86th Operations Support Squadron

“Ops Never Stops”

Ramstein Air Base

Airfield Driver’s Training

MSgt Richard Berry

86 OSS/OSAA
September 2016

1
 Overview

• Components that make up airfield

• Specific vehicle operations on the airfield
• Communications
 Runways
• Runway – A defined rectangular area on an airfield prepared for the landing
and takeoff of aircraft
• Ramstein Runways:
• Runway 09/27 (North Runway) - 9,843 ft by 148 ft
• Runway 08/26 (South Runway) -10,498 ft by 148 ft
 Runway Markings
• Runway Centerline Markings – The centerline markings are evenly spaced
Longitudinal striped along the center of the runway and are retro-reflective
white.
• Runway Edge Markings – The runway edge markings are solid stripes that
run along the edge of the runway from one end to the other and are retro-
reflective white.

Edge Markings

Centerline Marking
 Runway Designation/Threshold
Markings
• Runway designation markings – These markings are used to help pilots
distinguish runways from the air.
• Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally
the magnetic heading of the runway and the numbers are painted on
each end of the runway in retro-reflective white.
• Runway Threshold markings – Runway threshold markings are used to
mark the beginning of the usable runway and marked with a group of
longitudinal lines painted in retro-reflective white.
 Runway Lighting
• Runway Edge Lights – These edge lights are a line of lights paralleling
each side of the runway that outline the lateral limits of the runway and
located not more than 10 feet from pavement edge.
• Approach Lighting - Approach lighting system is the term that identifies
certain light configurations located on and in the vicinity of an airfield. The
approach lighting system is designed to improve operational safety for
aircraft during approach and landing operations.

RUNWAY EDGE
Runway LIGHTSLights
Centerline
Runway Edge Lights Centerline Lights
 Runway VFR and Intermediate Hold
Markings
• Runway VFR Hold Line – VFR hold lines consist of four parallel yellow
stripes perpendicular to the taxiway centerline, extending across taxiway.
The two stripes closest to the runway are dashed lines and the other two are
solid lines.
• These lines mark the boundary of the CMA. Vehicles will not cross the
runway hold position or proceed onto the runway without first obtaining
permission from the ATCT.
• Intermediate Holding Position Markings - These line are installed where
ATCT normally holds personnel/objects short of an approaching intersection.
 Complex Areas
Heightened awareness by airfield drivers is required when entering and exiting
the airfield due to the complexity of the hold positions.

Complex Areas at Ramstein:

Runway 26/08 and Runway 27/09

Taxiway Alpha and Bravo is a complex area due to the location of VFR holding
positions.

The configuration of the INST hold lines are also complex, especially on
Taxiway Charlie, Alpha, and Runway 09/27.
Complex Areas
Complex Areas
 Mandatory Sign
• Mandatory signs are provided at locations on the airfield where two way
radio communication with ATC is required.
• Mandatory signs are red background with white lettering.
• These signs are co-located with Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument
hold lines leading to the runway.
• Drivers will not proceed beyond these signs without permission from ATC.
NOTE: ILS signs are only active during Cat II/III operations.
 Runway Hold Signs
• Runway Hold Sign locations

27
09-27
09-27 26
08-26

09-27 27 27
09-27 08-26

09 08-26
08

08-26
 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
Critical Area
• ILS Critical Area - A designated area of an airport that all aircraft and
vehicles must remain clear of when the ILS system is in use. These areas
are used to protect against radio signal interference that could cause
navigational errors.
• ILS areas boundaries are identified by ILS markings painted on the ground
along with a mandatory sign.
• During inclement weather, drivers must request access to these areas
from air traffic control.
 ILS Critical Area
• Runway 26 CAT II/III Critical and Sensitive Areas and holding points
 ILS Critical Area Signs and
Location of Navigational Aids
• ILS Critical Area Sign Locations

