ADVANCED ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS
MATH 133

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 • It is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) enclosed in
brackets. These number (or functions) are called the entries (or
sometimes the elements) of the matrix.

• It is denoted by capital boldface letters A, B, C, … or by writing

the general entry in the brackets;
• 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • VECTORS
• It is a matrix with only one row or column. Its entries are called the
components of the vector.
• It is usually denoted by lowercase boldface letters, a, b, c,… or by its
general component in brackets,

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • EQUALITY OF MATRICES
• Two matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 are equal, written 𝐴 = 𝐵, if and
only if they have the same size and the corresponding entries are equal,
that is 𝑎11 = 𝑏11 , 𝑎12 = 𝑏12 , and so on. Matrices that are not equal are
called different.

• ADDITION OF MATRICES
• The sum of two matrices 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 of the same size is
written 𝐴 + 𝐵 and has the entries 𝑎𝑗𝑘 + 𝑏𝑗𝑘 obtained by adding the
corresponding entries of A and B.
• Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • SCALAR MULTIPLICATION (MULTIPLICATION BY A NUMBER)
• The product of any 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 and any scalar c is written cA
and is the 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix c𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎𝑗𝑘 obtained by multiplying each entry
of A by c.

• RULES FOR MATRIX ADDITION AND SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • Find the following expressions
or give reasons why they are
undefined.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
• The product 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 (in this order) of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 times an
𝑟 𝑥 𝑝 matrix 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 is defined if and only if 𝑟 = 𝑛 and is then the
𝑚 𝑥 𝑝 matrix 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑗𝑘 with entries

• RULES IN MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • TRANSPOSITION OF MATRICES AND VECTORS
• The transpose of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is the 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 matrix 𝐴𝑇 (read
A transpose) that has the first row of A as its first column, the second row of
A as its second column, and so on.

• RULES FOR TRANSPOSITION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • SYMMETRIC AND SKEW – SYMMETRIC MATRICES
• The transpose of an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is the 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 matrix 𝐴𝑇 (read
A transpose) that has the first row of A as its first column, the second row of
A as its second column, and so on.
• 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 thus 𝑎𝑘𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 - symmetric matrix
• 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 thus 𝑎𝑘𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑘 - skew – symmetric matrix

• TRIANGULAR MATRICES
• Upper Triangular Matrices – square matrices that can have nonzero entries
only on and above the main diagonal, whereas any entry below the
diagonal must be zero.
• Lower Triangular Matrices – square matrix that can have nonzero entries
only on and below the main diagonal, whereas any entry above the
diagonal must be zero.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 • SCALAR MATRICES
• These are diagonal matrices with entries on the main diagonal equal.

• IDENTITY (UNIT) MATRIX

• A scalar matrix whose entries on the main diagonal are all equal to 1
• Denoted by I

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • Exercises: Calculate the following products and sums or give
reasons why they are not defined.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • AUGMENTED MATRIX

augmented matrix 𝐴𝑏

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • INVERSE OF A MATRIX
• GAUSS – JORDAN ELIMINATION
• The inverse of an 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 is denoted by 𝐴−1 and is an
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix such that

• If A has an inverse, then A is called a nonsingular matrix. If A has no

inverse, then A is called a singular matrix.
• An inverse of a matrix is unique.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • EXISTENCE OF THE INVERSE
• The inverse matrix 𝐴−1 of an 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 matrix A exists if and only if
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 𝑛, thus 𝑑𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0. Hence A is nonsingular if 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 𝑛, and is
singular if 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 < 𝑛.

• RANK IN TERMS OF DETERMINANTS

• An 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘 has a rank 𝑟 ≥ 1 if and only if A has an 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
submatrix with nonzero determinant, whereas every square submatrix with
more than r rows that A has (or does not have) has determinant equal to
zero.
• In particular, if A is square, 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛, it has rank n if and only if 𝑑𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • INVERSE MATRIX BY GAUSS – JORDAN ELIMINATION
• 𝐴 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝐴−1

• INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • Exercises: Find the inverse by Gauss – Jordan Elimination or state
that it does not exist.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • Exercises: Find the inverse by Gauss – Jordan Elimination or state
that it does not exist.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

• If all b’s are equal to zero then it is called a homogeneous system.

• If at least one b is not zero, then it is called nonhomogeneous system.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• GAUSS ELIMINATION
• 𝐴𝑏 = 𝐼𝑋

• INVERSE METHOD
• 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑏
• 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏
• 𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏
• 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑏

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• Exercises: Solve the following systems using Gauss elimination or indicate
the nonexistence of solution. (Show the details of your work)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 • LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
• Exercises: Solve the following systems using Gauss elimination or indicate
the nonexistence of solution. (Show the details of your work)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT