UNIT V

TUNED AMPLIFIERS

In these amplifiers , resistive load is replaced with tuned circuit which is capable of
amplifying the signal over a narrow band of frequencies centered at fr .the amplifiers with tuned
circuit as load is called tuned amplifiers or narrow band amplifier. The center frequency may
range from 1 to many MHz. and side frequencies extend from 5 or 10 KHz for amplitude
modulated voice or music and several hundred KHz for other amplification.

Tuned parallel LC circuit is shown in the figure

1
The resonance frequency is fr= 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

𝐿
Impedance Zr=𝑅𝐶

The response of a tuned circuit is maximum at fr and falls sharply above and below
resonant frequency. It rejects all other frequencies below fL and fH.

The 3 dB bandwidth is denoted as ‘B’. and 30 dB bandwidth is denoted as ‘S’.

𝑆
Skirt selectivity =𝐵

Fig: frequency response of tuned circuit.

 At resonance inductive and capacitive effects of tuned circuit cancel each other. Means
circuit looks like resistive and cos∅=1( voltage and current are in phase). Above fr the circuit
behaves like capacitive and below fr the circuit behaves like inductive. At resonance the tuned
circuit behaves like resistive and hence it is used as a load in amplifier.

Coil lossess:

Coil is not purely inductor. It consists of few losses represented by leakage resistance in
series with the inductor.

Total coil losses= copper loss+eddy current loss+ hysteresis loss

Copper loss is inversely proportional to frequency. Frequency increases copper losses

decreases

Eddy current loss is due to currently flowing in the core caused by induction. These
losses are directly proportional to frequency

Hysteresis loss is proportional to the area enclosed by the

hysteresis loop and to the rate at which this loop is tranversed. It is a
function of signal level and increases with frequency. Hysteresis loss
is independent of frequency.

Q-FACTOR:

It is an important parameter of an inductor . it is the ratio of reactance to resistance and it is a

unitless parameter. Higher the value of Q, lower the losses in the inductor.Q is also defined as
the measure of efficiency with which inductor can store the energy.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Q= 2𝜋 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

Series circuit inductive impedance

Q= 𝜔 Ls/Rs

Parallel circuit
Rp
inductive admittance Q=𝜔Lp
 1
Dissipation factor (D) is the total loss with in a component and is dfined as Q

1 𝜔Ls Rp
Q= D = = 𝜔Lp
Rs

Unloaded and loaded Q:

When the tank circuit is not connected top any external circuit or load, Q accounts for the
internal lossess and it is known as unloaded quality factor Qu. and it is defined as
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Qu= 2𝜋 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

When tank circuit is connected to the load then the loaded quality factor QL is defined as
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
QL= 2𝜋 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡+𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

QL is applicable for practical scenariois. It determines the 3 dBbandwidth for the

resonant circuit. The 3 dB bandwidth for resonant circuit is given by
𝐹𝑟
BW=𝑄𝐿

As Q is large, bandwidth is small and circuit is more

selective . as Q value is small, band width is large and circuit is poor
in selectivity. In tuned amplifier high value of Q is preferred . tuned
amplifiers are used in communication or Broad cast receivers.

Requirements in tuned amplifier:

The basic requirements of a tuned amplifier is

1. Amplifier should provide selectivity of resonant frequency over a narrow band

2. The signal should be amplified equally well at all frequencies in the selected narrow
band.
 3. The tuned circuit should be mounted where it can be easily be tuned. If there are more
than one tuned circuit, there should be an arrangement to tune all circuits simultaneously.
4. The amplifier must provide the simplicity in tuning of the amplifier components to the
desired frequency over a considerable range or band of frequencies.

Classification of tuned amplifiers:

The cascaded stage of multistage tuned amplifiers are classified as

1.Single tuned amplifiers

2.Double tuned amplifiers

3.Stagger tuned amplifiers

These amplifiers are further classified according to coupling used to cascade the stages of
multistage amplifier.

a. capacitor coupled.

b. inductive coupled

c.Transformer coupled

Small signal tuned amplifier:

A CE amplifier is converted into single tuned amplifier by

inserting a parallel tuned circuit as shown in the figure... the
circuit diagram is excluded with biasing components for
simplicity. let us see various assumptions taken for the simplicity
of the analysis.

