CE 503 : WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

DRAINAGE and SEWER SYSTEM

Bonn Martin C. DIALA Civil Engineering Department, Technological Institute of the Philippines
What is a Drainage System?
• DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Includes all the piping within the public and private premises which conveys sewage or
other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal but does not include the mains of a public
sewer system or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
- Sec. 205.10 NPC 1999
A Drainage System is composed of:
 Sanitary Drainage System – the pipings that convey the discharge of water closets or
fixtures having similar functions (containing fecal matter) with or without the discharges form
other fixtures.
 Waste Drainage System – the pipings that receive the liquid discharge from plumbing
fixtures, other than water closets and urinals, and are free of fecal flow.
 Vent System – the pipings installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or
to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage or back
pressure.
 Storm Drainage System – the piping system that receives clear water drainage from
leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water,
cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. All
sanitary waste must be excluded.
 Vent Pipe – a pipe or opening
used for ensuring the Typical House Drainage System
circulation of air in a

General plumbing system and for

relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap
Vent Stack – the vertical vent pipe
installed primarily for providing

Parts of a
seals. Sec 223.3 NPC circulation of air to and from any
part of the soil, waste of the drainage
system. Sec. 223.4 NPC
Soil Stack Pipe – a vertical soil

Drainage pipe conveying fecal matter

and waste water. Sec. 220.21

System Soil Pipe – any pipe, which

conveys the discharge of water
closet, urinal or fixtures having
similar functions, with or
without the discharge from
other fixtures to the building
drain or building sewer.
Sec. 220.22 NPC
House Sewer – is that part of a
plumbing system extending from the
house drain at a point 0.60 meters from
the outside face of the foundation wall
of a building to the junction with the
street sewer or to any point of
discharge, conveying the drainage of
one building site. Sec. 209.7 NPC

House Drain – is that part of the

lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives
the discharge from soil, waste and
other drainage pipes inside of a
building and conveys it to the
house sewer outside of the
building. Sec 209.6 NPC
 Waste Pipe – a pipe,
which convey only
General wastewater or liquid
waste, free of fecal
matter. Sec. 224.2
Septic Tank – a water tight
receptacle which receives
the discharge of a sanitary
Parts of a plumbing system, designed
and constructed to retain
solids , digest organic

Drainage matter through a period of

detention and to allow the
liquids to discharge into the

System public sewer or an

approved private sewage
disposal system. Sec. 220.7
 Catch Basin – a
receptacle in which

General liquids are retained for a

sufficient period of time
to allow settleable

Parts of a material to deposit.

Sec. 204.3

Drainage Downspout – the vertical

portion of a rainwater

System conductor. Sec. 205.8

Leader – a pipe
connected from the
building gutter to the
downspout or conductor.
Sec. 213.6

House Storm Sewer – is the

pipeline from the building to
the public or street storm
drainage system. Sec. 209.8
 GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR A
PROPERLY DESIGNED
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Requirements
of a Drainage All horizontal piping shall be
supported at sufficiently
close intervals to keep them
System in alignment and prevent
sagging. Sec. 315.2.1
Vertical piping shall be
secured at sufficiently close
intervals to keep the pipes in
alignment. Stacks shall be
properly supported at their
bases. Sec. 315.1
All horizontal piping shall run in
practical alignment & at a uniform
grade of not less than 2% (20 mm per
meter) toward the point of disposal.
Sec. 302
Each plumbing fixture trap shall be
protected against siphonage and back-
pressure by means of vent pipes.
Sec. 901
Each plumbing fixture, except those
with integral traps, shall be separately
trapped by an approved type
waterseal trap. Sec. 1001.1
A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be
provided for inspection or cleaning of the
pipe run. Sec. 706
Every building where
plumbing fixtures are
installed shall have a
sewer service connection
to a public or private
sewer systems. Sec. 305.1
Trap
• A Trap is a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented,
a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
The types of waterseal traps are:
1. P-trap – is the most widely used for fixtures, common diameter sizes are 110mm (4”), 63mm (2”),
32mm (1-1/4”) and 38mm (1-1/2”).
2. Drum trap – is used mostly for bathtubs. It has the advantage of containing a larger volume of water &
discharging a greater volume of water than a P-trap.
3. Grease Interceptor / Grease Trap – Grease interceptor is an interceptor of at least 3 cubic meter
capacity to serve one or more fixtures and which is remotely located. Grease trap is a device designed to
retain grease from one to a maximum of four fixtures.
4. House Trap/Running trap – a device installed to prevent circulation of air between the drainage of
the building and the building sewer.
Trap

