STD.

4600
Engineering Standards and Specifications Pipeline

Pipeline Design for Onshore

Pipelines

STD.4600

Scope
This standard covers the design, materials, fabrication, installation, and testing of onshore carbon
steel pipeline systems in accordance with the requirements of 49 CFR Parts 192 and 195, ASME
B31.4, and ASME B31.8. Individual piping class specifications by pressure, temperature, and
service conditions are presented in Enterprise STD.4000 Piping Specification Index.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 References .......................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Route Selection .................................................................................................. 5
3.0 Permits ................................................................................................................ 7
4.0 Class Location .................................................................................................... 7
5.0 High Consequence Area (HCA) ......................................................................... 8
6.0 Pipeline Sizing .................................................................................................... 8
7.0 Pipeline Design ................................................................................................. 10
8.0 Materials ............................................................................................................ 20
9.0 Construction Quality Assurance ..................................................................... 20
10.0 Testing and Inspection .................................................................................... 21
11.0 Records ............................................................................................................. 21
12.0 Pipeline Monitoring and Control ..................................................................... 21
Attachment: Revision Log/Record ......................................................................... 23

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1.0 REFERENCES
(1) Except as amended by this standard, the latest approved editions of the following references shall
form an integral part of this specification.
(2) Pipeline design shall comply with ASME B31.4-2006 for liquid systems or ASME B31.8-2007 for
gas systems. Transmission pipelines and jurisdictional gathering systems shall also meet 49 CFR Part
195 or 192 as applicable.
(3) This standard is not intended to apply retroactively.
1.1. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)
49 CFR 192 Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline
49 CFR 195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline

1.2. American Petroleum Institute (API)

API 5L/ISO 3183 Specification for Line Pipe, 44th Edition
API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves, 23rd Edition
API RP 14E Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Production
Platform Piping Systems (Section 2.5 pertaining to “Erosion Velocity”)
API 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways, 7th Edition
API 1104 Welding of Pipeline and Related Facilities, 20th Edition

1.3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

ASME B16.5-2009 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.9-2007 Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.10-2009 Face to Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.34-2009 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End, Includes Supplement
ASME B31.4-2006 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.8-2007 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
2007 ASME Boiler and Section V - Non-Destructive Examination
Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Div. 1 - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications

1.4. ASTM International

ASTM E94-04(2010) Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination

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1.5. Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS)

MSS SP-44-2006 Steel Pipeline Flanges
MSS SP-53-1999 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and
(R2007) Fittings and Other Piping Components-Magnetic Particle Exam Method

1.6. Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC)

Design Guideline for Small Diameter Branch Connections

1.7. Enterprise Standards and Specifications

STD.0002 Administration of Engineering Standards and Specifications
STD.0250 Project Records Management
STD.2600 Fencing
STD.3401 Computational Pipeline Monitoring – Leak Detection and Batch Tracking
STD.4000 Piping Specification Index
STD.4100 Valve Solutions Database and Key Code Index
STD.4500 Line Pipe (API 5L) – Requirements for Pipe Purchased from Manufacturer
STD.4501 Line Pipe (API 5L) – Requirements for Pipe Purchased from Supplier
STD.4505 Shop Fabricated Pipe Bends
STD.4506 Pig Launchers and Receivers
STD.4507 Pipeline Hydrostatic Testing
STD.7001 Protective Coatings – Above Ground Steel Surfaces
STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Field Applied
STD.7003 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Plant Applied Fusion
Bonded Epoxy and Abrasion Resistant Overlay
STD.7005 Concrete Weight Coating for Pipelines
STD.7006 Cathodic Protection - General
STD.7007 Material Selection and Installation of Flange Insulation Sets
STD.8001 Enterprise API 1104 Welding Procedures
STD.8006 Welder Qualification
STD.8700 Pipeline Construction
STD.9002 Surveying and Mapping

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1.8. Enterprise Standard Drawings

STD-CIDT-2520 Piping Casing and Insulator Installation for Undercrossing Highway and
Railroad
STD-CIDT-2521 Pipeline Undercrossing for Highways
STD-CIDT-2522 Pipeline Undercrossing for Single Track Railroad (Cased)
STD-CIDT-2523 Pipeline Undercrossing for Multiple Track Railroad (Cased)
STD-CIDT-2524 Casing Insulator
STD-PIDT-4118 Casing Vent

2.0 ROUTE SELECTION

(1) The objective is to select a path that will minimize the potential for future land use conflict and
potential damage to the line, and at the same time keep construction costs to a minimum.
(2) A suitable preliminary route may be selected by using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Topographic
Maps, Google Earth, and/or aerial photographs.
(3) The route selected should be the most direct line between the starting and ending points of the
pipeline. Items which may impact pipeline routing include navigable waterways, rough terrain,
archaeological and environmental concerns, towns or populated areas, work areas, power lines, roads,
railroads and related facilities.
(4) Consider the need for an environmental assessment or historic preservation review to ensure the
selected route does not impact sensitive areas.
(5) The following guidelines should be considered when routing a pipeline:
a. Rivers should be crossed at right angles and in a straight run of the river away from areas of
severe bank erosion.
b. Rough, rocky, and/or hilly terrain, ravines, wet land, and fault zone crossings should be
minimized.
c. Road and railroad crossings should be minimized and crossed at right angles in flat areas
where possible.
d. Floodplains, known high consequence areas, railroad rights-of-way, and road rights-of-way
should be avoided where possible.
e. Areas with a high potential for encroachment should be avoided.
f. Areas with a high potential for requiring condemnation to obtain right-of-way (ROW) should
be avoided.
g. Present and future places of public assembly should be avoided.
h. The alternative of routing the pipeline in and along a public road or railroad ROW should be
considered only if other route options are not available due to the likelihood of non-
reimbursed relocation of the pipeline if the road or railroad is upgraded.
i. Lines should not be placed in road rights-of-way, wetlands or railroad rights-of-way unless
no alternative exists.