Assumptions:

1. RL<< RC
2. Rbb’=0
 With the above said assumptions, the simplified equivalent circuits for the single tuned
amplifier is shown below

Where C=C’+Cbe’+(1+gmRL)Cbc’

C’is capacitance used in the tuned circuit

(1+gmRL)Cbc’ is millers capacitance

rS is losses in coil(series)

rP is Parallel coil resistance

𝜔𝐿
the coil factor is QC= 𝑟𝑆 >>1

From the equivalent circuits of coil (inductor), that to admittance are

1 𝑠 𝑟 −𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑠 𝑟 𝜔𝐿
2 𝐿2 = 𝑟 2+𝜔2 𝐿2 + 𝑗(𝑟 2+𝜔2 𝐿2 )
Y1=𝑟 +𝑗𝜔𝐿=𝑟 2+𝜔
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝑤𝐿
We know that = I,e… 𝜔 L>>rS
𝑟𝑠

𝑟 𝜔𝐿 𝑟 1
Y1= 𝜔2𝑠𝐿2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 = 𝜔2𝑠𝐿2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
 1 1
Y2= 𝑅𝑝 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿

Equating Y1 & Y2

𝑟𝑠 1 1 1
2 2
+ = +
𝜔 𝐿 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅𝑝 𝑗𝜔𝐿

1 𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑠
= 2 2∗
𝑅𝑝 𝜔 𝐿 𝑟𝑠
𝑟𝑠2 1 1 1
=(𝜔2𝐿2) 𝑟 = 𝑄2 . 𝑟
𝑠 𝐶 𝑠

𝜔𝑙
There fore RP=QC2rS=ῳLQC ( since QC= )
𝑟𝑠

From the equivalent circuit of single tuned amplifier

R= ri|| Rp||r’be

The current gain of the amplifier is

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅
Ai= 𝑅 = 𝜔 𝜔0
1+𝑗(𝜔𝑅𝐶− ) 1+𝑗𝜔0𝑅𝐶( − )
𝜔𝐿 𝜔0 𝜔

1
Where 𝜔 02=
𝐿𝐶

Let us define the Q of the tuned circuit at the resonant frequency w0 to be

𝑅
Qi=𝜔0𝐿 = 𝜔 0RC

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅
There fore Ai= 𝜔 𝜔0
1+𝑗𝑄𝑖( − )
𝜔0 𝜔

At 𝜔 = 𝜔 0, gain is maximum and is given by

(Ai)max=-gmR

At 3 dB frequency
𝑔𝑚 𝑅
|Ai|= √2

Therefore at 3 dB frequency
 𝑔𝑚 𝑅 𝑔𝑚 𝑅
= 𝜔 𝜔
√2 |1 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 [𝜔 − 𝜔0 ] |
𝑑

𝜔 𝜔0
√2=|1+jQi [𝜔 − ]|
0 𝜔

𝜔 𝜔0 2
2=1+Qi2[[𝜔 − ]
0 𝜔

𝜔 𝜔0 2
Qi2[[𝜔 − ] =1
0 𝜔

Solving the above quadratic equation, we have two positive solutions 𝜔𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔𝐿 , we get
1
BW=2𝜋𝑅𝐶

Single tuned capacitive coupled amplifier:

A single tuned capactive coupled amplifier with tuned circuit as a

load is shown in the figure. The tank circuit connected at the
collector acts as a load and it resonates at a particular frequency.
Resistors R1,R2 & RE provides the baising for the circuit.

The equivalent hybrid 𝜋 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 representation of single tuned circuit is shown below

By applying the millers theorem , the equivalent can be redrawn as

Where ci=cbe’+cbc’(1-A) , where A is voltage gain
𝐴−1
C eq=c+cbc’( )
𝐴

1 1
gce= = hoe-gmhre≈ ℎ𝑜𝑒 =
𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑅0

The admittance of series RL circuit is given by

1 1 𝑅−𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅−𝑗𝜔𝐿
Y= = 𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿 ∗ 𝑅−𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑅2 +𝜔2 𝐿2
𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿

𝑅 𝜔𝐿 𝜔 𝑅 𝐽𝜔 2 𝐿
Y= 𝑅2 +𝜔2 𝐿2 − 𝑅2 +𝜔2 𝐿2 ∗ 𝜔 = 𝑅2 +𝜔2𝐿2 − 𝜔(𝑅2 +𝜔2 𝐿2 )

The admittance of parallel RL circuit is given by

1 1
Y=𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑃 𝑃

by equating two admittances

𝑅 2 + 𝜔2 𝐿2 𝑅 2 + 𝜔2 𝐿2
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑃 =
𝑅 𝜔2𝐿
Centre frequency:

The centre frequency and resonant frequency is given by

1 𝑅 2 +𝜔 2 𝐿2 𝐴−1
fr= where Lp= and Ceq= Cbc’( )+C= C0+C
2𝜋√LpCeq 𝜔2𝐿 𝐴

Quality factor:
𝜔𝑟 𝐿
The quality factor of the coil at resonance is given by Qr= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔𝑟 is resonant
𝑅
frequencies.

