MATHEMATICS 8 RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

-is a fraction that has a polynomial as its

SPECIAL PRODUCT & FACTORING numerator and/or denominator.
Example: Examples:
𝟑 -2
 (X + 2)2 = (x+2) (x+2) 𝟒
,x – (this is a rational expression because of
Check using foil method. the negative exponent that makes it a fraction
according to the zero and negative exponent
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) lesson),
 the greatest number that is a factor of
two or more other numbers. DIVISION BY ZERO:
 USE LISTING METHOD -Remember that you cannot have zero (0) as a
denominator. (other term: you cannot divide by
THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIAL IN THE zero)
FORM:
(x+y) (x2-xy+y2) & (x-y) (x2+xy-y2) SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Example: Demonstration of steps
 (x+5)(x2-5x+25) X2 + 12x + 27
Solve using foil method. The answer must be 1. Think of two numbers that will result to
x3 + 125. the third term if you multiplied them
and that will result to the second term
ZERO AND NEGATIVE EXPONENTS if you add them.
Demonstration: (9)(3)= 27 | 9+3= 12
𝑦5 2. Then make them into a expression
= y5-2 = y3 – the answer is positive.
𝑦2 (x+9) (x+3) – The two x’s came from x2
𝑦2
= y2-5 = y-3 – the answer is negative. 3. Check your answer by foil method if
𝑦5
If the answer is negative, in order to remove the needed. If your answer is the same as
negative sign you have to have 1 as numerator the original expression then you are
and the y-3 in the denominator without its done.
negative sign. THEREFORE, the final answer is (x+9) (x+3)
Demonstration:
1 SIMPLIFYING TWO TERM EXPRESSIONS AND
𝑦3
– is the final answer.
CANCELLING
Demonstration:
Always remember that if one variable or 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 5
number has 0 as an exponent, the answer is 2
= =
𝑥 −4−5 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 5
always 1.  First step: find their factors (both
Example: numerator and denominator)
x0 = 1  Second step: if there are similar terms
in the numerator and denominator
cancel them.
 Final step: copy the left out terms and
that’s the final answer.
 SCIENCE 8

FORCE AND MOTION

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING RATIONAL
 Vector Quantity
EXPRESSIONS
-has a direction and a magnitude
-includes force, velocity, acceleration,
SIMILAR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
displacement
Demonstration:
5 5𝑥+1
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
+ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2  Scalar Quantity
5+(5𝑥+1)
= 2 -magnitude only
𝑥 +3𝑥+2
5+5𝑥+1 -includes speed, volume, mass, temperature,
= 2
𝑥 +3𝑥+2 power, energy and time
5𝑥+5+1
= 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
5𝑥+6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
= 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
DISSSIMILAR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION -An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
Demonstration: object in motion tends to stay in motion unless
3 7 acted upon by an unbalanced force
+
𝑥−8 𝑥+3  2nd Law of Motion(Law of Acceleration)
3 𝑥+3 7 𝑥−8
= ∙ + ∙ -The Acceleration of an object is directly
𝑥−8 𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥−8
3 (𝑥+3) 7(𝑥−8) proportional to the magnitude of the net force
= (𝑥−8)(𝑥+3)
+ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−8)
3𝑥+9 7𝑥−56
acting on it and is inversely proportional to its
= + (𝑥+3)(𝑥−8) mass
(𝑥−8)(𝑥+3)

=
(3𝑥+9)+(7𝑥−56)  3rd Law of Motion (Law of Interaction)
(𝑥−8)(𝑥+3) -For every action, there is an equal and
3𝑥+9+7𝑥−56
= opposite reaction
(𝑥−8)(𝑥+3)
3𝑥+7𝑥+9−56
= (𝑥−8)(𝑥+3)
10𝑥−47
FORMULAS:
= (𝑥−8)(𝑥+3)
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹 = (𝑚)(𝑎) 𝑚=
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑎
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖
𝐴= 𝑡
Symbols/Notes:
f= N
a= m/s2
m= kg
Acceleration of Gravity= 9.8 m/s2