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j. Consideration should be given to accessibility of potential mainline valve sites.
(6) When available route information is of questionable accuracy, consult with field personnel for routing
assistance.
(7) A civil survey of the proposed route shall be made to determine the most feasible route that meets the
operating criteria. Once the pipeline route is determined, it shall avoid known problem areas.
2.1. Right-of Way (ROW)
(1) If the construction of a new pipeline requires acquiring right-of-way easements and associated
pipeline appurtenance sites, the Project Manager shall notify the Land department which is
responsible for contacting landowners (including federal and/or state land managing agencies) and/or
tenants. Associated pipeline appurtenances include, but are not limited to, aboveground block valves,
scraper launcher/receiver assemblies, meters, and interconnects.
(2) Unless otherwise specified, Enterprise will obtain the ROW and permission to survey for a pipeline
project.
(3) Unless otherwise stated, the permanent ROW should be a strip of land 50 ft in width for a single
pipeline, with the pipeline located 15 – 20 ft from one ROW line. The ROW document should
include provision for an additional 25 ft ROW width for initial construction and subsequent pipeline
maintenance work such as recoating the pipeline. For each additional pipeline within the same ROW,
the permanent ROW width should increase a minimum of 10 ft for each additional pipeline. The
preferred additional width increase to assure ease of future maintenance activities is 25 ft for each
additional pipeline.
(4) Any conditions or restrictions contained in the easement or permits must be strictly followed by the
contractor.
2.2. Route Survey
(1) All surveys shall be performed in accordance with Enterprise STD.9002 Surveying and Mapping.
(2) The preliminary route survey shall be made using equipment and methods approved by Enterprise
prior to commencement of the work.
(3) The surveyor will be provided maps and/or aerial photographs indicating the pipeline route, along
with a list of survey permits obtained for the route. The surveyor shall ensure the line survey is in
accordance with any permit restrictions.
(4) The route survey shall provide, but not be limited to, actual footage of the pipeline, changes in
elevation, taps, mainline valves, compressors, pumps, regulators, foreign pipeline crossings, roads,
railroads, streams and rivers, property lines, corner locations, and locations of obstructions such as
buildings intended for human occupancy, barns, power poles, wells, lakes, ponds, canals and
cemeteries.
(5) Local topographic surveys as described in STD.9002 shall be completed on all highway, railroad, and
waterway crossings as determined by Enterprise.
(6) Preliminary routing should be provided to affected design engineers to validate that proposed route
does not adversely impact design conditions.
(7) Once the survey is complete and approved by Enterprise, ROW may be purchased.
2.2.1. Route Deviation
(1) Any major deviation from the furnished route shall be approved by Enterprise before making the
change.
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(2) The surveyor shall make minor route adjustments to miss obvious obstructions such as culverts,
bridges and utility poles, except no changes will be allowed when restricted by easement. The ROW
width should be increased as dictated by such route adjustments to provide a 15 ft minimum clearance
from the edge of the ROW.
2.3. Construction Staking
(1) The surveyed length of the route shall be continuously staked at 200 ft intervals, where feasible, using
wooden laths with flags.
(2) Intermediate points marking all stations such as fences, banks of streams, pipeline crossings,
telephone cable crossings, power line crossings, waterline crossings, etc., shall be staked.
(3) Each lath shall be marked with the appropriate station number using a black ink marker and driven
into the ground.
(4) An offset stake shall be set at a measured 100 ft from the centerline to the left or right in each fence
line.
(5) Laths shall be placed at P.I.s and marked with the station number and the deflection angle.
(6) Laths shall be set at the following locations:
a. Along Proposed Center Line
b. At P.I.
c. At Foreign Pipeline or Utility Crossings (on crossed laths)
d. Along Existing Pipeline
e. At Drain Tile Crossing
(7) Flagging shall be securely fastened to all laths used and shall be tied onto the top strand of all
intersected fences.

3.0 PERMITS
(1) Various federal, state, and/or local permits may be required on a pipeline project. In addition,
environmental studies, reports, and impact statements may also be required. The time requirements
for government approval of these permits and studies can vary considerably, depending on the nature
size, and location of the project.
(2) Consult as early as possible with the appropriate Enterprise Environmental and Transportation
Compliance departments for resolution of any jurisdictional or environmental compliance issues that
may pertain to any pipeline project. This may include any gas plants, compressor stations, pump
stations, metering stations or other equipment associated with the pipeline project.
(3) Unless otherwise specified by the Environmental Permitting Department, Enterprise will obtain the
required construction, survey, and environmental permits for the pipeline. The construction
contractor shall insure that all construction permits required by federal, state, or local government
agencies have been obtained.

4.0 CLASS LOCATION

A class location determination shall be performed for natural gas pipelines per ASME B31.8, 49 CFR
Part 192, and all applicable Enterprise policies and procedures. Contact the Enterprise Transportation
Compliance department for additional assistance.

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5.0 HIGH CONSEQUENCE AREA (HCA)

(1) An HCA determination shall be performed for natural gas pipelines per 49 CFR Part 192 and all
applicable Enterprise policies and procedures. Contact the Enterprise Gas Pipeline Integrity group for
additional assistance.
(2) An HCA determination shall be performed for liquid pipelines per 49 CFR Part 195 and all applicable
Enterprise policies and procedures. Contact the Enterprise Liquid Pipeline Integrity group for
additional assistance.

