Force Calibration Results of Force Tranducers According ISO 376

See
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308137734
Force Calibration Results of Force Tranducers

according ISO 376
Conference Paper · January 2008
CITATIONS READS
0 3
1 author:
C. Ferrero
INRIM Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
345 PUBLICATIONS 288 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: C. Ferrero
letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 24 November 2016
INDO-ITALIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME ON,FORCE AND TORQUE
METROLOGY (New Delhi, 2008)
Force Calibration Results of

Force Tranducers according
ISO 376
Dr. Carlo Ferrero

EA Chair of the Mechanical Measurements Group
• Chairman of IMEKO TC8 on Traceability
• (INRiM, Torino, Italy
• CORSO INRiM-ICE-NPL
Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

The hierarchy of force calibration and its
consequences for the uncertainty
Traceability of Physical Quantities
Quantities to be measured
National
standard IMGC laboratory All SI units and derived
units
increased accuracy
SIT cal. Lab. Force, torque, mV/V,

Traceability
Reference
standard relative pressure, temp.
Working Cal. lab with All units to be tested

or customer on own products
standard
Measuring and User with Unit for the quantity to

testing equipment customer be tested

EXAMPLE of AEP DYNAMOMETERS

LOAD CELLS for Weighing

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
Because of the wide spread adoption of weighing and

force transducers, numerous countries have prepared
standards that unify the relevant terminology,
•the main characteristics of these transducers,
•their fields of application,
•the means and testing procedures and their
evaluation.

Introduction
• Some of the standards are meant for national

application, whereas
• The EEC Directive in the European Communities are
not confined within national boundaries.
• There are also standards drawn up by international
organizations such as the BIPM, or ISO and OIML.

Standard documents in the technical field
In this group fall the majority of the national standards

concerning the calibration of force transducers. The two
different ways of proceeding in this field are clear1y
exemplified by
Standards ISO 376 and
ASTM E74

The use of force transducers to check material-
testing machines, requires, as a rule, force
application devices that are not permanently
installed.
The transducer is transported and mounted

temporarily in the place where force is to be
measured and is applied by means of coupling
devices that are usually different each time.
Consequently, the standards specific to this

kind of measurement tend to give special
attention to effects leading to the non
reproducibility of measured values.
The standards for both the calibration and the use of
force transducers require that
the position of the transducer be changed
repeatedly between measurements in a sequence
of measurements.
In calibration, this makes it possible to evaluate

dynamometer sensitivity to parasitic effects caused
by different positioning and, in operation,
to make the effects of the coupling with the
structure under test random and, consequently,
to eliminate them partially by suitable averaging

Standards
Standards of this type require careful
determination of reproducibility conditions.
As regards terminology, since according to the
measurement procedure required by the standard, the
transducer under test has to be moved and,
sometimes, also mounted on or dismounted from the
standard machine, one could not consider
measurement "repeatability" as the characteristic
determined;
a more appropriate term would be
"reproducibility".

Rotational effect
It must be noted, that the established technique requires
that the force transducer should be rotated around
its measurement axis between replications.
A systematic effect is thus introduced, which is known
as rotational effect.
the rotational effect in practice is the scalar product

of the transducer's transverse sensitivity with the
amount of the transverse component applied by
the machine.
The rotational effect depends both on the machine
and on the force transducer.
Rotation Effect
The Rotation Effect produces an output with a sinusoidal pattern,
The sinus amplitude depends both on the sensitivity of the transducer
to spurious components and the amount of spurious components
given by the Force Standard Machine.
The effect of spurious components is

evidenced, during calibration, by
differences between results obtained when
the transducer is rotated around its loading
axis, therefore
frequently called “Rotation Effect”.
A bad transducer on a good

machine can give better results
than a good transducer over a
bad machine!
An acceptable way was proposed by ISA and consists
in the application of the nominal force with the
transducer set on wedges.

