 9.24 kNm {Mc = Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 9.24 kNm -46.22 kNm {Md = Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 64.71 kNm 9.24 kNm {Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } an
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 9.24 kNm 64.71 kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } a
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -18.49 kNm -18.49 kNm {Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 } a
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = -18.49 kNm -18.49 kNm {Mg = Mf }
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 155.68 kN 0.00 kN {Vb = wl/h } and {Vb
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -155.68 kN 0.00 kN {Vc = -Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN -155.68 kN {Va = 0.00 } and { V
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN 155.68 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 19.46 kN -19.46 kN {Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -19.46 kN 19.46 kN {Hb = -Ha }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 19.46 kN -19.46 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = -19.46 kN 19.46 kN {Ha = Hb }

Load Case 3 - Live Load Uniform Pressure at ULS Acting Downwards and Upwards on the Slab
Case 3a Case 3b
Downwards pressure @ top Upwards pressure @ base slab
Ultimate Uniform Pressure w = 20.00 kN/m² 20.00 kN/m²
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = 1.69 kNm -8.46 kNm {Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) }
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -8.46 kNm 1.69 kNm {Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1)
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -8.46 kNm 1.69 kNm {Mc = Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 1.69 kNm -8.46 kNm {Md = Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 11.85 kNm 1.69 kNm {Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } an
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 1.69 kNm 11.85 kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } a
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -3.38 kNm -3.38 kNm {Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 } a
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = -3.38 kNm -3.38 kNm {Mg = Mf }
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 28.50 kN 0.00 kN {Vb = wl/h } and {Vb
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -28.50 kN 0.00 kN {Vc = -Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN -28.50 kN {Va = 0.00 } and { V
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN 28.50 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 3.56 kN -3.56 kN {Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -3.56 kN 3.56 kN {Hb = -Ha }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 3.56 kN -3.56 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = -3.56 kN 3.56 kN {Ha = Hb }

Load Case 4 - HB Wheel Load(Point Load) at ULS acting on Top Slab for Fill ≤ 0.6m Only (Use 2 HB wheel loads
Case 4a(1 P @ center) Case 4b(For 2 Point Loads)
HB wheel load at topslab P = 0.00 kN/m² 0.00 kN/m² One OR Two equal poin
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Ma = 3Pl/8*(k
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Ma = -3Pl/8*(K
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Mc = Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Md = Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Mn = Pl/4 + M
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Me = (Ma
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Mf = (Mc + M
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 0.00 kNm 0.00 kNm {Mg = Mf }
Max. shear at support of top slab, V b @ LHS Vb = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vb = P or 2P/2++ a
Max. shear at support of top slab, V c @ RHS Vc = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vc = -Vb }
T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 3 of 7
 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Va = 0.00 }

Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Hc = (Ma - M
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Hb = -Ha }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Ha = Hb }

Load Case 5 - Uniform Horizontal Soil Pressure With K = 0.50 On Bothsides and K = 0.33 On the Left Hand Side
Case 5a Case 5b Case 5c
Earth Pressure coefficient K = 0.50 @ LHS OR 0.50 @ RHS OR 0.33
Earth pressure qh = 49.16 kN/m² 49.16 kN/m² 32.45
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -70.71 kNm 54.07 kNm -46.67
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 29.12 kNm -45.76 kNm 19.22
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -45.76 kNm 29.12 kNm -30.20
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 54.07 kNm -70.71 kNm 35.69
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -8.32 kNm -8.32 kNm -5.49
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -8.32 kNm -8.32 kNm -5.49
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 4.16 kNm 29.12 kNm 2.75
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 29.12 kNm 4.16 kNm 19.22
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = -26.27 kN 26.27 kN -17.34
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -26.27 kN 26.27 kN -17.34
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -43.79 kN 43.79 kN -28.90
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = -43.79 kN 43.79 kN -28.90
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 35.03 kN 35.03 kN 23.12
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -35.03 kN -35.03 kN -23.12
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 35.03 kN -105.08 kN 23.12
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 105.08 kN -35.03 kN 69.36

Load Case 6 - Uniform Horizontal Soil Pressure With K = 0.20 @ LHS and K = 0.20 @ RHS
Case 6a Case 6b
Earth Pressure coefficient K = 0.20 @ LHS OR 0.20 @ RHS The formulae below are
Earth pressure qh = 19.67 kN/m² 19.67 kN/m² {At top of wall, q
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -28.29 kNm 21.63 kNm {Ma = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 11.65 kNm -18.30 kNm {Mb = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -18.30 kNm 11.65 kNm {Mc = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 21.63 kNm -28.29 kNm {Md = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -3.33 kNm -3.33 kNm {Mn = (Mb
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -3.33 kNm -3.33 kNm {Me = (Ma
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 1.66 kNm 11.65 kNm {Mf = (Mc + M
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 11.65 kNm 1.66 kNm {Mg = qh h2/8 + (Ma +
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = -10.51 kN 10.51 kN {Vb = -(Mb
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -10.51 kN 10.51 kN {Vc = Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -17.51 kN 17.51 kN {Va = (Ma - M
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = -17.51 kN 17.51 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 14.01 kN 14.01 kN {Hc = (Md - M
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -14.01 kN -14.01 kN {Hb = -Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 14.01 kN -42.03 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 42.03 kN -14.01 kN {Ha = qh h - (M

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 4 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Load Case 7 - Uniform Horizontal Live Load Surcharge With K = 0.50 On Bothsides and K = 0.33 On the Left Ha
Case 7a Case 7b Case 7c
Earth Pressure coefficient K = 0.50 @ LHS 0.50 @ RHS 0.33
Live Load surcharge qh = 10.00 kN/m² 10.00 kN/m² 6.60
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -14.38 kNm 11.00 kNm -9.49
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 5.92 kNm -9.31 kNm 3.91
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -9.31 kNm 5.92 kNm -6.14
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 11.00 kNm -14.38 kNm 7.26
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -1.69 kNm -1.69 kNm -1.12
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -1.69 kNm -1.69 kNm -1.12
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 0.85 kNm 5.92 kNm 0.56
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 5.92 kNm 0.85 kNm 3.91
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = -5.34 kN 5.34 kN -3.53
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -5.34 kN 5.34 kN -3.53
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -8.91 kN 8.91 kN -5.88
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = -8.91 kN 8.91 kN -5.88
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 7.13 kN 7.13 kN 4.70
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -7.13 kN -7.13 kN -4.70
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 7.13 kN -21.38 kN 4.70
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 21.38 kN -7.13 kN 14.11