6.0 PIPELINE SIZING

(1) Piping selection and design requires careful planning such that the objective of the system is clearly
established. The design criteria must satisfy the safety regulations, industry standards, commercial
requirements, and operating constraints for the product transported and location of the facilities.
Good design should also anticipate future changes to the system by making provisions for such
changes without the necessity of shutdowns that adversely impact customers and the Company’s
performance.
(2) Pipe size selection in liquid and gas systems is sometimes an economic tradeoff between larger
diameter pipe to reduce pressure drop and compression or pumping horsepower. Consideration
should be given to maximum permissible velocity from the standpoint of vibration, noise, and erosion
to avoid operating issues and unanticipated harm to the facilities.
(3) For steady-state gas flow, Enterprise requires the use of the “General Flow Equation” utilizing the
Colebrook White Friction Factor which is an industry standard. Other known equations are
simplifications of this equation and are limited to certain applications. Any pipeline system analyzed
with another equation must be validated by the required Enterprise standard before being approved.
(4) In single phase liquid flow, the Moody friction factor as calculated by the Colebrook White
correlation is applicable for fluid over a wide range of conditions. The roughness factor should be
carefully selected based on the age and type of pipe. Enterprise transports many different liquid
products that vary in density and viscosity with the changing pressures in the pipe. The hydraulic
design engineer must be thoroughly familiar with the related phenomena or work under the
supervision of an experienced lead engineer to make sure that design conditions are not overly
simplified resulting in erroneous answers. There are a number of complex software programs to help
the design engineer, and any software utilized in the hydraulic analysis should be able to apply the
various hydraulic phenomena correctly. The Hazen-Williams flow equation provides a quick
estimate for short pipes with low viscosity fluids, but final design must be validated by the approved
method.
(5) The following characteristics, in addition to gas or liquid volumes, influence piping design.
a. For the design of new pipeline facilities, the roughness for steel pipe should not be less
than 0.0018 inches.
b. A static head analysis shall be performed to determine maximum pump discharge set
points to assure that the maximum operating pressure (MOP) of the pipe is not exceeded
at any point along the line.
c. All pipelines shall be designed for turbulent flow regime. Some heavy crude oil pipes
may experience laminar flow in certain instances, but the design should avoid this if
possible. Design should also avoid slack line flow under normal operations.

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d. Presence of special conditions like paraffins, high pour point, high viscosity, and solids
should be determined by laboratory testing. Depending on the situation, special
metallurgy, chemical injection, or minimum velocity limitations may be required.
e. The maximum velocity in pipe should not exceed the erosion velocity determined
according to API RP 14E Section 2.5.
(6) Liquid hydrocarbon pipelines should be designed and operated at a minimum pressure sufficient to
ensure the liquid remains in a single phase. This can be accomplished by operating at a pressure
above the vapor pressure of the product with an appropriate safety factor which can vary depending
on the product and the types of pumps used in the system. With proper controls the minimum design
operating pressure can be lowered to approximately 50 psig over the true product vapor pressure.
Pipeline control and field operations should be consulted if a minimum design operating pressure
below that stated above is to be used.
(7) Pressure drop effects of valves and fittings should be accounted for by applying the appropriate CV
value for the valve or fitting. In short, the effect of valves and fittings can be approximated by adding
the equivalent length of the fittings to the actual lengths of pipe.
(8) Various design conditions shall be considered for pipelines that transport multiple liquids in batches.
In a batched pipeline, the combination of batches that result in the highest pressures will dictate the
design constraints on the pipeline.

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7.0 PIPELINE DESIGN

7.1. General
(1) Due consideration shall be given to the design conditions including pressure, temperature, and other
dynamic forces as outlined in the applicable piping code, ASME B31.4 or B31.8.
(2) When two lines that operate at different pressure conditions are connected, the valve segregating the
two lines shall be rated for the more severe service condition.
(3) Pipe sized 1¼ in., 2½ in., 3½ in., and 5 in. shall not be used.
(4) Piping smaller than ½ in. shall not be used. Stainless steel tubing with formed bends and tubing
fittings shall be used when smaller sizes are necessary.
(5) Pipe expansion and flexibility calculations shall be made as required and in accordance with ASME
B31.4, Section 419 for liquid pipelines, and ASME B31.8, Section 832 for gas pipelines.
(6) The design of pipe supports shall be in accordance with ASME B31.4, Section 421 for liquid
pipelines, and ASME B.31.8, section 834 for gas pipelines. In general, pipe supports should be
designed in such a manner as to minimize contacting surface areas, crevices, movement and friction
due to metal to metal contact. Appropriate dielectric protection shall be provided between the pipe
surface and the supporting structure.
7.2. Pressure Rating
7.2.1. Liquid Pipelines
(1) The allowable stress value for pipe to be used in design calculations shall be determined as follows:
a. For pipelines covered by 49 CFR Part 195, a maximum design factor of 0.72 shall be
used, except for the following areas in which a maximum design factor of 0.5 shall be
used:
i. Navigable waterways and associated 100 year flood plains;
ii. HCAs as defined in §195.450;
iii. Pipeline segments operating at highway, railroad and road crossings; and
iv. Pipe which has been subjected to cold expansion and then re-heated, per 49 CFR
195.106.
b. For liquid pipelines that are not covered by 49 CFR Part 195, a maximum design factor
of 0.72 shall be used as outlined in ASME B31.4, Section 402.3.1.
(2) Consideration shall be given to stress limits which may be caused by sustained loads, thermal
expansion, or occasional loads as outlined in ASME B31.4, Sections 402.3.2 and 402.3.3.
(3) The minimum pipe wall thickness required shall be calculated in accordance with ASME B31.4,
Section 404.1.2. Corrosion allowances for sour or corrosive fluids should be determined by
consultation with a metallurgical/corrosion engineer.
7.2.2. Gas Pipelines
(1) The allowable stress value for pipe to be used in design calculations shall be determined as follows:
a. For pipelines covered by 49 CFR Part 192, the design factor shall be obtained from the
table in 49 CFR 192.111 based on the location classes outlined in 49 CFR 192.5.

