Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

Math SL Internal Assessment

Approximating Lips Surface Area

Si se va a sobrepasar el
número de páginas
permitidas, esta no
debería estas casi en
blanco.
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

“Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.”
– Albert Einstein
1.1 Rationale
I had always have observed mathematics, as a beautiful way of understanding our world.
Simple and elegant expressions that may describe precisely, from a probability model of a basic
game, to the numerical complexity of a particle movement. At this framework, one may interpret
mathematics as the perfect medium, on founding the very basis of any creation and idea, almost
explaining numerically the entire behavior of any problem. In fact, once, I was discussing with my
Su tía León.
aunt some topics for my IA. She told me about how harmful the toxicity of the lipstick that women ummm

used daily, could be. I consider interesting the idea; it’s supposed that international health
regulations might avoid toxic components on cosmetic or any other kind of massive products.
Inquiring, I found out that 0.03 ppm to 0.65 ppm of lead was identify in the 63% of tested lipsticks
(Rasanayagam, 2014), and although is not yet considered as a major health concern, it may cause
several future issues if biomagnified into bloodstream due to skin absorption. Finding the
appropriate lipstick coverage and average lips surface area, may allow reducing having lipstick
excess, and therefore avoiding major health damages.
Pareciera dos trabajos completamente diferentes no se ve la relación Para la comprensión de
entre el primer párrafo y el segundo cualquier lector explicar
1.2 Defining the Function en pie de página a que
hace referencia ppm
(partes por millón)
The aim then would be determine surface area
approximation of the lips. For this a mathematical model for
the outer morphology of the mouth have to be defined. Its
curves structure, differ from the upper and lower segments of
the lip, being the upper one, a rather complex function than the
lower section, due to concavity variations and
Figure 1: Women frontal lips photo
wavelike smoothness fragments and the extremes of
the lip (Figure 1.2).

Hence, I began defining the function for the upper section. As shown in Figure 1.2, we may
Identify an axis of symmetry for the lips. Therefore, defining a single side of the mouth, may
construct the whole structure, by restricting the function domain and reflecting among the vertical
axis. Moreover, for determining the equation for the upper-right lip, we must observe the reference
image, as a Cartesian plane. After locating points in key location of the plane, would allow us to
determine the ordered pairs, in which the final function must pass through. Let N, be the array size
of the ordered pairs among the Cartesian. Final model accuracy, will directly depend on the N-value
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

i.e. Having a higher N allows as better approximation of the function defining a more appropriate fit
for the data. Key locations, were located in Geogebra1, placing Figure 1, as background reference,
for then placing the points on the Cartesian, as shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2 - Reference Image Located on Cartesian Plane Figure 3 - Key Points located on the Cartesian
Without Key Points

After locating the key-points on the image for the upper-right section of the lips, its
Cartesian coordinates were extracted into an spreadsheet and displayed as Follows

Table 1: Key Locations Coordinates

Point Id x-coordinate y-coordinate

A0 0 0
B0 1.1 0.46
C0 2.47 -0.26
D0 3.72 -1.12
E0 4 -1
F0 4.3 -1.15

Therefore, ordered pairs above, represent the points in which the resultant function must
pass. For creating a continuous function from the discrete coordinates of the order pairs above, it’s
necessary to recall the very basis of data fitting. This construct a continuous function which best
describes the tendency of the values. However, several times the data fitting is directly yielded from
the exact values of the data points i.e. Limited to n – constraints, given by the input order pairs.
Usually known as interpolation, is the process in which a continuous function is numerically
constructed in order to determine a unique solution in which encloses the entire data set of points. In
other words, there must exist a polynomic function 𝑝" 𝑥$ of degree gamma - g for which 𝑝" 𝑥$ =
𝑦$ , 𝑖 = 0, … , 𝑛
I that the Lagrangian polynomial method, determines a function in the form

1
Open Source free Graphing software
 Por presentación o esto queda en la página Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

anterior o la última linea pasa a está página
4 4

4 $
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎/ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎4 𝑥 = 𝑎$ 𝑥 = 𝐴$ 𝑥 $ (1)
$5/ $5/

Which satisfies the constraints - where A is a data set such that 𝐴 = 𝑎/ , … , 𝑎4 which are
the coefficients of the polynomic. For the Lagrangian interpolation, is said that:
Teniendo en cuenta que esto debe ser 4 4
estudiante de
entendido por cualquier (𝑥 − 𝑥; )
𝑝" 𝑥 = 𝑦7 ℒ 4,7 𝑥 , ℒ 4,7 𝑥 = (2)
SL seria bastante útil explicar que es (𝑥7 − 𝑥; )
cada elemento de la ecuación. 75/ ;5/
; =7

