MODEL QUESTION

7316. Maximum chlorine dosage for washing of fish, 20 ppm

shell fish, poultry & meat

7317. In processing plant standard of sanitation should Moderate

be

7318. Tween 80 & BHA are – Emulsifier &

antioxidant
respectively

7319. Freezing temperature of plate freezer –350C to – 400C

7320. Time to freeze the product in air blast freezer 6-8 hrs.

7321. Heat capacity of fish mainly depends on Temperature Moisture

7322. Fishy odour in fresh fish is due to Fatty acid

7323. Freezer burn in frozen fatty fish is due to Dehydration &

oxidation of fat

7324. Frozen fish is Nearer to fresh fish

7325. Ideal frozen storage temperature & relative -180C & 50% RH
humidity for frozen fish

7326. Extent of protein denaturation during cold storage Semi fatty fish
is least in

7327. Match the following

7328. Tocopherol Antioxidant

7329. Fatty fish Rancidity

7330. Emulsifies Tween 80

7331. Citric acid Drip loss

7332. Air-blast freezer – 350C

7333. Sodium hypochloride Germicide

7334. Plate freezer – 400C

7335. Freezer burn Dehydration &

Oxidation
7336. Monosodium glutamate Taste enhancer

7337. Histamine Scombroid

7338. Proton method Sodium alginate

7339. Black spot Melanin

7340. Digestive enzyme Belly Burst

7341. Main physical factor which affect quality of the Temperature

product in cold storage

7342. Match the following (1) Germicide –

Sodium hypochloride

7343. (2) E. coli – indicator

organism

7344. Tetradotoxin Puffer fish

7345. Histamine Seer fish

7346. Sublimation Freeze drying

7347. Evaporation Drying

7348. Maillard reaction Browning

7349. Pseudomonas Spoilage organism

7350. Citric acid Chelating agent

7351. Ascorbic acid Synergists

7352. Types of prawn which incubates their egg F/W prawn

7353. Protein contents of formulated feed of peraeid 50-55% by dry weight

prawn should be basis

7354. Konkan coast is famous for shoaling of Mackerel

7355. Self supporting community Coral reef

7356. Most preferred tuna species for canning Thunnus alalunga

7357. Most suitable fish for canning Salmon (because of its

pinkish red colour)

7358. Largest producer & exporter of canned tuna USA

7359. True sardine for purpose of canning Sardinia pichardus

7360. Free water released in oil pack of canned fish is Exudates

called

7361. Botulism in canned fishery product due to C. Leakage

botulinum type E is an indication of

7362. Attractive red colour of Salmon meat is due to Astaxanthin

7363. Heat sterilization of canned food is often called as Commercial

sterilization

7364. Toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus can’t Heat treatment

be killed by

7365. Time required to destroy spores of micro Thermal Death Time

organism at specified temperature is (TDT)

7366. First thesis on spore forming bacteria was written B. Barlow (1913)
by

7367. First measurement of temperature of canned food Prescott & Underwood

during heating is done by

7368. Pearl oyster are most abundant at Gulf of Kutch

7369. Minimum period of pearl formation is 6 month (348 m)

7370. Natautic group of prawns are known for best Pleopods

developed

7371. Quilon of Mootki region along west coast is Ribbon fish

known for the abundant landing of

7372. Bulk of landing of sole fishes is used as Cured & Sun dried

7373. Feeding habits of Bombay Duck is Carnivorous

7374. Forked teeth are found in Harpodon

7375. Most abundant prawn fisheries observed at Malabar

7376. Baleen whale are Omnivorous

7377. Commercially important whales belongs to Musticetic

7378. Contribution of sardine to total catch of India 25%

7379. Food of Bombay duck is Prawn & fish

7380. Widely distributed fish in tropical indo-pacific Mackerel
region

7381. Ayila chala vala is Gill net

7382. In India mackerel are most abundant at Konkan coast

7383. In west zone, thermocline is found at 65-75 m

7384. Highest marine fish catch comes from Kerela

7385. Soles are Bottom feeder

7386. Contribution of mackerel to total catch of India 10%

7387. Mackerel fishing season at Ratnagiri is Oct. – Nov.

7388. Sardine attains maturity at 1 yr.

7389. Seed of eels are called Elver

7390. Bulk of prawn catch is used as Frozen

7391. Gear used for catching prawn in shallow areas of Chinese Dip net
Kerala & adjoining canal

7392. Duration of pearl formation 3-18 months

7393. Seed of oyster are called Spat

7394. Secretion of mantle cell around foreign body is Nucleation

7395. Bombay duck breeds Through out the year

7396. Fecundity of Bombay duck 14000 – 14500 nos.

7397. Flesh of Tuna is Red in colour (Rich in

Mb)

