Transmission Line-2

Name : N.H.M. Prabhath

Index No : 080368F
Department : Electrical Engineering
Signature :
Sub Date : 28th October 2010
 OBSERVATION SHEET
Name : N.H.M. Prabhath
Index No : 080368F
Department : Electrical Engineering
Per: Date : 8th oct 2010
Instructed by:
CALCULATON
Properties of the given Transmission Line

Transmission line model

R = 0.316 Ω/km
L = 2.0 mH/km
C = 0.26 µF/km
G = 0 (negligible)

Total resistance of the transmission line R

RT = 75 km × 0.316Ω/km
= 23 .7 Ω

Total induction of the transmission line L

LT = 75 km × 2.0mH/km
= 150 mH

Total capacitance of the transmission line C

CT = 75km × 0.256µF/km
= 19.2 µF

Theoretical calculations of transmission line parameters

Let’s assume that the transmission line has an equivalent π model.

I1 I2

Yc

V1 V2
Ya Yb
Ya & Yb consists with Capacitor

Yc consists with resistor as well

as inductor

So using well known method,

1
Zc = (23.7 + (2π×50)×0.15 j) where Ω =
S
=( 23.7 + 47.12 j) Ω

Yc = 1/ ZC
= 1/ (23.7 + j 47.12)
= (0.00852-0.017j) S

Za = Zb = 1/ ((2π×50)×(19.2×10-6)×(1/2) j)
= (-331.572 j) Ω

Ya = Yb = 1/ (-j 331.572)
= (0.003016 j) S

Y b +Y c
A=
Yc
0.003016 j+(0.00852−0.017 j)
=
0.00852−0.017 j

=0.86 ∠ 4.733 °

1
B=
Yc
1
B=
( 0.00852−0.017 j )

B=52.588 ∠63.381°
 Y a Y b +Y b Y c + Y c Y a
C=
Yc

Since Ya=Yb

Y a2+(2 Y a Y c )
C=
Yc

(0.003016 j)2 +(2 ×(0.003016 j)×(0.00852−0.017 j))

C=
(0.00852−0.017 j)

C=0.00561 ∠ 92.19°

And also due to the symmetry of the system,

A=D
∴ D=0.86 ∠4.733 °

To check the circuit is a passive one.

A . D−B .C=(0.86 ∠4.733 °)( 0.86 ∠4.733 °)−(52.588 ∠63.381° )(0.00561∠ 92.19° )
¿ 0.9998
≈1

Therefore the given circuit is a passive circuit.

Theoretical values of the parameters,

A = 0.86 ∠ 4.733 °
B = 52.588 ∠ 63.381°
C = 0.00561 ∠ 92.19 °
D = 0.86 ∠ 4.733 °

Transmission line parameters calculated practically

From open circuit test

P = VICosφ
21=60× 1.9× cos ∅
21
cos ∅=
60 × 1.9

∅=79.38 °

VS
Z O/C= |I =0
IS R

60× 1000 ∠−79.38

=
1.9 ×200
=157.89 ∠−79.38Ω
From short circuit test

P = VICosφ
8=15 ×1× cos ∅

8
cos ∅=
15 ×1

cos ∅=0.5333333

∅=¿57.77°

VS
Z S/C = |V
IS R =0

15× 1000∠−57.77 °
=
1 ×200

=75 ∠−57.77 °

A B
Zo /c−Zs /c= −
C D
A⋅D−B⋅C
Zo /c−Zs /c=
C⋅D Z O/C and Z S/C
1 Substituting values for
Zo /c−Zs /c=
157.89∠−79.38°
Zo /c−Zs /c=
( A÷Zo /c )⋅D
Zo/c
A⋅D
A=
√
157.89∠−79.38°−75∠57.77°
A= √0.7213∠13.47°
Zo /c A=0.849∠6.735°
A⋅A=
Zo /c−Zs/c
Zo/c Also A = D due to the
A=
√
Zo/c−Zs /c
symmetry of the system,
A=D=0 . 849∠6 . 735 °

From short circuit test

VS B
Z S/C = |V =
IS R =0 D
B = D ×Z S/C

B=0.849∠6.735 °×75∠57.78°
B=63.675∠64 .515°
From open circuit test
VS A
Z O/C= |I =
IS R =0 C
 A
C=
Zo /c
0 . 849∠6 . 735 °
C=
157 .89 ∠−79 .38 °
C=0 . 0054 ∠86 .115°

To check the circuit is a passive one.