Load Case 8 - Varying Horizontal Soil Pressure With K = 0.50 On Bothsides and K = 0.33 On the Left Hand Side
Case 8a Case 8b Case 8c
Pressure coefficient at rest Ko = 0.50 @ LHS 0.50 @ RHS 0.33
Earth pressure at top of wall q1 = 0.00 kN/m² 0.00 kN/m² 0.00
Earth pressure at base of wall q2 = 27.08 kN/m² 27.08 kN/m² 17.87
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -15.12 kNm 10.08 kNm -9.98
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 3.67 kNm -7.79 kNm 2.42
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -7.79 kNm 3.67 kNm -5.14
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 10.08 kNm -15.12 kNm 6.65
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -2.06 kNm -2.06 kNm -1.36
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -2.52 kNm -2.52 kNm -1.66
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 1.15 kNm 8.02 kNm 0.76
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 8.02 kNm 1.15 kNm 5.29
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = -4.02 kN 4.02 kN -2.65
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -4.02 kN 4.02 kN -2.65
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -8.84 kN 8.84 kN -5.84
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = -8.84 kN 8.84 kN -5.84
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 6.27 kN 6.27 kN 4.14
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -6.27 kN -6.27 kN -4.14
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 6.27 kN -32.31 kN 4.14
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 32.31 kN -6.27 kN 21.33

Load Case 9 - Varying Horizontal Soil Pressure With K = 0.20 On Bothsides and K = 0.33 On the Right Hand Sid
Case 9a Case 9b Case 9c
Pressure coefficient at rest Ko = 0.20 @ LHS 0.20 @ RHS 0.33
Earth pressure at top of wall q1 = 0.00 kN/m² 0.00 kN/m² 0.00
Earth pressure at base of wall q2 = 10.83 kN/m² 10.83 kN/m² 17.87
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -6.05 kNm 4.03 kNm 6.65
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 1.47 kNm -3.12 kNm -5.14
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -3.12 kNm 1.47 kNm 2.42
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 4.03 kNm -6.05 kNm -9.98
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -0.82 kNm -0.82 kNm -1.36
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -1.01 kNm -1.01 kNm -1.66

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 5 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 0.46 kNm 3.21 kNm 5.29

Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 3.21 kNm 0.46 kNm 0.76
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = -1.61 kN 1.61 kN 2.65
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -1.61 kN 1.61 kN 2.65
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -3.54 kN 3.54 kN 5.84
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = -3.54 kN 3.54 kN 5.84
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 2.51 kN 2.51 kN 4.14
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -2.51 kN -2.51 kN -4.14
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 2.51 kN -12.92 kN -21.33
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 12.92 kN -2.51 kN -4.14

Load Case 10 - Horizontal Traction Force Acting at Point B ie. @ LHS

Horizontal force Fh = 0.00 kN/m

Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = 0.00 kNm {Ma = -Fh h R1 /2/F2 }
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = 0.00 kNm {Mb = Fh h R2 /2/F2 }
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = 0.00 kNm {Mc = -Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = 0.00 kNm {Md = -Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 0.00 kNm {Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 0.00 kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 0.00 kNm {Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 }
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 0.00 kNm {Mg = (Ma + Mb)/2 }
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 0.00 kN {Vb = (Mc - Mb)/l }
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = 0.00 kN {Vc = Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN {Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 0.00 kN {Hc = Fh / 2 }
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = 0.00 kN {Hb = Fh / 2 }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = 0.00 kN {Hd = Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 0.00 kN {Ha = Hb }

Load Case 11 - For External Hydrostatic Pressure Acting @ Both Sides of Wall a= 2.85
Case 11a Case 11b α = a/h and β =b/h
K = 0.50 0.20 ψ = qa²(8+9β+3β²)/60
External Hydrostatic Pressure, at top p = 25.88 kN/m² 41.40 kN/m² {if Z>h, p
External Hydrostatic Pressure, at base slab q = 40.13 kN/m² 64.20 kN/m² {q = 10 *( h + T
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -11.41 kNm -18.26 kNm {Ma = -k2 (ψK
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -10.93 kNm -17.48 kNm {Mb = -k2 (ξK
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -10.93 kNm -17.48 kNm {Mc = Mb }
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -11.41 kNm -18.26 kNm {Md = Ma }
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = -10.93 kNm -17.48 kNm {Mn = Mb }
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = -11.41 kNm -18.26 kNm {Me = Ma }
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 22.34 kNm 35.74 kNm {Mf = q*a²/12+(Ma+Mb)
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 22.34 kNm 35.74 kNm {Mg = Mf }
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vb = 0 }
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vc = Vb }
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Va = 0 }
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 0.00 kN 0.00 kN {Vd = Va }
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 43.47 kN 69.55 kN {Hc = qa²/6h + (M
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -43.47 kN -69.55 kN {Hb = -Hc }
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -50.58 kN -80.93 kN {Hd = -Ha }
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 50.58 kN 80.93 kN {Ha = qa(2h+b)/6h +

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 6 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

LOAD COMBINATIONS :-
A) Case (1a+1b)*g f3*g fL1 + Case (2a+2b)*g f3*g fL2 + Case (3a+3b+4)*g f3*g fL5 + Case (5a+5b+8a+8b) *g f3*g fL3 + Case (7a+7b) *
ULS SLS MSLS_Live
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -124.71 kNm -90.78 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -113.83 kNm -82.39 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -113.83 kNm -82.39 kNm
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -124.71 kNm -90.78 kNm
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 72.86 kNm 59.75 kNm
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 79.55 kNm 65.25 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 43.06 kNm 24.08 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 43.06 kNm 24.08 kNm
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 262.03 kN 199.50 kN
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -262.03 kN -199.50 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -286.67 kN -218.98 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 286.67 kN 218.98 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 209.32 kN 142.23 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -209.32 kN -142.23 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -246.36 kN -168.42 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 246.36 kN 168.42 kN

B) Case (1a+1b)*g f3*g fL8 + Case (2a+2b)*g f3*g fL8/β + Case (5a+5b+8a+8b) *g f3*g fL3 + Case (7a+7b) *g f3*g fL4 + Case 11a*g
ULS SLS MSLS_Live
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -96.06 kNm -78.51 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -87.02 kNm -70.12 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -87.02 kNm -70.12 kNm
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -96.06 kNm -78.51 kNm
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 18.32 kNm 35.22 kNm
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 23.16 kNm 40.71 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = 70.80 kNm 36.35 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 70.80 kNm 36.35 kNm
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 147.84 kN 147.84 kN
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -147.84 kN -147.84 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -167.33 kN -167.33 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 167.33 kN 167.33 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 209.96 kN 142.23 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -209.96 kN -142.23 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -245.71 kN -168.42 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 245.71 kN 168.42 kN

C) Case (1a+1b)*g f3*g fL1 + Case (2a+2b)*g f3*g fL2 + Case (3a+3b+4)*g f3*g fL5 + Case (6a+6b+9a+9b)*g f3*g fL8 + Case 11b*g f3
ULS SLS MSLS_Live
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -96.47 kNm -80.09 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -86.56 kNm -72.01 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -86.56 kNm -72.01 kNm
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -96.47 kNm -80.09 kNm
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 100.14 kNm 70.13 kNm
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 107.78 kNm 75.93 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -12.44 kNm 3.02 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = -12.44 kNm 3.02 kNm
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 262.03 kN 199.50 kN
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -262.03 kN -199.50 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -286.67 kN -218.98 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 286.67 kN 218.98 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 99.51 kN 100.16 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -99.51 kN -100.16 kN
T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 7 of 7
 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -122.45 kN -121.80 kN

Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 122.45 kN 121.80 kN

D) Case (1a+1b)*g f3*g fL1 + Case (2a+2b)*g f3*g fL2 + Case (3a+3b+4)*g f3*g fL5 + Case (5b+8b)*g f3*g fL8 + Case (5c+8c)*g f3*g fL3
ULS SLS MSLS_Live
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -114.53 kNm -55.15 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -72.16 kNm -74.22 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -96.43 kNm -54.92 kNm
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -73.54 kNm -89.40 kNm
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 102.40 kNm 77.57 kNm
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 110.22 kNm 83.75 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -21.32 kNm -8.50 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = -12.96 kNm -15.97 kNm
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 253.51 kN 206.27 kN
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -270.54 kN -192.73 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -301.06 kN -206.97 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 272.29 kN 231.00 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 90.95 kN 70.82 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -90.95 kN -70.82 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -87.75 kN -107.87 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 134.69 kN 65.93 kN

E) Case (1a+1b)*g f3*g fL8+Case (2a+2b)*g f3*g fL8/β +Case (3a+3b+4)*g f3*g fL8+Case (5b+8b)*g f3*g fL8+Case (5c+8c)*g f3*g fL3+Case 7c*
ULS SLS MSLS_Live
Moment at Joint, Ma Ma = -92.65 kNm -49.65 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mb Mb = -52.12 kNm -68.72 kNm
Moment at Joint, Mc Mc = -76.39 kNm -49.42 kNm
Moment at Joint, Md Md = -51.66 kNm -83.90 kNm
Midspan Moment at top slab, Mn Mn = 61.39 kNm 66.57 kNm
Midspan Moment at base slab, Me Me = 67.38 kNm 72.75 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mf Mf = -0.36 kNm -3.00 kNm
Midspan Moment at wall, Mg Mg = 8.00 kNm -10.47 kNm
Shear at support of top slab, Vb @ LHS Vb = 167.83 kN 183.12 kN
Shear at support of top slab, Vc @ RHS Vc = -184.86 kN -169.57 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Va @ LHS Va = -210.21 kN -183.81 kN
Shear at support of base slab, Vd @ RHS Vd = 181.44 kN 207.84 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hc @ RHS Hc = 91.60 kN 70.82 kN
Shear at top of wall, Hb @ LHS Hb = -91.60 kN -70.82 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Hd @ RHS Hd = -87.10 kN -107.87 kN
Shear at bottom of wall, Ha @ LHS Ha = 134.04 kN 65.93 kN

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 8 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

DESIGN OF WALL

Wall : Section at base slab/wall junction (per m strip) ie. Bottom corner

Service Moment at base/corner of wall Ms = 90.78 kNm/m {MSLS_Dead = -79.95 & MSLS_Live =
Ultimate Moment at base/corner of wall Mu = 124.71 kNm/m
Effective depth d = 291.00 mm {d = Tw - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd² ) K = 0.0421 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 274.79 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 1134 mm² {Min. Steel = 700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Reinforcement bars provided :-
Provide 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 1st layer
+ 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 2nd layer
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 2413 mm² > Required. So OK !
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.83 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

Check Crack Width

Depth to Neutral Axis x = 106.57 mm
Average strain for crackwidth calculation em = 0.000
Point on surface of conc. to nearest face of bar acr = 85.77 mm
Calculated crackwidth Crack_design = 0.059 mm < 0.25 mm ==> OK

Check Bottom Shear (per m strip) Of Wall at "d" From Face Of Base Slab
Ultimate shear force at base support Vu = 246.36 kN/m
Ultimate shear stress at base support vu = 0.802 N/mm² {vu = Vu / Ld }
Ult. shear at "d" away from face of support Vd = 156.89 kN/m {Assume d = 307.0 mm }
Ultimate shear stress at "d" away vd = 0.511 N/mm² {vd = Vd / Ld }
Allowable Maximum ULT shear stress 0.75 fcu1/2 = 4.437 N/mm² {but < 4.75 N/mm2 }
Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc = 0.664 N/mm² {vc = 0.27*(100As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3
Depth factor xs = 1.130 {xs = (500/d)1/4) but > 0.7 }
Allowable ULT shear stress vcxs = 0.750 N/mm²
Shear Stress Checks : vu < 0.75 fcu1/2 or 4.75 ==> O.K.!
vd < vcxs ==> So Shear Capacity OK !
Design for shear link reinforcement(if required) :-
Reinforcement Grade for shear link fyv = 460 N/mm²
Diameter of link used f = - mm
Nos. of leg used N = - legs of links per meter
Shear stress taken by shear link vd - vcxs = -0.239 N/mm² ==> if -ve, no shear reinforcement requ
Shear resistance Asv/sv = 0.000 ==> Asv/sv = Maximum of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0
Spacing of link required Sv req. = 0.00 mm c/c
Spacing of link provided Sv prov. = - mm c/c ==> Shear Link Not Required !

Wall : Section at top slab/wall junction (per m strip) ie. Top corner

Service Moment at top/corner of wall Ms = 82.39 kNm/m {MSLS_Dead = -71.56 & MSLS_Live =
Ultimate Moment at top/corner of wall Mu = 113.83 kNm/m
Effective depth d = 307.00 mm {d = Tw - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd² ) K = 0.0345 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 291.65 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 975 mm² {Min. Steel = 700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Reinforcement bars provided :-
Provide 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 1st layer
Ø
T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 9 of 7
 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Ø
+ -T Ø- @ Spacing = - mm c/c 2nd layer
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 1206 mm² > Required. So OK !
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.39 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

Check Crack Width

Depth to Neutral Axis x = 82.67 mm
Average strain for crackwidth calculation em = 0.001
Point on surface of conc. to nearest face of bar acr = 85.77 mm
Calculated crackwidth Crack_design = 0.129 mm < 0.25 mm ==> OK

Check Top Shear (per m strip) Of Wall at "d" From Top Wall
Ultimate shear force at top wall Vu = 209.96 kN/m
Ultimate shear stress at top support vu = 0.679 N/mm² {vu = Vu / Ld }
Ult. shear at "d" away from face of support Vd = 145.02 kN/m {Assume d = 309.0 mm }
Ultimate shear stress at "d" away vd = 0.469 N/mm² {vd = Vd / Ld }
Allowable Maximum ULT shear stress 0.75 fcu1/2 = 4.437 N/mm² {but < 4.75 N/mm2 }
Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc = 0.518 N/mm² {vc = 0.27*(100As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3
Depth factor xs = 1.128 {xs = (500/d)1/4) but > 0.7 }
Allowable ULT shear stress vcxs = 0.584 N/mm²
Shear Stress Checks : vu < 0.75 f cu
1/2
or 4.75 ==> O.K.!
vd < vcxs ==> So Shear Capacity OK !
Design for shear link reinforcement(if required) :-
Reinforcement Grade for shear link fyv = 460 N/mm²
Diameter of link used f = - mm
Nos. of leg used N = - legs of links per meter
Shear stress taken by shear link vd - vcxs = -0.114 N/mm² ==> if -ve, no shear reinforcement requ
Shear resistance Asv/sv = 0.000 ==> Asv/sv = Maximum of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0
Spacing of link required Sv req. = 0.00 mm c/c
Spacing of link provided Sv prov. = - mm c/c ==> Shear Link Not Required !