End effect
End effect is the main responsible for reproducibility, and, sometime
affects also linearity and hysteresis.
F/2 F/2
F
F
F/2 F/2

Remember
Finally, one of the most important differences in
the existing standards concerns:
1. the choice of the testing procedure and
2. of data processing to define the
characteristics of a force transducer
As already mentioned,
measurement reproducibility
is a characteristic that must be evaluated very
carefully
The traditional technique for
evaluation of reproducibility consists of
repeated tests carried out at the same load
levels and
of a classification based on the highest value of
deviation obtained in a prescribed number of
measurement replications.
This technique, adopted in ISO 376, requires a

certain number of replications, but analysis of
results is very easy using it.
An alternative technique, indicated in ASTM
E74, employs statistical tools only slightly
more complex, that is, the methods of
polynomial regression.

Why ISO about = ASTM?
To return to the calibration of force

transducers, there is an additional
reason for presuming that the above-
mentioned discrepancies are small, in
that:
the number of tests prescribed by
both methods is almost identical.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN ISO 376
January 2002
ICS 77.040.10 Supersedes EN 10002-3:1994
English version
Metallic materials - Calibration of force-proving
instruments used
for the verification of uniaxial testing machines
(ISO 376:1999)
Contents
1 Scope
2 Normative reference
3 Principle
4 Characteristics of force-proving instruments
5 Symbols, units
6 Calibration of the force-proving instrument
7 Classification of the force-proving instrument
8 Use of calibrated force-proving instruments
Annex A (informative) Example of dimensions of force
transducers and corresponding loading fittings
Annex B (informative) Additional information
Bibliography

Calibration of force-proving instruments used
for the verification of uniaxial testing machines
This International Standard covers the calibration of

force-proving instruments used for the static
verification of uniaxial testing machines (e.g.
tension/compression testing machines)
and describes a procedure for classifying these
instruments.
A force-proving instrument is defined as being the
whole assembly from the force transducer through
to end including the indicator.

Measurement of deflection
Measurement of the deflection of the loaded member of the
force transducer may be carried out by mechanical, electrical,
optical or other means with adequate accuracy and stability
The type and the quality of the deflection measuring system

determine whether the force-proving instrument is
classified only for specific calibration forces or for interpolation
(see clause 7).
Generally, the use of force-proving instruments with dial gauges

as a means of measuring the deflection is limited to the forces
for which the instruments have been calibrated .

Table 1 — Symbols, units and
designations
Symbol Unit Designation
FN N Maximum capacity of the measuring range
Ff N Maximum capacity of the transducer
io Readings on the indicator before application of
force
if Readings on the indicator after removal of force
X Deflection with increasing test force
X' Deflection with decreasing test force
Xr Average value of the deflections with rotation
X wr Average value of deflections without rotation

Symbol Unit Designation
Xmax Maximum deflection
Xmin Minimum deflection
Xa Computed value of deflection
XN Deflection corresponding to the maximum
capacity
b% Relative reproducibility error with rotation
b'% Relative repeatability without rotation
fo % Relative zero error
fc % Relative interpolation error
r Resolution of the indicator
v% Relative reversibility error of the force-proving
instrument

ISO 376
6.2 Resolution of the indicator
6.2.1 Analogue scale

The thickness of the graduation marks on the scale
shall be uniform and the width of the pointer shall be
approximately equal to the width of a graduation mark.
The resolution (r) of the indicator shall be obtained
from the ratio between the width of the pointer and the
centre-to centre distance between two adjacent scale
graduation marks (scale interval), the recommended
ratios being 1/2, 1/5 or 1/10,
a spacing of 1,25 mm or greater being required for the estimation of a tenth of the division on the scale

ISO 376
6.2 Resolution of the indicator
6.2.2 Digital scale

The resolution is considered to be one increment of
the last active number on the numerical indicator,
provided that the indication does not fluctuate by
more than one increment with no force applied to
the instrument.

ISO 376
6.3 Minimum force
Taking into consideration the accuracy with which the deflection of
the instrument may be read, the minimum force applied to a
force-proving instrument shall comply with the two following
conditions:
a) the minimum force shall be greater than or equal to:
 4 000 r for class 00
 2 000 r for class 0,5
 1 000 r for class 1
 500 r for class 2
b) the minimum force shall be greater than or equal to 0,02 Ff.

