1st Quarter Examination Reviewer in Research 7

Historical research enables you to explore and explain the meanings, phases and characteristics of a
phenomenon or process at a particular point of time in the past.
Purposes of Historical research
To make people aware of what has happened in the past in order to:
– Learn from past failures and successes
– Apply them to present-day problems
– Make predictions
– Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends
– Understand present educational practices and policies more fully
Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does
not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred.
There are three main methods of descriptive research:
1. Observation 2. Case Studies 3. Surveys

Experimental research is any research conducted with a scientific approach, where a set of variables are
kept constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment.
There are three primary types of experimental research design:
1. Pre-experimental research design- This is the simplest form of experimental research design. A group,
or various groups, are kept under observation after factors are considered for cause and effect.
2. True experimental research design- The most accurate form of experimental research design as it
relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis.
3. Quasi-experimental research design- an independent variable is manipulated but the participants of a
group are not randomly assigned as per conditions.

Action Research is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking the action. The primary
reason for engaging in action research is to assist the “actor” in improving and/or refining his or her actions.
There are two main types of action research:
1. Practical Action Research
• Addresses a specific problem
• Primary purpose is to improve practice and inform larger issues
• A “how to” approach
2. Participatory Action Research
• Philosophically driven
• Empower individuals and groups to improve their lives and bring about a social
change

The Action Research Process

1. Selecting a focus
2. Clarifying theories
3. Identifying research questions
4. Collecting data
5. Analyzing data
6. Reporting results
7. Taking informed action
Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, has the scientific research aim to improve
scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.
Applied research is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science.
Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social
phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and
relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their everyday lives.
5 types of qualitative method
1. Ethnography 2. Narrative 3. Phenomenological 4. Grounded Theory 5. Case Study

Quantitative research, is defined as the systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data
and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. There are multiple types of primary
quantitative research. They can be distinguished into the four following distinctive methods, which are:
1. Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research methodologies and studies.
Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as such as online
polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys etc.
2. Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely knit entities and how
one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually observed.
3. Causal-Comparative Research This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison.
Also called the quasi-experimental research, this quantitative research method is used by researchers
to draw conclusions about cause-effect equation between two or more variables, where one variable is
dependent on the other independent variable.
4. Experimental Research Also known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a
theory.

GOD BLESS!!! 