Wall : Internal Wall @ Mid-Span

Moment at midspan of wall (+ve moment) Mf = 70.80 kNm/m

Maximum moment at wall (inner face) Mu = 70.80 kNm/m
Effective depth d = 309.00 mm {d = Tw - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd2 ) K = 0.0212 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 293.55 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 875 mm²
Diameter of reinforcement bars used dia. = 12 mm
Nos. of bar required N req. = 8 nos
Nos. of bar provided N prov. = 8 nos > Required. So OK !
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 905 mm² {Min. Steel = 700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Spacing of bar provided s = 125 mm c/c
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.29 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 10 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

DESIGN OF TOP SLAB

Max. SLS Moment at of top slab(midspan) Ms = 77.57 kNm {MSLS_Dead = 62.68 & MSLS_Live =
Max. ULS Sagging Moment of top slab Mmax = 102.40 kNm
Effective depth of top slab d = 291.00 mm {d = Ts - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd² ) K = 0.0345 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 276.5 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 926 mm² {Min. Steel = 525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Reinforcement bars provided :-
Provide 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 1st layer
+ 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 2nd layer
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 2413 mm² > Required. So OK !
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.83 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

Check Crack Width

Depth to Neutral Axis x = 101.36 mm
Average strain for crackwidth calculation em = 0.000
Point on surface of conc. to nearest face of bar acr = 91.85 mm
Calculated crackwidth Crack_design = 0.052 mm < 0.25 mm ==> OK

Shear Check
Ultimate shear force at support Vu = 270.54 kN/m
Ultimate shear stress at support vu = 0.930 N/mm² {vu = Vu / Ld }
Ultimate shear at "d" from face of support Vd = 184.85 kN/m
Ultimate shear stress at "d" away vd = 0.635 N/mm² {vd = Vd /Ld }
Allowable Maximum ULT shear stress 0.75 fcu1/2 = 4.437 N/mm² {but < 4.75 N/mm2 }
Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc = 0.664 N/mm² {vc = 0.27*(100As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3
Depth factor xs = 1.145 {xs = (500/d)1/4) but > 0.7 }
Allowable ULT shear stress vcxs = 0.760 N/mm²
Shear Stress Checks : vu < 0.75 fcu1/2 or 4.75 ==> O.K.!
vd < vcxs ==> So Shear Capacity OK !
Design for shear link reinforcement(if required) :-
Reinforcement Grade for shear link fyv = 460 N/mm²
Diameter of link used f = 12 mm ==> Enter ' 0 ' or ' - '
Nos. of leg used N = 4 legs of links per meter ==> Enter ' 0 ' or ' -
Shear stress taken by shear link vd - vcxs = -0.125 N/mm² ==> if -ve, no shear reinforcement requ
Shear resistance Asv/sv = 0.000 ==> Asv/sv = Maximum of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0
Spacing of link required Sv req. = 0.00 mm c/c
Spacing of link provided Sv prov. = 225 mm c/c ==> Shear Link Not Required !

DESIGN OF BASE SLAB

Base Slab : Side of haunch

Service moment at corner of base slab Ms = 90.78 kNm/m {MSLS_Dead = -79.95 & MSLS_Live =
Moment at support/corner of base slab Mu = 124.71 kNm/m
Depth of section D = 350.0 mm {D = Hdwf + Tb }
Effective depth d = 291.0 mm {d = D - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd² ) K = 0.0421 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 274.79 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 1134 mm² {Min. Steel = 525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Reinforcement bars provided :-
Provide 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 1st layer
+ 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 2nd layer
T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 11 of 7
 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Ø
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 2413 mm² > Required. So OK !
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.83 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

Base Slab : Midspan

Max. SLS moment at base slab(midspan) Ms = 83.75 kNm {MSLS_Dead = 68.86 & MSLS_Live =
Maximum Moment at mid-span (ULS) Me = 110.22 kNm
Maximum +ve moment at inner face Mu = 110.22 kNm
Minimum base thickness Tb = 350.00 mm mm
Effective depth d = 307.00 mm {d = Tb - c - dia./2 }
K = Mu/(fcubd² ) K = 0.0334 < 0.15, So OK !
Lever arm = (0.5 + 0.5(1 - 5K)1/2)×d z = 291.65 mm {but z < 0.95d }
Tension steel required = Mu/(0.87fy z) Ast,req. = 944 mm² {Min. Steel = 525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrin
Reinforcement bars provided :-
Provide 6T Ø 16 @ Spacing = 167 mm c/c 1st layer
+ -T Ø- @ Spacing = - mm c/c 2nd layer
Reinforcement provided/metre width Ast,prov. = 1206 mm² > Required. So OK !
Percentage of steel provided 100As/bd = 0.39 % Less than 4 % - O.K.!

Check Crack Width

Depth to Neutral Axis x = 81.28 mm
Average strain for crackwidth calculation em = 0.001
Point on surface of conc. to nearest face of bar acr = 85.77 mm
Calculated crackwidth Crack_design = 0.146 mm < 0.25 mm ==> OK

Check Shear (per m strip) Of Base Slab At "d" From Face Of Base Wall
Ultimate shear force at support Vu = 301.06 kN/m
Ultimate shear stress at support vu = 1.035 N/mm² {vu = Vu / Ld }
Ult. shear at "d" away from face of support Vd = 207.31 kN/m {Assume d = 291.0 mm }
Ultimate shear stress at "d" away vd = 0.712 N/mm² {vd = Vd / Ld }
Allowable Maximum ULT shear stress 0.75 fcu1/2 = 4.437 N/mm² {but < 4.75 N/mm2 }
Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc = 0.664 N/mm² {vc = 0.27*(100As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3
Depth factor xs = 1.145 {xs = (500/d)1/4) but > 0.7 }
Allowable ULT shear stress vcxs = 0.760 N/mm²
Shear Stress Checks : vu < 0.75 fcu1/2 or 4.75 ==> O.K.!
vd < vcxs ==> So Shear Capacity OK !
Design for shear link reinforcement(if required) :-
Reinforcement Grade for shear link fyv = 460 N/mm²
Diameter of link used f = - mm
Nos. of leg used N = - legs of links per meter
Shear stress taken by shear link vd - vcxs = -0.048 N/mm² ==> if -ve, no shear reinforcement requ
Shear resistance Asv/sv = 0.000 ==> Asv/sv = Maximum of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0
Spacing of link required Sv req. = 0.00 mm c/c
Spacing of link provided Sv prov. = - mm c/c ==> Shear Link Not Required !