UNI EN ISO 376
The calibration shall be carried out by applying two series of
calibration forces to the force-proving instrument with increasing
values only, without disturbing the device:
Cycle 1 (x1) e Cycle 2 (x2).
240°
Then apply at least two further series of

X3
increasing and decreasing values: X4
Cycle 3 (x3,x4) e Cycle 4 (x5,x6).

120°
Between each of the further series of
forces, the force-proving instrument X1 e X2
shall be rotated symmetrically on its
axis to positions uniformly distributed For the determination of
over 360° (i.e. 0°, 120°, 240°). If this is the interpolation curve, the
not possible, it is permissible to adopt number of forces shall be
the following positions: 0°, 180° and not less than eight, and
360° Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM these forces
REMEMBER
The transducer is transported and mounted

temporarily in the place
where force is to be measured and is applied
by means of coupling devices that are usually
different each time.
Now I will give some examples of coupling devices

Force Introduction in Compression
Bottone semisferico
Cappello di carico
tarando
Piattello di carico

Practical Examples
ATTREZZAGGIO IN ATTREZZAGGIO IN TRAZIONE:
COMPRESSIONE:

Force Introduction in Traction
Vite di sollevamento
foto1
Snodi semisferici
Tarando
Asta del telaio

Force Introduction in Compression
Sfera e cappello
Foto2
Tarando
Telaio
Basamento

Evaluation of the different parameters
Relative reproducibility and repeatability

errors, b and b '
These errors are calculated for each calibration
force and in the two cases:

TARATURA A COMPRESSIONE
anno
mese
2005
02
with rotation of the proving
numero registro laboratorio 1143
giorno
temperatura media
15
21,2
Example of a ISO 376 Calibration
°C
Certificate
instrument(b) pagina 33
esecutore P. Iudici zero naturale div

calibrazione div
x max − x min
b= ×100
scorrimento a carico massimo div
scorrimento dopo rimozione carico div
diff. di temp dei pistoni della molt. idr. (in °C)

diff. media di temp dei pistoni della molt. idr. °C
xr
N.B.: inserire tutti e 4 i valori
FORZA APPLICATA
LETTURE segnale di uscita dinamometro
x1 + x 3 + x 5
xr =
0° 0° 120° 240° posizione dinamometro Prove supplementari eseguite su Amsler 100 tf
kN kN div div div div
0 0,000 0 0 0 0 i0 kgf div
300
600
300,000
600,000
19980
40021
19983
40022
19981
40020
19980
40019
a
b
3 30000
60000
19596
39251
900 900,000 60043 60044 60042 60040 c 90000 58894
1200
1500
1200,000
1500,000
80046
100037
80050
100040
80047
100039
80045
100036
without rotation (b'), using
Valore atteso su Amsler
i
1800
2100
1800,000
2100,000
120026
139980
120023
139986
120024
139983
120025
139979
the following equations
a
b
19595
39247
6,8E-05
1,1E-04
2400 2400,000 159935 159942 159939 159935 c 58881 2,2E-04
2700 2700,000 179870 179877 179874 179868
x 2 − x1 scostamenti
b′ = ×100
max 3000 3000,000 199798 199808 199802 199794 Build-up da Amsler
2700 2700,000 179874 179865
2400 2400,000 159940 159930
2100
1800
2100,000
1800,000
139987
120031
139978
120023
x wr
1500 1500,000 100041 100035 i'
1200 1200,000 80049 80042
x1 + x2
900 900,000 60044 60040
600 600,000 40015 40012
300
0
300,000
0 -17 -10
19983
8
19981
4 if x wr =
classificazione EN solo in salita 2
Relative interpolation error, fc
This error is determined using a first-,
second-, or third-degree equation giving the
deflection as a function of the calibration
force, with the following equation:
x r − xa
fc = × 100
xa

