Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Microwave Engineering
EE 172
Dr. Ray Kwok
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Why match?
Z − Zo
Γ= Minimize reflection, maximize transmission
Z + Zo
Zo l ZL
If ZL = Zo, line length is not important.
Zg
Vg
Zin If Zin = Zg, max power to the load.
Goal: to design matching networks so all Z’s are the same = 50Ω
Zin = 50Ω
matching
ZL
network
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
50 Ω
50 Ω
50 Ω
50 Ω
output 50 Ω
Think of a block of cracked glass…
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Length = ?
Stub tuning ? Zin = 50Ω
C 50Ω ZL
Short piece of open stub → capacitor
e.g. ZL = 50 − j 10 Ω Y1 want Y1 = Yo - jB
Matching methods
Stub tuning doesn’t always work
Many other ways to match
Lumped elements
Transmission lines
Stubs (open, short, series, shunt)
Single Stub
Double Stubs
Quarter-wave transformer
Many combinations
Can’t just blindly optimize
Need Smith Chart
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
v
Smith
Chart
A chart of Γ
Γ=u+jv
u
relate to Z or Y
ρ=1
max reflection circle
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
2v imaginary X=2
(u − 1) 2 + v 2 =
X
2 2
1 1
(u − 1) 2 + v − = circle for
X X each X
u
If X = 1, (u-1)2 + (v-1)2 =1
ρ = 1 circle X=-2
If X = 2, (u - 1)2 + (v – ½)2 = (½)2
X=-1
Family of Constant Reactance Circles
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
v
Constant VSWR
Circles
Not shown in Smith Chart
Γ = ρe jθ
ρ
θ
0<ρ<1 u
ρ=1
max reflection circle
Locate Z X = 0.5
circle
e.g. ZL = 50 + j 25 Ω
ZL
50Ω ZL R=1
circle
ALWAYS
NORMALIZE
FIRST
ZL = 1 + j0.5
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Read off ρ ρ
and VSWR
VSWR =1.6
ρ = |Γ
Γ| =0.24
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
76o
Phase of Γ
Γ = 0.24 (76o)
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Line clockwise
Zin 50Ω ZL
Zin(1.65, 0.1)
All 50 Ω, constant ρ 4o
Zin
Zin = 50(0.8 - j 0.4) Ω
Zo = Zin Z L Zin(0.8,-0.4)
1 = Zin ZL
1
Zin = = YL
ZL
ending phase
YL = 0.02(0.8 – j 0.4) Ω-1 0.395λ
Convert Z ↔ Y easily !!
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Series
Connections ser-L
Z xline
Use Z
ser-R
Add series L (clockwise) ser-C
Parallel
Connections shunt C
Y xline
Use Y
shunt R
Add shunt C (clockwise)
shunt L
Add shunt L (counter-clockwise)
the 3 circles
e.g. ZL = 50 + j 25 Ω
ZL
50Ω ZL R=1
circle
ALWAYS
NORMALIZE
FIRST
ZL = 1 + j0.5
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Exercise
e.g. ZL = 20 - j 25 Ω
f = 159 MHz (ω = 109) Z3 0.192λ
Find Zin, Γin, VSWR.
10nH Z2 YL Y1
B = ωC/Yo = 0.02Zo= 1
ZL
X = ωL/Zo = 10/Zo= 0.2
Y2
G = G/Yo = Zo/R= 50/20 = 2.5
Y3
Zin = 50(0.28+j0.13) = 14 + j7 Ω +0.125λ
0.317λ
Γin = 0.57 (164o) SWR=7
VSWR = 7 at Y1 junction !!
ρ=0.57
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Color
Smith Constant B circles Constant X circles
(Z – Y)
Chart +jX
Instead of flipping Z ↔ Y
flip the chart !!!
Red – impedance
Blue – admittance
Constant G circles
Top half : X > 0, B < 0 !! Constant R circles
+jB
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Exercise
e.g. ZL = 20 - j25 Ω 0.068λ
f = 159 MHz (ω = 109) Z3
+0.125λ
Find Zin, Γin, VSWR.
10nH Z2
B = ωC/Yo = 0.02Zo= 1
ZL
X = ωL/Zo = 10/Zo= 0.2 Z1
G = G/Yo = Zo/R= 50/20 = 2.5
0.443λ
Zin = 50(0.28+j0.13) = 14 + j7 Ω
RES CAP
ID=R1 ID=C1 Graph 1
C=20 pF Swp Max
1.0
R=20 Ohm
0 .8
0.159GHz
6
0.
0
2.
4
0.
0
3.
0
4.
5 .0
0. 2
1 0. 0
One-port impedance
10.0
0.8
2.0
3.0
5.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
4.0
0
Freq ReZ11 ImZ11
- 10 .0
Reflection coefficient -0
.4
-3
.0
Z[1,1]
.0
Freq MagS11 AngS11
-2
.6
Smith Chart Example
-0
- 0. 8
Swp Min
-1.0
S[1,1]
0.159 0.5771 162.93 Smith Chart Example 0.159GHz
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
100Ω, 1.5λ
Vg=10V
0.356λ
λ to Vmax
θ=π θ=0
Vmin Vmax
ZL
0.106λ
λ to Vmin
0.394λ
λ
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
To what we match?