Crown Weir – the highest point of the bottom of

the internal surface of the trap
Dip – the lowest
portion of the inside
top surface of the
channel through the
51 – 102 mm
trap

Trap seal –the vertical distance or depth of

liquid that a trap will retain, measured
between the crown weir and the top of the
dip of the trap.
Septic Tank
A water tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system or part
thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic matter through a period of
detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a
system of open-jointed sub-surface piping or a seepage pit meeting the requirements of the
National Plumbing Code.
Septic Tank
The septic tank is the primary purification unit and should be installed close
to the surface of the soil, because correction of the effluent depends on
oxidation and the presence of aerobic bacteria that is usually found not more
than 1500mm below the surface.
The General Scheme of a Private Treatment System is relatively simple:
1. The sewage is retained in a submerged, tightly enclosed tank;
2. Solid wastes, known as sludge, are diverted to the bottom of the tank;
3. The action of bacteria present in the tank breaks up the solids and aids in purifying the fluids;
4. An amount of sludge builds up at the bottom of the tank while other organic matters, known as scum,
floats to the surface.
5. An outlet pipe is provided so that the partially purified effluent (the liquid content of the sewage) will
be disposed to a proper point of disposal.
SITING OF SEPTIC TANK*
(Minimum Horizontal Distance)
From building or structure: 1.50 meters
Property line adjoining
Private property: 1.50 meters
Water supply Wells: 15.20 meters
Streams: 15.20 meters
Trees: 3.00 meters
Seepage pits or
Cesspools; 1.50 meters
Disposal Fields; 1.50 meters
On site Domestic Water
Service line: 1.50 meters
Pressure Public
Water Main: 3.00 meters

*Table B-1, Revised National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines
SEWER SYSTEM
Sewer System
• SEWER SYSTEM
is a system that contains pipes of several lengths and diameters which are very
important to covey the wastewater, including domestic, residential, industrial and
commercial treatment services
Ansari et al., 2013
is a main consideration in any residential, commercial , and industrial development
because it can enhance the environment through the disposal of wastewater
Osmi and Mokhtar, 2013
Sewer Flow Diagram

Source: Civil Engineers PK

Design of Sewer Systems
1. Preliminary Investigations – provide a basis for cost estimates which are used to
evaluate the feasibility of project, justify bond issues, assessments against property,
and methods of funding
• Estimated flows
• Approximate ground contours
• Location of the streets or sewer easements
• Location of sewage receptors
2. Detailed Design Requirements – this include surveys to establish:
• Location of existing sewers
• Water and gas lines
• Electrical, telephone and television lines
• Tunnels
• Foundations
• Other construction which might present obstacles to the proposed design
Design of Sewer Systems
3. Design Principles – Velocities in sewers are selected with the goal of keeping the
solids in the sewage in suspension. Sanitary sewers should be sized to provide a
velocity of at least 0.6 m/s

4. Sanitary Sewer Design – Sewers are often classified according to their use which can
be one or a combination of the following:
• Domestic sewage
• Industrial waste
• Ground and surface water infiltration
• Storm water
Design of Sewer Systems
Sewer Materials
Factors to consider in selecting sewer pipe materials:

1. Resistance to corrosion – sewer carries wastewater that releases gases

such as H2S. This gas in contact with moisture can be converted in to
sulfuric acid. The formation of acids can lead to the corrosion of sewer
pipe. Hence, selection of corrosion resistance material is must for long life
of pipe.
2. Resistance to abrasion – sewage contain considerable amount of
suspended solids, part of which are inorganic solids such as sand or grit.
These particles moving at high velocity can cause wear and tear of sewer
material. This abrasion can reduce thickness of pipe and reduces
hydraulic efficiency of the sewer by making the interior surface rough.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Factors to consider in selecting sewer pipe materials:

3. Strength and Durability– The sewer pipe should have sufficient strength
to withstand all the forces that are likely to come on them. Sewers are
subjected to considerable external loads of backfill material and traffic
load, if any. They are not subjected to internal pressure of water. To
withstand external load safely without failure, sufficient wall thickness of
pipe or reinforcement is essential. In addition, the material selected
should be durable and should have sufficient resistance against natural
weathering action to provide longer life to the pipe.
4. Weight and material– The material selected for sewer should have less
specific weight, which will make pipe light in weight. The lightweight
pipes are easy for handling and transport.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Factors to consider in selecting sewer pipe materials:

5. Imperviousness– To eliminate chances of sewage seepage from sewer to

surrounding.