Simplifying equation (2), would yield in a function in the form expressed in equation (1)
Then, consider a quadratic function, 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 20. At this framework the values from the
integers between -1 and 1 would be: { −1, 19 , 0, 20 , 1, 19 }. In this case, n is given by N – 1,
yielding n = 3-1 = 2. The polynomic function, will be a 2 degree function or less – which is logical,
considering 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 20 as the expected interpolation. Then applying the Lagrangian
Polynomial we define that:
2 2
(𝑥 − 𝑥; )
𝑝" 𝑥 = 𝑦7 (3)
;5/
𝑥7 − 𝑥;
75/
; =7

Which can be expanded and the simplify into a small polynomial as follows:

= (19) ℒ 4,/ + (20) ℒ 4,1 + (19) ℒ 4,2 (4)

(DEDF )(DEDG ) DEDH DEDG DEDH (DEDF )
= (19) [ ] + (20) + (19) [ ]
(DH EDF )(DH EDG ) DF EDH DF EDG (DG EDH )(DG EDF )
(DE/)(DE1) DJ1 DE1 DJ1 (DE/)
=(19) [ ] + (20) + (19) [ ]
(E1E/)(E1E1) /J1 /E1 (1J1)(1E/)
D G ED D G J1 D G JD
=(19) [ ] + (20) + (19) [ ]
2 E1 2
D G ED D G J1 D G JD
=(19) [ ] + (20) + (19) [ ]
2 E1 2
D G EDJD G JD (5)
= 19 − 20 𝑥 2 − 1 = 19 𝑥 2 − 20 𝑥 2 − 1 = −𝑥 2 + 20
2

Thus, resultant function - equation (5) - is commensurate result compared with the stated
constraints . This example helps illustrating the real essence of the method, exposing how accurate
could be on defining function from point data set. Hence, before taking equation (3) and
substituting the points from the table 1 data set, the Lagrangian coefficients should be determined,
for simplifying the equation – because for the upper-right lip function, we have more constraints,
compared with the example above. Hence:
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

(𝑥 − 1.1)(𝑥 − 2.47)(𝑥 − 3.72)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4.3)

ℒ1 = (5)
−1.1 (−2.47)(−3.72)(−5)(−4.3)
𝑥 P − 14.49𝑥 Q + 77.7654𝑥 S − 182.73172𝑥 2 + 158.04048𝑥
=
36.6405952
= 0.027𝑥 P − 0.395𝑥 Q + 2.122𝑥 S − 4.987𝑥 2 + 4.313𝑥

Repeating the same procedure for the remaining coefficients, we then get:

ℒ1 = 0.027𝑥 P − 0.395𝑥 Q + 2.122𝑥 S − 4.987𝑥 2 + 4.313𝑥 (5)

ℒ 2 = −0.084𝑥 P − 1.108𝑥 Q − 5.176𝑥 S + 9.867𝑥 2 − 5.943𝑥
ℒ S = 0.505𝑥 P − 5.999𝑥 Q + 25.043𝑥 S − 42.433𝑥 2 + 4.313𝑥
ℒ Q = −0.671𝑥 P + 7.774𝑥 Q − 31.757𝑥 S + 52.921𝑥 2 − 29.152𝑥
ℒ P = 0.228𝑥 P − 2.577𝑥 Q + 10.306 − 16.911𝑥 2 + 9.227𝑥

ℒ / was ignored, due to 𝑥/ = 0. As the polynomic is the summation of the product between
the x values of the ordered pairs and the Lagrangian coefficients, having a null value for x, cancel
out the whole term; thus, initial sub-zero term is ignored. After introducing the Lagrangian
coefficients, (7) and the y values from table 1, on equation (2)resultant function yield in:

𝑓 𝑥 = −0.123𝑥 P + 1.439𝑥 Q − 5.822𝑥 S + 9.193𝑥 2 − 4.384𝑥

Observing the resultant plot of the graph, we observe that in fact, it does not pass through
the points at all. This is due to the error of the coefficients, which in some cases is negligible, but
because the Lagrangian were rounded up to 3 decimal places, the graph expresses an slight shift.
Although is not exactly the expected result, its describe the desired tendency, creating almost an
approximation of the upper right segment of the lip. However, in order to calculate the resultant
surface area, a solid of revolution must be formed. Therefore, as the horizontal will be rotational
axis the polynomic function must be translated over it. Moreover, recalling the structure of the
mouth, the polynomic function also have to be restricted, as well as reflected with respect to the
vertical axis.