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b. For gas pipelines that are not covered by 49 CFR Part 192, the design factor may be
obtained from ASME B31.8, Table 841.114A based on the location classes outlined in
ASME B31.8, Section 840.22; however, because Enterprise frequently changes pipeline
usage according to new business opportunities, consideration should be given to the
potential future use of the pipeline. If it is possible that the pipeline can also be used in
regulated service, then the pipeline should be designed according to 49 CFR Part 192.
c. Route selection cannot always avoid populated areas, and consideration should be given
to potential future population growth. Shutdowns for pipe replacement or hydrotesting
create problems for customers and adversely impact the company; accordingly, for single
lines where the population density is within 90% of a change in class location as defined
in 49 CFR 192.5, the pipe section should be designed according to the next higher class
location.
(2) Consideration shall be given to stress limits which may be caused by thermal expansion as outlined
in ASME B31.8, Section 832.2 and 832.3.
(3) The minimum pipe wall thickness required shall be calculated in accordance with ASME B31.8,
Section 841.11. Corrosion allowances for sour or corrosive fluids should be determined by
consultation with a metallurgical/corrosion engineer.
7.3. Pipe Joint Selection and Requirements
(1) Butt welded joints shall be made in accordance with the requirements of ASME B31.4, Section 434
for liquid pipelines, and ASME B31.8, Section 820 for gas pipelines.
(2) Flanged joints shall meet the requirements of ASME B31.4, Section 408 for liquid pipelines, and
ASME B31.8, Section 831 for gas pipelines.
(3) Threaded joints, where permitted, shall meet the requirements of ASME B31.4, Section 414 for liquid
pipelines, and ASME B31.8, Section 831 for gas pipelines.
(4) Piping sized 1½ in. and smaller shall be socket welded when installed below ground, and shall be
socket welded when installed above ground except for the following locations where threaded joints
are permitted:
a. At the outlet of vent and drain valves;
b. At the outlet of instrument take-off valves;
c. For "Pig Sig" connections at launcher/receivers;
d. Thread-O-Ring (TOR) fittings at mainline valve sites to facilitate maintenance activity;
e. Between the inlet and outlet isolation valves on meter runs.
(5) Piping sized 2 in. and larger shall be butt welded with butt weld fittings.
(6) Piping 2 in. and larger shall use weld neck flanges.
(7) Slip-on flanges shall not be used.
(8) ANSI Class 400 flanges shall not be used.
(9) Standard flange facing shall be raised face (RF) for ANSI Class 600 and lower, and either raised face
or ring type joint (RTJ) for ANSI Class 900 and higher, as indicated on detailed piping specifications.
See Enterprise STD.4000 Piping Specification Index for a listing of detailed piping specifications.
Exceptions may be determined by flange facing on selected equipment.
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(10) Steel flanges which mate with equipment having cast iron, ductile iron, or plastic flanges shall be
flat faced using a full faced gasket.
(11) Reducing flanges shall not be used without approval by Enterprise.

(12) Threaded fittings shall not be seal welded.

(13) Threaded nipples shall be long enough to be held with a pipe wrench when fittings are in place on
each end. Close and all-thread nipples shall not be used. Nipples used with socket welded fittings
shall be plain end.
(14) No all-thread nipples, street-ells, or reducing bushings shall be used. Hex bushings may be used
with fittings for connecting instrumentation.
7.4. Branch Connections
(1) Branch connections shall be made in accordance with ASME B31.4, Section 404.3 for liquid
pipelines, and ASME B31.8, Section 831.3 for gas pipelines, and shall follow the branch connection
tables listed in the detailed piping specifications for each application. Fabricated "Stub-in" or "Stub-
on" connections are not permitted.
(2) Elbowlets shall be restricted to connections for thermowells.
(3) For vibrating service, branch connections shall be designed per Gas Machinery Research Council
(GMRC) Design Guideline for Small Diameter Branch Connections, section 3.2.
7.5. Special Joint and Fitting Requirements
(1) When using a pipe fitting to connect two pipes with different wall thickness, the pipe fitting wall
thickness shall match the heavier pipe wall thickness.
(2) The butt welding of two pieces of pipe or fittings having unequal wall thickness, unequal yield
strength, or both shall be done in accordance with Enterprise STD.8014 Welding – Special Details.
(3) Butt weld 90° elbows shall be long radius elbows unless restricted by space. Short radius 90° elbows
may only be used if approved by Enterprise.
(4) Pipelines subject to 49 CFR Part 192 or Part 195 shall be designed and constructed to accommodate
the passage of smart pigs, which includes the use of large radius bends, full size and full port valves,
barred tees and crossovers, and provisions to attach pig launchers/receivers at the ends of the pipeline
and wherever the pipeline I.D. changes.
(5) When designing the pipeline for passage of an intelligent pigging tool, the bend radius on elbows
shall be at a minimum 6D. Tighter bend radius on pipe sizes 10 in. and larger may be evaluated and
approved by Enterprise on a case by case basis. For elbows with greater than 0.500 in. wall
thickness, a larger bend radius may be required (consult appropriate vendors for specific
requirements). Location of bends should allow straight runs of at least 3D before and after.
Combination bends should have a straight run of pipe minimum five foot long including tangents
between the bends for pipe diameters 24 in. and smaller and a minimum 3D long straight run for
diameters 24 in. and larger. Shop fabricated bends shall meet the requirements of Enterprise standard
STD.4505 Shop Fabricated Bends.
7.6. Pressure Relief
(1) Pressure-safety protection for liquid pipelines shall be in accordance with 49 CFR 195.104.