Relative zero error, fo
The zero shall be adjusted before and recorded after
each series of tests.
The zero reading shall be taken approximately 30 s after
the force has been completely removed.
The relative zero error is calculated from the equation:
if − i0
f0 = × 100
xN
if = final zero lecture

i0 = initial zero lecture
xN = Value at the Maximum Load

TARATURA A COMPRESSIONE Relative reversibility error, v
anno 2005
mese numero registro laboratorio
giorno
02
15 The relative
Example of a ISO 376 Calibration reversibility error is
Certificate
pagina
1143
33
temperatura media
esecutore
21,2
P. Iudici
°C
zero naturale div determined at each calibration,
calibrazione
scorrimento a carico massimo
div
div by carrying out a verification
scorrimento dopo rimozione carico div
with increasing forces and then
diff. di temp dei pistoni della molt. idr. (in °C) N.B.: inserire tutti e 4 i valori
diff. media di temp dei pistoni della molt. idr. °C with decreasing forces.
LETTURE segnale di uscita dinamometro
FORZA APPLICATA
0° 0° 120° 240° The difference between the
posizione dinamometro Prove supplementari eseguite su Amsler 100 tf
kN kN div div div div
0 0,000 0 0 0 0 i0 values obtained for both series
kgf div
300 300,000 19980 19983 19981 19980 a 30000 19596
600 600,000 40021 40022 40020 40019 with increasing force and with
b 60000 39251
900 900,000 60043 60044 60042 60040 c 90000 58894
1200 1200,000 80046 80050 80047 80045 decreasing force enables the
1500 1500,000 100037 100040 100039 100036 Valore atteso su Amsler
1800 1800,000 120026 120023 120024 120025
i
relative reversibility error to be
a 19595 6,8E-05
2100 2100,000 139980 139986 139983 139979 b 39247 1,1E-04
2400 2400,000 159935 159942 159939 159935 calculated using the following
c 58881 2,2E-04
2700 2700,000 179870 179877 179874 179868 scostamenti
max 3000 3000,000 199798 199808 199802 199794 equations Build-up da Amsler
2700 2700,000 179874 179865
2400 2400,000 159940 159930
2100 2100,000 139987 139978
 x4 − x3   x − x5 
1800 1800,000 120031 120023
  × 100 +  6  × 100
1500 1500,000 100041 100035 i'
1200 1200,000 80049 80042
x3   x5 
ν =
900 900,000 60044 60040
600 600,000 40015 40012
300 300,000 19983 19981
0 0 -17 -10 8 4 if 2
classificazione EN solo in salita

Relative reversibility error, v
NOTE If determination of the relative reversibility
error is not practical, a note in the calibration
certificate should state that the device has been
calibrated with increasing forces only.
 x4 − x3   x − x5 
  × 100 +  6  × 100
 x3   x5 
u=
2

7 Classification of the force-proving instrument
7.1 Principle of classification

The range for which the force-proving instrument is
classified is determined by considering each calibration
force, one after the other, starting with the maximum
force and decreasing to the lowest calibration force
The classification range ceases at the last force for

which the classification requirements are satisfied.
The force-proving instrument can be classified either
for specific forces or for interpolation.

Table 2 gives the values of these different parameters in
accordance with the class of the force-proving instrument and the
uncertainty of the calibration forces
Relative Errors in % Calibration

Machine
Class
repeatability zero Uncert-
interpol reversi ainty1)
b b’ ation f0 bility %
fc u
00 0,05 0,025 ± 0,025 ± 0,012 ± 0,07 0,01
0,5 0,10 0,05 ± 0,05 ± 0,025 ± 0,15 0,02
1 0,20 0,10 ± 0,10 ± 0,05 ± 0,30 0,05
2 0,40 0,20 ± 0,20 ± 0,10 ± 0,50 0,10

7.2 Classification criteria
The range of classification of force-proving instrument
shall at least cover the range 50 % to 100 % of FN.
7.2.2 For instruments classified for interpolation, the

following criteria shall be considered:
 the relative reproducibility and repeatability
errors;
 the relative interpolation error;
 the relative zero error;
 the relative reversibility error.