6. Cost – sewer should be less costly to make the sewerage scheme

economical

7. Hydraulically efficient- less frictional coefficient is preferred

Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Type of sewer materials:

1. Vitrified clay sewers- These pipes are used for house connections as well
as lateral sewers. This type of sewer is resistant to corrosion which makes
it suitable to carry heavily polluted sewage. These pipes are durable and
economical for small diameters, strong in compression however it is weak
in tension. Hence this type of pipe cannot be used as pressure pipes.
Logistic wise it also poses problems because it is heavy, brittle and bulky.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Type of sewer materials:

2. Cast iron sewers- These pipes are stronger and capable to withstand
greater tensile, compressive, as well as bending stresses. However, these
are costly. Cast iron pipes are used for outfall sewers, rising mains of
pumping stations, and inverted siphons, where pipes are running under
pressure. These are also suitable for sewers under heavy traffic load, such
as sewers below railways and highways. They are less resistant to
corrosion; hence, generally lined from inside with cement concrete, coal
tar paint, epoxy, etc.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Type of sewer materials:

3. Steel Pipes - These are used under the situations such as pressure main
sewers, under water crossing, bridge crossing, necessary connections for
pumping stations, laying pipes over self supporting spans, railway
crossings, etc. They can withstand internal pressure, impact load and
vibrations much better than CI pipes. They are more ductile and can
withstand water hammer pressure better. These pipes cannot withstand
high external load and these pipes may collapse when negative pressure
is developed in pipes. They are susceptible to corrosion and are not
generally used for partially flowing sewers. They are protected internally
and externally against the action of corrosion.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Type of sewer materials:

4. Ductile Iron Pipes - can also be used for conveying the sewers. They
demonstrate higher capacity to withstand water hammer. Internally these
pipes are coated with cement mortar lining or any other polyethylene
lining to inhibit corrosion from the wastewater being conveyed, and
various types of external coating are used to inhibit corrosion from the
environment. Ductile iron has proven to be a better pipe material than
cast iron but they are costly. Ductile iron is still believed to be stronger
and more fracture resistant material.
Sewer Materials
Sewer Materials
Type of sewer materials:

5. Plastic Sewers (PVC pipes) - is a recent material used for sewer pipes.
These are used for internal drainage works in house. They offer smooth
internal surface. The additional advantages they offer are resistant to
corrosion, light weight of pipe, economical in laying, jointing and
maintenance, the pipe is tough and rigid, and ease in fabrication and
transport of these pipes.
Sewer Materials
Design Equations
For a complete design:

1. Discharge, Q
2. Velocity, V
3. Diameter of pipe, D
4. Slope of pipe, i
Design Equations
Sewer Design for Domestic Wastewater

Step 1: Population
Future population should be calculated based on the present population and growth rate

Step 2: Flow rate of Domestic wastewater

Average sewerage flow = (0.8-0.9)* average annual water consumption ----------- Eqn. 1
Maximum Domestic wastewater flow in summer
𝑄1 = 1.5 𝑥 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 𝑃𝐹𝐹
Maximum Domestic wastewater flow in winter
𝑄2 = 0.8 𝑥 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 𝑃𝐹𝐹
Design Equations
Step 2: Continuation
Minimum Domestic wastewater flow in winter
𝑄3 = 0.8 𝑥 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑥 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑥 0.8 𝑥 𝑀𝐹𝐹
Where:
𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎
5
Minimum 𝐹𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝐹𝐹 = 1
(𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/1000)6
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝐹𝐹 = 0.2 ∗ ( )6
1000
Design Equations
Step 3: Infiltration

Amount of infiltration depends on:

• Material of pipe
• Ground water level
• Condition of fittings
Design Equations
Step 4: Rainfall
𝑅𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑥 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑄6 = =( + )
60 𝑥 60 𝑥 1000 60 𝑥 60 𝑥 1000 60 𝑥 60 𝑥 1000
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
= 𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥𝑅𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑥𝑅𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
60 𝑥 60 𝑥 1000
Where:
I = Intensity of rain mm/hr.
A = Total area of buildings and paved roads
R = runoff coefficient
*Length of roads = (area of roads/average width of roads)
*Length of sewer pipes= 0.8 x Length of roads
Design Equations
 Dry weather flow – sewerage flow without excluding the rainfall
• 𝑄min 𝑑.𝑤.𝑓 = Minimum dry weather flow (happens in winter and night
• 𝑄max 𝑑.𝑤.𝑓. = Maximum dry weather flow (happens peak hours and in
summer