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(2) Pressure-safety protection for gas pipelines shall be in accordance with 49 CFR 192.195. Relief valve
sizing should be adequate to vent an amount of gas equal to the maximum flow rate of the largest
single source of input in the pipe section.
(3) Surge calculations shall be made, and adequate controls and protective equipment shall be provided
so that the level of pressure rise due to surges and other variations from normal operations shall not
exceed the MOP/MAOP at any point in the piping system and equipment by more than 10%. The
results of the surge analysis should not adversely affect the objectives of the pipeline as established in
Section 6.0(1) of this standard, or the design must be changed accordingly to satisfy surge constraints
and pipeline objectives.
(4) A full area isolation valve may be installed between origin point and relief device providing such
valve can be locked or sealed in the open position.
(5) Disposal piping from a relief device shall be designed in accordance with the applicable piping code
and shall be connected to a proper disposal facility such as a flare stack or tank. This disposal piping
shall not have a valve between the relief device and disposal facility unless such valve is a full area
valve and can be locked or sealed in the open position. Design must consider the relief device outlet
piping configuration and potential for back pressure on the system.
7.7. Valves
7.7.1. General Requirements
(1) Valves must conform to API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves.
(2) Valves shall be protected from damage or tampering, and suitably supported to prevent settlement or
movement of the attached piping. Valve body shall not be used as support point for the valve or
connecting piping systems.
(3) Valves shall be installed on the suction and discharge of pump stations and compressor stations, and
on lines entering or leaving a tank farm or terminal.
(4) A check valve shall be installed in the pipeline pump/compressor unit bypass line to prevent the unit
from circulating fluid from the discharge line back to the suction line. The check valve located in the
pump/compressor unit bypass line shall have a full port design to accommodate pipeline scrapers and
internal inspection tools.
(5) Valve sizes equal to or larger than those shown below should be provided with gear operators.

Pressure Class 150 300 600 900 1500 2500

Valve Type
Gate 12" 10" 6" 3" 3" 3"
Globe 6" 8" 6" 3" 3" 3"
Ball 8" 6" 4" 3" 3" 3"
Plug 8" 6" 6" 3" 3" 2"

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7.7.2. Mainline Block Valves
(1) For liquid pipelines, mainline block valves shall be installed on the upstream and downstream sides of
water crossings that are more than 100 feet wide from high-water mark to high-water mark and public
water supply reservoirs.
(2) Mainline block valves shall be installed at mainline pump stations and compressor stations, and block
and/or check valves shall be installed at other locations spaced appropriately for the terrain features
and type of fluid being transported.
(3) For natural gas pipelines, mainline block valve spacing and location shall comply with the following
requirements:
a. 49 CFR 192.179 for regulated gas pipelines, and pipelines that may become regulated in
future service
b. ASME B31.8 Section 846.1 for nonregulated gas pipelines
(4) For liquid pipelines, mainline block valve location shall comply with the following requirements:
a. 49 CFR 195.260 for regulated liquid pipelines
b. ASME B31.4 Section 434.15.2 for nonregulated liquid pipelines
(5) A 7.5 mile maximum spacing shall be used for liquid pipelines that are transporting highly volatile
liquids (HVL) in high consequence areas (HCA).
(6) A maximum spacing of 10 miles should be used for liquid pipelines that are transporting HVL in non-
HCA areas.
(7) A maximum spacing of 10 miles should be used for liquid pipelines that are transporting non-HVL in
HCA areas.
(8) A maximum spacing of 20 miles should be used for liquid pipelines that are transporting non-HVL in
non-HCA areas,
(9) Mainline block valves shall be placed in areas not prone to flooding or standing water
(10) Mainline block valves shall be weld-end valves.
(11) Mainline block valves shall be full port to accommodate internal inspection tools and pipeline
scrapers.
(12) Mainline block valves 16” and larger shall be buried, except for NGL pipelines or multi-product
pipelines that transport NGLs [see section 7.7.2 (14) below]. Valve/pipeline centerline depths shall be
designed such that bonnets are slightly above finished grade.
(13) Mainline block valves 14” and smaller can be installed either above or below ground. Below
ground installations shall be designed to position the valve bonnet at grade for maintenance purposes.
(14) For NGL pipelines and multi-product pipelines that transport NGLs, mainline block valves shall
be installed above ground, regardless of size.
(15) All buried block valves shall be coated in accordance with Enterprise STD.7002 Protective
Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Field Applied with above grade portions (bonnets) top
coated in accordance with Enterprise STD.7001 Protective Coatings – Aboveground Steel Surfaces.
All above ground valves shall be coated in accordance with Enterprise STD.7001 Protective Coatings
– Aboveground Steel Surfaces. Piping transition zones (soil-to-air interface) shall be coated with a