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 12 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

MINIMUM STEEL/DISTRIBUTION STEEL

Wall Main Bars

Grade of reinforcement used fy = 460 N/mm² =
Minimum % area of steel As,min. = 700 mm² (0.2% bh) =
Minimum shrinkage steel (Cl.5.8.9) As,shr. = 875 mm² (As=Kr(Ac - 0.5Acor)
Required area of steel As,req. = 875 mm²/metre length =
Reinforcement provided = Ø 12 mm @ 125 mm c/c =
Area of steel provided As,prov. = 904.8 mm² So OK ! =
Nos. of bar provided N prov. = 8 nos/metre length =

Top Slab Main Bars

Grade of reinforcement used fy = 460 N/mm² =
Minimum % area of steel As,min. = 525 mm² (0.15% bh) =
Minimum shrinkage steel (Cl.5.8.9) As,shr. = 875 mm² (As=Kr(Ac - 0.5Acor)
Required area of steel As,req. = 875 mm²/metre length =
Reinforcement provided = Ø 16 mm @ 200 mm c/c =
Area of steel provided As,prov. = 1005.3 mm² So OK ! =
Nos. of bar provided N prov. = 5 nos/metre length =

Base Slab Main Bars

Grade of reinforcement used fy = 460 N/mm² =
Minimum % area of steel As,min. = 525 % bh =
Minimum shrinkage steel (Cl.5.8.9) As,shr. = 875 mm² (As=Kr(Ac - 0.5Acor)
Required area of steel As,req. = 875 mm²/metre length =
Reinforcement provided = Ø 16 mm @ 200 mm c/c =
Area of steel provided As,prov. = 1005.3 mm² So OK ! =
Nos. of bar provided N prov. = 5 nos/metre length =

For Maximum Height of Fill = 5000 mm

We = 3200

Tw = 350 Wi = 2500 350

T 16 - 200 mm c/c
T16 - 167 mm c/c T 16 - 333 mm c/c

Ts = 350

T16 - 167 + T16 - 167 mm c/c

T12 - 125 mm c/c

Hi = 2500

He = 3200

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 13 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M)

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN TO BS 5400: PART 4 : 1990 & BD 31/01 BASED ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm
PROJECT : Cameron Highland

Ci =
300
T16 - 200 mm c/c

300
T16 - 167 mm c/c
Hdwf = 0

Tb = 350

T16 - 167 + T16 - 167 mm c/c Ce = 300

T 16 - 333 mm c/c (Top & Bottom)

Box Culvert Dimension & Reinforcement Details

Note:- (Not To Scale)
1. All Dimensions are in mm Unless Otherwise Stated.
2. Maximum Height of Fill = 5000 mm
3. Concrete Grade = 35/20.
4. Nominal Concrete Cover to steel = 35 mm.
5. All Reinforcement Bars shall be complied with BS 4449 (1984).
6. Minimum Lap Length for Reinforcement shall be 50 Diameter of the Smaller Bars and shall be Staggered W

Legend : ALT : Alternate c/c : Center to Center

Nominal Box-Culvert Dimensions
Size Wi Hi We He Ts Wdwf Hdwf Tw Tb
mm x mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
2500 x 2500 2500 2500 3200 3200 350 0 0 350 350

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 14 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

Existing Ground Level

W e = 3200
Wi =2500 Tw = Df = 5000 mm
Tw = 350 350

DWTable

300x300

Wdwf= 0

300x300 Chamfer
Tw =350

qs1 = 49.2 qo = 10.0 kN/m²

qs2 = 76.2 qo = 10.0

Soil pressure Live Load Surcharge

= 112.5kN , HB 30 = 75kN, HB 25 = 62.5kN and HA KEL = 120kN/2.5m notional lane }

Df + 2.12)/(Df + 3.32) but min. 20 for HB & 10 kN/m² for HA }

total HB or HA×(We - Df)/(We - 0.6)/ET } - See BD31/01 Clause 3.2.7(d)(e)(f)

50(Df - 8)/3 OR β = 1.5+0.35(Df - 8)/3 for foundations on hard material only }

×Hi×gc /(Wi + 2×Tw) }

× β } ==> Arching effect increase by a factor of β as per Cl. 4.2 of BD 31/01
icable only for fill ≤ 0.6m }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 15 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

when K = 0.50

when K = 0.50

(Df +Ts + Hi + Tb/2+ Hdwf } ==> when K = 0.50

G. A. KLEINTOGEL

n
b c
n

h g g f f

e
a d
e
l
and Upwards on the Slab

{Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) } and {Ma = -wl2/4*(k2K1/F1) }

{Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1) } and {Mb = wl2/4*(k1K2/F1) }
{Mc = Mb }
{Md = Ma }
{Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } and {Mn = (Mb + Mc )/2 }
{Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } and {Me = wl2/8 + Ma }
{Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 } and {Mf = (Ma + Mb)/2 }
{Mg = Mf }
{Vb = wl/h } and {Vb = 0.00 }
{Vc = -Vb }
{Va = 0.00 } and { Va = -wl/h }
{Vd = Va }
{Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
{Hb = -Ha }
{Hd = Hc }
{Ha = Hb }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 16 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

ards on the Slab

{Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) } and {Ma = -wl2/4*(k2K1/F1) }

{Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1) } and {Mb = wl2/4*(k1K2/F1) }
{Mc = Mb }
{Md = Ma }
{Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } and {Mn = (Mb + Mc )/2 }
{Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } and {Me = wl2/8 + Ma }
{Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 } and {Mf = (Ma + Mb)/2 }
{Mg = Mf }
{Vb = wl/h } and {Vb = 0.00 }
{Vc = -Vb }
{Va = 0.00 } and { Va = -wl/h }
{Vd = Va }
{Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
{Hb = -Ha }
{Hd = Hc }
{Ha = Hb }

{Ma = wl2/4*(k2/F1) } and {Ma = -wl2/4*(k2K1/F1) }

{Mb = -wl2/4*(K2/F1) } and {Mb = wl2/4*(k1K2/F1) }
{Mc = Mb }
{Md = Ma }
{Mn = wl2/8 + Mb } and {Mn = (Mb + Mc )/2 }
{Me = (Ma + Md)/2 } and {Me = wl2/8 + Ma }
{Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 } and {Mf = (Ma + Mb)/2 }
{Mg = Mf }
{Vb = wl/h } and {Vb = 0.00 }
{Vc = -Vb }
{Va = 0.00 } and { Va = -wl/h }
{Vd = Va }
{Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
{Hb = -Ha }
{Hd = Hc }
{Ha = Hb }

nly (Use 2 HB wheel loads if internal width > 1.8m)

a = (l - 1.8)/2 = 0.525 mm
One OR Two equal point loads symmetrical about center of slab
{Ma = 3Pl/8*(k2/F1) or Ma = 3Pa(1-a/l)*(k2/F1) }
{Ma = -3Pl/8*(K2/F1) or Ma = -3Pa(1-a/l)*(K2/F1) }
{Mc = Mb }
{Md = Ma }
{Mn = Pl/4 + Mb or Mn = Pa + Mb }
{Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
{Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 }
{Mg = Mf }
{Vb = P or 2P/2++ approx. }
{Vc = -Vb }
T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 17 of 7
 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