27 ILS
09 ILS

TACAN

26 ILS

08 ILS
 Distance Remaining Signs
• Distance Remaining Marker (Sign) – The distance remaining markers are
used to show a pilot how much runway length remains, by a numeral(s) on
the face of each marker, to complete a landing or takeoff.
• Markers are spaced every 1,000ft
 Aircraft Arresting Gear
• Aircraft Arresting Gear – This system consist of a cable strung across the
runway with a braking system used to rapidly stop emergency aircraft. It
identified by yellow circles painted across the runway and an arresting
marker sign on either side of the runway in line with the barrier.
• Ramstein has 2 arresting systems:
• Approach end Rwy 26 (East end) located 1,833 ft from threshold
• Approach end Rwy 08 (West end) located 1815ft from threshold
 Closed Runway Markings
• Permanent/Temporary closed runways/taxiway will be marked using yellow
X’s on each end and space evenly throughout the length of the closed
pavement and at every intersection for closed taxiways.
• The “X’s” can also be lighted and vertical.
• If a runway is temporarily closed, you MUST receive ATCT approval
before entering a temporarily closed runway.
 Overrun
• Runway overruns - Paved areas at both ends of a runway that keep the
probability of serious damage to an aircraft to a minimum in the event that
the aircraft runs off the runway end during takeoff or landing, or lands short
during landings.
 Controlled Movement Area (CMA)
• Controlled Movement Area (CMA) - Any portion of the airfield requiring
aircraft, vehicles and pedestrians to obtain specific Air Traffic Control Tower
(ATCT) approval via two-way radio contact to gain access to Controlled
Movement Areas include but are not limited to runways, some taxiways and
infield areas between the runways.
• Ramstein CMA:
• The northern boudary is north of Runway 09/27, 10 Feet inside the
west perimeter road, and parallels the VFR Hold Lines at Taxiway Golf
North and Echo North.
• The southern boundary is defined by the Morbach drainage ditch 700
feet south of Runway 08/26. Exception: the CMA is marked by the VFR
hold lines on Taxiways Echo South and Lima and the VFR hold line on
Taxiway Golf South, except for buildings 2398 and 2399.
• The eastern boundary of the CMA follows 10 feet inside the edge of the
east perimeter road from the NCAR to parallel with the Morbach
Drainage ditch south of Runway 08/26.
• The western boundary follows 10 feet inside the edge of the west
perimeter road from Taxiway Golf North to Taxiway Golf South.
Controlled Movement Area (CMA)
Map
 CMA Violations
• CMAV – An airfield infraction caused by aircraft, vehicles, or pedestrians
entering the CMA without specific ATCT approval. This definition includes
runway incursions and infractions caused by communication errors.
• CMAV Consequences:
• Airfield Management will be notified immediately of any CMAV
violations.
• Privileges to drive on the airfield may be revoked for any airfield
violation.
• Individuals will at a minimum have their airfield driving privileges
suspended by Airfield Management for 15 days for the first violation and
30 days for the second violation.
• The driver will re-accomplished all airfield driving training requirements
prior to reinstatement of their driving privileges.
 Runway Incursion
• Runway Incursion – Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the
incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person within protected area
designated for the landing and take off of aircraft.
• Committing a runway intrusion will result in a mandatory minimum 30 day
suspension for the first offense and six month suspension for a second
offense. A third offense will result in airfield driving privileges being
revoked for the remainder of the individual’s assignment at Ramstein.
• Reinstatement of airfield driving privileges will be at the discretion of
Airfield Management.
• The driver will re-accomplished all airfield driving training requirements
prior to reinstatement of their driving privileges.
 Taxiways
• Taxiway – A paved surface that an aircraft or vehicle will use to transition
from a parking ramp to runway.
Foxtrot