A⋅D−B⋅C=[(0 .849∠6. 735°)×(0 .849 ∠6. 735° )−(63 .675 ∠64 .515 ° )×(0 .0054 ∠86.115°) ]
A⋅D−B⋅C=1.0006
A⋅D−B⋅C≈1
Therefore the given circuit is passive one.

Practical values of the parameters,

A = (0.849∠6.735° )
B = 63 .675 ∠64.515 °
C = 0 .0054 ∠86.115°
D = (0.849∠6.735° )

Compare Practical A B C D parameters with theoretical values

Parameter Theoretically Practically

A 0.86 ∠ 4.733 ° 0 .849∠6 .735 °
B 52.588 ∠ 63.381° 63.675 ∠64.515 °
C 0.00561 ∠ 92.19 ° 0 .0054∠86.115°
D 0.86 ∠ 4.733 ° 0 .849∠6 .735 °

Receiving end circle diagram of a Resistive Load

Vs= AVr+BIr −−−−−−−−−−−−−− (1 )

Vr
Equarion ( 1 )× ( )
B
;
 VrVs AVrVr
| |∠ ( θ−β ) =| |∠ ( α−β ) +|VrIr|∠ (−ϕ )
B B
|Vr||Vs| |A||Vr||Vr|
∠ ( θ−β ) = ∠ ( α−β ) +|Vr||Ir|∠ (−ϕ )
|B| |B|

Now,

A=0.849∠6.735°
B=63.675∠64 .515°
Vr=75∠0°
Vs=|Vs|∠θ

|Vr||Vs| |A||Vr||Vr| |Pr|

|Vr| |Vs| |Ir| |B| |Vr||Ir| |B| |Pr| ϕ=Cos−1
[ ]
|Vr|⋅|Ir|
75V 60V 0.15A 70.67 11.25 75.00 11W 12.10
75V 67V 0.24A 78.92 18.00 75.00 18W 0.00
75V 68V 0.28A 80.09 21.00 75.00 21W 0.00
75V 69V 0.38A 81.27 28.5 75.00 28W 10.74

Pr Vs from the Vs from the graph

practical
11W 60V 69.75V
18W 67V 72.01V
21W 68V 73.7V
28W 69V 80.67V Receiving end circle
diagram for Resistive load using AutoCAD
Receiving end circle diagram of a Inductive Load

|V r||Vs| |A||Vr||Vr| |Pr|

|Vr| |Vs| |Ir| |B| |Vr||Ir| |B| |Pr| ϕ=Cos−1
[ ]
|Vr|⋅|Ir|
75V 72V 0.6A 84.80 45 75 15W 70.5
75V 73V 0.7A 85.98 52.5 75 16.7W 71.5
75V 74V 0.8A 87.16 60 75 17W 73.5
75V 75V 0.8A 88.34 60 75 17W 73.5
75V 76V 0.9A 89.52 67.5 75 19W 73.6
75V 76.5V 1.0A 90.11 75 75 19W 75.3
75V 78V 1.2A 91.87 90 75 21W 76.5
75V 79V 1.2A 93.05 90 75 20W 77.2
75V 80V 1.3A 94.23 97.5 75 24W 75.7

Pr Vs from the Vs from the graph

practical
15W 72V -
16.7W 73V -
17W 74V -
17W 75V -
19W 76V -
19W 76.5V -
21W 78V -
20W 79V -
24W 80V -
Receiving end circle diagram for Inductive load using AutoCAD
Variation of Vs with Pr for the resistive load

150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75 observed
Vs

Polynomial (observed)
70
from graph
65 Polynomial (from graph)
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Pr

