1.

Automobile – it is a movable machine that is used

for travelling and transportation
Components of automobile – it has two
components – chassis and body . chassis is the
base frame of a car , it has engine gearbox tyres
suspension etc attached to it. Body is the upper
part of the vehicle which has doors windows roof
seats etc attached to it.
Types of automobiles – on the basis of wheels (2
wheeler,3 wheeler,4 wheeler etc), on the
fuel(petrol vehicle,diesel vehicle,cng etc), on the
basis of body shape (sedan,hatchback,suv,muv)
Sedan-it is 5 seater, four door vehicle with a
separate boot space. Example-verna,accent,swift
dzire,skoda Octavia,indigo etc
Hatchback-it is 5 seater, four door vehicle with
integrated boot space. Example-
swift,indica,800,i10,santro etc
Suv-it is 7 seater ,sports utility vehicle- it is a four
door vehicle preferred for its performance and
space. Example-
qualis,fortuner,creta,scorpio,xuv500,
Muv-multi utility vehicle-it is a vehicle preferred
for its space and multiple uses .example-omni,
innova,ertiga etc

2.Internal combustion engine-ic engine-

automobile engine is also called as ic engine, here
the combustion takes place inside the cylinder
Ic engine is of 2 types-reciprocating and rotory
Reciprocating engine- in this engine the piston
moves to and fro motion ,it is also called piston
engine

Reciprocating engine is of two types – si(spark

ignition which uses spark plug for combustion) ,
 ci(compression ignition –which uses fuel injector
for combustion)

3.four strokes of the engine-

A)SUCTION (here the piston sucks the air , hence inlet
valve is open and exhaust is closed and piston moves
from tdc to bdc)
B)COMPRESSION (here the piston presses the air and
increases its temperature, hence inlet valve and
exhaust valve is closed and piston moves from bdc to
tdc)
C)POWER (here blast takes place either by spark plug
or fuel injector, inlet valve is closed and exhaust valve
is closed and piston moves from tdc to bdc)
D)EXHAUST (here the waste gases and unburnt fuel is
sent out through exhaust valve , hence inlet close and
exhaust open, piston moves from bdc to tdc)

Tdc- top dead centre(the top most position where

piston can go in cylinder)
Bdc-bottom dead centre(the bottommost position
where piston can go in cylinder)
Stroke-the distance travelled by piston from tdc to bdc
or bdc to tdc is called stroke

4.LUBRICATION SYSTEM – in order to reduce

friction,noise,heat etc between engine parts so that
engine doesn’t seize , we circulate oil in the engine
Parts of lubrication system
Oil sump-where the oil is stored
Oil pump-it pulls the oil through strainer. It works by
the belt connected to crankshaft
Strainer-it blocks bigger dirt particles
Oil pressure gauge-it maintains constant pressure
Oil filter-it blocks smaller dirt particles
Oil gallery-it makes way for circulation of oil
Sprouts-it sprays oil on the lower side of the piston

Working-oil pump pulls the oil from the oil sump

through strainer then it sends it to oil filter, then it
moves through galleries and lubricates crankshaft and
camshaft, and then it falls back in oil sump
5.STARTING SYSTEM-
we know that crankshaft rotates after power stroke,
but before power stroke there is suction and
compression strokes and for these two strokes to take
place we have to rotate crankshaft, hence we use
starting system to give initial rotation to crankshaft
parts of starting system:
ignition switch
battery
solenoid switch(it has copper winding and a plunger in
between that moves front and back)
started motor(it also has copper winding, and in
between it has armature that rotates, to the end of
armature there is a pinion which meshes with the
flywheel)
Working-when ignition is on,power of battery gets on,
but when we crank the vehicle, current from battery
goes to solenoid switch copper winding and also to
starter motor copper winding, plunger in between the
solenoid switch moves front and back, armature in
between the starter motor starts rotating, plunger
pushes the armature and meshes the pinion fixed on
the end of armature to flywheel, if flywheel rotates
crankshaft rotates and suction and compression stroke
takes place , after that plunger comes back, and now
we don’t need starter motor.