Delta Alpha
Charlie
Golf North Echo North

Echo Middle
Golf Middle Bravo
Kilo Lima
Echo South

Golf South
 Taxiway Lighting
• Taxiway Edge Lights - The edge lights are a line of blue lights paralleling
each side of the taxiway and can be either elevated or semi-flush.
• Taxiway Centerline Lights – The centerline lights are green lights that run
down the centerline of a taxiway to help guide the aircraft taxiing during
reduced visibility.
 Taxiway Markings
• Taxiway/Taxi lane Centerline Markings – The marking consist of a solid
strip along the center of the taxiway or taxi lane and painted retro-reflective
yellow.
• Taxiway/Taxi lane Edge Markings – The markings consist of two solid
parallel striped or two dashed parallel stripes and painted retro-reflective
yellow.
 Taxilane
• Taxilane – Ramp space between rows of parked aircraft used to maneuver
aircraft to and from parking spots and taxiways.
 Informational Signs
• Location signs have a black background with yellow lettering. These signs
inform drivers of their current location and can be co-located mandatory and
guidance signs.
 Informational Signs
• Directional/Destinations signs have a yellow background with black
lettering. Directional signs indicate direction of taxiways leading out of an
intersection. Destination signs indicate the general direction of runways,
taxiways and ramps on the airfield.
• In some areas on the airfield, informational signs are painted on the
ground.
 Parking Ramp/Apron
• Parking Ramp/Apron – Areas where aircraft are parked, services, and
loaded/ unloaded between flights. Vehicles and aircraft operate in close
proximity on ramps that it is important to maintain a safe distance between
vehicles and aircraft.
Ramp 3

Ramp 5 Ramp 1
Ramp 4 Ramp 2

Ramp 8

Ramp 7
 Hazardous/Hot Cargo Area
• Hazardous/hot cargo pad - This ramp is used to park aircraft that are
transporting hazardous cargo.
• Ramp 8 is the designated Hazardous/Hot Cargo Area for Ramstein.

Ramp 8
Hazardous
Cargo Pad
 Arm/De-Arm Area
• Arm/De-arm Areas - This is a designated location on the airfield where
combat aircraft armed with munitions receive arming/de-arming prior to take
off or landing. These areas are located in secluded areas of the airfield and
can accommodate 4 to 6 aircraft at a time.
• Taxiway Alpha and Kilo are the primary location at Ramstein. Taxiway Golf
Middle can be used as an alternate location with prior coordination.
 Wing tip Clearance Lines
• Wingtip Clearance Line – The solid white line that marks appropriate
wingtip clearance for all aircraft taxiing in a specific area.
• Vehicles and equipment parked on the ramp must be behind this line to
allow adequate clearance for a taxiing aircraft to go through.
 Vehicle Service Road
• Vehicle Service Roads – Roads located on the airfield to provide access to
airfield lighting systems and navigational aids. The main vehicle service road
at Ramstein is the Perimeter Road.
• Drivers WILL use Perimeter Road to the maximum extent possible. Access
to the runways is limited to those vehicles with mission requirements to be
on or around the runway surface.
 Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
Control/Prevention
• Foreign Object Damage (FOD) – Any damage to an aircraft , engine, tire,
munitions, or support equipment caused by a foreign object(s) which may
or may not degrade the required safety and/or operational characteristics of
the aforementioned items.
• FOD prevention is the responsibility of every individual on the flight line.
• Remove any FOD from Ramp/Apron areas, taxiways, and runways.
• If unable to remove FOD because of amount, contact Airfield Management
immediately 480-2073.
 Rolling FOD Check Step-By-Step
• At a minimum, a FOD check will consist of the following:
• Place vehicle in park.
• Get out of vehicle and thoroughly inspect all tires, removing any gravel or
object stuck in tread of tires.
• Visually check to ensure all external vehicle components are secure
including all tools/items loaded on the vehicle.
• Get back in vehicle and drive forward so tires rotate 180 degrees.
• Place vehicle in park.
• Get out of vehicle and thoroughly inspect all tires again removing any
gravel or object stuck in tread of tires.
• Rolling FOD check complete.
• If you leave the pavement you must conduct a FOD check before getting
back on to the pavement. This includes leaving and returning to the airfield.
 Aircraft Jet Blast
• Jet Blast - High speed winds/exhaust behind an aircraft that can cause
flying debris or FOD that may damage other aircraft, vehicles, or injure
pedestrians. Also known as prop wash, wake turbulence or rotor wash is
cause by an aircraft with engines running.
• Vehicles will not be driven closer than 200ft/ 60m in front of or 500 ft/150m
behind a taxiing fixed wing aircraft.
• If a taxiing helicopter approaches, vehicle operators must move to a safe
location and provide at least 200 ft/60m between the vehicle and the
helicopter.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpX1riSTeJc&feature=player_detailpage
 Aircraft Jet Blast
• Vehicle operators must remain vigilant while on and around all Ramstein
aprons due to the aircraft running engines at idle. They should be exercise
extreme caution on ramp 1 in front of the blast fence east side of the ramp
and around ramp 5 parking spots R1 and R2.