11
Vs with Qr for inductive resistive loads

160

140

120

100

80 practical
Vs

Polynomial (practical)
graph
Polynomial (graph)

60

40

20

0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Qr

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DISCUSSION:
1)
 Reasons for variations of theoretical values with practical values.
There is a difference between observed values and the theoretical values. Some of the
reasons for those deviations as follow,
1) Human errors can be caused during the practical or during the calculations. That is either
due to the invalid calculations or due to the invalid readings. Therefore we must take
readings during the practical with high accuracy and must do the calculations correctly.
2) For easier calculations we change the appearance of the transmission line in to a π -
model. So there will be some significant errors due to this lumping of the transmission line.
3) We did the practical using ammeters, voltmeters and wattmeter. But sometimes these
instruments are not ideal or not sensitive enough to take measurements. We did open circuit
test and short circuit test to calculate the transmission line parameters practically. Due to
the errors in the instruments, the calculated values of
Z
S/C and ZO/C can have some
errors. And also we used those two terms to calculate A, B, C, D parameters. Calculating
the parameters with values which are having errors may increase the value of the error.
4) There were small resistances in the wires which are used for this practical. Sometimes in
the open circuit test the receiving end may not be open circuited well by voltmeter. And in
the short circuit test the receiving end may not be short circuited by the ammeter due to
small amount of voltage drop across the ammeter. Due to those reasons there is a different
between the transmission line parameters calculated theoretically and practically.
5) We must do these kind of practical as much as quickly. Because if we consumed
considerable time to take readings, resistance values might be changed due to the increase
in the temperature as the current passing through it.
6) And also we assumed the frequency is 50 Hz. But it can be vary between the (50 ± 1%)
Hz. so this also introduced some errors.

 Reasons for not giving identical diagram for the theoretical and observed.
For the receiving end,
1) Due to the variations of the values of A, B, C, D parameters. Because we plot the circle
diagrams using these A, B, C, D parameters.
2) Resistances at the connections and wires are neglected and also we use a 1.5 Ω resistor as
the average resistance. For the high accuracy we must consider the resistances of wires and
connecting points.
3) Some of the values we calculate approximately to the first decimal point. There fore
accuracy is reduced when we are plotting the diagrams.

 Importance of Circle Diagrams

There are three types of power circle diagrams. Their names are “Receiving end circle
diagram”, “Sending end circle diagram” and “Universal circle diagram”. Importance of these diagrams
as follow,
1) Power circle diagrams are used to analyze what happen to the power delivered with
variation of various parameters of the transmission line.
2) To determine active and reactive power at the receiving end for any load angle from the
receiving end circle diagram.
3) We can get the power at either receiving end or sending end for any given values of
transmission line parameters and voltages and currents at the sending and the receiving end.
4) The power flow at any point along transmission line can always be found if the voltage,
current and power factor are known or can be calculated.

4) Because of the variations of A B C D parameter values we plot the circle diagrams.

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 5) Resistances at the connections and wires are neglected and also we use a 1.5 Ω resistor as
the average resistance. For the high accuracy we must consider the resistances of wires and
connecting points.
6) When we calculate the values, we got the approximately decimal point around to first or
second. The exactness of the plotting diagrams are reduced due to differ in small decimal
point.

 Importance of the usage of Circle Diagrams.

To obtain the system performance directly we could draw the power circle diagrams with
the aid of A B C D parameters. So there are three forms of the power circle diagrams.
 Receiving end circle diagram
 Sending end circle diagram
 Universal circle diagram

3)
Although power flow at any point along a transmission line can always be found if the voltage, current
and power factor are known or can be calculated, very interesting equation for power can be derived in
terms of ABCD constants. The equation applies to any network of two ports or two terminal pairs. As
shown in below we can draw a power circle diagram
by using the equation actually this type of circle diagram
is quite important since we can derive how much power
is delivered by transmission line. And also we can see
the behavior when the sending end voltages varying
and how the power factor varying according to that. and
also we can derive how we can increase the power factor
and the maximum power that can be carried by the line.
We can keep some variables constant as we wish and
vary others, then we can see how the all components are
behaving.

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