7398. pH of sea water ranges from 7.8-8.5

7399. Gear used to catch prawn in cochin harbour Dipnet

7400. Main food of whale Antartic krill

7401. Plankton eating whale Baleen

7402. Most important commercial fish of India Sardine

7403. Main food of Baleen whale Krill

7404. Typhoid is caused due to S. paratyphi

7405. Due to deepening of eutrophic lake it will turn Oligotrophic lake

into

7406. Potamoplankton is found in Pond

7407. In water nitrogen fixation is done by Blue Green Algae

7408. Domestic sewage is Bio-degradable

7409. Crater lakes are created due to Volcanic action

7410. Reservoir can also be termed as Fluvitial lake

7411. Pond freezing in winter, but retaining water for Aestival

most part of the year

7412. Acid precipitation is due to SO2 & NO2

7413. Tychoplankton is found in Bog

7414. Sarcodina belongs to Protozoa

7415. Nutrient enrichment due to human interference is Cultural

called eutrophication

7416. Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for Amoeba dysentery

7417. Hydrilla is Submerged rooted

weeds

7418. Seep lake with more species diversity Oligotrophic

7419. Nutrient enrichment due to anthropogenic factor Cultural

is eutrophication

7420. Epineuston occur at Surface

7421. Nitrifying bacteria is responsible for Transformation of

NO2 to NO3

7422. Ratio of fish catch & live weight of bottom fauna F/B co-efficient
may be expressed as

7423. Thermocline is also termed as Metalimnion

7424. Rheoplankton is found in Lotic water

7425. Water lacking dissolved oxygen is known as Anoxic

7426. Acid rain are caused by SO2

7427. Lake undergoes eutrophication Oligotrophy

7428. Shore line development index is always more 1.5

than

7429. Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella

7430. Example of coliform bacteria Escherichia coli

7431. Eutrophication result due to increase in N&P

7432. False bottom is common in Bog lake

7433. Water shad to lake area is high in Bog lake

7434. Peat matter is excess in Bog lake

7435. Limnology refers to the study of Inland water

7436. Mean breath can be calculated from B = A/l

7437. Higher shoreline index value is indication of High productivity

7438. Mortality due excess silt may occur in Adult fish

7439. Branch of science dealing with the study of Rheology

running water is

7440. Benthos growing or moving through sand are Psammon

formed as

7441. As per Hutchinson classification, haptabenthos Periphyton

termed as

7442. Example of organophosphate is DDI

7443. After eutrophication, a lake become Bog lake

7444. Limnoplankton is found in Lake

7445. D.O. attains super saturation in Bog lakes

7446. Secchv-disc reading (Transparency) is 1-2 m in –

Oligotrophic lakes

7447. Half of PO4 in sewage is contributed by Detergent

7448. In summer temperature of pond may rise upto 370C

7449. Maximum thermal gradient in pond may be 170C

7450. Outer beach zone extent from Middle beach to dry

area

7451. Most common water borne disease Cholera

7452. Leaching of nutrient is enhanced due to Acid rain

7453. Turbidity increase Water temperature

7454. Potomology occurs in Rivers

7455. Colour in bog lake is due to Peat material

7456. Fishes are abundant in Moors

7457. Periphyton is also termed as Aiifwatch

7458. Planktons coming out from outside source Allogenia plankton

7459. In food chain energy flows from Lower trophic to

higher trophic

7460. Secondary producer Zooplankton

7461. Aquatic insects are more in Bog lakes

7462. Bog lakes is Brown colour

7463. Nutrient leaching is reduced due to Acid precipitation

7464. All bog lakes Do not have water

7465. Most oxidized form of nitrogen Nitrate

7466. Oxygen packing method is mainly used for Fry & Spawn
transporting

7467. In one container having 10 litres of water in O2 1000

packing the number of fry to be transported is

7468. Earthen pots are used for transporting spawn & West Bengal
fry in

7469. Algal bloom can be controlled easily with Chemical

7470. Silver carp is used for controlling Algal blooms

7471. Duration of dip treatment of fishes is generally 15 to 30 mins.

7472. Cheapest form of hatchery Hatching happa

7473. In glass jar hatchery speed of water is 0.5 litre/mins

7474. In live fish transportation, mortality occurs due to Asphyxiation

7475. Fish seed form natural source is collected with Shooting net

7476. Sporodian cause Gill rot

7477. Spirodella can be used to check growth of Algal bloom

7478. Simazine is used for controlling White spot disease

7479. Incubation period for eggs of major carp 15-18 hrs.

7480. Size of hatchling of fish 5-6 mm

7481. Ergasilus is Ectoparasite

7482. Most commonly used carrier for fish Earthen handles

transportation in West Bengal

7483. For controlling Fungal infection ammonia is used @ - 4 ppm

7484. Stocking of hatchling in nursery pond is @ 10-100 lakh/ha

7485. In live fish transportation, anesthetic are used to Reduce metabolism

7486. Stocking density of fry in rearing pond Over 1 lakh/ha

7487. Denitrifying bacteria convert NO3 into N2

7488. Algal group associated with N2 fixation are Blue green & Green
algae

7489. Nursery pond occupies 5% area in fish farm

7490. Usable form of phosphorus Orthophosphate

7491. Virus is used for checking the growth of Blue green algae

7492. Hatching percentage in Glass jar > 80%

7493. FSH & LH are found in Pro-adenohypophysis

7494. Soil which is unsuitable for fish farm Laterite soil

7495. pH of natural water lies in the range of 6.5 – 7.5

7496. Excreta voided by 30-40 pigs is adequate to 1 ha water area
fertilize

7497. Ratio for IMC culture is 3:4:3 (catla : Rohu :

Mrigal)

7498. In Duck –cum-fish culture suitable stocking 4000/ha

density is

7499. Minimum O2 level for fish in water 4 ppm

7500. Riches + Sources of Vit. A Fish liver oil

7501. Fish meal is used for Cattle & Poultry

7502. Percentage of protein in fish meal 50-60%

7503. Percentage of phosphate contain by fish guano 10-12%

7504. Percentage of Nitrogen contain by prawn manure 4-5%

7505. Feeding habit of silver carp Phytophagous

7506. Forel classified lake into 3 types

7507. Catla mature in 2nd yr

7508. Nos. of different draquat used unsery* pond 3 type

7509. Berg classified fishes into 7 types

7510. Lakes where surface water temperature never god Polar lake
0
above 4 C

7511. Rohu matures at 2 yrs.

7512. IMC are the fishes of Brahmaputra

7513. Which lake is more productive Eutrophic

7514. Water has maximum density at 40C

7515. Bottom soil sampling device Ekman grab

7516. Fecundity of Rohu 2-2.5 lakh

7517. Pectoral fin of mature brooder are rough in Male

7518. Fish meal is rich in Vitamin A, D, E, K

7519. Aquatic weed provided to common carp for egg Hydrilla

laying

7520. Major carp can tolerate a water temperature 220 – 320C

7521. Silver carp attain maturity at 2 yrs.

7522. Suitable size of hatching pit 8  8  2 ft.

7523. Most common bacterial disease Fin & tail rot

7524. Mohua oil cake is used in pond @ - 250 ppm

7525. Fin & Tail rot is caused by Aeromonas

7526. White spot is caused by Ichthyophthirius

7527. Kakaban is used for breeding of Common carp

7528. Spawn is stocked in nursery @ 1 crore/ha

7529. Size of rearing pond is 0.02-0.06 ha

7530. Chemical used for preserving pituitary gland Acetone

instead of absolute alcohol

7531. Ratio of male & female in Dry bundh (Dry weight 1:1
basis)

7532. Most convenient & cheap method for controlling Biological

aquatic weeds from fish pond

7533. State which have shortest coast line West Bengal (65 km)

7534. Out of 16 district in West Bengal, the only coastal Midnapur & 24
district are Parganas

7535. State (among maritime state) which have smallest Goa

continental shelf area

7536. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

7537. Fisheries of NW-coast extends from Gujarat &

Maharashtra

7538. Fishes dominate in NW coast Demersal fishes (>

60%)
7539. Most important demersal fish Bombay Duck

7540. Most dominant pelagic fish in NW coast Clupeoids

7541. Most important crustacean along NW coast Non-penaeid prawn

7542. Fishes dominate in SW coast Pelagic fishes (> 60%)

7543. Most important pelagic fishes Oil sardine &

Mackerel

7544. Most important crustacean along SW coast Penaeid prawns

7545. Fisheries of SE coast extends to Tamil Nadu & Andra

Pradesh

7546. Equal quantity of Pelagic & demersal fishes is SE – coast

catch

7547. Most important demensal fishes in SE-coast is Silver bellies

7548. NE – coast includes Orissa & West Bengal

7549. Fishes which contribute highest in NE-coastq Clupeoids

7550. Most important crustacean Penaeid prawns

7551. Most important species in Lakshadweep Skipjack tuna

(Katsuwonus pelamis)

7552. EEZ of West coast contribute 42.6% of total EEZ of

India

7553. EEZ of East coast contribute 27.8% of total EEZ of

India

7554. EEZ of Andaman & Nicobar Island contribute 29.6% of total EEZ of
India

7555. Potential of India EEZ 3.92 mmt (5 mmt –

population Dynamics)

7556. Among, total EEZ potential, amount lay within 50 2.21

m

7557. Amount EEZ potential lay beyond 50 m depth 1.69

7558. Amount of marine catches contributed by Inshore > 90% of total Marine
water (< 50 m depth) catch
7559. Exploitation level of marine resources 35% of potential of
EEZ

7560. Catch contribution of West coast 60-75% of total

marine catch

7561. Catch contribution of East coast 25-40% of total

marine catch

7562. Catch contribution of Pelagic fishes 40-60% of total

marine catch

7563. Catch contribution of Demersal fishes 35-45% of total

marine catch

7564. Catch contribution of crustaceans fishes 15-20% of total

marine catch

7565. Catch contribution of Mollusk fishes 5-15% of total marine

catch

POPULATION DYNAMICS

7566. Forces acting on a population Natality, Recruitment,

Growth, Mortality

7567. Density Abundance Interms of number

7568. Density Biomass Interms of weight

7569. Density of population is Inversely proportional

to growth (D  1/a)

7570. Density of population is Directly proportional

to Natural mortality
before recruitment (D
 M)

7571. Density of population is Directly proportional

to fishing mortality
after recruitment (D 
F)

7572. Marketing equipments for mark & recapture DieCl, fluorescent

method of age determination ring, liquid nitrogen,
metal plate, Fast blue,
Latex

7573. In osseochronometry method of age Hard parts are used

 determination

7574. Growth rings formed on Tidal days & lunar

month

7575. Most widely used body parts Scale & Otolith

7576. Nos. of scale taken for age & growth 10 scales

determination

7577. Scale used for age determination are called Key scale

7578. Otolith formed as soon as Fish hatch

7579. Largest otolith Sacculus

7580. Growth lines in hard part (otolith & scale) are Deposition of CaCO3
formed due to & protein

7581. Tagging material used Peterson disc

7582. Osseochronometry method are suitable only for Temperature water

fishes

7583. Equation for length & Weight relationship (W = Lecren (1951)

3
al ) was given by

7584. Measure of general well being of fish Condition factor (K =

W/lb)

7585. K is sometimes called as Palton’s condition

factor

7586. Relative condition factor Kn = W/w

7587. Fish is considered growing well when ‘Kn’ value 1 or more

is

7588. Method used for finding out individual length of a Length Frequency
large nos. fishes in a population of different age method
group

7589. Method used for finding out length of fish at Back calculation
earlier age Method

7590. Partial count method of stock assessment is based Simple Random

on sampling which is
again based on Theory
of Probability
7591. Partial count method can be used only in Uniform stock