{Va = 0.00 }
{Vd = Va }
{Hc = (Ma - Mb)/ h }
{Hb = -Ha }
{Hd = Hc }
{Ha = Hb }

.33 On the Left Hand Side

@ LHS The formulae below are for UDL lateral pressure @ LHS
kN/m² {At top of wall, qh = qs1}
kNm {Ma = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mb = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mc = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Md = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
kNm {Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 }
kNm {Mg = qh h2/8 + (Ma + Mb)/2 }
kN {Vb = -(Mb - Mc)/l }
kN {Vc = Vb }
kN {Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
kN {Vd = Va }
kN {Hc = (Md - Mc)/h }
kN {Hb = -Hc }
kN {Hd = Hc }
kN {Ha = qh h - (Md - Mc)/h }

The formulae below are for UDL lateral pressure @ RHS

{At top of wall, qh = qs1}
{Ma = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
{Mb = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
{Mc = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
{Md = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
{Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
{Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
{Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 }
{Mg = qh h2/8 + (Ma + Mb)/2 }
{Vb = -(Mb - Mc)/l }
{Vc = Vb }
{Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
{Vd = Va }
{Hc = (Md - Mc)/h }
{Hb = -Hc }
{Hd = Hc }
{Ha = qh h - (Md - Mc)/h }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 18 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

nd K = 0.33 On the Left Hand Side

@ LHS The formulae below are for UDL lateral pressure @ RHS
kN/m² {At top of wall, qh = qs1}
kNm {Ma = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mb = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mc = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K2 -k2)/(2F1)+qh h2/2*(R2 -k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Md = -k2*(qh h2/4)(K1 -k2)/(2F1) -qh h2/2*(R1+k2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
kNm {Mf = qh h2/8 + (Ma + Mb)/2 }
kNm {Mg = (Mc + Md)/2 }
kN {Vb = -(Mb - Mc)/l }
kN {Vc = Vb }
kN {Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
kN {Vd = Va }
kN {Hc = (Md - Mc)/h }
kN {Hb = -Hc }
kN {Hd = qh h - (Md - Mc)/h }
kN {Ha = Hb }

33 On the Left Hand Side

@ LHS
kN/m² The formulae below are for varying pressure @ LHS
kN/m² {q2 = qs2 - qs1}
kNm {Ma = -k2*(qs h2/15)(2K1-7k2/4)/(2F1)-qs h2/2*(R1/3+k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mb = -k2*(qs h2/15)(7K2/4-2k2)/(2F1)+qs h2/2*(R2/3-k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mc = -k2*(qs h2/15)(7K2/4-2k2)/(2F1)-qs h2/2*(R2/3-k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Md = -k2*(qs h2/15)(2K1-7k2/4)/(2F1)+qs h2/2*(R1/3+k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }
kNm {Mf = (Mc + Md)/2 }
kNm {Mg = 3qs h2/48 + (Ma + Mb)/2 }
kN {Vb = -(Mb - Mc)/l }
kN {Vc = Vb }
kN {Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
kN {Vd = Va }
kN {Hc = (Md - Mc)/h }
kN {Hb = -Hc }
kN {Hd = Hc }
kN {Ha = qs h/2 - (Md - Mc)/h }

33 On the Right Hand Side

@ RHS
kN/m² The formulae below are for varying pressure @ RHS
kN/m² {q2 = qs2 - qs1}
kNm {Ma = -k2*(qs h2/15)(2K1-7k2/4)/(2F1)+qs h2/2*(R1/3+k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mb = -k2*(qs h2/15)(7K2/4-2k2)/(2F1)-qs h2/2*(R2/3-k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mc = -k2*(qs h2/15)(7K2/4-2k2)/(2F1)+qs h2/2*(R2/3-k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Md = -k2*(qs h2/15)(2K1-7k2/4)/(2F1)-qs h2/2*(R1/3+k2/2)/(2F2) }
kNm {Mn = (Mb + Mc)/2 }
kNm {Me = (Ma + Md)/2 }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 19 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

kNm {Mf = 3qs h2/48 + (Ma + Mb)/2 }
kNm {Mg = (Mc + Md)/2 }
kN {Vb = -(Mb - Mc)/l }
kN {Vc = Vb }
kN {Va = (Ma - Md)/l }
kN {Vd = Va }
kN {Hc = (Ma - Mb)/h }
kN {Hb = -Hc }
kN {Hd = -qs h/2 + (Ma - Mb)/h }
kN {Ha = Hb }

b= 0
α = a/h and β =b/h
ψ = qa²(8+9β+3β²)/60 and ξ = qa²(10-3α²)/60
{if Z>h, p = 10(Z-h)(1-K) else p = 0 }
{q = 10 *( h + Ts/2 + Df - DWTable) * (1-K) }
{Ma = -k2 (ψK1 - ξk2 ) /F1 - ph²/4*k2 (K1 - k2 ) /F1 }
{Mb = -k2 (ξK2 - ψk2 ) /F1 - ph²/4*k2 (K2 - k2 ) /F1 }
{Mc = Mb }
{Md = Ma }
{Mn = Mb }
{Me = Ma }
{Mf = q*a²/12+(Ma+Mb)/2 if b>h/2 OR = q*a²/12-q(h/2-b)³/6a+(Ma+Mb)/2+ph²/8 if b<h/2}
{Mg = Mf }

{Vc = Vb }

{Vd = Va }
{Hc = qa²/6h + (Ma - Mb)/h + p*h/2 }
{Hb = -Hc }
{Hd = -Ha }
{Ha = qa(2h+b)/6h + (Mb - Ma)/h + p*h/2 }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 20 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

*g fL3 + Case (7a+7b) *g f3*g fL4 + Case 11a*g f3*g fL7

MSLS_Dead MSLS

3
*g fL4 + Case 11a*g f3*g fL7
MSLS_Dead MSLS

g fL8 + Case 11b*g f3*g fL8

MSLS_Dead MSLS

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 21 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

ase (5c+8c)*g f3*g fL3 + Case 7c*g f3*g fL4 + Case 10*g f3*g fL6
MSLS_Dead MSLS

e (5c+8c)*g f3*g fL3+Case 7c*g f3*g fL4 + Case 10*g f3*g fL6
MSLS_Dead MSLS

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 22 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

-10.83 }

700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

00As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3/gm } and (0.15<=100As/bd <=3)

ar Capacity OK !

o shear reinforcement required !

m of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0.4 - xsvc )/0.87fyv )

ink Not Required !

-10.83 }

700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 23 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

00As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3/gm } and (0.15<=100As/bd <=3)

ar Capacity OK !

o shear reinforcement required !

m of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0.4 - xsvc )/0.87fyv )

ink Not Required !

700.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 24 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

14.89 }

525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

00As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3/gm } and (0.15<=100As/bd <=3)

ar Capacity OK !

==> Enter ' 0 ' or ' - '

o shear reinforcement required !
m of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0.4 - xsvc )/0.87fyv )

ink Not Required ! ==> Enter ' 0 ' or ' - '

-10.83 }

525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 25 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

14.89 }

525.00 mm² } and { Min. Shrinkage Steel = 875.00 mm² }

00As/bd)1/3*(fcu)1/3/gm } and (0.15<=100As/bd <=3)

ar Capacity OK !

o shear reinforcement required !

m of ( 0.4b/0.87fyv, b( vu + 0.4 - xsvc )/0.87fyv )

ink Not Required !