Vg Zg=Rg + jXg
Zin Zo l ZL
Ideally, match all Zo = Zg = ZL = real, then all 3 PLoad are the same = Pmax.
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
2-element
matching
2 equations, 2 unknowns (Re, Im) ZL
Zin = 50Ω
matching
ZL
network
Lumped
Elements
jX = -j0.52 = -j/ωCZo ZL (0.4, 1)
YL (0.34, -0.87)
ZL =0.4+j1
Z (1, 1.4)
jB = +j1.24 = jZoωC Z (0.4, 0.48) Y (0.34, -0.48)
Y (1, -1.24)
jX = -j1.48 = -j/ωCZo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = -j1.24 = -jZo/ωL
jX = j1.4 = jωL/Zo
ZL =0.4+j1
jB = +j1.35 = jZoωC
Using Stubs
One way, simply replace lumped elements with stubs
ZL =0.4+j1
previous example
ZL =0.4+j1
Transmission 0.130λ
λ
Line Matching
ZL (0.4, 1) 0.185λ
λ
usually requires 1 more element YL (0.34, -0.87)
Z (1, 1.85)
jX = -j1.85 = -j/ωCZo
previous example
0.055λ
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
Y (1, 1.9)
0.305λ
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
ZL = 1 − j0.2 0.0385
1
t=
YL = = 0.9615 + j0.1923 0.1923 − 0.9615(0.200)
ZL t = tan βl = 6845
YL + j tan β l π
Y1 = βl ≈
1 + jYL tan β l 2
0.9615 + j0.1923 + jt 0.9615 + j( t + 0.1923) λ
1 − jB = = l=
1 + j(0.9615 + j0.1923) t (1 − 0.1923t ) + j0.9615t 4
(1 − 0.1923t ) + j0.9615t − jB(1 − 0.1923t ) + 0.9615t B = 0.9615 + j( t + 0.1923) B = BYo = 0.200 / 50 = 0.004
(1 − 0.1923t ) + 0.9615t B = 0.9615 real 0.004
C=
0.0385 ω
t=
0.1923 − 0.9615 B
0.9615t − B(1 − 0.1923t ) = t + 0.1923 imaginary
0.1923 + B 0.0385
t= =
0.1923B − 0.0385 0.1923 − 0.9615 B Quadratic equations
0.03698 + 0.0074 B − 0.9615 B 2 = 0.0074 B − 0.00148
possible 2 solutions
0.9615 B 2 = 0.03846
B = 0.200
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
In Smith 0.172λ
Last example
clockwise
ZL = 25 + j20 Ω
Zo = 21.2 Ω
Length = 0.078λ ZL (1.19, 0.94)
Zin = 50 Ω
previous example
0.305λ
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
0.434λ
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
0.435λ
λ
open shunt stub
jB = j1.9 = jtanβl
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
Y (1, 1.9)
0.434λ
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
Double-Stub Tuning
• Preferable because it’s not sensitive to the initial line length.
• Useful in tuning (especially in waveguide) with variable load.
• 2 adjustable stubs connected to a fixed-length transmission line.
• In principle, can use any series or shunt stubs.
• In practice, mostly shunt short stubs for waveguide.
• Impedance of the stubs are arbitrary, and they don’t have to be the same.
• Impedance of the connecting line doesn’t have to be Zo of the system.
• 2 parameters to tune: d1 & d2
fixed L
Zo ZL
Z2 Z1
ad
ad
ju
ju
s
s
ta
ta
bl
bl
e
e
d1
d2
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
50 Ω ZL =0.4+j1
50 50
Ω Ω Y (0.34,-0.2)
d2 d1
-cotβd2 = −1.22
βd2 = 0.687 -cotβd1 = +0.67
d2 = 0.109λ βd1 = -0.98 +π = 2.16 0.5λ
λ
d1 = 0.344λ
Quarter-Wave Transformer
• Zc2 = ZoZ1
• Transformer real-to-real, complex-to-complex impedance.
• Usually needs one more element to match (before λ/4)
(lumped elements, stubs or transmission line).
• normalized to Zo,
Zc = Z1
λ/4
matching
Zo Zc Z1 ZL
element
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
e.g. Quarter-Wave
e.g. shunt stub (100Ω) then λ/4
ZL = 20 + j 50 Ω
ZL(0.4,1)
λ/4 YL(0.34, -0.87)
50 Ω Zc ZL =0.4+j1
10
0Ω
d
Need:
• wideband matching – multiple sections
• multi-ports (simultaneously tuned)
require knowledge of multi-port network analysis
Impedance Matching - Dr. Ray Kwok
Homework
Smith Chart Exercise
Matching Exercise
Double Stub Exercise