Figure 4: Resultant Function Graph

 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

Analyzing graph 1, I noticed that in order to adjust the graph into a more precise
representation of the upper-right section, domain have to be restricted until the horizontal
component of the second local minimum of the graph. Recalling the degree of the function, oit only
may present 4 extrema’s along the domain. Then, the third extrema can be considered as the second
minimum of the polynomic. Aftermath, the magnitude for this translation, would be defined as the
absolute value of the horizontal component of the minimum previously discussed. Its Cartesian
coordinates, according to the graphing software, results in (3.298, -1.063). Hence letting the
resultant function be f0(x), the translation would be expressed as 𝑓/ 𝑥 + 𝑘 = 𝑓/ (𝑥) + 1.063.
Moreover, for restricting the domain, an horizontal translation must be applied as well. In order to
maintain the symmetry among the section of the upper lip, the function y-intercept of the graph
should be shifted to be slightly higher that the first local minimum, for creating a more similar
shape of the lip. An appropriate reference would be the half between the very firsts local extrema’s.
Approximately, can be found out, by defining the components of the inflection point the differs the
extrema’s. Calculating the second derivative of the transposed function, and identifying the very
first root of 𝑓′′ 𝑥 , would allow defining the horizontal translation value. Henceforth, the H value
for the function i.e. the horizontal translation; recalling that for any polynomial f(x), having f(x – h)
will shift the function h units to the right if h>0 and vice versa for h<0, would be the scalar
subtracted to every instance of x in the function ; the lowest solution for the second derivative of
f(x), such that x is distinct to 0. For a better understanding, consider graph 1. The Inflexion point,
after the origin its located, almost at x = 1. Finding the second derivative of the function f(x) [
equation (7) ] and stating a equality with zero, we get the:

𝑓 W (𝑥) = −0.615𝑥4 + 5.756𝑥3 − 17.466𝑥2 + 18.386𝑥 − 4.384 (5)

𝑓 WW 𝑥 = −2.460𝑥 S + 17.268𝑥 2 − 34.932𝑥 + 18.386
Setting to zero de resultant derivative and solving2 for x, we get:

𝑓 WW 𝑥 = −2.460𝑥 S + 17.268𝑥 2 − 34.932𝑥 + 18.386 = 0 (5)

𝑥1 = 0.820 , 𝑥2 = 2.399 , 𝑥S = 3.801
𝑥1 = 0.820 , 𝑥2 = 2.399 , 𝑥S = 3.801

Then , we assume x1 to be difference from the origin to the horizontal component of the
inflexion point. In order to translate the graph, for the inflexion to be the y-intercept of the function,
it has to be right shifted. Then h <0 and the f(x – (-0.820) = f(x + 0.820). Since the function, has

2
From Desmos roots, after plugging the function f’’(x)
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

been located above the horizontal due to k value from the second local minimum explained
above, and the y-intercept is the desired inflexion point, the function must be restricted for
the symmetry to create the upper lip. Then, the domain is restricted to 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
3.298 − 0.820} ; from the x-horizontal of the minimum discussed above. Thus, the resultant
function – let’s call it f sub-alpha, would be:
𝑓y 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 0.920 + 1.063 (5)
P Q S
= −0.123(𝑥 + 0.920) + 1.439(𝑥 + 0.920) − 5.822(𝑥 + 0.920) + ⋯
… + 9.193(𝑥 + 0.920)2 − 4.384 𝑥 − 4.003 + 1.063
5 4 3
= −0.123(𝑥 + 0.920) + 1.439(𝑥 + 0.920) − 5.822(𝑥 + 0.920)
2
+ 9.193(𝑥 + 0.920) − 4.384𝑥 − 2.940 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.298

Finally, graphing the function, and creating a second function for the reflection:
𝑓{ = 𝑓y −𝑥 } − 3.298 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 (6)
We get the resultant graphical display:

Figure 5: Upper Lip structure

However, a vertical stretch rise up as an appropriated transformation for reducing the

maxima value, and to maintain a more real proportion. Meausring figure 1, I found out at there
must exist a 1:0.2 ratio, between half, the lip width and half maximum max, height in the axis of
symmetry among the mouth. Then multiplying half the domain with the proportion i.e. 0.2, and then
setting and equation with f(x) evaluated at 0 (Because of the proportion is based on the height at the
axis of symmetry) and the constant of proportionality we would get:
0.2 2.46 = 0.492 = 𝑎𝑓y 0 = 1.257 (7)
0.492
𝑎 = = 0.391
1.257

Hence, both function are multiplied by 0.391, in order to maintain de proportion.