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 26 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

Secondary Bars
460 N/mm²
0.12 % bh

420 mm²/metre length

Ø 16 mm @ 333 mm c/c
603.2 mm² So OK !
3 nos/metre length

Secondary Bars
460 N/mm²
0.12 % bh

420 mm²/metre length

Ø 16 mm @ 333 mm c/c
603.2 mm² So OK !
3 nos/metre length

Secondary Bars
460 N/mm²
0.12 % bh where h is average thickness

420 mm²/metre length

Ø 16 mm @ 333 mm c/c
603.2 mm² So OK !
3 nos/metre length

Shear links required/metre run :-

Slab :- Top = Shear Links Not Required

Bottom = Shear Links Not Required
Wall :- Top = Shear Links Not Required
Bottom = Shear Links Not Required

T 16 - 333 mm c/c (Each Face)

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 27 of 7

 JOB NO. : 38051

Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019

Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

T 16 - 333 mm c/c

Ce = 300

ment Details

s and shall be Staggered Wherever Possible.

Ce Ci
mm mm
300 300

T.C. Lim/Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01).xls Page 28 of 7

 SEPAKAT SETIA PERUNDING SDN BHD (14142-M) JOB NO. : 38051

TITLE : DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT DESIGN - CHECKING OF SLIDING AND BEARING PRESSURE TO BD 31/01 Designed : ESAM Date : 5-Aug-2019
SUBJECT : 2500 W x 2500 H x 1000 L DRAINAGE BOX-CULVERT WITHOUT DWF, FILL = 5000 mm Checked : Date : 5-Aug-2019
PROJECT : Cameron Highland Filename : Drainage-Boxculvert(BD31-01) Rev. : 1.1

Written by Ir. T.C. Lim, Revised on 30th October 2003

DESIGN INFORMATIONS
Internal width Wi = 2.500 m Existing Ground Level
Internal Height Hi = 2.500 m We = 3200
Length L = 1.000 m Tw = 350 Wi = 2500 Tw = 350 Df = 5000 mm
Thickness of top slab Ts = 0.350 m

DWTable
Wall thickness Tw = 0.350 m Ts = 350
Base slab thickness Tb = 0.350 m
Height of Dry weather flow Hdwf = 0.000 m
Width of Dry weather flow Wdwf = 0.000 m

3200

2500
Total external width We = 3.200 m
Total external height He = 3.200 m

He =

Hi =
Depth of fill Df = 5.000 m
Density of concrete gc = 25.00 kN/m³ Wdwf= 0
Density of soil gs = 19.00 kN/m³ Hdwf = 0 Lproj = 0 mm
Depth of Water Table from existing ground DWTable = 0.000 m below existing ground Tb = 350
Earth pressure coefficients K1 = 0.500 Max.
K2 = 0.330

CHECK FOR SLIDING

Live Load associated with Traction in most onerous position: gfL = 1.0, gf3 = 1.0

Ground Level LL = 20.00 kN/m²

Maximum SDL Df gfL = 1.0, gf3 = 1.0

6.60 32.45 gsHsoil per m² 49.16
Traction Force
= 0.00
DL Structure
gfL = 1.0 Water Table Level
gf3 = 1.0
Z = 8.200 m

6.60 50.32 A 76.24

Friction
Live Load Surcharge Earth Pressure Buoyancy Earth Pressure Partial Load Factors
LLSC Earth Earth Buoyancy, gfL×gf3 = 1.21
K = 0.33 K = 0.33 K = 0.50 Traction, gfL×gf3 = 1.21
gfL = 1.50 gfL = 1.50 gfL = 1.00 Surcharge, gfL×gf3 = 1.65
gf3 = 1.10 gf3 = 1.10 gf3 = 1.00 Earth Pressure, gfL×gf3 = 1.65

Base projection from external face of wall, Lproj = 0m {Extra Length of base projection from external face of wall }
Vertical Load due to:- Culvert Self Weight (DL) = 99.75 kN {DL = Ts×gc×We + 2×Tw ×Hi×gc + Tb×gc×We + (Hdwf×Wi - Asector)×gc + 2×Lproj×Tb×gc }
Min. Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = 304.00 kN {SDL = Df × gs × We + ( Df + He - Tb )×gs × Lproj×2 }
Max. Live Load (MLL) = 64.00 kN {MLL = LL × We }
Buoyancy = -317.50 kN ↑ {Buoyancy = 10 ×( He + Df - DWTable) ×( We + 2×Lproj )×gf3×gfL7 }
Total Vertical Load, Vtot = 150.25 kN downwards ↓, so no uplift!

Horizontal Load at LHS Due to Earth = 218.50 kN {Fsoil = ( qs1+ qs2 )/2×He ×gf3×gfL3 } ==> where K = 0.33
Due to Live Load Surcharge = 34.85 kN {Fsurcharge = qo ×He×gf3×gfL4 } ==> where K = 0.33
Due to Traction Force = 0.00 kN {Ffriction = Fh × gf3×gfL6 }
Total Horizontal force at LHS, PLHS = 253.34 kN →

Relieving Horizontal Earth Pressure at RHS, PRHS = 200.64 kN ← {PRHS = ( qs1+qs2)/2×He } ==> where Kr = 0.50 {See BD31/01 Clause 4.4.2 (c), but max. 1.5 }
Friction Due to DL, SDL, MLL & Buoyancy FR = 65.06 kN ← {FR = Vtot × 0.75× tan Φ' } where Φ' = 30.00 degree
Friction Due to Cohesion of Soil FS = 16.00 kN ← {FR = (We + 2×Lproj)× C1 } where C1 = 5.00 kN/m², C1 = soil cohesion
Total Horizontal force at RHS, PRHS + FR + FS = 281.70 kN ←

For Sliding, the following relationship shall be satisfied for the structure as a whole as per BD 31/01 Clause 4.4.2(c):-
(Traction + Disturbing Earth Pressure)×gf3×gfL < (Relieving Earth Pressure + Friction Force)
i.e. Total Horizontal force at LHS, PLHS < Total Horizontal force at RHS, P RHS + Friction Force FR
So 253.34 < 281.70 kN ==> So OK. Sliding Pass !