7592. Stratified sampling method is used when Stock is not uniform

7593. Swept Area method is used when Sampling is done by

trawling

7594. Swept area method is based on Swept area of trawl

net

7595. Atlantic & Arctic cod stock ? Unit stock

7596. Egg production method of stock assessment is Synchronous spawner

applied for

7597. Egg production method of stock assessment is not Tropical water fishes
suitable for

7598. Most important parameter for fixing net in Size at first

management aspect of fisheries recruitment

7599. Size of net in recruitment should be More than size of

fishes

7600. Most fishes recruit when they reach Adult stage

7601. Shrimp recruitment When they descent to

bottom

7602. Age at recruitment is represented by ‘tr’

7603. Length at recruitment is represented by ‘Lr’

7604. Utter failure of recruitment (1) Plymouth herring

(1930) due to Pilchard
(2) California Sardine
(1940) due to
Anchovy

7605. Unaffected stack Stock  R

7606. Recruitment Model for Salmon Ricker’s Recruitment

Model (R = P. ea(1-P/pr)

7607. Ricker’s Recruitment Model is Density independent

Mortality

7608. Parameter that regulate mortality in Ricker’s Cannibalism

model is
7609. Beverton and Holt model is Density dependent
Mortality

7610. Pauly’s method for recruitment is Indirect estimation

7611. Method used to fit production/recruitment curve Pauly’s Model

7612. Factor affecting recruitment were studied from Sock eye Salmon of
Alaska

7613. Egg survival were influenced & affect Autumn Water

recruitment by Temperature

7614. Larval survival were influenced & affect Duration of growing

recruitment by season

7615. Fry survival were influenced & affect recruitment Spring Temperature
by

7616. Rainfall effect survival of Larvae & Fry

7617. Stock-Recruitment Model (Recruitment curve) Murphy (1982)

was given by

7618. Stock recruitment model (Recruitment curve) was Lizard fish

given from study of

7619. Critical period Theory was proposed by Hjort (1926)

7620. Mortality due to starvation when yolk of embryo Critical period theory
was exhausted

7621. Studies on Natural mortality (M) & Translocation Pearcy (1902)

rate () was did by

7622. Studies on Natural mortality (M) & Translocation Flounder

rate () was made on (Pseudopleuronectes
americanus)

7623. Rate of drifting of larvae from estuary to sea Translocation ()

7624. Length Age graph shows ‘T’ shape (T curve)

7625. Weight Age graph shows ‘S’ shape (Sigmoid

curve)

7626. Gonadal weight of female fish 10-20% of body

weight
7627. Gonadal weight of male fish 8-12% of body weight

7628. Catabolic Co-efficient/growth rate ranges from 0.05-5

7629. Food preferred primarily Primary food

7630. Food preferred when there is no primary food Secondary food

7631. Food preferred which fish feed occasionally Occasional food

7632. Food preferred when all other food are not Rare food
available & used very rare

7633. First man who gave growth equation Von-Bertalanffy

7634. Growth rates is better in Lower trophic level

7635. Growth rate of Elasmobranch ranges 0.1-0.3

7636. Parameters for the estimation of growth in Holder

Elasmobranch is suggested by

7637. Chlorophyll concentration which show high > 0.2 mg/m3

primary productivity

7638. SST maps show Salmon & Tuna

fishing fleet

7639. Tuna feed on Warm seaward side of

thermal front

7640. Salmon feed on Cold landward side

7641. Cold water upwelling can be intensified by SST Maps

7642. Boundary between cold water & warm water is SST maps
shown by

7643. Material derived from degradation of land & Yellow substances

marine organic matter

7644. Popes Model is Extended Schaefer

model

7645. Surplus production Model/Logistic Schaeffer based on

Model/Schaeffer Model is given by Virginal equation of
Verhulst

7646. Gullands Virgin Stock Model MSY = ½ M.BV

7647. Gullands virgin stock model require Estimation of overall
biomass & Natural
Mortality

7648. Pauly’s virgin stock model Copt = 2.3 ω(-0.26)

7649. Pauly’s virgin stock model require Virgin stock

estimation & mean
individual weight of
fish

7650. Cardimas formulae Modified version of

Gulland model

7651. Cardimas formulae MSY = 0.5 ZB

7652. Fox model MSY = (1/b) C(a-1) &

FMST = - 1/b

7653. Fox model consider Effort & yield/effort

7654. In India, fish which depleted first due to fishing Seer fish
(Scomberomorus
gutstatus)

7655. Quota system of fishery management is New Zealand &

implemented successfully in Canada

7656. Individual Transferable Quota system was first New Zealand

adopted

7657. Nos. of reservoir in the range between 1000- 975

10000 ha

7658. Average production of Reservoir 6 to 14 kg/ha/yr.

7659. Potential of small reservoir 200-300 kg/ha

7660. Potential of Medium reservoir 75-100 kg/ha

7661. Potential of large reservoir 50-75 kg/ha

7662. Shoreline Development Index (SDI) 1 = S/2a

7663. Shoreline Development Index (SDI) is used for Estimation of

productivity of
reservoir

7664. Solar energy available is maximum in Lower latitude

7665. Most popular method for calculating potential Morpho-edaphic Index
productivity of reservoir (MEI) = TDS/J

7666. Symbol for constraint in length – weight ‘b’

relationship

7667. Symbol for virgin biomass ‘Bb’

7668. Symbol for Separation index ‘I’

7669. Symbol for natural mortality factor in Pope’s ‘G’

cohort Analysis

7670. Symbol for natural mortality factor in Jones ‘H’

length Base Cohort Analysis

7671. Symbol for Catchability Co-effocoent ‘q’

7672. Symbol for Longevity (Maxi age) ‘Tm’

7673. Symbol for Age of massive maturation (50% of Tm 50%

population matured)

FISHERY ECONOMICS

7674. Founder of English classical economics Adam Smith

7675. Person who define Economics as ‘Bastard Ruskin

Science, the Science of getting rich’

7676. In economics, Ruskin gives emphasis on Life not to wealth

7677. English Economist who make fundamental Alfred Marshall

changes in traditional concept of economics

7678. According to Alfred Marshall, economic deals Man’s day to day life
(more emphasis on
Mankind)

7679. Causes of economic activities Human wants

7680. End of economic activities Satisfaction of human

wants

7681. Single wants or particular want is stable (i.e. can Law of Diminishing
be satisfied) give rise to marginal utility

7682. Wants are competitive give rise to Law of substitution

7683. Wants become habit give rise to Law of family
expenditure (or) ?

7684. Capacity or power of commodity or services to Utility

satisfy human wants
7685. Utility is subjective depends on Mental make up of
consumer
7686. Utility of a commodity refers to Expected satisfaction
7687. Satisfaction refers to Ealished satisfaction
(can’t be achieve
without consumption)
7688. Utility can be measured in terms of Price he is willing to
pay (Alfred Marshall)
7689. Marshall used Cardinal number
system of utility
7690. Prof. Hicks used Ordinal number
system of utility
7691. Demand increase as the price decrease Law of demand
7692. The responsiveness of demand for a commodity Elasticity of demand
to a change in its price
7693. Elasticity of demand % change in quantity demanded
Ed =
% change in price

7694. Change in demand is equal to change in price Elasticity is unity

7695. Change in demand is more than change in price Elasticity is more than
unity

7696. Change in demand is positive though change in Perfectly elastic

price is zero

7697. Change in demand is less than change in price Inelastic

7698. Change in demand is zero whatever the change in Perfectly inelastic or

price elasticity zero

7699. Elasticity of demand is measured by (1) Point Method (or)

Geometry Method (2)
ARC Method
7700. Higher the price greater the supply, lower the Law of supply
price lower the supply

7701. Supply is elastic when Small change in price

cause more than
proportional change in
supply

7702. Money required for purchasing the input, together Money cost of
with certain other items is called production

7703. Money paid for a factor of production or its Real cost of

owner is production

7704. The next best alternative that could be proved Opportunity cost
instead by the same factor is (equivalent group of
factor costing the
same amount of
money)

7705. Cost which do not vary with the amount of output Fixed cost
7706. Cost which vary with the amount of output Variable cost
7707. Total cost divided by total quantity produced Average cost
7708. Extra cost of producing one more unit Marginal cost
7709. Marginal cost equal to average cost when Average cost is
constant
7710. Marginal cost is lower than average cost when Average cost is falling
7711. Marginal cost is greater than average cost when Average cost is rising
7712. National income divided by size of population Per capita income
7713. Per-capita income is measured by US dollar ($)

7714. Duration of point where total investment & total Pay back period
income reach a single point

7715. Law of Diminishing Return Alfred Marshall

7716. Functional relationship between input to produce Production function

output in all production processes analysis

7717. Loss of decline in value of an asset due to usage, Depriclasia

wear & tear & obsolescence

7718. Exception to law of demand Giffen’s paradox

7719. Giffen’s paradox is named after Robert Giffen (British
economist)

7720. Giffen’s paradox state that When the price falls,

demand also decrease

7721. Process of estimating cost and return for Enterprises budget

particular activity

7722. First step in developing enterprise budget Estimate total

production & expected
output prices

7723. Second step in developing enterprise budget Estimating variable

cost

7724. Third step in developing enterprise budget Calculate income

7725. Fourth step in developing enterprise budget Estimate fixed cost

7726. Fifth step in developing enterprise budget Calculate total cost

7727. Things which require long period for sale Fixed assets

7728. Fixed asset affect Nature of businessman

7729. Things that may be sold for cash in time period of Intermediate assets
more than 1 year but less than 10 years.

7730. Things which may be sold readily Current assets

7731. Law of Diminishing return Prof. Marshall

7732. Nos. of total PFCs in West Bengal 10% of total PFCs of

country

7733. Profit of PFCs of in West Bengal 20%

7734. Opportunity cost is also called Social cost of

production sacrificed
alternative is –
Opportunity cost

7735. Plank built canoes mainly found in coast of Kerala

7736. Rampani boat is mainly operated in which coast West coast (Northern
Karnataka & Southern
Maharashtra)
7737. Built up boats is mainly found in coast of West sector
?