Ramp 1
Blast fence

R1 R2
 Emergency Response Vehicles
• Fire Department and Airfield Management are categorized as initial
response agencies.
• All other organizations (i.e. Crash Recovery, Security Forces, Medical) are
considered follow-on support and will hold in an area designated until called
forward by the Fire Chief.
• NOTE: Red Ball (maintenance vehicles ) are not considered emergency
response vehicles and must maintain the proper speed limit at all times.
 Restricted Area
• Restricted Area - An area on the airfield designated for the use by
aircraft/equipment requiring security protection level. Marked with signs prior
to entering, Red Lines will indicate the boundaries.
• At times, temporary restricted areas can be established using stantions and
rope provided by Security Forces.
• All personnel requiring access into a restricted area will need to have a
Restricted Area Badge or on an entry authorization list.
 Restricted Area
• Ramstein airfield restricted areas – Ramps 1, 2, 4, 5, 8
 Entry Control Point (ECP)
• Entry control points are located at intervals along restricted area lines where
vehicles and pedestrians can enter the restricted areas.
• ECPs are white bars painted across existing red lines with the letters “ECP”
painted in black.
 Fixed/Mobile Obstacles
• Fixed object - Manmade or natural features such as building, trees, rocks,
terrain irregularities, and other features constituting possible hazards to
moving aircraft.
• Mobile object - Parked aircraft, parked/moving vehicle, AGE equipment,
maintenance stands and other similar support equipment.
• AGE/support equipment must be removed when from the aircraft parking
area and stored in an area that does not violate aircraft clearances.
Equipment will not be put in place more than 3 hours before an aircraft
arrival and must be removed within 3 hours of departure.
 Airfield Management/Air Traffic
Control Tower/Fire Department
• All 3 facilities are located in Building 2303
 Vehicle Operator Requirements
Objectives
• Trainee must be knowledgeable on local procedures and requirements
for operating a vehicle on the airfield.
 Use of Vehicle Lighting
• Vehicles operating within the CMA will use hazard lights or a roof mounted
light bar/rotating beacon at all times.
• Restricted Visibility or Night time Operations
• LED/rotating beacon lights or emergency flashers and headlights will be
used at night and during inclement weather while operating on the
airfield.
• When an aircraft is taxiing toward you:
• Pull off of the shoulder and outside of the wingtip clearance
• Turn off vehicle headlights NOTE: Vehicles with daytime running lights
will turn the ignition off
• Vehicle LED/rotating beacon lights or emergency flashers will remain
on
• Headlights of vehicles will remain off until aircraft is out of range and
turned on before putting the vehicle in motion
 Procedures for Reporting an
Accident/Vehicle Problems
• Outside the CMA:
• Leave the vehicle parking lights or emergency flashers on.
• If able, raise the hood of the vehicle to indicate mechanical problems.
• Attempt to alert any taxiing aircraft or other vehicles in the vicinity.
• If two-way radio capabilities are available, utilize the “RAMP NET” to notify
Airfield Management.
• If a vehicle is not equipped with a two-way radio, stay with the vehicle and
flag down a passing vehicle for assistance.
• Inside the CMA:
• The vehicle operator will immediately notify Airfield Management and ATCT
by any means possible.