Here the output is connected to the next stage input means, quality factor including load
is called as loaded Q and is expressed as below

𝑅 2 + 𝜔2 𝐿2 𝜔2 𝐿2 𝜔2 𝐿2
𝑅𝑃 = =𝑅+ 𝑎𝑠 ≫1
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝜔2 𝐿2
𝑅𝑃≈
𝑅

𝑅 2 + 𝜔2 𝐿2 𝑅2
𝐿𝑃 = = +𝐿
𝜔 2 𝐿2 𝜔 2 𝐿2

𝐿𝑃 ≈ 𝐿

RP can be expressed at resonance as

𝜔𝑟2 𝐿2
𝑅𝑃 = = 𝑄𝑟 𝜔𝑟 𝐿
𝑅
𝑅𝑃
𝑄𝑟 =
𝜔𝑟 𝐿

The effective quality factor including the output resistance R0, next stage Ri represented in the
following figure as

Where Rt= R0 || Rp|| Ri

 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶
Effective quality factor 𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑡

𝑅𝑡
= (𝑜𝑟)𝜔𝑟 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑡
𝜔𝑟 𝐿

Voltage gain(Av)

The voltage gain for single tuned amplifier is given by

′
𝑟𝑏𝑒 𝑅𝑡
𝐴𝑉 = −𝑔𝑚 ′ ′
∗
𝑟𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑏𝑒 1 + 2𝑗𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕

Where 𝜕 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

′
𝑟𝑏𝑒
𝐴𝑉( 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = −𝑔𝑚 ′ ′
∗ 𝑅𝑡
𝑟𝑏𝑏 + 𝑟𝑏𝑒

𝐴𝑉 1
| |=
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) √1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2

3 dB bandwidth:

The 3 dB bandwidth is given by

1 𝜔𝑟
∆𝑓 = =
2𝜋𝑅𝑡 𝐶𝑒𝑞 2𝜋𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑓
∆𝑓 = 𝑄 𝑟 therefore 𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜔𝑟 𝑅𝑡 𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑒𝑓𝑓

Effect of cascading single tuned amplifier on bandwidth:

Let us consider n stages of single tuned direct coupled amplifiers and see the effect on
bandwidth. The relative gain of a single tuned amplifier with respect to resonant frequency is
given by

𝐴𝑉 1
| |=
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2

The relative gain for n stages is given by

𝑛
𝐴𝑉 1 1
|𝐴 | =[ ]𝑛 = [√1+(2𝜕𝑄
𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) √1+(2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2 𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
2 ]𝑛/2
The 3 dB cutoff frequencies for n stage cascaded amplifier is

𝐴𝑉 1
| |=
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) √2

𝐴𝑉 1
We know that |𝐴 |= [1+(2𝜕𝑄 2 𝑛/2
𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) ]

Equating the above two equations we get

1 1
2 𝑛/2
=
[1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) ] √2

[1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2 ]𝑛/2 = √2

[1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2 ]𝑛 = 2

[1 + (2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 )2 ] = 21/𝑛

1
2𝜕𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ±√2𝑛 − 1

Substituting the value for 𝜕, fractional frequency variation

𝜔−𝜔𝑟 𝑓−𝑓𝑟
𝜕= =
𝜔𝑟 𝑓𝑟

1
𝑓−𝑓𝑟
Therefore 2[ 𝑓𝑟
] 𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ±√2𝑛 − 1

1
2[𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟 ] 𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ±𝑓𝑟 √2𝑛 − 1

𝑓𝑟 √ 1
𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟 = ± 2𝑛 − 1
2𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓

Let us consider the frequency f with f1 and f2 (Lower 3 dB and Upper 3 dB frequencies)

1
𝑓
𝑓2 − 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝑄 𝑟 √2𝑛 − 1 similarly
𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑓𝑟 √ 1
𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟 2𝑛 − 1
2𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓
The bandwidth of n stage identical amplifier is given by

BWn=f2-f1=(f2-fr)+(fr-f1)

1 1
𝑓 𝑓
= 2𝑄 𝑟 √2𝑛 − 1 +2𝑄 𝑟 √2𝑛 − 1
𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓

1
𝑓
= 𝑄 𝑟 √2𝑛 − 1
𝑒𝑓𝑓

1
𝐵𝑊𝑛 = 𝐵𝑊1 √2𝑛 − 1 , where 𝐵𝑊1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

As the number of stages increases, bandwidth decreases

Double tuned amplifiers:

The double tuned RF amplifier in CE configuration is shown in the following figure..