7738. Built up type of boats which as found in Pati type [baggeing]

Maharashtra commonly known as

7739. Built up type of boats which is found in Gujarat is Machwa type

called

7740. Principal rivers of India including their main 75,639 km

tributaries and the network of irrigation canals
crisscrossing the whole country are estimated to
have a total length of

7741. The largest river system in the world is Ganga

7742. The total length of Ganga river system is 8047 km

7743. The three major rivers found in north part of India Ganga, Brahmaputra
& Indus,

7744. Brahmaputra has a length of 4,023 km

7745. The 4 main rivers found along the east west of Mahanadi, Krishna,
India Godavori & Cauvery

7746. Ganga river system is extending from Kanpur in west to

Rajmahal in cost

7747. The catchments area of Ganga river is 9.71 lakh of km

7748. Tropical waters can be divided into two different Reservoir rivers &
types according to their flood regions Sand bank rivers

7749. Most dominant species in upper stretches of the Mrigal

Ganga from Kanpur down to Allahabad and the
Yamuna is

7750. Brahmaputra from a great glacier mass bear Tsangpo

Manasorover lake, Troverses (Journey) for its first
1600 km the Tibet where it is known as

7751. The length of the Godovari river is 1440 km

7752. The catchments area of Godavari river is 315,980 sq km

7753. The prominent fishery in river in Godavari is L. fimbriatus

7754. River Krishna has a length of nearly 1120 km

7755. The main tributaries of Krishna river is Bhima

7756. The longest perennial river is Cauvery river

7757. The largest mesentery dam on the river Cauvery Mettur

is

7758. The length of the river Narmada is 1280 km

7759. The river Narmada originates from Amarkantak hills

7760. Cheer fishing is mainly practiced in Tapti

7761. River Tapti originates in Mount Vindhya

7762. In Hooghly estuary for catch of Hilsa main gear VASA – KONA
used is commonly known as

7763. Fish pot is commonly known as MUMNI

7764. Fish traps are of tour types Fish barriers, Buoyed

traps fish pot & rack
type

7765. Jumping & leaping habit of fish is mainly Aerial traps

exploited by

7766. Raft trap is mainly used for Mullets

7767. Raft trap is mainly practiced in rivers of Ganga & Yamuna

7768. Varanda net is mainly used in West Bengal

7769. Main catch of “Bog net with fixed mouth” is Small fishes & Prawns

7770. ‘Staw nets’ or ‘Anchor’ commonly used in Hooghly estuary

7771. Main catch of ‘Staw nets or Anchor’ is Sciaenids, Gobies,

Polynemids , Prawn

7772. Staw nets Beemjal, Thor jal &

Behundi jal

7773. ‘Do-Dandi’ net is commonly used in Allahabad

7774. “Kondala” net is commonly used in Vijayawada

7775.

Dodandi
7776. Stick head seine nets
Kondala
7777. Buro jal is an example of Boat seine

7778. Buro jal is mainly used in Hooghly estuary

7779. Mainly catch by boat seine is Gobies, Prawn,

Catfish

7780. Iluppu valai and Majhajal is example of Beach seine without

peripheral pocket or
bag

7781. Chaurdi jal [Allahabad] is a Surrounding gear

7782. Gopal jal is an example of Drive in nets

7783. Lantern nets (Kuriyar) mainly found in West Bengal

7784. The Average yield of Fresh water in kg/ha/year is 12

7785. In Asia most important tropical & sub-tropical Carp

fresh water species is

7786. Cyprinoids and siluroids contributes about how 73%

much of the total fresh water fish

7787. Biggest estuary of India is Hooghly- Matlah

7788. Plankton production in the estuary shows Bi-model

7789. Most dominant phytoplankton in Hooghly- Diatoms

Matlah is

7790. Most dominant zooplankton in hooghly- Matlah Copepods

is

7791. In many parts of the middle stretch of the Bog nets

Hooghly estuary used

7792. Bay nets are operated in pairs from larger boats Chhota Nauka
locally known as

7793. Highest no of small river is found in Kerala

7794. A system which obtains fishing in pulicat lake Padu

called as

7795. In the west coast estuary major fish landing centre Broach
for Hilsa ilisha is

7796. Most important fishery in Gautami- Godavari M. monoceros

 estuary is

7797. The most predominant phytoplankton in all Diatoms

estuary is

7798. The deposition of the fishery of the estuary was Hats

studied on the basis of arrivals of fish at assembly
centres called

7799. The largest among the Kerala balk water is Vembanad

7800. River Ganga and its tributries has combined 12,500 km

length of

7801. The 4 trout hatcheries in India are Avalonce (Nilgiri),

Rajmally
(Travancore),
Acchabal, Laribal,
Harwan (Keshmir) &
Kutu/Barot (H.P)

7802. Mettur Dam (T.W.) is situated on the reservoir of Stanley

7803. Mud bank is present only in the coastline of Kerala

7804. Mud bank is formed during S.W. Monsoon

7805. Local name of Mud bank is Chakara

7806. According to mesh size regulation minimum 30 mm

mesh size of net permitted is

7807. Ganga river system flows through the following Haryana, UP, Bihar,
states M.P & W. B

7808. The combined length of the Ganga river system is 12,500 kms

7809. Important landing centres of the Ganga river Agra, Kanpur,

system are Alahabad, Balia,
Buker, Patna &
Bhagalpur

7810. Ganga river system has a catchment area of 9.71 lakh km2

7811. The catchment area of Godavari river system is 3151980 km2

7812. Godavari river flows through the states of Maharastra &

Andhrapradesh
7813. Brahmaputra river travels through Tibet (1600 kms),
Arunachal Pradesh
(160 kms) Assam (640
kms), Bangladesh
(480 kms) & Bay of
Bengal

7814. The Narmada river originates from Amarkantaka hills in

Belaspur dist. of MP

7815. The Narmada river flows through the states of MP & Gujarat & Join
Gulf of Combay
(Arabian sea)

7816. The two landing centres of Narmada are Hoshangabad &

Shahganj

7817. Important landing centres of Tapti rivers are Barhanpur, Mandari &
Kathor in Gujarat

7818. Chilka lake is a Pear shaped brackish

water lagoon

7819. Chilka lake has an area of 906 km2 in summer &

1105 km2 in monsoon
& average 1050 km2

7820. Chilka receives water from Mahanadi (Daya &

Devi)

7821. Temperature of Chilka lake is 17.5 – 320C

7822. Salinity of Chilka lake is 0.2 – 35 ppt

7823. The fish landing centres of Chilka lake are Rhamba, Khalikote &
Satentia in Southern
sector

7824. The landing centres of Chilka lake in Central Balugaon &

sector are Gangadharpur

7825. Fishing gears of Chilka lake are Trop nets, Net fishing
& Large
impoundments
constructed of bamboo
splits (Janos fishing)

7826. CIFRI has divided the Hooghly Matlah estuary 5 zones

 into

7827. Zone – I Extends from

Nabadwip to
Konnagar (upper &
fwotes* zone)

7828. Zone – II Extends from

Konnagar to Diamond
Harbour (Middle
zone)

7829. Zone – III Extends from

Diamond Harbour to
mouth of estuary in
entire lower
Sunderban (Lower or
Marine zone)