• Leave the vehicle parking lights or emergency flashers on.
• If able, push/move the vehicle outside the CMA. If this is not possible, the
driver could try turn the vehicle toward the tower and start flashing their
headlights and wait for ATCT to signal with the light gun.
• In the unlikely event of radio failure on the runway and ATCT is unable to
make contact, they will attempt to get your attention by flashing the runway
edge lights.
 Vehicle Parking and Chocking
Requirements
• Vehicles will not be left unattended on runways or taxiways.
• Vehicles may be left unattended on aircraft parking ramps under the
following conditions:
• Vehicle is located beyond the wing tip
clearance line so that it is not in the path of
taxiing aircraft.
• Vehicle is turned off but keys remain in
ignition and the doors remain unlocked.
• Vehicles will have the parking brake set, if
not equipped with an internal braking system
chocks will be placed both in front and
behind one of the rear wheels. One chock
will be placed between the tandem wheels of
dual (tandem) axle vehicles.
• Vehicle’s parking lights and/or emergency
flashers shall be turned on.
• Vehicles will not be parked within 25 feet of
any aircraft, except as authorized for
operations such as unloading, loading,
servicing, or towing.
 Vehicle Parking and Chocking
Requirements
• Vehicles will be parked with the drivers side toward the aircraft and clear of
the aircrafts wingtips.
• Aircraft servicing support vehicles may be left unattended while the engine is
running if:
• The parking brake will be set.
• The transmission placed in neutral (manual transmission) or park
(automatic transmission) and the wheels will be chocked.
• AGE tow vehicles are authorized to remain running and in neutral during
final hookups operations.
• If the AGE equipment is not moved immediately after hook up the vehicle
will be shut off, placed in park or reverse and the parking brake will be
set.
• When backing toward an aircraft, place pre-positioned chocks between the
aircraft/vehicle and post spotters/guides as a required safety measure. Keep
chocks in position until vehicle outside the 10 ft safety distance requirement.
 Vehicle Parking and Chocking
Requirements
• Emergency Response Vehicles left unattended will:
• The parking brake will be set.
• The transmission placed in neutral (manual transmission) or park
(automatic transmission).
• The rear wheels will be chocked.
 Lateral Distance Requirements for
Mobile Obstacles
• Vehicles and equipment will not be parked within:
• 188 ft of any Taxiway centerline (shaded red areas on map).
• 166 ft of Taxilane Foxtrot centerline (shaded blue areas on map).
• 125 ft of any ramp edge (shaded yellow areas on map).
• 492 ft of the runway centerline (shaded green areas on map).
• All request to park or store vehicles or equipment within these areas must be
pre coordinated with Airfield Management.
 Speed Limits for Vehicles
Operating on Ramps & Taxiways
• 5 MPH/8 KPH – Any vehicle operating within 25FT of an aircraft or with in a
vehicle parking area.
• 10 MPH/16 KPH – Special purpose vehicles such as K-Loaders/Fuel trucks
• 15 MPH/24 KPH – Any general purpose vehicle operating on an apron or
within 200FT of a designated aircraft parking area or on a taxiway.
 Additional Speed Limits
• Runways - Vehicle speed as required but not to exceed 55 MPH/88 KPH.
Speed will be reasonable and prudent for the existing conditions.
• Mitchell Avenue - 18 MPH/30 KPH
• Perimeter roads - 35 MPH/56 KPH unless posted otherwise.