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below ground coating in accordance with Enterprise STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below Ground
Steel Surfaces – Field Applied.
(16) Buried mainline block valves shall be installed with grease fittings and actuator extensions as
necessary for manual operation and maintenance.
(17) Valve boxes/vaults shall not be used.
(18) The valve site design can include adequately protected, appropriately sized T-O-R fittings to
facilitate maintenance activity installed on buried up/downstream piping in accordance with branch
connection standards.
(19) For valves that are equipped with motor operators for remote actuation, or where instrumentation
is installed, the valve shall be positioned such that the operator mounting flange and all instrument
taps are above grade
(20) Blow down/bypass assemblies shall extend above grade and are to be installed as per existing
standards.
(21) All main line block valves sites shall be fenced for security in accordance with Enterprise
STD.2600 Fencing.
(22) Consideration should be given to achieving remotely controlled mainline valves at a maximum
separation distance of approximately 50 miles. The SCADA system must be capable of opening and
closing the valve and monitoring the valve position, upstream pressure, and downstream pressure.
(23) When the pipeline is installed parallel to existing high voltage AC corridors, safety concerns
associated with step and touch potential hazards at all valve locations, as a result of electromagnetic
induction, should be considered and mitigated in accordance with Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic
Protection – General.
7.8. Foreign Pipeline, Road, and Railroad Crossings
(1) A foreign pipeline shall be crossed under the bottom unless the foreign pipeline operator approves a
top crossing, and minimum spacing and cover requirements are maintained.
(2) The minimum clearance between lines or underground structures shall be 12 inches.
(3) Test leads used for the purpose of monitoring cathodic protection shall be installed on the pipeline,
and if approved by operator, on the foreign pipeline per Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic Protection –
General.
(4) Overhead power lines, buried power and communication cables, road and railroad crossings shall be
as near to a right angle as possible. When crossing above power or communication cables, sandbags
or other support structures shall be placed to prevent pipeline weight bearing on the cable.
(5) Road or railroad crossings shall be uncased except for the following:
a. When casing is required by regulation or the property owner.
b. When casing is deemed necessary due to rocky terrain, wide crossing, etc.
(6) Uncased road or railroad crossings shall be designed with a maximum 0.5 design factor. See section
7.2.1 of this standard.
(7) When uncased crossings are made where drainage ditches are present, the need for mechanical
protection shall take into consideration the pipe depth below the bottom of the ditch. If the minimum

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coverage set forth in API 1102 cannot be provided, the pipe shall be protected by one of the
following:
a. A precast concrete slab on a 6 inch dirt pad over the top of the pipe.
NOTE: Use precast slabs as the preferred method of mechanical protection, and use
earth-formed, poured slabs as the alternative method when precast options are not readily
available in proximity to work site. Minimum slab thickness shall be 6 inches. The slab
shall extend 2 feet beyond the OD of the pipeline on each side of the pipeline. The length
of the slab along the pipeline centerline shall, at a minimum, extend the full width of the
drainage ditch.
b. An appropriately sized split steel pipe on a 6 inch dirt pad with sandbags over the top of
the pipe.
(8) Casings, where used, shall be designed and installed per API 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads
and Highways. See Enterprise Standard Drawing STD-CIDT-2521 Pipeline Undercrossing for
Highways, STD-CIDT-2522 Pipeline Undercrossing for Single Track Railroad (Cased), or STD-
CIDT-2523 Pipeline Undercrossing for Multiple Track Railroad (Cased), as applicable, for additional
information.
(9) Casing for road crossings shall be sized in accordance with STD-CIDT-2520 Piping Casing and
Insulator Installation for Undercrossing Highway and Railroad, and be a minimum of 35,000 psi
yield strength.
(10) Casing insulators shall be installed as shown on Enterprise Standard Drawing STD-CIDT-2524
Casing Insulator. The use of concrete coated pipe is preferred over using casing insulators. The
casing annulus should be filled with a dielectric corrosion inhibitive filler.
(11) Each end of the casing shall have a seal, insulator, and vent pipe. The vent pipe shall have a vent
cap or a 180 return fitting.
(12) For road and railroad crossings in low lying, wet areas the casing shall have two vents installed
with one of the vents located in the bottom of casing as shown on Enterprise Standard Drawing STD-
PIDT-4118 Casing Vent.
(13) The minimum cover requirements for uncased and cased road and railroad crossings shall be
determined per API 1102.
7.9. Waterway Crossings
(1) Waterway crossings shall be constructed in accordance with all applicable permits.
(2) Pipeline(s) traversing waterways shall be as straight as possible
(3) Waterway crossing shall be ditched or directionally bored at right angles to the stream. Elevated
crossings shall not be considered without approval by the Enterprise Project Manager.
(4) A negative buoyancy of 1.25 is required for all ditched waterway crossings and flood plains. This
may be accomplished by using concrete coated pipe or concrete weights. See Enterprise STD.7005
Concrete Weight Coating for Pipelines.
(5) A maximum design factor of 0.6 shall be used for non-navigable waterway crossings where pipe is
fabricated and dragged into the ditch. Prior to pipe installation, all dragged pipe shall have abrasion
resistant overcoat (ARO) applied per Enterprise STD.7003 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel

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Surfaces – Plant Applied Fusion-Bonded Epoxy and Abrasion-Resistant Overlay, Enterprise
STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Field Applied. If concrete coated
pipe is to be utilized, it shall be coated in accordance with Enterprise STD.7005 Concrete Weight
Coating for Pipelines.
(6) A maximum design factor of 0.5 shall be used for pipelines located in inland navigable waterways.
See section 7.2.1 of this standard.
(7) Pipeline markers and cathodic protection test stations shall be installed on both sides of waterway
crossings, as a minimum. Test stations shall be installed per Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic
Protection – General.
(8) For waterway crossings, factors to consider in determining the depth of cover include flow
characteristics of the waterway, the depth of scour from periodic flooding, future channel
widening/deepening, anchoring from traffic, and the existence of pipeline or cable crossings at the
location. The Army Corps of Engineers shall be consulted for projected river scour and the crossing
depth of cover shall be designed for a minimum of 5 feet below the projected 50 year scour depth. At
a minimum, the depth of cover shall be 20 feet below the lowest existing section of the crossing.
7.10. Corrosion Control
(1) A Corrosion Prevention Supervisor, Manager, or Engineer shall be consulted prior to the finalization
of the corrosion control design.
(2) All below ground pipe shall be coated with an Enterprise approved pipeline coating material. See
Enterprise STD.7003 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Plant Applied Fusion
Bonded Epoxy and Abrasion Resistant Overlay, Enterprise STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below
Ground Steel Surfaces – Field Applied, and Enterprise STD.7005 Concrete Weight Coating for
Pipelines.
(3) Coatings used for directional bore, slick bore and other trenchless installation methods must resist
abrasions and other damages that may occur due to rocks and other obstructions encountered in this
installation technique. Pipe installed by directional bore, slick bore and other trenchless installation
methods shall have abrasion resistant overcoat (ARO) applied per Enterprise STD.7003 Protective
Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Plant Applied Fusion-Bonded Epoxy and Abrasion-
Resistant Overlay and Enterprise STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces –
Field Applied. If concrete coated pipe is to be utilized, it shall be coated in accordance with
Enterprise STD.7005 Concrete Weight Coating for Pipelines.
(4) All coated pipelines shall be cathodically protected in accordance with Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic
Protection – General.
(5) All coated pipelines shall be electrically isolated at all interconnects with foreign systems in
accordance with Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic Protection – General and STD.7007 Material
Selection and Installation of Flange Insulation Sets.
(6) Cathodic protection test leads shall be installed as outlined in Enterprise STD.7006 Cathodic
Protection – General.
(7) All above ground pipeline segments shall be painted in accordance with Enterprise STD.7001
Protective Coatings – Above Ground Steel Surfaces.
(8) Internal corrosion control design shall be evaluated by Enterprise on a case by case basis. Economic
consideration shall be given to internal pipe coating, chemical inhibition, pigging, material selection,

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etc. A Corrosion Prevention Supervisor, Manager, or Engineer shall be consulted concerning
placement of internal corrosion monitoring fittings and chemical injection fittings.
(9) Piping transition zones (soil-to-air interface) shall be coated with a below ground coating in
accordance with STD.7002 Protective Coatings – Below Ground Steel Surfaces – Field Applied.
7.11. Cover Requirements
7.11.1. Liquid Pipelines
(1) All liquid pipelines must be installed with soil cover maintained at the following minimum depths
where practicable:

Normal
Location Excavation

HCAs; Industrial, commercial, and residential areas; River and stream 48

crossings; Drainage ditches at roadways and railroads; Cultivated
agricultural areas where plowing or subsurface ripping is common

All other areas 36

(2) For pipelines installed in areas requiring rock excavation, the following minimum depth of cover
requirements must be met:

Consolidated
Location1 rock
Industrial, commercial, and residential areas 30
Crossing of inland bodies of water with a width of at least 100 feet from 18
high water mark to high water mark
Drainage ditches of public roads and railroad crossings 36
All other areas 18
1
Rock excavation is any excavation that requires blasting or removal by equivalent means.

(3) In areas where conditions prevent the installation of the pipeline within the minimum cover
requirements, additional protective measures must be employed to alert the public and excavators
to the presence of the pipeline. The additional measures shall include placing warning tape and
additional pipeline markers along the affected pipeline segment.
(4) State and local regulations shall also be reviewed to determine if additional cover is required.
7.11.2. Gas Pipelines
(1) All non-regulated gas pipelines shall meet the minimum cover requirements shown in ASME
B31.8, Section 841.142:

Cover inches

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Location For rock

excavation1

Pipe size Pipe size

For normal
excavation ≤ NPS 20 > NPS 20

Class 1 24 12 18

Class 2 30 18 18

Class 3 and 4 30 24 24

Drainage ditches of public roads and railroad crossings 36 24 24

1
Rock excavation is any excavation that requires blasting or removal by equivalent means.
(2) All gas pipelines regulated per 49 CFR Part 192 shall meet the minimum cover requirements of
per §192.327:

Location Normal soil Consolidated rock

Inches

Class 1 30 18

Class 2, 3, and 4 36 24

Drainage ditches of public roads and railroad crossings 36 24

(3) All pipe installed in a navigable river, stream, or harbor must be installed with a minimum cover
of 48 inches in soil or 24 inches in consolidated rock between the top of the pipe and the
underwater natural bottom
(4) A check with local and state governments shall be made to determine if more stringent cover
requirements are required.
7.11.3. Deviations
All deviations from the minimum depth of cover requirements must be approved by the Group
SVP, Engineering using the waiver request process outlined in Enterprise STD.0002.
7.12. Pipeline Markers
7.12.1. General Standard for Placement of Permanent Pipeline Markers
(1) Permanent markers shall be installed at line-of-sight intervals for onshore liquids and gas buried
pipelines.
(2) Line of sight is defined as the placement of permanent markers such that when standing at any
point on the pipeline, in clear weather conditions - during daylight hours, an individual is able to
identify the adjacent upstream and downstream pipeline markers.

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(3) In addition to the installation of line-of-sight markers, markers shall be installed at:
a. Both sides of a public road crossing;
b. Both sides of a railroad crossing;
c. Fence lines where practical;
d. Both sides of waterways where practical; and
e. Change in pipeline direction.
7.12.2. Exceptions to the Line-of-Sight Standard
(1) Areas where “line of sight” markings may not be practical and could require special consideration
include, but are not limited to, areas where a pipeline:
a. Traverses the middle of the street;
b. Parallels the road under the shoulder;
c. Is located in heavily developed urban areas;
d. Crosses a cultivated field.
7.12.3. General Installation Guidelines
(1) When installing permanent pipeline markers, employee must be certain of the route of the
pipeline. If the route of the pipeline is not certain, employee must verify the location of the line
using Company approved methods, including but not limited to, the use of electronic pipe
locators, reference to as built alignment drawings, probe bars and/or hydro-excavation.
(2) Line markers that are not placed over the pipeline should denote that the line is offset.
Supplemental signage such as curb markers, ground level markers or pavement decals should also
be considered.
(3) The marker must state the word “Warning,” “Caution,” or “Danger” followed by the words
“Petroleum (or the name of the hazardous liquid transported) Pipeline,” all of which, except for
markers in heavily developed urban areas, must be in letters at least one inch high with an
approximate ¼ inch stroke. The marker must also state Operator name and a telephone number
(including area code) where the operator can be reached at all times.
(4) In areas where operations deem necessary, markers containing Spanish language may be installed
in addition to markers containing English language.