7830. Zone – IV It includes the river

Rupnarogan

7831. Zone V It includes the river

Matlah port canning

7832. Elasmobranch marine fish catch of India is 5%

7833. The highest fish catch of Elasmobronch is in T.N followed by G, M,

Kerala & AP

7834. Main crafts used for Elosmobranch fishery are Catamarans, Plank
built masula boat &
dug out canoe

7835. Main gears used for Elasmobranch fishery are Gill nets, drift nets,
trawl net, seines, flat
line & long line

7836. Feeding habits of Elasmobranch are Fin fishes, shell fishes,

Benthic founa

7837. Gears used for sardine fishery are Shore seine, bagnet,
gill bet (mainly used)

7838. Highest catch of lesser sardine comes from TN, AP & Kerala

7839. Mackerel fishery catch of India contributes about 10-20% of total

marine catch
7840. Improvement species of Mackerel are R. Kanagura, R.
brachysoma,
R.faughni

7841. Feeding habits of Mackerel are Phytoplankton &

Zooplankton

7842. Main crafts used for mackerel fishery are Dug out canoe,
Catamarans, Plank
built boat
7843. Main gears used for Mackerel fishery are Boat seine, drag net,
gill net, beach seine,
drift net
7844. Heighest catch of Mackerel comes from Kerala followed by
Karnataka (Ratnagiri)
(Quilon)
7845. 80% catch of Mackerel West coast
7846. 20% catch of Mackerel East coast
7847. Sciaenids catch of India contributes 5%
7848. Feeding habits of Sciaenids are Carnivorous
7849. Main craft used for Sciaenids are Plank built boats,
dugout canoe,
catamarans, masula
boat
7850. Main gears used for sciaenids are Gill net, Dol net,Trawl
net
7851. Maximum catch of sciaenids are Gujarat, Maharashtra
& T.N.
7852. Bombay duck fishery contributes about 5%
7853. Feeding habits of Bombay duck are mainly Prawns & Clupeids
7854. Gears used for catch of Bombay duck are Dolnet (in
Maharastra), gill net
(in Gujarat) & fixed
bog net (in West
Bengal) boat seine (in
AP & Orissa)

7855. Bombay duck catch is rich in states of Gujarat &

Maharashtra followed
by Orissa & West
 Bengal

7856. Ribbon fish contributes about 4% of total marine fish

catch

7857. Feeding habits of Ribbon fishes are Adults feed on

Anchovies, lesser
Sardines, Silver belly
& crush tra** &
Juveniles feed on
prawn larvae, fish
larvae

7858. Gears used for Ribbon fish are Trawl net, bog net,
shore seine

7859. Crafts used for Ribbon fish are Masula boat,

catamaran

7860. Eels mainly feed on Cephalopods, teleost

& crustaceans ( 60%)

7861. Highest catch of eels in Kerala, T.N.,

Maharashtra & AP

7862. Crafts used for catch of eels are Boat & shore seine,
dol-net, trawlnet

7863. Gears used for eels are Catamarans, Masula

boat

7864. Cat fishes contributes 4% of total Marine

fish catch

7865. Cat fishes feeds on Fishes & Crustaceans

7866. Highest catch of catfish is are in Kerala

7867. Seer fish contributes about 2%

7868. Maximum catch of seer fish in Kerala

7869. Feeding habits of seer fish Teleost 99%

(Anchoviella sps)

7870. Crafts used for seer fish are Dugout canoe, Boat
seine Catamaran

7871. Gears used for seer fish are Gill net, Hook & line,
 Drift net, Boat seine

7872. Prawns are mainly Omnivorous

7873. Prawns are caught by Trawl net, Seine net

7874. Crafts used for prawn catch are Catamarans, canoe -

Mechanized boat

7875. Non penaeids catch is high in Gujarat

7876. Gastropods & Cephalopods mainly feed on Planktons

7877. Gears used for Gastropods & Cephalopod are Hook & line

7878. Cuttle fish catch is high in T.N., AP & Kerala

7879. Octopus fish catch is high in South cast coast &

Lakshadweep

7880. Squid is East coast & West

coast

7881. Crabs are mainly Detritus feeders

7882. Maximum catch of crab T.N.

7883. North west coast includes Gujarat &

Maharashtra (demersal
fishes 60%)

7884. South west coast includes Goa & Kerala (Pelagic

fishes 60%)

7885. South east coast in includes T.N. & AP.

7886. North east coast Orissa & West Bengal

MICROBIOLOGY PATHOGEN

7887. Viruses recorded in western Hemisphere shrimps IHHNV and

Baculovisus pennaci

7888. World Bank investment on shrimp disease US $ 275 million

research for next (1996) 15 years

7889. The most severe fish disease in Asia EUS

7890. Causative agent of EUS Fungus (Aphanomyces

piscicida & A.
 invadens)

7891. The most threatening virus in Asia White spot virus

7892. The most threatening virus in Americas Taura Syndrome Virus

7893. Outbreak of Monodon baculo virus Taiwan Province of

China (1988)

7894. Outbreak of yellow-head virus Thailand (1992)

7895. Outbreak of Taura syndrome virus Ecuador (1992)

7896. Outbreak of white spot virus China (1993)

7897. Furuncolosis Salmonids

7898. Sea lice infection European cage culture

marine fish

7899. Noda virus Sea bass

7900. Inter alia Broader ecosystem

management

7901. “Codes of practice” Introduction and

transfer of aquatic
organisms

7902. EUS lesions on farmed fish can be cure by CIFAX

7903. Study of microbiology was hampered until 1850 (3 main reasons)

7904. Pasteur disproved Spontaneous generation by Swan neck

using

7905. Developed antiseptic surgery Lister

7906. Described phagocytosis Metchinkoff

7907. One millionth of a meter Micrometer

7908. One billionth of a meter Nanometer

7909. No. of nanometer in a micrometer 1000 nanometers

7910. One tenth of a nanometer Austrom

7911. Viable spectrum in micrometer 400 to 700

micrometers
7912. Resolving power of eye 0.1 mm

7913. Resolving power of light microscope 0.168 micrometers

7914. Resolving power of transmission electron 0.2 to 0.5 nanometers

microscope

7915. Resolving power of eye scanning electron 20 nanometer (7 to 20)

microscope

7916. Magnification of low power lens 100 X

7917. Magnification of oil immersion lens 1000 X

7918. Lens use to view bacteria Oil immersion lens

7919. Lens initially focus the microscope Low power lens

7920. Lens use to find the area of the slide to view Low power lens

7921. One objective lens is in focus than all of the other Par focus
lenses are also, or just about in focus

7922. Most commonly used microscope Bright field

microscope

7923. Most rarely used microscope Dark field microscope

7924. Technique used to show motility of bacteria Hanging deep

7925. Attaching the microorganim to the slide & heat is Fixation

commonly used

7926. Type of stain where only one dye is used Simple stain

7927. Dye used to stain the cytoplasm of the bacterial Basic stain
stain

7928. Dye which does not stain the bacteria Acidic stain

7929. Stain where true size of the bacteria is revealed Acidic stain

7930. Dye use for classification of bacteria Gram stain

7931. Dye which is difficult to destain Spore stain

7932. Names of bacteria are controlled by American Society for

Microbiology

7933. Names of bacteria are in a book Bergey’s Manuel for

 Determinative
Bacteriology

7934. A genus of aerobic spore farming bacteria found Bacillus

in soil

7935. A genus of anaerobic spore farming bacteria Clostridium

found in soil

7936. A bacterium that is very short and wide Coccobacillus

7937. A bacterium with chain of spherical cells Streptococcus

7938. A bacterium with grape shape like cluster of Staphylococcus

spherical cells

7939. A bacterium with small spherical cell Micrococcus

7940. A bacterium with slightly curved rod Vibrio

7941. A bacterium with large wavy Spirillum

7942. A bacterium with which resembles fungi Streptomyces

7943. Smallest cell Mycoplasma

7944. Largest bacterium Thiomargarita

7945. Protozoa intermediate between prokaryotes & Archezoa

eukaryots

7946. Procaryotic cells first appeared 3.5 billion years ago

7947. Eucaryotic cells first appeared 1.4 billion years ago

7948. Prokaryotes distinguished from eucaryotes Lack of nuclear

membrane

7949. Amino acid initiating protein synthesis N- formyl methionine

(Bacteria)

7950. Amount of money loss by Idaho trout industry to 10 cents on every

disease dollar

7951. First mode of infection demonstrated by Robert Koch (1876)

(Germ theory)