Uncertainty contributions derived from the
calibration results and estimation of
variances
• Since the adoption of the new European Standard
EN 10002-3/ISO376 by the member countries in
1992, a uniform procedure for the calibration and
classification of force transducers can be applied
•The classification components of EN10002-

3/ISO376 deliver the input for the evaluation of the
standard uncertainty of the calibration results
according to EA-10/04

Introduction
• The uncertainty contributions of force

transducers are determined from repeated
observations.
• They are considered uncorrelated input
quantities.
• Next Table shows the proposed probability
distribution of these input quantities.

Table 7.1: Probability distributions assumed for the different input
quantities (a: relative half-width of the max. deviation of the input
quantity)
Uncertainty Probability Estimated
Contribution Distribution Variance
Zero deviation Rectangular wzero2 = azero2 / 3
Repeatability Rectangular wrip2 = a rip 2 / 3

without rotation
Repeatability with U-shaped wrot2 = arot2 / 2
rotation
interpolation Triangular wint2 = aint2 / 6
Resolution Rectangular wris2 = aris2 / 3
Reversibily Rectangular wrev2 = arev2 / 3

(hysteresis)

Calculation of uncertainties
After the relative variance for each force step has been
determined, the relative combined standard
uncertainty w and the relative expanded uncertainty
Wtra for k = 2 will be calculated by the following
equations for each force step.

Calculation of uncertainties
•The relative expanded uncertainty of calibration W will be

determined by considering the best measurement capability of
the force calibration machine as follows:
2 2 2 2 2 2
wtras = w f0
+ w b'
+ w w
b
+ fc
+ wris + wu
2 2
W= K w tras
+ wc

Calculation of the relative uncertainty of
calibration results according to ISO 376
The evaluation of the calibration results allows

the force measuring devices to be put into four
different classes according to EN 10002-3.
Next Table contains the maximum permissible

errors for the classification in class 00.

Table 2 gives the values of these different parameters in
accordance with the class of the force-proving instrument and the
uncertainty of the calibration forces
Relative Errors in % Calibration

Machine
Class
repeatability zero Uncert-
interpol reversi ainty1)
b b’ ation f0 bility %
fc u
00 0,05 0,025 ± 0,025 ± 0,012 ± 0,07 0,01
0,5 0,10 0,05 ± 0,05 ± 0,025 ± 0,15 0,02
1 0,20 0,10 ± 0,10 ± 0,05 ± 0,30 0,05
2 0,40 0,20 ± 0,20 ± 0,10 ± 0,50 0,10

Uncertainty Probability Estimated
Contribution Distribution Variance
Zero deviation Rectangular wzero2 = azero2 / 3
Repeatability Rectangular wrip2 = a rip 2 / 3

without rotation
Repeatability with U-shaped wrot2 = arot2 / 2
rotation
interpolation Triangular wint2 = aint2 / 6
Resolution Rectangular wris2 = aris2 / 3
Reversibily Rectangular wrev2 = arev2 / 3

(hysteresis)

U n c e r ta in ty M a x .R e la tiv e ai R e la t iv e
c o n tr ib u t io n E r r o r % c la s s 0 0 v a r ia n c e w 2
z e r o d e v ia tio n 0 ,0 1 2 a zero = 6 * 1 0 -5 1 ,2 * 1 0 - 9
R e p e a ta b ility 0 ,0 2 5 a r ip = 5 ,2 * 1 0 -9
w ith o u t 1 2 ,5 * 1 0 - 5
r o ta tio n
0 ,0 5 a r o t = 2 5 * 1 0 -5 3 1 * 1 0 -9
I n te r p o la tio n 0 ,0 2 5 a in t = 2 ,6 * 1 0 - 9
1 2 ,5 * 1 0 - 5
R e s o lu tio n 0 ,0 2 5 a r is = 5 ,2 * 1 0 - 9
1 2 ,5 * 1 0 - 5
R e v e r s ib ility 0 ,0 7 a is t = 3 5 * 1 0 - 5 4 1 * 1 0 -9

The relative uncertainty of the force transducer
calibration is to be calculated after having obtained
the calibration results for each force step.
For a given class, the relative uncertainty will be
determined from the highest calculated value of the
uncertainty within the range of forces.
In general, this relative uncertainty will refer to the
lowest force of the range

