COMPLEX NUMBERS

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

MATH 133

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Consider a quadratic equation

• 𝑥2 + 1 = 0
• 𝑥 = ± −1
• 𝑥 = ±𝑖

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• POWERS OF i
• 𝑖 = −1
• 𝑖 2 = −1
• 𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 ∗ 𝑖 = −𝑖
• 𝑖4 = 𝑖2 ∗ 𝑖2 = 1
• 𝑖 5 = 𝑖 4 ∗ 𝑖 = 𝑖 = −1
• Similarly,
• 𝑖 2307 = 𝑖 2304 ∗ 𝑖 3
• 𝑖 2307 = 𝑖 4 576
∗ 𝑖3
• 𝑖 2307 = 𝑖 3 = −𝑖
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• GENERAL FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• a - real part of z
• bi - imaginary part of z
• 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is purely real if b=0 (i.e. z = a)
• 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is purely imaginary if a=0 (i.e. z = bi)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• BASIC RULES ON OPERATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Consider
• 𝑧1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑖
• 𝑧2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑖
• Sum: 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 ) + 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 𝑖
• Difference: 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) + (𝑏1 − 𝑏2 )𝑖
• Product: 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑖 = (𝑎1 ∗ 𝑎2 −𝑏1 ∗ 𝑏2 ) +
(𝑎1 ∗ 𝑏2 +𝑎2 ∗ 𝑏1 )𝑖

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• BASIC RULES ON OPERATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Complex Conjugate
• For any complex number 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 there corresponds a complex conjugate
• 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
• If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 then 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
• 𝑧 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 ∗ (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)
• 𝑧 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• BASIC RULES ON OPERATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Quotient:
𝑧1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑎1 +𝑏1 𝑖 ∗ 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑖 𝑎1 ∗𝑎2 +𝑏1 ∗𝑏2 𝑎2 ∗𝑏1 −𝑎1 ∗𝑏2 𝑖
• = 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 = = +
𝑧2 2 2 (𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑖)∗(𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑖) 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2

• Complex Number Zero

• 0 + 0𝑖 (a=0 and b=0)
• Ex. Find the real numbers 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 such that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 0 given that 𝑧1 = 3 + 𝛼𝑖 and
𝑧2 = 𝛽 − 5𝑖 𝛼 = 5 and 𝛽 = −3

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• PROPERTIES
• Commutative:
• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1
• 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 ∗ 𝑧1
• Associative:
• (𝑧1 +𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 )
• (𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 ) ∗ 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 ∗ (𝑧2 ∗ 𝑧3 )
• Distributive:
• 𝑧1 ∗ (𝑧2 +𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ∗ 𝑧3

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION
• Complex number can be represented either as a point or as a position vector in the xy –
plane
• x - real axis
• y – imaginary axis
• This geometrical representation is plotted on Argand Diagram

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• MODULUS OF COMPLEX NUMBER

• It is the length of the directed line segment drawn from the origin of the complex plane
to the point (a, b)
• Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 , the modulus of z is denoted by 𝑧
• 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• POLAR FORM OF z
• Let point (x, y) represents 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖, where 𝑥 = 𝑟 ∗ cos(𝜃) and y = 𝑟 ∗ sin(𝜃)
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 ∗ cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ sin 𝜃

• 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ sin 𝜃 ) – polar form of z

• 𝜃 is an argument of z, denoted by 𝜃 = arg(𝑧)

• Principal value of arg(𝑧) is at −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• POLAR FORM OF z
• DETERMINATION OF PRINCIPAL VALUE OF ARGUMENT
𝑦 𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0<𝜃≤ for 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 (𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0) First quadrant
𝑥 2
• Example: Determine the modulus and argument of z = 3 + 2i

• 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32 + 22 = 13
𝑦 2
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 0.588 𝑟𝑎𝑑 since x=3, y=2
𝑥 3
𝑦 𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 <𝜃<𝜋 for 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 (𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0) second quadrant
𝑥 2
• Example: Determine the modulus and argument of z = -1 + i

• 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (−1)2 +12 = 2
𝑦 1 3𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 since x=-1, y=1
𝑥 1 4

