LITERATURE REVIEW:

Major advances in both design and new material assisted roman architecture. Design was
enhanced architectural developments in the construction of arches and roof domes. Arches
improved the efficiency and capability of bridges and aqueducts (fewer supports columns were
needed to support the structure), while domed roofs not only permitted the building of larger
open areas undercover, but also lent the exterior an impressive.
The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a
household is family unit of a same kind, though households can be other social groups, such as
single person, or groups of unrelated individuals. Settled agrarian and industrial societies are
composed of household units living permanently in housing of various types, according to a
variety of farms of lands tenure. English-speaking people generally call any building there
routinely occupy “home”. Many people leave their houses during the day for work and
recreation, and return to them to sleep or for other activities.
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A wider
definition would include within its scope also the design of the total built environment, from the
macro level of creating furniture. In the field of building architecture, the skill demanded of an
architect range from the more complex, such as for a hospital or stadium, to the apparently
simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen also as
cultural and political symbols, and /or work of art. The role of architect though changing, has
been central to the successful design and implementation of pleasing built environments in which
people live.

Viviane Warnotte summarized basic concepts on which the seismic pounding effect
Occurs between adjacent buildings. He identified the conditions under which the seismic
Pounding will occur between buildings and adequate information and, perhaps more Importantly,
pounding situation analyzed. From his research it was found that an elastic model cannot predict
correctly the behaviors of the structure due to seismic pounding. Therefore non-elastic analysis is
to be done to predict the required seismic gap between buildings.
Shehata E. Abdel Raheem developed and implemented a tool for the inelastic analysis
of seismic pounding effect between buildings. They carried out a parametric study on buildings
pounding response as well as proper seismic hazard mitigation practice for adjacent buildings.
Three categories of recorded earthquake excitation were used for input. He studied the effect of
impact using linear and nonlinear contact force model for different separation distances and
compared with nominal model without pounding consideration.
Robert Jankowski addressed the fundamental questions concerning the application of
the nonlinear analysis and its feasibility and limitations in predicting Seismic pounding gap
between buildings. In his analysis, elastoplastic multi-degree of freedom. Lumped mass models
are used to simulate the structural behavior and non-linear viscoelastic impact elements are
applied to model collisions. The results of the study Prove that pounding may have considerable
influence on behavior of the structures.
P. FAJFAR, explained Structural response to strong earthquake ground motion cannot be
accurately predicted due to large uncertainties and the randomness of structural properties and
ground motion parameters. Consequently, excessive sophistication in structural analysis is not
warranted. For the time being, the most rational analysis and performance evaluation
methods for practical applications seem to be simplified non-linear procedures, which combine
the non-linear static(pushover) analysis of a relatively simple mathematical model and the
response spectrum approach. In recent years, a breakthrough of these procedures has been
observed. They have been implemented into the modern guidelines and codes. The paper
discusses such procedures. After a brief overview of the methods, the major attention is focused
on the N2 method, which has been implemented into the recent draft of the Euro code 8standard.
The theoretical background of the extended version of the method, which can be applied for
asymmetric structures, is presented. The similarities and differences between different
methods, the determination of target displacement in the capacity spectrum method, the
problems related to the application of simplified methods to analysis of 3D models, the
approximations and limitations of the simplified inelastic methods, and the direct
displacement-based design are discussed. Although different methods may yield in many cases
similar results, they differ in respect to simplicity, transparency and clarity of theoretical
background. The most important difference is related to the determination of displacement
demand. The use is inelastic spectra is considered to be more appropriate than the use of highly
damped equivalent elastic spectra.
 GEORGE C. THOMOS, CONSTANTIN G. TREZOS , a methodology for generating
pushover curves of reinforced concrete frames, taking into account the randomness of the basic
variables, is presented. The reinforced concrete frames are analysed using static non-linear
analysis. The basic variables are considered as random variables and the capacity curves are
generated by using reliability methods. Monte Carlo methods are used for the simulation of the
random character of basic variables and a series of pushover curves is obtained. Each pushover
curve is combined with the reduced response spectrum curve to obtain the performance point as
the intersection of the two curves. The examination of the probability distribution of the
performance point describes the seismic behaviour of the structure (ductility, interstorey drift,
plastic hinge rotation etc.). The parameters affecting the variance of the response of the
structures are also examined and compared to the results of deterministic analysis. In the present
study the random character of the response of reinforced concrete frames under static
non-linear analysis was examined. More precisely, the nature of the pushover curve was
examined. A variety of typical structures, covering a great range of the basic parameters
(number of floors, number of spans, degree of redundancy etc.), were analyzed.

Nollet and Smith investigated the behavior of wall frame structure using two-dimensional
models, in which shear walls were reduced in size or terminated entirely at intermediate heights
and proposed that curtailment of walls was not necessarily detrimental to the performance of the
structures.
Frank et al carried out experiments on wood shear walls and found that walls with
oversized large panels resisted more load.
Jaswant N. Arlekar et al focused on immediate measures need to be adopted to prevent
seismic responses of soft first story’s in buildings, by avoiding the existents of soft first story’s
and by providing adequate lateral strength in the first story.
Wen and Song had carried out the redundancies of SMRF and dual systems by
considering various structural configuration (number of bays and shear walls), ductility capacity,
uncertainty in demand and capacity, interaction between walls and moment frames, and three-
dimensional (3-D) motions and found that in a dual system the number of shear walls had a small
effect on structural reliability under earthquake.
 Rahul Rana et al had discussed the importance of Pushover analysis as a useful tool of
Performance Based Seismic Engineering to study post-yield behavior of a structure which
requires less effort and deals with much less amount of data than a nonlinear response history
analysis.
Zhao and Abolhassan discussed the advantages and disadvantages of traditional RC
Shear walls and steel walls. They found that composite shear walls, that is, steel plate shear wall
with RC wall attached to one side of it using bolts can mitigate most of the disadvantages of both
RC and steel shear walls and take advantage of the best characteristics of the 2 construction
materials affected the maximum base shear caused by earthquakes of steel and concrete.