6.CHARGING SYSTEM
When engine is not in starting condition, all electrical
components get current from battery, but when the
engine is in starting condition the current comes from
charging system, it also charges the battery when
engine is in running condition.
Parts of charging system
Alternator(when crankshaft rotates, a belt connected
to alternator rotates the alternator, the rotating part of
alternator is called rotor which is a permanent magnet,
around the rotor there is a stator which generates
current in 3 phase)
Regulator(it keeps the voltage constant)
Rectifier(it converts ac current to dc current)
7.TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Everything between the engine and tyres is called
transmission system. It includes flywheel,clutch,input
shaft,counter shaft,output shaft,propeller
shaft,differential etc
We know that the up and down movement of pistons
makes the crankshaft rotate, we use this rotational
energy on the tyres, but we should have control on the
rotational energy, hence we use transmission system
to send the power to tyres in a controlled manner
Lower gear-small gear rotates big gear , hence power is
more and speed is less, we use 1st gear when we are
moving the car from rest,uphill or to pull load
Higher gear- here small gear rotates small gear, hence
power is less and speed is more, we use higher gears
when there is free road or downhill
Reverse gear-between the driving gear and driven gear
there is an idle gear which rotates the driven gear in
opposite direction hence we can go reverse
CLUTCH-it is used to disconnect power from engine,
hence when clutch is pressed , input shaft doesn’t
rotate hence all the shaft doesn’t rotate, and it will be
easy to change the gear.
Working of clutch-when clutch pedal is pressed, the
diaphragm spring on pressure plate is pressed and the
clutch plate gets disengaged from the flywhhel
8.ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM
The cooling system works on the principle of heat
transfer where there is heat exchange and heat travels
from hot body to cold body
The temperature in the cylinder can reach upto 1500-
2000 deg , which might deform the material of cylinder
and engine may seize, hence we need to maintain an
optimum temperature in the engine, hence we use
cooling system
Types of cooling system
A)AIR COOLING SYSTEM-it Is used in motorcycle
engine, the air hits the cylinder directly , the cylinder
has fins on the outer side of it, the fins increase the
contact area of air, it has simple design, it has less
weight.
B)WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Parts of water cooling system
Water pump(connected to crankshaft from belt)
Water jackets(space for coolant on the outer side of
engine)
Thermostat valve(which is like a gate which opens the
way to radiator only when the coolant is 80 deg hot,
until then it passes the coolant back to the engine
through bypass valve)
Radiator(the coolant travels from upper tank to lower
tank through tubes, it has fins which increase the
contact area of the air coming from the front of
vehicle)
Fan(it is located behind the radiator, it is driven by
crankshaft or a sensor, the fan sucks the hot air from
the radiator)
Reservoir(when the temperature and pressure of the
coolant increases the increase in pressure of coolant
pushes te radiator cap and the coolant gets stored in
the reservoir, there is a connection from reservoir to
the feed line ,which is used to send back the coolant
when pressure reduces)

Coolant-coolant is a mixture of glycol and additives

,glycol is a chemical that acts as antifreeze and does
not freeze the coolant in cold conditions

9.SUSPENSION SYSTEM
It is a system of springs,shock absorbers and linkages
that connects a vehicle to its wheels. It protects the
vehicle frame from breaking and protects the
passengers in the vehicle
It gives stability during high speed , braking or sharp
turns and gives a smooth ride
Parts of suspension system
The suspension of a car is actually a part of the
chassis,it includes:
Frame-load carrying component which supports cars
engine and body which are in turn supported by
suspension
Suspension-it is a setup that supports weight absorbs
and dampens shock and helps maintain tyre contact
with road
Important parts of suspension system are
Springs-it is of 2 main types
Coil spring

Leaf spring

Shock absorbers or dampeners

It is a telescopic type, it absorbs the kinetic energyof
spring and converts it into heat, it has hydraulic oil and
piston rod.
Shock absorber is fitted inside the coil spring, so that
when coil spring presses then its kinetic energy can be
absorbed by the oil inside the shock absorber and
converted into heat energy, if this kinetic energy is not
absorbed then the coil spring keeps vibrating.
Types of suspension systems:
There are two types of suspension systems-dependent
and independent
We can see in the diagram that if a bump comes under
a tyre in dependent suspension, the other tyre also
gets affected and makes an inclination which leads to
wear of tyre
But in independent system , if a bump comes under a
tyre then the other tyre is not effected