8.0 MATERIALS
All materials shall be suitable and safe for the conditions under which they are used. The materials shall
be qualified for use in the pipeline system by compliance with applicable regulations, standards, and
specifications and standards as provided by 49 CFR Part 192 and ASME B31.8 for gas pipeline systems,
49 CFR Part 195 and ASME B31.4 for liquid pipeline systems, and by the detailed piping specifications
listed in Enterprise STD.4000.

9.0 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE

(1) A construction quality assurance plan for quality standards and controls must be maintained
throughout the construction phase with respect to: inspection, pipe hauling and stringing, field
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bending, welding, non-destructive examination (NDE) of girth welds, field joint coating, pipeline
coating integrity tests, lowering of the pipeline in the ditch, padding materials to protect the pipeline,
backfilling, alternating current (AC) interference mitigation and CP systems.
(2) All girth welds must be NDE by radiography or alternative means. The NDE examiner must have all
current required certifications. See Enterprise STD.8010 Visual and Nondestructive Examination for
additional information.
(3) Special examination requirements for ASME B16.5 Pressure Class 900 and higher ferritic and
austenitic cast valve bodies are as follows:
a. Critical areas shall be radiographically examined in accordance with ASTM E94
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination, or ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code Section V Nondestructive Examination.
b. Weld bevels and all machined surfaces of ferritic cast steel valve bodies shall be
subjected to a magnetic particle examination in accordance with MSS SP-53 Quality
Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other
Piping Components-Magnetic Particle Exam Method.
c. Castings with wall thicknesses ≥ 4.5 in. shall be examined in accordance with ASME
BPVC Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 7, Paragraph 7-3 (b).

10.0 TESTING AND INSPECTION

(1) Pipeline hydrostatic testing shall be performed per Enterprise standard STD.4507 Pipeline
Hydrostatic Testing. Any pipe failure occurring during the pre-in service hydrostatic test must
undergo a root cause failure analysis to include a metallurgical examination of the failed pipe.
(2) All new valves are to be purchased with documentation to support their having been hydrostatically
tested by the manufacturer per API 6D with the following extended duration hydrostatic shell testing
requirements for cast valves:
≤ 10” 15 minutes
12” – 18” 30 minutes
≥ 20” 1 hour

(3) Consideration should be given to running a combination deformation/magnetic flux leakage (MFL)
in-line inspection (ILI) tool prior to placing the pipeline system in service, as an option for
establishing the initial baseline inspection for the pipeline system.

11.0 RECORDS
Records shall be maintained per Enterprise STD.0250 Project Records Management. STD.0250
Appendix A provides a complete listing of records to be maintained, and the applicable drivers for each
record’s retention.

12.0 PIPELINE MONITORING AND CONTROL

12.1. Communications
(1) Gas Pipelines

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a. Redundant SCADA communications shall be supplied at mainline sites where
measurement or control exists.
b. Low flow sites on gathering systems require only single path communications
(2) Liquid Pipelines
a. Redundant SCADA communications shall be supplied at sites where measurement or
control exists. Additionally, backup communication shall be supplied anywhere SCADA
exists to the extent a diverse technology is available in the area.
12.2. Liquid Pipeline Receipt and Delivery points
(1) All pipeline receipt and delivery points shall be equipped with remotely controlled valves to
allow control center to shut in the pipeline. Remotely monitored pipeline pressure transmitters
will be installed on both the customer side and the pipeline side of the valve to provide accurate
pressure readings during shut in conditions.
(2) Consideration shall be given to location of pipeline boundary measurement to insure that
‘orphaned’ line segments are not created. Orphaned segments are piping that is outside of the
measurement boundaries of a pipeline system
(3) Consideration shall be given to provide redundant measurement where receipt or delivery cannot
be interrupted to perform measurement maintenance or repair
12.3. Leak Detection
(1) STD.3401 Computational Pipeline Monitoring (Leak Detection) and Batch Tracking
Instrumentation Requirements shall be followed in the design of any liquid pipeline system to
insure compliance with regulatory requirements for leak detection.
12.4. Pipeline Segmentation Measurement
(1) Consideration shall be given to locate mainline segmentation meters to provide sufficient pipeline
segmentation to insure leak detection accuracy and reliability. Consultation with the operations
control center and leak detection groups should occur for all new pipeline projects to assure the
latest standards and practices are being included in the scope of the project.
a. Extended laterals should be equipped with measurement at the mainline tie in and lateral
receipts/delivery points
b. Crossover measurement shall be provided at points where one pipeline system deliverers
to another pipeline system

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Attachment: Revision Log/Record

Revision 0.0 Publish Date: 01 Nov 12
Location of Type of
Reason for Change
Change Change
N/A N/A
Revision 0.1 Publish Date: 26 Nov 12
Location of Type of
Reason for Change
Change Change
Section 1.4 Addition Added reference to ASTM E94
Section 1.5 Addition Added reference to MSS SP-53
Section 9.0(3) Addition Added special examination requirements for Class 900 and higher
cast valves
Section 10.0(2) Clarification Clarification of valve hydrotesting requirements

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