CHECK FOR BEARING PRESSURE

Live Load in most onerous position
LL = 20.00 kN/m²
Ground Level

Maximum SDL
All loads are "nominal"
Df β = 1.15
βgsHsoil per m²
10.00 49.16 49.16

DL Structure Water Table Level

Z = 8.200 m
76.24 76.24
Live Load Surcharge Earth Pressure A Buoyancy Earth Pressure
LLSC Earth Earth
K = 0.50 K = 0.50 K = 0.50

Vertical Load due to:- Culvert Self Weight (DL) = 99.75 kN {DL = Ts×gc×We + 2×Tw ×Hi×gc + Tb×gc×We + (Hdwf×Wi - Asector)×gc + 2×Lproj×Tb×gc }
Max. Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = 349.60 kN {SDL = Df × gs × β× We + ( Df + He - Tb )×gs × Lproj×2 }
Max. Live Load (MLL) = 64.00 kN {MLL = LL × We }
Buoyancy = -262.40 kN ↑ {Buoyancy = 10 ×( He + Df - DWTable) ×( We + 2×Lproj ) }
Therefore Total Vertical Load, Vtot = 250.95 kN downwards ↓, so no uplift!
Horizontal Load at LHS Due to Earth = 200.64 kN → {Fsoil1 = qs1×He + Fsoil2 = (qs2-qs1)×He /2 } ==> where K = 0.50
Due to Live Load Surcharge = 32.00 kN → {Fsurcharge = qo×He } ==> where K = 0.50
Horizontal Load at RHS Due to Earth = 200.64 kN ← {Psoil1 = qs1×He + Psoil2 = (qs2-qs1)×He /2 } ==> where K = 0.50

Taking Moment about Point A at the base,

Due to Vertical Seft-Weight (DL) = 159.60 kNm { DL × We /2 }
Due to Vertical Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = 559.36 kNm { Df × gs × β× We× We/2 + ( Df + He - Tb )×gs × Lproj×[ (We+Lproj/2)-Lproj/2 ] }
Due to Vertical Live Load (MLL) = 102.40 kNm { MLL × We /2 }
Due to Buoyancy Load = -419.84 kNm { Buoyancy × We /2 }
Due to Earth @ LHS = 297.92 kNm { Fsoil1 × He /2 + Fsoil2 × He /3 }
Due to Live Load Surcharge @ LHS = 51.20 kNm { Fsurcharge × He /2 }
Due to Earth @ RHS = -297.92 kNm { Psoil1 × He /2 + Psoil2 × He /3 }
Net Moment, Mnet = 452.72 kNm

Therefore z = Mnet / Vtot z = 1.804025 m

Eccentricity e = (We + 2×Lproj )/2 - z e = -0.204025 m ==> Resultant lies inside middle third
Calculation of Bearing Pressure:- 1) For Resultant outside middle third; 2) For Resultant inside middle third;
Maximum Bearing Pressure smax = 108.42 kN/m² { smax1 = (2´Vtot)/(3´((We+2´Lproj) 2 - abs(e))) smax2 = Vtot / (We+2´Lproj) + 6´Vtot ´ abs(e) / (We+2´Lproj)² }

Minimum Bearing Pressure smin = 48.42 kN/m² { smin1 = 0 smin2 = Vtot / (We+2´Lproj) - 6´Vtot ´ abs(e) / (We+2´Lproj)² }
Allowable Bearing Pressure sallow = 200.00 kN/m²
Bearing Pressure Within Allowable, So OK!
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE - CRACKING CHECK - (BS 5400, CL. 4.1.1.1)

BOTTOM
BOTTOM TOP OF TOP SLAB
Description UNIT SYMBOL
OF WALL WALL @ MIDSPAN
SLAB @
MIDSPAN

The serviceability limit state moment; MSLS = MSLS_Dead + MSLS_Live kNm/m MSLS = 90.78 82.39 77.57 83.75
Design serviceability moment per metre width - dead; kNm/m MSLS_Dead = 79.95 71.56 62.68 68.86
Design serviceability moment per metre width - live; kNm/m MSLS_Live = 10.83 10.83 14.89 14.89
Calculations assume a 1m width of slab mm b= 1000 1000 1000 1000
Slab depth; mm h= 350 350 350.00 350.00
Nominal cover to reinforcement; mm cnom = 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
Characteristic strength of concrete; N/mm² fcu = 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; N/mm² fy = 460.00 460.00 460.00 460.00
Diameter of shear reinforcement; mm Ldia = 0 0 12 0
Diameter of 1st layer main tension reinforcement; mm Ø1 = 16 16 16 16
1st layer Tension bar centres; mm s_T1 = 166.67 166.67 166.67 166.67
Diameter of 2nd layer main tension reinforcement; mm Ø2 = 16 0 16 0
2nd layer Tension bar spacing; mm s_T2 = 167 0 167 0
Cover to tension reinforcement; cten = cnom + Ldia mm cten = 35 35 47 35
Effective depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cten - Ø /2 mm d= 291.00 307.00 279.00 307.00
Total area of tension reinforcement provided; mm²/m AsT = 2413 1206 2413 1206
MODULAR RATIO
Modulus of elasticity for reinforcement; kN/mm² Es = 200 200 200 200
Short term modulus of elasticity for concrete; Ecs = Ec_5400(fcu) kN/mm² Ecs = 28 28 28 28
Modulus for concrete; Ec = Ecs ´ (1- (0.5 ´ MSLS_Dead)/( MSLS_Dead + MSLS_Live )) kN/mm² Ec = 15.67 15.84 16.69 16.49
Modular ratio; m = Es / Ec m= 12.76 12.63 11.98 12.13
NEUTRAL AXIS POSITION
Solving for x gives the position of the neutral axis in the section:-
x = d ´ [ -1´Es´AsT/(Ec´b´d) + Ö( Es´AsT/(Ec´b´d) ´ (2+Es´AsT/(Ec´b´d)))] mm x= 106.57 82.67 101.36 81.28
Depth of concrete in compression; dc = x mm dc = 106.57 82.67 101.36 81.28
CONCRETE AND STEEL STRESSES
fc = 2 ´ MSLS / ( b ´ x ´ (d - x/3)) N/mm² fc = 6.67 7.13 6.24 7.36
Maximum concrete stress = 0.5 ´ fcu N/mm² 0.5 ´ fcu = 17.50 17.50 17.50 17.50
Check whether fc < 0.5fcu ? So OK ! So OK ! So OK ! So OK !
fst = MSLS / ( AsT ´ (d - x/3)) N/mm² fst = 147.28 244.40 131.11 248.02
Maximum steel stress = 0.75 ´ fy N/mm² 0.75 ´ fy = 345.00 345.00 345.00 345.00
Check whether fst < 0.75fy ? So OK ! So OK ! So OK ! So OK !
CONCRETE AND STEEL STRAINS
Strain in the reinforcement; es = fst / Es es = 736.4E-6 1.2E-3 655.6E-6 1.2E-3
Strain in the concrete at the level at which crack width is required mm; a' = h = 350 350 350 350
Level of crack; e1 = es ´ (a' - x)/(d - x) e1 = 972.0E-6 1.5E-3 917.6E-6 1.5E-3
em = min( e1, max(0, e1 - [ 3.8´b´h´(a' - dc)/(es´ AsT ´(h - dc))]´[(1 - Mq/Mg)´10-9 ])) em = 324.8E-6 690.6E-6 276.5E-6 779.6E-6
Distance from tension bar to crack; acr = Ö ((s_T1/2)²+(cten + Ø1/2)²)-Ø1/2 mm acr = 85.77 85.77 91.85 85.77
Allowable crackwidth mm CrackAllowable = 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Design crack width; Crack_design = 3´acr ´em /(1+2´(acr - cnom)/(h - dc)) mm Crack_design = 0.059 0.129 0.052 0.146