The voltage developed across tuned circuit is coupled inductively to another tuned
circuit, means both are tuned to same frequency, the coupling section of a transformer coupled
tuned amplifier is shown in the following figure
 The equivalent circuit for the above circuit is shown below

The simplified tuned circuit for the double tuned amplifier is shown below

Here the series And parallel resistances are combined in to series elements
 𝜔𝑟2 𝐿2 𝜔𝑟2 𝐿2
We know that 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑅
→𝑅= 𝑅𝑃

We can write here as

𝜔02 𝐿21 𝜔02 𝐿22

𝑅11 = + 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅22 = + 𝑅2
𝑅0 𝑅𝑖

in the above circuit current source is replaced by voltage source which is in series with C1.

𝜔𝑟 𝐿
We also know that 𝑄 = 𝑅

𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔𝑟 𝐿2
𝑄1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 =
𝑅11 𝑅22

The Q factors for both circuits are kept same

1 1
Therefore Q1=Q2=Q, means resonant frequency 𝜔𝑟2 = 𝐿 =𝐿
1 𝐶1 2 𝐶2

from the above circuit

1 𝑗𝐼2
𝑉0 = 𝐼2 . =−
𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝑐2 𝜔𝑟 𝐶2

Let us calculate V0/V1 . for this I2 is represented in terms of V1.

the transfer admittance can be calculated by using the following figure

𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐴𝑖 𝑍𝑓
𝑌𝑇 = = = = 2
𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑍11 𝑍11 𝑍𝑓 − 𝑍𝑖 (𝑍𝑜 + 𝑍𝐿 )

𝑉1 𝑧𝑓2 𝐼 −𝑍𝑓
Where 𝑍11 = 𝐼1
= 𝑍𝑖 − 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐼2 = 𝑍
0 +𝑍𝐿 1 0 +𝑍𝐿

We know that 𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝑀

1
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅11 + 𝑗 [𝜔𝐿1 − ]
𝜔𝑐1
 1
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅22 + 𝑗 [𝜔𝐿2 − ]
𝜔𝑐2

The above equations 𝑍𝑓 , 𝑍𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠

𝑍𝑓 = 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝑀 = 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝑘√𝐿1 𝐿2 where k is coefficient of coupling.

In 𝑍𝑖, multiplying numerator and denominator by 𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 , we get

𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔𝐿1 1
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅11 . + 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 [ − ]
𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝑐1

𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔 𝜔𝑟 1
= + 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 [ − ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 [𝜔𝑟2 = ]
𝑄1 𝜔𝑟 𝜔 𝐿𝐶

𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑟
= + 𝑗𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 (2𝜕) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝜕 = 𝑜𝑟 )
𝑄 𝑓𝑟 𝜔𝑟

𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 𝜔 𝜔𝑟
= [1 + 𝑗2𝑄𝜕] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( − = 1 + 𝛿 − (1 − 𝛿) = 2𝛿)
𝑄 𝜔𝑟 𝜔

1
Similarly 𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅22 + 𝑗[𝜔𝐿2 − 𝜔𝐶 ]
2

𝜔𝑟 𝐿2
= [1 + 𝑗2𝑄𝛿]
𝑄

𝑍𝑓 1
∴ 𝑌𝑇 = =
𝑍𝑓2 − 𝑍𝑖 (𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 ) 𝑍 − 𝑍𝑖 (𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 )
𝑓 𝑍 𝑓

1
= 𝜔𝑟 𝐿1 (1+𝐽2𝑄𝜕) 𝜔𝑟 𝐿2
. (1+𝐽2𝑄𝜕)
𝑄 𝑄
𝐽𝜔𝑟 𝐾√𝐿1 𝐿2 −
𝐽𝜔𝑟 𝐾√𝐿1 𝐿2

𝐾𝑄 2
=
𝜔𝑟 √𝐿1 𝐿2 [4𝑄𝛿 − 𝑗(1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 ]

substituting the values of I2,Vi*YT, we get

−𝑗 𝑗𝑔𝑚 𝑣𝑖 𝐾𝑄 2
𝑉0 = . .
𝜔𝑟 𝐶2 𝜔𝑟 𝐶1 𝜔𝑟 √𝐿1 𝐿2 [4𝑄𝛿 − 𝑗(1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 ]