WORK AND ENERGY

 Work
-refers to an activity involving a force &
displacement in the same direction
 Energy
-ability to do work
 Formula of work:  VOLTAGE
W= Fd (fnet)(displacement) -the push that causes the current to flow
Symbol: J (joules) -when the voltage increases, the current
W=mgh (mass)(gravity)(height) increases
-unit: V/ Volts
KINETIC ENERGY (KE)  RESISTANCE
-energy of motion or a moving object -opposes current flow in a circuit
-the greater the mass, the greater the kinetic -unit: ohm/Ω
energy
-the greater the velocity, the greater the FACTORS THAT AFFECTS RESISTANCE
kinetic energy  Length
𝑲𝑬 = 1⁄  Cross-sectional area
2 𝑚𝑣 2
 Resistivity of the material
POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE)  Temperature
-energy due to position or stored energy -the longer the object, the higher the resistance
-the higher the object is from the ground, the -the bigger the object, the lower the resistance
greater the potential energy
-the greater the mass, the greater the FORMULAS:
𝑉 𝑉
potential energy 𝑽 = 𝑖𝑅 𝒊= 𝑹=
𝑅 𝒊
𝑷𝑬 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
SOUND
POWER  SOUND
-rate of doing work -is a vibration that travels through a medium,
-rate of using energy like air or water
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

HEAT & TEMPERATURE

 HEAT
-is the transfer of energy between objects or
places because of difference in temperature
-exists as energy in transit and it is not
contained in an object  FREQUENCY
-the energy that is actually contained in an -the number of compression passing by a
object due to the motion of its particles is certain point in 1 second
𝑉
called THERMAL ENERGY 𝑭=
ʎ
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑽 = ʎ ∙ 𝑓 (𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∙
ELECTRICITY 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
 CIRCUIT ʎ
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝑽 = 𝑡
-closed loop that carries electricity  ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 CURRENT -do not require medium
-flow of electrons in a circuit  MECHANICAL WAVES
-when the current increases, the resistance -requires medium for sound to travel
decreases -transverse waves -longitudinal waves
-symbol: 𝑖 / unit: Ampere or A
  SONAR
-for sound navigation and ranging
 ULTRASOUND
-sound waves higher than a human can hear
 INFRASOUND
-sound waves lower than a human can hear
 ECHOLOCATION
-the use sound waves to determine distance or
 SPEED OF SOUND to locate objects
-343 m/s
 AMPLITUDE LIGHT
-influences volume  LIGHT
 TRANSVERSE WAVE -is an electromagnetic wave, it does not need a
-water wave medium in order to propagate
-the movement of particles is perpendicular to -moves in its maximum speed in vacuum
the direction of wave travel -speed of light: 3 x 108 m/s
 LONGITUDINAL WAVE  PHYSICAL DENSITY
-sound wave -is described as the mass per unit volume of the
-parallel to the movement of the particles medium
-also called pressure waves  OPTICAL DENSITY
 ELASTIC PROPERTY -refers to the sluggishness of the atoms of a
-the tendency of a material to maintain its medium to maintain the absorbed energy
shape and not deform when a force is applied before remitting it
to the object or medium  APPARENT DEPTH
-is the illusion that under the water appear to
-the denser the medium, the faster sound be nearer the surface than they really are
travels -this is a consequence of the bending of light
-the higher the elastic property, the faster when light transverses the air-water boundary
sound travels  REFRACTING LIGHT
-the higher the temperature, the faster sound -is the bending of light when it travels from one
travels medium to another of different optical densities
-sound travels at about 331 m/s in dry air or  INDEX OF REFRACTION
0℃ -the measure of how much a ray of light bends
V= 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s (t) when it enters a material
-the higher the IOF of medium, the more it
PROPERTIES OF SOUND bends light
 REFLECTION 𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
-is the turning back of wave as it hits a barrier 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝐶
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉
-ECHO is an example
 REVERBERATION
 OPAQUE MATERIALS
-refers to the multiple reflections or echoes in a
-materials that absorb light waves that fail on
certain place
them
 RAREFACTION
-bending of waves
 TRANSPARENT MATERIALS
-materials that transmit light waves & permit
objects to be seen clearly through them
 TRANSLUCENT MATERIALS
-allow light to be transmitted through them but
its rays are distorted during the passage

REFLECTION
 DIFFUSE REFLECTUION
-occurs when light that is reflected by a rough
texture or uneven surface as a wall, paper, cloth
is scattered in many different directions
-allows us to see objects from any angle
 REGULAR OR SPECULAR REFLECTION
-occurs when light that strikes a smooth, flat &
shiny surface such as mirror, a piece of metal or
undisturbed water, is reflected in one direction

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COLORS