• During periods of snow, ice or restricted visibility, speed limits are reduced to
10 MPH/16KPH on taxiways and ramps.
• When visibility is reduced to less than 800ft, the speed limit is reduced to 5
MPH/8 KPH on the taxiways/ramps.
• During snow removal operations, Airfield Management and Snow Removal
vehicles are authorized to exceed 10 MPH/16 KPH in the performance of
their duties, but extreme caution will be maintained.
 Low Visibility Condition Operations
• Airfield Management will notify units when VISCON procedures are in effect.
• VISCON 1 Runway Visual Range (RVR) between 400 and 200 meters.
• Central ramp controls for each ramp are established, personnel will
wear reflective belts and drive with headlights on.
• VISCON 2 RVR between 200 and 100 meters.
• Ramp controls account for all personnel/equipment operating on their
ramp and will establish 2-way communication with the ATC.
• VISCON 3 RVR between 100 and 50 meters.
• Only mission critical vehicles are authorized to operate on the airfield.
• Activate emergency flashers/light bar, stop refueling ops and
explosive laden vehicle ops.
• VISCON 4 (RVR less than 50 meters):
• Only emergency response/alert vehicles will operate on the airfield.
• Personnel shall remain at their current location on the airfield until
visibility improves to VISCON 3 or better and only movement to clear
the path for taxiing aircraft or in support of emergencies is authorized.
 Low Visibility Condition Operations
• Red stop bars lights and hold point numbers (1-8, 10-14) painted on the
pavement
• Tower will announce over the Ramp Net “ Low Visibility procedures CAT II/III
operations critical procedures in effect” and will activate the stop bars.
• Drivers will exit outside the Runway 26 ILS critical area and only allowed in
the CMA, if approved by ATCT.
• Drivers must stop behind the hold lines and state your callsign, where you
are located (low visibility hold point number and request.
• Never cross over a red lighted in-pavement stop bar unless approved.
 Operating Bicycles/Use of Traction
Control Devices
• Bicycles and tricycles will not operate on aircraft parking ramps, taxiways or
runways, unless approved by the Airfield Manager.
• Snow Tire chains/studded tires are not authorized on the airfield at any time.
 Escort/Convoy Driving
• Airfield Management personnel will NOT provide escorts for personnel
requiring entry to the airfield.
• Individuals requiring access to the airfield that do not possess a valid AF IMT
483, Certificate of Competency must be escorted by an individual with a
valid AF IMT 483.
• Units and agencies that sponsor contractors working on the airfield are
responsible for providing an airfield driving qualified escort. The unit initiating
the contract, not necessarily the unit executing the work, is responsible for
proving escorts.
• The sponsoring unit or agency for the contractor will notify 86 Civil
Engineering and Airfield Management prior to the start of work.
• The escort will stay with the personnel they are responsible for at all times
when on the airfield or until relieved by another escort.
 Right of Way
• All vehicles and pedestrians will yield the right of way to all taxiing aircraft
and helicopter hover taxiing.
• Exception: Emergency response vehicles responding to a real world
emergency will have the right of way; however, extreme caution will be
used.
• No vehicle will drive between an aircraft marshaller.
• No vehicle will drive between an aircraft and a “Follow Me” truck.
 Traffic Control signals/Right of Way
• Traffic control signs are used at the intersection of each road and taxiway.
• Individuals will stop and perform a complete FOD check before continuing
on or across a taxiway, ramp, or apron. (except Mitchell Avenue)
• Personnel crossing the airfield via Mitchell Avenue will make a complete
stop at the stop sign and proceed across the ramp if the signal and audible
siren are not activated.
• When visual traffic signals is activated,
drivers and pedestrians will remain at the
stop sign until the signal is deactivated.
• If the signal/audible siren are activated
while crossing the airfield, continue to the
other side immediately.
• Personnel will remain within the white
vehicle traffic lane at all times and give
way to any cross traffic coming from the
West or East side of the airfield.
 Congested Areas & Smoking Areas
• Ramp 5 is the most congested area on the airfield due to the large amount
of heavy aircraft movements.
• Use caution of aircraft, vehicles, pedestrians, and any other obstacles
located on the Apron/Ramp area