7952. No. of commandments of parasitism 6 (six)

7953. Theo bald smith model gives the Probability of disease

7954. Disease transmission through direct ingestion Ceratomya shasta,
BKD, Myxobolus
cerebralis

7955. Disease transmission through gill lamellae Schizamoeba

salmonis,
Lehthyobodo necature

7956. Disease transmission through lesions Bacteria, fungi

7957. Disease transmission through active penetration Some metazoans

7958. Proteins molecule having the property of self Prions

replication

7959. Beneficial bacteria useful to human (gut) Bifidobacterium

7960. Father of Microbilogy Antony Van

Leeuwenhoek (1678)

7961. Father of Modern Microbiloogy Louis Pasture

7962. Father of cell theory Robert Hooke (1665)

7963. ‘Theory of spontaneous generation’ is also known ‘Abiogenesis’

as

7964. First to disprove Abiogenesis Fransisco Redi (1665),

Italy

7965. Father of Antiseptic Joseph Lister (1867)

7966. Souring during fermentation is due to Lacto bacillus

7967. First to discovered the natural kingdom for Van Leeuwenhoek

microorganism

7968. First to ceate the natural kingdom for Haeckel (1866)

microorganism

7969. Indentification of fungi as seperete multicellular Whittaker (1967)

eukaryotic kingdom

7970. IASB International Agency

for Systematic
Bacteriology
7971. Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) “Peduncal disease”

7972. Causative agent of BCWD Cytophaga

psychrophila (now
Flexibacter
psychoophilus)

7973. BCWD was first discovered by Davis (1946)

7974. Species infected by BCWS Slamonids (Coho

salmon)

7975. Causative agent of Columaris disease Flexibactor columaris

or Cytophaga

7976. Columaris was originally described by Davis (1922) from

Mississippi river

7977. Causative agent of Bacterial Gill disease (BGD) Flavobacterium

branchiophila

7978. Edwardsiella septicimia (EPDC) Edwardsiclla tarda

7979. Edwardsiella ictaluri (ESC) first observed Cat fish at Aubum,

1976

7980. Enteric Redmouth disease (ERD) Yersinia ruckeri

7981. Motile Aeremonas Septicemia (MAS) Acromonas hydrophila

7982. Furunculosis Aeromonas

salmonicida

7983. Furunculosis was first isolated from Farmed trout, 1894

7984. Shrimp vibriosis is also known as Sea Gull Sndrome

7985. Shrimp vibriosis Vibrio harveyi, V.

vulnificus, V.
parahaemolyticus, V.
alginolyticus

7986. Necrotizing Hepatopanereatitis (NHP) Texas pond Mortality

Syndrome

7987. Cultivable Actinomyces in tooth 33%

7988. Cultivable Actinomyces in tongue 2%

7989. Obligate aerobes Nitrobacter sp

7990. Microaerophiles Lactobacillus sp

7991. Facultative anaerobes E. coli

7992. Strict anaerobes Clostridium sp

7993. Trace element acting as cofactor for some enzyme K, Ca, Mn

7994. A bacterium possessing a single flagellum Monotrichous

7995. A bacterium possessing flagellum at one pole Iophotrichous

7996. A bacterium possessing flagellum at both pole Amphitrichou

7997. A bacterium possessing flagellum over entire Peritichous

surface

7998. Cell wall of eubacterial cell (Peptiologlycan) Murin?/Mucopeptide

7999. Lipopolysaccharid composed of Lipid A, R-core region

(core polysaccharide),
O-side chain (0
antigen)

8000. Bacterial chromosome is composed of Single DNA

macromolecule

8001. ‘S’ stands for Swedberg unit

(Ribosome unit)

8002. Instrument measuring the turbidity of the culture Turbidostat

8003. Medium containing two carbon sources Diauxic growth

8004. Bacteria normally reproduce by Binay Fission r

8005. First to obtain pure culture of bacteria by serial Joseph Lister, 1878
dilution

8006. Gram staining was developed by Han Christain Gram,

1881

8007. Bacterial filter & autoclave invented by Charles Chamberland,

1884

8008. Petridish was invented by Richard I. Petri (1887)

8009. Larva development taking place within egg Epimesphosis

8010. Egg hatch into a larvae Anamerphosis

8011. Crustacean belongs to phylum Arthropoda

8012. Fish lice belongs to family Argulidae (Carp lice)

8013. Anchor worm belngs to family Lernacidae

8014. Ergasilosis is usually located on the Gill

8015. Ergasilosis are predominant parasite of Reservoir and lakes

8016. Worms belonging to Platyhelminthes are Flatworms

8017. Monogenetic trematods Hooked suction worm

8018. Disease caused by Dactylogyrus Gill flukes

8019. Biggest genera of monogenea Daetylogyrus

(Chowsky, 1933)

8020. Dactylogyrus multispiralis Silondia silondia

8021. Studied the life cycle of the parasite Dactylogyrus Prist (1913)

8022. Worms belongig to Cestods Tape worms

8023. Worms belonging to phylum Acanthocephala Thorny/Spiny headed

worm

8024. White spot disease Ichthyophthirioasis

8025. Infection stage of Ichthyophthirioasis Thereont

8026. Species infected by Ichthyophthinioasis IMC

8027. Species infected by Trichodiniasis IMC, CC, SC, Tilapia

8028. White gill spot disease & white scale spot disease Myxobolosis

8029. Species infected by white gil spot disease IMC

8030. Species infected by white scale spot disease Mrigal, Rohu

8031. Whirling disease Myvobollus

myxozoan(cerebr
alis)
8032. Mud worm Tubifex

8033. Icthyobodosis or Costiasis Icthyoboda necator &

I. pyriforms

8034. Chilodonallasis belongs to Order : Tryptophorida;

Phylum : Cylliophora

8035. Sessilina ciliates Verticella,

Zoothamnion,
Epistylis

8036. Sessilina ciliates are common on the surface of Fresh water fishes

8037. Saline solution for keeping the worm alive 0.9%

8038. Element playing important role in anti-oxidant Selenium ?

defense mechanism

8039. First human disease proved to have a virus Yellow fever (Reed,
aetiology 1902)

8040. Virus ranges from 20 to 300 nm

8041. Bacteria ranges from 200 to 2000 nm (or

greater)

8042. Genetic material (i,e, genome) of virus DNA or RNA

8043. Rotational symmetry of an icosahedron 5:3:2

8044. Engulfing mechanism of virus Viropexia

8045. Time taken for a single replication cycle of fish 5 to 10 hours

viruses

8046. Interferons was discovered by Isaacs & Lindenmann,

1957

8047. First attempt to culture animal cells Ross Harrison, 1907

8048. Autibiotics was discovered during 1940s

8049. Most advantageous organs for cell culture Embryos & Ovaries

8050. Organ mainly used for primary culture Gonads (ovaries)

8051. Culture almost exclusively used for isolating Monolayer Cell

virus culture
8052. Latent infection IHV, VHS virus

8053. Chronic infection IPN virus

8054. Slow infection Not described in fish

8055. Plaque assay was introduced by Dulbecco, 1952

8056. Procedure used for calculation quantal assay Muench & Reed

8057. Media used for gel chromatography Sephacryl S-1000

8058. Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) Karry Mullis, 1985

8059. Most virulent virus known to affect culture White spot disease
shrimp

8060. Most sensitive & widely accepted method to ELISA

detect & quantity Ag & Ab

8061. Most sensitive test for detection of viral antigen FAT

8062. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia is also known as Egtved disease

8063. Widely used flocculant (to seduce turbidity) in Alum (10 to 20 mg/l)
shrimp pond Gypsum (250 to 1000
mg/l)

8064. Chemical used to reduce the bioavailability of EDTA

heavy metal

8065. Mineral used to remove ammonia Zeolites (100 to 500

kg/ha)

8066. Best antifouling used Tribytylin (TBT)

(introduce : mid
1960s)

8067. Test for rapid & specific diagnosis of viral Complement fixation
infection test

8068. Immunodiffusion test Agar gel prccipitation

test (AGPT)

8069. Immuno - India ink technique Geck, 1971

8070. Fungi which lack true cell wall Slime molds

(Myxomycetes)

8071. Fungi are Dimorphic

8072. Optimum temperature for growth of saprophytic 22 to 300C
fungi

8073. Optimum temperature for growth of pathogenic 30 to 370C

fungi

8074. Classification of fungi is based upon Sexual spores &

fruiting bodies

8075. Fungi taxonomy follows on International Rules of

Botanical
Nomenclature

8076. Eumycetes True fungi

8077. Pseudomycetes False fungi

8078. True fungi (fumycetes) are of two families Phycomycetes &

Mycomycetes

8079. Spoolegnia belongs to class Oomycetes

8080. Saccharomyces belongs to class Ascomycetes

8081. Aspergillus belongs to class Deuteromycetes

8082. Penicillia belongs to class Deuteromycetes

8083. Types of sexual reproduction of fungi Gamete copulation,

Gamate gametangial
copulation, Gam
etangial copulation,
somatic copulation,
Spermatization

8084. Aseual fruiting bodies of fungi Acervulus, pycnidium

8085. Sexual fruiting bodies of fungi Perithecium,

apothecium

8086. Fish mold (water mold) Saprolegniasis

(Saprolegnia
parasitica)

8087. Gill rot (Branchiomycosis

(Branchiomyces
demigrans & B.
 sangainis)

8088. Ichthyophoniasis or staggering sickness Ichthyosporidium

hoferi

8089. Larval mycosis in shrimp Lagenidium,

Haliptethoros,
Sirolpidium

8090. Cray fish plaque fungus Aplanomyces

8091. Ability of fish to impair heel wound and ulcer Lack of collagen

8092. Increase in plasma certicosteroid level impair Inflammatory

responses & decrease
Antibody production
& collagan synthesis

8093. Inanition deplets Vitamin C reserves

(rapair tissue damage)

8094. EUS when first occur in Queensland, Australia As Red spot disease
(1972)

8095. EUS outbreak in India May, 1988

8096. EUS is mainly observed during Post monsoon (May to

February)

8097. EUS infected cultured fresh water IMC, SC, GC, Puntius

8098. EUS infected cultured Brackish Liza parsia

8099. EUS infected wild Brackish Liza spp, Etroplus spp

8100. EUS infected cultured fresh water Channa, Clarius,

Singhi, Puntius,,
Mystus,
Amblypharyngoden,
Nandus,
Glossogobius,
Gadusia, Rhinomugil,
Matacembalus,
Callichrous,
Trichogaster,
Acrossocheilus,
Notopterus

8101. Lime treatment of EUS 100 to 600 kg/ha

8102. KMnO4 treatment of EUS 1 to 10 ppm (4 ppm)

8103. Lime & Bleaching powder treatment of EUS 50 kg/ha and 0.5 mg/lt

8104. NaCl & Bleaching powder treatment of EUS 3 to 4%

8105. CIFAX & Bleaching powder treatment of EUS 1 litre/ha

8106. Recognizable clinical symptom observed in EUS Haemorrhagic

ulceration

8107. Drug and Cosmetics Act (for aquacultue) 1940

8108. Amount of world’ food crop contaminated by 25%

mycotoxins

8109. Common toxin producing genera Aspergillus,

Claviceps, Fusarium,
Penicillium

8110. Product of Claviceps spp fungi Ergot Alkaloids

8111. ‘Host-Pathogen-Environment’ Dr. Snizsko (further

modified by Lightner)

8112. Oedema occurs in Heart

8113. Cirrosis occur in Liver

8114. Hyperplasis occur in Gills

8115. Instrument used for assessing level of cortisol in Radio Immune

blood Assessor

8116. Accumulation of fluid in the body Ascites

8117. MEM Minimal Essential

Media (another
medium : 199)

8118. DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified

Eagle’s Medium

8119. RPMI – 1640 Rose Well Park

Memorial Institute

8120. Epistylis (Verticillidae) Sub order : Sesilinea Red sphere* disease

8121. Accidental parasitism Mud living nematodes

8122. Facultative parasitism Mosquito

8123. Obligatory parasitism Hookworm

8124. Parmanent parasite Taenia, Fasciola

8125. Endozoic parasite (alimentary canal of host) Taenia, Ascaris

8126. Coelozoic parasite (Coelomic cavities) Taenia, Monocystis

8127. Histozoic parasite (tissue & cell) Trypanosoma,

Plasmodium

8128. Developing condition of disease Prognosis

8129. Prophyloxis treatment in nursery pond Malathion @ 0.25

ppm (4 days)

8130. Parasitic stage in life cycle of argulus* All stages

8131. Parasitic isopod Wood lice

8132. Outbreak of isopod Phillipines (Milk fish)

(no specific
prophylactic &
therapeutic*)

8133. Geosmin is produced by Actinomycetes and

BGA (Oscillatoria)

8134. Common causes of environent stress in Pesticide pollution

aquaculture

8135. Chlorination of effluents 200 mg/l total chlorine

for 2 hours

8136. IPN is a viral infection of mainly Trout and salmon

8137. Spring viremia of carp (SVC) Rhabdovirus

8138. Carp pox (CP) Argulus

8139. Bacterial gill disease Flavobacterium sp

8140. Gill rot Myxococcus piscicola

8141. Edwardsicllosis Edwardsiclla tarda

8142. Vibriosis Vibrio anguillarum

8143. Human disea transmitted through contact of Bilharzias

waterse (Schistosomiasis)

8144. Schistosomiasis is caused by tremarode (blood Schistosoma

flukes)

8145. Enteritus in Chinese carp Acrononas punctata

8146. Permissible limit of various metals in public

water supply (Max.)

(1) Arsenic 50 g/l

(2) Cadmium 10 g/l

(3) Copper 1000 g/l

(4) Chromium 50 g/l

(5)Lead 50 g/l

(6)Mercury 2 g/l

(7)Zinc 5000 g/l

Essential Borderline Non-

essential

8147. Calcium Zinc Cadmium

8148. Magnesium Lead Copper

8149. Manganese Iron Mercury

8150. Potassium Chromium Silver

8151. Stontium Arsenic

8152. Sodium Vanadium

DDT concentration in different level

(1) Water 0.000003 ppm or

0.003 ppm

(2) Zooplankton 0.04 ppm

(3) Small fish 0.5 ppm

(4) Fish eating birds 25 ppm

Chemical characteristics of Sewage

(1) Total solids (mg/l) 350 to 1200

(2) Dissolved solid (mg/l) 250 to 850

(3) Suspended solid (mg/l) 100 to 350

(4) BOD (mg/l) 110 to 400

(5) Nitrogen (mg/l) 20 to 40

(6) Phosphorus (mg/l) 4 to 15

(7) Potassium (mg/l) 12 to 30

Division of soil

Orders 11 nos.

Sub-order 47 nos.

Great group 230 nos.

Sub-group 1200 nos.

Family 6600

Series 16,800

Particle - USDA

(1) Gravel > 2 mm

(2) Very coarse sand 1.0 – 2.0 mm

(3) Coarse sand 0.5 – 1.0 mm

(4) Medium sand 0.25 – 0.5 mm

(5) Fine sand 0.10 – 0.25 mm

(6) Very fine sand 0.05 – 0.10 mm

(7) Silt 0.002 – 0.05 mm

(8) Clay < 0.002 mm

Countries participated in IIOE - with ship without ship

8153. Australia, France, West Germany, India, Burma Ceylon, China,

Indonesia, Japan, Portugal, South Africa, Euthopia, Israel, Italy,
Thailand, USSR, USA & UK Madagascar,
Mauritius, Sudan

Plankton based on size

(1) Ultraplankton <5

(2) Nanoplankton 5 to 60 

(3) Microplankton 60 to 500 

(4) Mesoplankton 500 to 1000 

(5)Macroplankton 1 mm to 1 cm

(6)Megaplankton > 1 cm

Types of Diatoms with examples

(1) Bladder type Coscinodiscus

(2) Ribbon type Fragillaria

(3) Hair type Rizosolenda

(4) Chain type Chaetocerus

Mesh size uses for collection

(1) Phytoplankton 40 to 60 

(2) Zooplankton 150 to 300 

(3) Coastal water 150 to 200 

(4) Open water 200 to 300 

Specific heat & energy

(1)Of pure water at 500C 1.0 K cal/kg0C

(2)Of ice at 00C 0.49 K cal/kg0C

(3)Of ice at – 200C 0.46 K cal/kg0C

Important species acting as biomonitor/bioindicator

(1) Grassostrea commercialis

(2) Mytilus edulis

(3) Littorina littorea

(4) Capitella capitata

(5) Cladophora spp

(6) Spirogyra spp

(7) Salmo gairdneri

(8) S. trutta

(9) Chlorella spp

(10) Gambusia affinis

(11) Lepomis macrochirus

(12) Cemra paucicostata

Microbes which degrades phenol

(1) Bacillus subtoli

(2) B. megaterium

(3) E. coli

(4) Chromobacter sp

(5) Lactobacillus sp

Antiseptic susceptibility of fungi & bacteria

Fungi Bacteria

Resistant Penicillin, Tetracycline, Griseofulvin

Chloramphenicol

Sensitive Grissofulvin Penicillin,

tetracycline,
chloramphenicol
Types of Asexual spores Types of sexual
spores

(1) Sporangiospores (1) Ascosperes

(2) Conidiopores (2) Basidiospores

(3) Oidia (3) Zygospores

(4) Chlamydospores (4) Oospores

(5) Blastospores

Mangroves species found in India

(1) Avicennia sp

(2) Aeanthus sp

(3) Sonneratia sp

(4) Heritiera sp

(5) Rhizophora sp

(6) Bruguiera sp

(7) Caesalpinia sp

(8) Porteresia sp

(9) Phoenix sp

(10) Excoecaria sp

(11) Pandanus sp

Common name and Phylum

(1) Segmented worms Annelida

(2) Peanut worms Sipuncula*

(3) Beard wrms Pogonophora

(4) Moss animals Bryozoa

(5) Lamp shells Brachiopoda

Common species found in Littoral friage or supra tidal zone

(1) Littorina sexatilis

(2) L. neritoides

(3) Porphyra rembilicalis

(4) Fucus spiralis

(5) Lichina confines

(6) Ligia oceanica

Common species found in Eulittoral zone/ Intertidal zone

(1) Littorina littorea

(2) L. obtusata

(3) Balanus perforatus

(4) Fucus resiculosus

(5) Semibalanus balanoides

(6) Mytilus edulis

(7) Carcinus machas

(8) Patella vulgala

(9) Hippa sp.

Common species found in Sub-littoral fringe/sub-tidal zone

(1) Laminasia sp (5) Halichondria

penicca

(2) Balanus crenatus (6) Anemonia sulcata

(3) Putella aspera (7) Gibbula cinerusia

(4) Asterias rubens (8) Acanthodoris

pilosa

Water in the biosphere

Volume thousand of Percent of total

KM2
(1) Oceans 1,37,000 97.61

(2) Polar ice, glacier 29,000 2.06

(3) Ground water 4000 0.29

(4) Fresh water lakes 125 0.009

(5) Saline lakes 104 0.008

(6) Soil & subsoil moisture 67 0.005

(7) River 1.2 0.00009

(8)Atmorpheric water 14 0.009

vapour

Chrolophyll bearing organism

Taxonomy (class) Common name

(1) Cyanophyceae/Mysophyceae Blue green algae

(2) Rodhophycheae Red algae

(3) Cryptophycheae/Phaeophyceae Brown algae

(4) Dinophyceae Binoflagellates

(5) Haptophyceae Light yellow algae

(6) Cryrophyceae Yellow brown algae

(7) Xanthoplyceae Yellow algae

(8) Chlorophyceae Green algae

(9) Bacillarcophyceae Diatoms/Transparent

algae

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Division I (Gracilicutes) Procaryotes with a

complex cell wall
(Gram –ve)

Division II (Firmicutes) Procaryotes with a cell

wall (Gream +ve)
Division III (Tenericutes) Procaryotes with a
lacking cell wall

Division IV (Mendosicutes) Procaryotes with a

showing evidence of
earlier phylogesic
origin than those in
Division 1 & 2

Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces and other actinomycetes

Antibiotic Organism

(1) Streptomycin Streptomyces griceus

(2) Tetracycline S. anreofaciens, S.

vimosus

(3) Actinomycin S. antibioticus

(4) Neomycin S. cradiae

(5) Orcomycin/Chlortetracycline S. aureofacieus

(6) Oxytetracycline/Teramycin S. rimosus

(7) Chramphenicol/Chlormycitin S. venzuela

Microorganism based on energy requirement & carbon source

(1) Photoautotrophs (Photolithotrophs) Light + CO2 eg. Algae,

Purple sulphur &
green sulphur bacteria

(2) Photoheterotrophs (Phetoorganotryphs Light + Reduced

Organic eg. Purple
non-sulphur bacteria
compoun

(3) Chemoautotrophs (Chemolithotrophs) Inorganic + CO2 eg.

Nitrifying bacteria, **
bacteria, H2 bacteria

(4) Chemoheterotrophs (Chemoorganotrophs) Organic (both eg.

Most bacteria, fungi &
Protozoa
Trace metals and their function

Mg Co factor in enzymatic
reaction (constituent
of Chlorophyll)

Fe Constituent of
Cytochromes

Cu & Zn Inorganic constituent

of some enzyme

Co Constituent of Vit B12

Vitamin function as coenzymes (in various enzymatic reaction)

Thiamin (B1) Thiamine

pyrophosphate

Riboflavin (B2) FAD, FMN

Pyridoxine (B6) Pyridoxal phosphate

Nocotinamide NAD, NADP

Pantothenic acid Coenzyme A

Biotin Biotin

Folic acid Tetrahydrophic acid

Lipoic acid Lipic acid

Cobamide Cobamide coenzyme

Disease of shrimp

(1) Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) Baculovirus Type – A

(2) IHHNV Probably belongs to

Picorna (RNA virus)

(3) Baculorins penaci Double stranded DNA

virus

Baculovirus mid-gut gland necrosis Baculovirus Type-C

Hepatopancreatic parvo – like virus (HPV) Icosahedron (Single

standad DNA)
White spot disease SEMBV

Reo - Like virus (REO)

Taura syndrom virus (TSV)

Yellow head Baculo like virus (YBV)

Fish viral disease

RNA virus

(1) Infections Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) virus

(2) Viral Haemorvhagic Septiceamea (VHS) virus

(3) Infectious Haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus

(4) Pike fry (PF) virus

(5) Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC) virus

DNA virus

(1) Channel cat fish virus (CCV)

(2) Lymphocysatis virus (LV)

(3) Carp pox (CP)

(4) Papillomatosis in eels (PE)

Disinfectants

(1) Chloramin T

(2) Formalin

(3) Hypochloride

(4) Lodophons

(5) Ozonation

(6) Quantenary ammonium compounds (eg.

Bezalkorium chloride)

Antibacterial agents

(1) -lactams (benzyl penicillin, amoxycillin)

(2) Nitrofurans

(3) Macrolides

(4)Phenicols

(5) 4-Quinolones

(6) Rifampicin

(7) Sulphonamichs

(8) Teracyclines

Therapeutants other than antibacterials

(1) Acriflavin

(2) Copper compound (Aquatrine)

(3) Dimetridazole/Metronidazole

(4) Formalin

(5) Glutaraldehyde

(6) Hydrogen peroxide

(7) Lavamisole

(8) Malachite green

(9) Methylene blue

(10) Niclosamide

(11) Potassium Permaganate

(12) Trifluralin (Treflan)

Pesticides

(1) Ammonia

(2) Azonphos ethyl (Gusathion)

(3) Carbaryl (Sevin)

(4) Dichlorvos (Nuvan, Aquagaurd)

(5) Ivermectin (Ivonuc)

(6) Nicotine (Tobacco dust)

(7) Organophosphates (Trichlorfon, Depterex, Dursban,

Demerin, Malathion)

(8) Organotin compound (Bsestern, Aquatin, Thiodan)

(9) Rotenone (derris root)

(10) Saponia (tea seed meal)

(11) Trichlorfon (Neguvon, Diptenex)

Herbicides/Algaecides

Copper compounds (Aquatrine)

Feed additives

(1) Astaxanthin

(2) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

(3) Butylated hydroxytohune (BHT)

(4) Canthaxanthine

(5) Carotenoids

(6) Ethoxyquin

(7) Feeding attractants

(8) Immunostimulants

(9) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

(10) Vitamin E

Anaesthetics

(1) Benzocaine

(2) CO2

(3) Metomidate

(4) 2-phenoxyethanol
(5) Quinaldine

(6) Tricaine methanerulphonate (MS222)

Hormones

(1) Growth hormone (GH, Somatotropin)

(2) 17 a – methyltestosterone

(3) Destradiol 17 b

(4) Ovulation – inducing drug

(5) Serotonen

Known for disease production in human beings

A. hydrophila, E. tarda, Salmonella, Clostridia, Listeria,

Yersinia, Campylobactor, Vibrio