 Wet weather flow – sewerage flow including rain fall

• 𝑄min 𝑤.𝑤.𝑓 = Minimum wet weather flow (obtained by adding the minimum
sewerage flow in winter plus rainfall)
• 𝑄m𝑎𝑥 𝑤.𝑤.𝑓 = Maximum wet weather flow (obtained by adding the
maximum sewerage flow in winter plus rainfall)
Design Equations
 By Definition:

 𝑄max 𝑑.𝑤.𝑓. = 𝑄1 + 𝑄4
 𝑄max 𝑤.𝑤.𝑓. = 𝑄2 + 𝑄5 + 𝑄6
 𝑄min 𝑑.𝑤.𝑓. = 𝑄3 + 𝑄5 ------------ used to check the minimum
velocity in pipes

Design wastewater flow, 𝑄𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (𝑄max 𝑑.𝑤.𝑓 , 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤.𝑤.𝑓 )

In the Philippines..
 National Sewerage and Septage Management Program

• The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 is a landmark piece of legislation that mandates
the preparation of a National Sewerage and Septage Management Program

• To provide sewerage and septage services to minimize the adverse impacts of domestic
wastewater discharges on water quality and water resources in general.

• The goal of the NSSMP is to improve water quality and protect public health in urban
areas of the Philippines by 2020. Its objectives are to enhance the ability of local
implementers to build and operate wastewater treatment systems for urban centers and
promote the behavior change and supporting environment needed for systems to
beeffective and sustainable.
In the Philippines..

Source: mayniladwater.com.ph

Source: rappler.com Source: myphilippinelife.com

Source: medium.com
In the Philippines..
NSSMP Targets:

Target 1 • By 2020, all LGU’s have developed septage management systems and the
17 highly urbanized cities have developed sewerage systems

• By 2020, approximately 43.6 million people have access to septage

Target 2 treatment facilities and about 3.2 million will have access to sewage
treatment facilities

Target 3 • By 2020, Php 26.3 billion has been invested in sanitation improvement
projects

Target 4 • By 2020, about 346 million kilograms of BOD is diverted from the
environment per year as a result of the NSSMP projects
In the Philippines..
Four Types of Sewer Systems (per NSSMP Operations Manual):

1. Sanitary Sewers
2. Combined Sewer
3. Small Diameter effluent Sewer
4. Condominial sewers
In the Philippines..
• Sanitary sewers use sewer pipes to connect the waste
discharge from homes directly to a sewer network,
while excluding storm water. There are several places
in the Philippines with sanitary sewers such as parts of
Zamboanga, Baguio, Makati and Quezon City. Sanitary
sewers do not rely on septic tanks as direct
connections are required. Commercial pre-treatment
programs that remove grease, lint and other
undesirable materials that can clog pipes must be
removed to keep sewers operating properly.

Applicable on:
a. Newly planned dense urban settings
b. New subdivisions
c. Commercial estates
Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual
Source: makati.gov.ph
Source: makati.gov.ph
In the Philippines..
• Combined sewer systems rely on septic tanks or common ABR systems for primary
treatment and then the effluent is discharged to existing subsurface or open channel
storm drains. Storm drains are connected with larger interceptor sewers which are
equipped with combined storm water overflows for peak rain periods. The interceptor
pipelines collect the dry weather flows and convey the combined wastewater to treatment
plants.

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

In the Philippines..
• Small diameter effluent sewers collect septic tank effluent and convey it to larger sewer
mains which eventually lead to treatment systems. These may be variable grade, or
include effluent pumping stations as needed to overcome gravity.

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

In the Philippines..
• Condominial sewers incorporate shared branches that connect groups of homes to sewer
mains at strategic locations. Condominial branches are often installed and owned by the
homeowners and locally maintained in exchange for reductions in sewerage fees. Local
ownership helps achieve sustainability.

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

In the Philippines..

How do we choose a suitable sewer system?

NSSMP Operations Manual formulated a

Decision Tree to assist decision makers in
choosing the most suitable sewerage
technology
Decision Tree
for Sewerage
Technology
Selection

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

Using NSSMP’s Decision Tree for
Sewerage Technology, make a
report on your hometown and
recommend what would be the
most practical sewage conveyance
method that should be adapted.
Base your report on development
density, population and projected
population, existing treatment
technology (e.g. septic tank, etc.),
area classification(urban or rural),
type of sewage to be transported
and land use. Justify your answer.
Everyone should have a unique
answer. Submit next week.

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

In the Philippines..
Sewerage Options

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

Decision Tree
for Septage
Treatment

Source: DPWH_NSSMP Operations Manual

THANK YOU…