𝑗𝑔 𝑉
Since Vi= 𝜔𝐶𝑚
1
 𝑉0 𝐾𝑄 2
𝐴𝑉 = = 𝑔𝑚 𝜔𝑟2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑉𝐼 𝜔𝑟 √𝐿1 𝐿2 [4𝑄𝛿 − 𝑗(1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 ]
1
Since 𝜔𝑟2 = 𝐿𝐶

𝑔𝑚 𝜔𝑟 √𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐾𝑄 2
𝐴𝑉 = [ ]
4𝑄𝜕 − 𝑗(1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 )

𝐾𝑄
|𝐴𝑉 | = 𝑔𝑚 𝜔𝑟 √𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑄 𝐾𝑄 2 .
√[1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 ]2 + 16𝑄 2 𝛿 2

The universal response of double tuned amplifier plotted with KQ as a parameter is shown
below.

The frequency deviation 𝛿 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦

4𝑄𝜕 − 𝑗(1 + 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 4𝑄 2 𝛿 2 ) = 0

From gain versus frequency figure , the two gain peaks in the frequency response of the double
tuned amplifier is given by
 1 1
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟 [1 − 2𝑄 √𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑟 [1 + 2𝑄 √𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 1]the gain at the dip

1
At 𝐾 2 𝑄 2 = 1 → 𝐾 = 𝑄 ; 𝑓1 = 𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑟 . this condition is known as critical coupling.

1
For k < 𝑄, the peak gain is less than maximum gain and the coupling is poor.

1
At K>𝑄, the circuit is over coupled and the response shows the double peak. This is useful when
more bandwidth is required.

𝑔𝑚 𝜔0 √𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐾𝑄
The gain magnitude at peak is given as |𝐴𝑃 | = 2

The gain at the dip 𝜕 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠

2𝐾𝑄
|𝐴𝑑 | = |𝐴𝑝 | 1+𝐾2 𝑄2

The ratio of peak gain to dip gain is denoted as 𝛾. where

𝛾 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒.

𝐴𝑃 1 + 𝐾 2𝑄2
𝛾=| |=
𝐴𝑑 2𝐾𝑄

By Solving the above quadratic equation & choose + sign 𝐾𝑄 = 𝛾 + √𝛾 2 − 1

The Bandwidth Between the frequencies at which the gain | 𝐴𝑑 | is the useful bandwidth and is
given by

𝐵𝑊 = 2𝛾 ′ = √2(f2-f1)

At 3 dB bandwidth 𝛾 = √2

𝐾𝑄 = 𝛾 + √𝛾 2 + 1 = 1.414

3 dB BW= 2𝛿 ′ =√2(f2-f1)

1 1
= √2[𝑓𝑟 (1 + 2𝑄 √𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 1) − 𝑓𝑟 (1 − 2𝑄 √𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 1)]

𝑓 𝑓 3.1𝑓𝑟
=√2[ 𝑄𝑟 √𝐾 2 𝑄 2 − 1] = √2 [ 𝑄𝑟 √2.4142 − 1] = 𝑄
 2𝑓
Here the 3 dB bandwidth is greater than single tuned amplifier bandwidth ( 𝑄𝑟 )

Advantages:-

1. It has flatter response having steeper sides

2. It provides larger 3 dB bandwidth
3. Provides larger gain bandwidth product.

Effect of cascading double tuned amplifier on Bandwidth:

When identical double tuned amplifier stages are connected in cascade, the overall bandwidth of
the system becomes narrow and the steepness of the sides of the response is increased just as
when single tuned stages are cascaded. The relationship between the 3 dB bandwidth of n
identical double tuned critically coupled stages are compared with the bandwidth ∆2 of a single
stage double tuned amplifier as
1
N stages double tuned amplifier = ∆2 [2𝑛 − 1]1/4 where ∆2 is the 3 dB bandwidth of a single
stage double tuned amplifier.