Calculation of the relative uncertainty of
calibration results according to ISO 376
These values are used as input quantities to

determine the relative variance according to the
formulas
2 2 2 2 2 2
wtras = w f0
+ wb'
+ w w b
+ fc
+ wris + wu

The results of the maximum overall uncertainty applying
equations (15) to (17) are shown for class 00
Table 9.1b: Maximum relative uncertainty for class 00
Combined rel. standard uncertainty wtra 0,029 %

Expanded rel. uncertainty Wtra 0,059 %
Max. rel. uncertainty of calibration W 0,06 %

They are identical with the maximum values
of the respective higher class.
However, for class 00 the minimum
uncertainty cannot be lower than the best
measurement capability of the force
calibration machine.

Table 9.2 shows in the last column the maximum
possible relative uncertainty for all of the four
classes of UNI ISO 376. It has been calculated using
maximum permissible errors according to the
standard as input quantities previous equations.
In the middle column, the minimum values of each
class are given.
min. max.
Class 00 Wbmc 0,06 %
Class 0.5 0,06 % 0,12 %
Class 1 0,12 % 0,24 %
Class 2 0,24 % 0,45 %
All other quantities influencing the
measurement result in practice, e.g.
• long-term instability and
•temperature influence,
need to be additionally taken into account
by the user of the calibrated device

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[2]RF. Jenkins, RC. Debnam. An intercomparison of force standard machines at the NBS
and the NPL. NPL Report MOM61, 1982.
[5] Ferrero C. Evaluation of force standard machines with two multicomponent
dynamometers. BCR-Applied Metrology. Commission of the European Community,
Luxembourg, 1988
[6] Ferrero C. Multicomponent calibration systems to check force sensors. Proc. 1st
ISMCR -IMEKO TC-I7 Meeting. IMEKO, Budapest, 1990
[7] Ferrero C. The measurement of parasitic components in national force standard
machines. Measurement, vol. 8(2) Measurement, Sunbury-on-Thames, UK, pp. 66-76,
1990
[8] Ferrero C, Zhong Li Qing, International comparisons of axial load in deadweight
force standard machines by means of the IMGC 6-eomponent dynamometer. Proc. 7th
Mondial Congress. IMEKO, IMEKO, Budapest, 1991
Ferrero C, Kumme R., EVALUATION OF THE MAIN METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE PTB 2 MN DEADWEIGHT FORCE STANDARD MACHINE BY USING THE 500 kN IMGC-CNR
SIX-COMPONENT DYNAMOMETER, IMEKO WORLD CONGRESS, RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005

MANY
THANKS
for YOUR
ATTENTION

Force Calibration Results of Force Tranducers According ISO 376

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Force Calibration Results of Force Tranducers According ISO 376

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

See

Force Calibration Results of Force Tranducers

Conference Paper · January 2008

Force Calibration Results of

Dr. Carlo Ferrero

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

SIT cal. Lab. Force, torque, mV/V,

Working Cal. lab with All units to be tested

Measuring and User with Unit for the quantity to

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Because of the wide spread adoption of weighing and

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

• Some of the standards are meant for national

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

In this group fall the majority of the national standards

Standards ISO 376 and

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

The transducer is transported and mounted

Consequently, the standards specific to this

In calibration, this makes it possible to evaluate

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

the rotational effect in practice is the scalar product

The effect of spurious components is

A bad transducer on a good

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

This technique, adopted in ISO 376, requires a

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

To return to the calibration of force

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

This International Standard covers the calibration of

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

The type and the quality of the deflection measuring system

Generally, the use of force-proving instruments with dial gauges

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

6.2 Resolution of the indicator

6.2.1 Analogue scale

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

6.2 Resolution of the indicator

6.2.2 Digital scale

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Then apply at least two further series of

Cycle 3 (x3,x4) e Cycle 4 (x5,x6).

The transducer is transported and mounted

Now I will give some examples of coupling devices

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Asta del telaio

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

Relative reproducibility and repeatability

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

esecutore P. Iudici zero naturale div

diff. di temp dei pistoni della molt. idr. (in °C)

Dr. Carlo Ferrero - INRIM

if = final zero lecture