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• POLAR FORM OF z
• DETERMINATION OF PRINCIPAL VALUE OF ARGUMENT
𝑦 𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝜋 −𝜋 < 𝜃 < − 2 for 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 (𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0) third
𝑥
quadrant
• Example: Determine the modulus and argument of 𝑧 = − 6 − 2𝑖

• 𝑧 = (− 6)2 +(− 2)2 = 62 + 22 = 8

𝑦 − 2 7𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝜋 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝜋 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 since x= − 6, y= − 2
𝑥 − 6 6
𝑦 𝜋
• 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = 2𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 2 < 𝜃 ≤ 0 for 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 (𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0) fourth
𝑥
quadrant

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• EXPONENTIAL FORM OF z
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• Recall 𝑒𝑥 =1+𝑥 + 2! + 3! + 4!
+⋯
• Let 𝑥 = 𝑖𝜃
𝑖𝜃 (𝑖𝜃)2 (𝑖𝜃)3 (𝑖𝜃)4
• 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑖𝜃 + 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+⋯

𝑖𝜃 𝜃 2 𝜃 4 𝜃 6 𝜃 3 𝜃 5 (𝜃)7
• 𝑒 =1− + − +⋯+𝑖 𝜃 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!

• 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
• Since 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ sin 𝜃 )
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 ∗ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• EXPONENTIAL FORM OF z
• Replacing 𝜃 by −𝜃
• 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos −𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
• 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
• Adding and subtracting the two equations
• 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 2 ∗ cos 𝜃
1
• cos 𝜃 = ∗ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
2

• 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 2i ∗ sin 𝜃
1
• s 𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2𝑖 ∗ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• LOGARITHMIC FORM OF z
• Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 ∗ 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃+2𝑘𝜋) (𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … )
• ln(𝑧) = ln(𝑟 ∗ 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
)
• ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + ln(𝑒 𝑖 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
)

• ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋

• ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃 - principal value of ln(z)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
• Makes raising complex numbers to power very simple

𝑛
• 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) = 𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃 + isin(𝑛𝜃)

• Solve
5
1 3
• Use De Moivre’s Theorem − 𝑖
2 2
3
3𝜋 3𝜋
• Rewrite in rectangular form 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE

• EXPANSION OF 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 AND 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃 IN TERMS SINE AND COSINE IN MULTIPLE OF 𝜃
1
• Let x = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) so that 𝑥 −1 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑥
1 1
• x + 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 and x − 𝑥 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1
• Therefore 𝑥 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃) and 𝑥 −𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑥𝑛
1 1
• 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 and 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE
• EXPANSION OF cos 𝑛𝜃 AND 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃) IN POWERS OF 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 AND 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
• STEPS
• Apply De Moivre’s Theorem
• cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)
• Apply Binomial Expansion Theorem
𝑛
• cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝜃𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(−1) + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃(−1) + ⋯ +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
• Equate the right side expression from De Moivre’s Theorem and Binomial Expansion Theorem
• cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑖[ 𝑛𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ⋯ ] (separating real and imaginary part)
• Equating real and imaginary part
• cos 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 + ⋯
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ⋯
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE

• Example:
• Expand the following in terms of cosine and sine in multiple of 𝜃
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝜃

• Express the following in terms of cos 𝜃 and sin 𝜃

• cos(6 𝜃)
• sin(8 𝜃)
• sin(7 𝜃)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
• ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Consider 𝑤 𝑛 = 𝑧
• Let z = r(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)) w = ρ(cos 𝜑 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜑))
• ρ𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜑 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜑)) = r(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃))
• Equality of two complex numbers in polar form
• Moduli are equal ρ𝑛 = 𝑟
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
• Arguments may differ by a multiple of 2𝑘𝜋 thus 𝑛𝜑 = 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 or 𝜑 = 𝑛

• Thus nth root of z

1 1 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
• 𝑤=𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 or 𝑤=𝑟 𝑒 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

• ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Example:
3
1 𝑖 3 4
• Find the roots of 2
+ 2
and show that it’s continued product is 1
2
• Find the values of 𝑖 3

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT