UNIT I: Switching

1. Introduction to
types of switching

Switching, Planning and Network Management (2019-1)

Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Switching, Planning and Networks Manegement
Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Coordinates

 This course is taught entirely in English

 6 hours / week:
 4 hours of talks
 2 hours of lab

 Course divided in 2 parts:

 Units 1 y 2 (switching and planning)  Prof. Gonzalo Fernández
 Unit 3 (network management)  Prof. Fredy Herrera
 Labs  Prof. Felipe Vela

 Lab software:
 Matlab
 MatPlan WDM 0.61

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Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Opto-electronic switching
3. All-optical switching

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Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Opto-electronic switching
3. All-optical switching

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Network scenario

Other
networks Switching and transport

User
Access network
terminals

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Hierarchy

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Internet topology

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Reference transport networks

Abilene Network

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Reference transport networks

NSFNET Network

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Reference transport networks

Tiscali Network

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Telephone switching system

Example:
Telephone
network

Example:
Internet

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Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Opto-electronic switching
3. All-optical switching

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2. Opto-electronic switching Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Types of opto-electronic switching

1. Circuit switching
2. Packet switching
3. Cell switching / tag switching
4. Burst switching

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Circuit switching

 A direct path established and dedicated between the source node and the
destination.
 3 phases for the communication
 Connection
 Transmission
 Circuit free

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Circuit switching

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Packet switching

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Packet switching

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Virtual circuits

Ejemplo:
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer mode)

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Virtual circuits

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Virtual circuits

Calculating
path…

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

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Virtual circuits

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

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Virtual circuits

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

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Cell switching / tag switching

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ATM

UNI: User-Network Interface NNI: Network-Network Interface

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ATM Fields

 GFC:
Generic Flow Control (4 bits)
 VPI:
Virtual Path Identifier (8-12 bits)
 VCI:
Virtual Channel Identifier (16 bits)
 PTI:
Payload Type Indicator(3 bits)
 CLP:
Cell Loss Priority (1 bit)
 HEC:
Header Error Control (8 bits)
 Payload (48 Bytes)

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VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

28 = 256 Virtual Paths

216 = 4096 Virtual Paths

216 = 65,536 Virtual Channels

Valores VCI:
[0 - 15] : Reserved for ITU-T
[16 - 31] : Reserved for the ATM forum
[32 - 65,535]: VCC values

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VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

Virtual Channels (VC)

Virtual Path (VP)

Transmission channel

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VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

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Label swapping

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Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

 Legacy:
 Frame Relay
 ATM
 Tag switching (Cisco, 1996)
 Used for tthe transportation of IP packets, ATM cells, SONET/SDH frames, Ethernet
frames.

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Why MPLS?

Idea: Combining the forwarding algorithm used in ATM with IP

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MPLS Labels

20bits 3bits 1bits 8bits

MPLS Label EXP BS TTL

A label is a short, fixed-length value carried in the
packet's header to identify a forwarding
equivalence class (FEC)

MPLS Header IP Header IP Data

EXP: Experimental bits, used for for Class of Service

BS: Indicates if this cell is the Bottom of Stack
TTL: Time To Live (the same like in IP)

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Stablishing the connection

Path
calculation
… LER
LSR LER
Ingress switch Egress switch
B

LSR

ATM switches can be used as LSRs, label

switching is equivalent to VP/VC switching LSR

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switching Router

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Stablishing the connection

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

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Stablishing the connection

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

A
Label Switched Path (LSP)

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MPLS Hiearchical Operation

BGP C BGP
D

1 6
2 3 4 5
A B E F

OSPF

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Burst switching

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Contents

1. Introduction
2. Opto-electronic switching
3. All-optical switching

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3. All-optical switching Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio

Types of all-optical switching

 Wavelength switching
 Burst switching
 Packet switching

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All-optical switches

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All-optical switches

1  1 (λ1)

1  2 (λ2)

2  P (λ3)

P  1 (λ2)

Split-and-Delivery switch (SaD) [Hu et al, 1998] [Ali et al., 2000]

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All-optical switches

1 ...

...
...

...
2

...

...

...

...
...

P ...
...

Configurable Optical ...

splitter amplifier 1 2 P

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Wavelength switching: RWA Problem

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All-optical burst/packet switching

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Bibliography

 Tarek S. El-Bawab, Optical Switching, Springer, 2010, ISBN-10:

1441938699.
 Elhanany, M. Hamdi, High-performance Packet Switching Architectures,
Springer, 2006, ISBN-10: 184628273X.
 Soung C. Liew, Tony T. Lee, Soung Liew, Tony Lee, Principles of Broadband
Switching & Networks, Wiley-Interscience, 2010, ISBN-10: 0471139017.

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