Example: the bandwidth of a double tuned amplifier is 20 KHz. Calculate the bandwidth if there
are three stages
1 1
𝐵𝑊𝑁 = 𝐵𝑊1 [2𝑛 − 1]1/4 = 20 ∗ 103 [23 − 1]1/4 = 14.28 𝐾𝐻𝑧

STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER:

Though double tuned amplifier provides greater 3 dB bandwidth, but alignment is difficult. To
overcome this problem two single tuned amplifiers having certain bandwidth are taken and their
resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separate by an amount equal to the bandwidth of
each stage. Because of resonant frequencies are displaced or staggered, they are known as
stagger tuned amplifiers. The frequency response of individual stages and overall response of
staggered pair is shown in the following figure.
 The overall response of two stage stagger tuned pair is compared with individual single
tuned stages is shown in the following figure.

The half power (3 dB) bandwidth of a staggered pair is √2 times as great as 3 dB

bandwidth of an individual single tuned stage. The stagger tuned can be easily extended to more
stages. In 3 stage staggering, first stage is tuned to the frequency lower than centered frequency,
third stage is tuned to the frequency higher than centre frequencyand centre one (second stage) is
tuned to centre frequency.

The analysis of staggered tune circuit is as follows.

The gain of the single tuned amplifier is

𝐴𝑣 1 1
= 1+2𝑗𝑄 = 1+𝑗𝑋 where 𝑋 = 2𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕

Stagger tuned → 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑑

One stage is tuned to 𝑓𝑟 + 𝜕 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑟 − 𝜕

𝑓𝑟1 = 𝑓𝑟 + 𝜕

𝑓𝑟2 = 𝑓𝑟 − 𝜕

𝐴𝑣 1
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)1 1 + 𝑗(𝑋 + 1)

𝐴𝑣 1
=
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)2 1 + 𝑗(𝑋 − 1)

The overall gain of these two stages is

 𝐴𝑣 1 1
= .
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 1 + 𝑗(𝑋 + 1) 1 + 𝑗(𝑋 − 1)

1 1
= 2
= 2
2 + 2𝑗𝑋 − 𝑋 (2 − 𝑋 ) + 2𝑗𝑋

𝐴𝑣 1 1 1
|𝐴 |= = =
𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 √(2−𝑋 2 )2 +(2𝑋)2 √4+𝑋 4 −4𝑋 2 +4𝑋 2 √4+𝑋 4

We know that 𝑋 = 2𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕

𝐴𝑣 1 1 1
| |= 4 = 4 𝛿4 = 4 𝜕4
𝐴𝑉(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 √4+(2𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜕) √4+16𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 2√1+4𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓

Advantages of tuned amplifiers:

1. Output signal to noise ratio is good

2. Suitable for radio transmitters and receivers
3. Amplifies defined frequencies
4. The band of frequencies over which amplification is required can be varied.

Disadvantages:

1. Because of inductors and capacitors in tuning circuit, it becomes bulky and costly.
2. If the band of frequencies is increased, design becomes complex.
3. Not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.

Applications:

1. Used in radio receivers to amplify a particular band of frequencies for which the radio
receiver is tuned.
2. Class B and class C amplifiers are used as an output RF amplifier in radio transmitters to
increase the output efficiency and to reduce the harmonics.
3. Used in active filters such as low pass, high pass and band pass to allow amplification of
signal only in desired narrow band.

Stability of tuned amplifiers:

At high frequencies, because of the interj unction capacitance between base and collector(Cbc),
there will be a feedback from output to input. At high frequency reactance is low and signal
comes from output to input. As a result circuit becomes unstable and it will stop working as an
amplifier and works as an oscillator because of positive feedback. To overcome the problem we
have different techniques.

a) Hazeltine neutralization:

In the above circuit CN is connected from the bottom of coil and it feeds to the transistor in
opposite direction with respect to the signal via Cbc. Here CN acts as a neutralizing capacitor to
nullify the effect of Cbc.

b) Neutrodyne neutralization:
The working of the neutrodyne neutralization circuit is same as that of hazeltine neutralization.
But the advantages is CN doesnot have the supply voltage across it.

c) Neutralization using coil:

In this circuit L is apart of tuned circuit at the base of next stage is oriented for minimum
coupling to other windings. It is a wound on a separate form and is mounted at right angles to
the coupled windings. If the windings are polarized properly, the voltage across L due to the
circulating current in the base will have proper phase to cancel the signal coupled to base to
collector Cbc capacitance

d) Rice neutralization:

The above circuit uses a centre tapped coil in the base circuit. This circuit provides the
signal voltages at the ends of the tuned base coil are equal and out of phase.