• Smoking is prohibited on the airfield. IAW AFI 91-203 approved smoking will
have non-combustible butt cans present.
 Ground Vehicle Communications
• Listen before making a transmission over the radio. If someone else is
talking, the keying of another transmitter will be ineffective.
• Know exactly what you need to say before keying the radio & talking.
• Vehicle operators must contact the ATCT each and every time they wish to
proceed into or upon leaving the CMA.
• When proceeding into the CMA, you must advise the ATCT of three things;
WHO you are, WHERE you are, and WHAT your intentions are.
• Read back all ATCT instructions verbatim so that ATCT can verify complete
instructions are heard and understood.
• If you are unsure what the controller has transmitted, you must ask the
controller to repeat it.
• Never use the words CLEAR, CLEARED, or CLEARANCE on the tower
Ramp Net.
• Never anticipate ATC instructions. UNDERSTAND the instructions given
and comply. If you do not understand, have them repeat!
 Procedural Words/Phrases
What is said: What it means:
Acknowledge Let me know you have received and understand this
message

Advise intentions Let me know what you want to do.

Affirmative Yes.

Correction An error has been made in the transmission, and the

correct version follows.
Go Ahead Proceed with your message only. Note: Use of this phrase
does not authorize requester to “Go Ahead” with, or carry
out, their request.
Hold/Hold Short Phrased used during ground operations to keep a vehicle
or aircraft within a specified area or at a specified point
while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control.
 Procedural Words/Phrases
What is said: What it means:
How do you hear Question relating to the quality of the transmission or to
me? determine how well the transmission is being received.
Immediately /Without Phrase used by ATC when such action compliance is
delay, Expedite required to avoid an imminent situation.
Negative No, or permission not granted, or that is not correct.
Out The radio conversation is ended, and no response is
expected.
Over My radio transmission is ended, and I expect a
response.
Read Back Repeat my message to me.
Roger I have received all of your last transmission.
 Procedural Words/Phrases
What is said: What it means:
Stand By Means the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds,
usually to attend to other duties of a higher priority. Also
means to wait as in “stand by for clearance.” The caller
should reestablish contact if delay is lengthy.
Unable Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction,
request, or clearance.
Verify Request confirmation of information.
Wilco I have received your message, understand it, and will comply
with it.
 Aviation Phonetic Alphabet
A Alpha N November
B Bravo O Oscar
C Charlie P Papa
D Delta Q Quebec
E Echo R Romeo
F Foxtrot S Sierra
G Golf T Tango
H Hotel U Uniform
I India V Victor
J Juliet W Whiskey
K Kilo X X-Ray
L Lima Y Yankee
M Mike Z Zulu
 Ground Vehicle Communications

Vehicle Operator: “Ramstein Tower Airfield 1”

ATCT: “Airfield 1, Ramstein Tower”
Vehicle Operator: “Ramstein Tower, Airfield 1 request permission to cross
Runway 27 at Taxiway Echo North”
ATCT: ‘”Airfield 1, cross Runway 27 at Taxiway Echo North,
report when off”
Vehicle Operator: “Ramstein Tower, Airfield 1 understands approval to
cross runway 27 from Taxiway Echo North, will report
when off”
Vehicle Operator: “Ramstein Tower, Airfield 1 crossing complete, off runway
27 at taxiway Echo Middle.”
ATCT: “Airfield 1, Roger”
 Light Gun
• Light Gun – A handheld directional light signaling device which emits a
brilliant narrow beam of white, green, or red light as selected by the tower
controller. The color and type of light transmitted can be used to approve or
disapprove anticipated drivers actions where radio communication have
failed. The light gun is used for controlling traffic operating in the vicinity of
the airport and on the airport movement area.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7sVkPnCB3Y
 ATCT or Vehicle Blind Spots
• Ramps 1 and 7 are the primary control tower visual blind spots.
• Ramstein airfield has no radio blind spots.

ATCT Blind Spots

 Any
Questions?