Finally, for the lower lip, due to its wave like structure, would be defined with a trigonometric
function. Since its y-intercept would be its minimum and would differ with the origin, then a
negative cos(x) would be the most appropriate. Maintaining the proportion, its amplitude would be
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

}
0.745 i.e. maximum value for the upper-lip. As the domain is restricted to 2.46, then of revolution
2

would be between the origin and 2.46. Then the period (T) would be 2.46(4) = 9.84. For finding 𝜔
2} 2}
i.e. coefficient of x, its definition must be recall, being 𝜔 = = = 0.639.
• €.•Q

Setting up the equation we would have:

𝑔 𝑥 = −0.745 cos 0.639𝑥 } − 2.46 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.46 (8)

Finally, graphing both, upper and lower lip as follows:

Figure 6.1: Finally Lip Model Figure 6.2 Relation with initial image

1.3 Surface of Revolution Area

After the modelling the lips, how could we create a solid-kind of tridimensional structure,
for emulating the outer surface of the mouth?. Applying the concepts of solid of revolution seen in
the core, we might create a surface with similar shape. Therefore, taking the function, and rotating
the curve among the horizontal i.e. axis of revolution,
we might construct the desired outer surface. Hence,
consider a function f(x) given by a constant k
restricted by the partition [a,b] – continuously defined.
Graphically, it may describe an horizontal line i.e.
parallel to the x-axis. Rotating among a pivot –
horizontal axis, for a complete revolution (given by 2𝜋
e.g. 360º), a tridimensional disk surface, is then
formed, as shown on figure 8.2.Once having the
Figure 7: Hand Made representation of a function
f(x) defined at an interval [a,b] with points P and Q
surface created, area should be able to be determined
with ease. Let a function f(x), defined as an arbitrary
continuous function among the interval [A,B] with points P and Q, located among the graph, as
shown in figure 7.
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

Consider then, rotating the function relative to the horizontal, for a complete revolution, creating a
resultant tridimensional surface.
For the interval [A,B], n-points can be located, with coordinates 𝑃4 = 𝑥4 , 𝑓(𝑥4 ). Suppose then,
that points P and Q are defined as adjacent points; therefore are 𝑥; , 𝑓 𝑥; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥;J1 , 𝑓 𝑥;J1 )
respectively. Hence, observing just the interval between P and Q, a truncated cone e.g. a cone with
transversal cuts, is then formed. For defining the lateral area of the cone, geometrically, is given as
follows: Notación no adecuada en
matemáticas
2𝜋 ∗
‡ˆ J‡‰
∗ 𝐿 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐿
2
(9)

Where R is the average radius of the cone, and L, is the distance of the inclined section of
the surface. Recalling figure 7, a truncated cone of radius
f(x) and height 𝛥𝑥 would be created from the revolution
of the function between P an Q. Hence, minimum and
maximum radius, would be given by 𝑓 𝑃D 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑄D )
respectively. Moreover, L would be given by the
minimum distance between P and Q, giving rise to a right
triangle as shown in Figure 8. Therefore, applying
Pythagorean theorem, distance L would be given by 𝐿 =
Figure 8: Hand Made representation of 2
Pythagorean theorem among P and Q 𝛥𝑥 + 𝛥𝑦 2 . Finally, introducing these value for
equation 12 as follows:

𝑓 𝑃D + 𝑓(𝑄D ) 2 2
𝐴• = 2𝜋
2
𝑄D − 𝑃D 2 + 𝑄• − 𝑃• = 𝜋 (𝑃D + 𝑄D ) 𝑄D − 𝑃D 2 + 𝑄• − 𝑃• (10)

I already defined points P and Q to be adjacent, and hence are expressed as 𝑥; , 𝑓 𝑥; and
(𝑥;J1 , 𝑓 𝑥;J1 ). Hence, equation 10, may be rewritten as :

𝛥𝑥; = 𝑄D − 𝑃D = 𝑥;J1 − 𝑥;
− 𝑦
𝐴• = 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥; ) + 𝑓(𝑥;J1 ) 𝛥𝑥; 2 + 𝛥𝑦; 2 , 𝛥𝑦 = 𝑄 − 𝑃 = 𝑦
; • • ;J1 ;
(11)

However, there must exist a point 𝐶 = 𝑐; , 𝑓 𝑐; between P and Q, whose tangent line, is parallel

to the segment 𝑃𝑄 i.e. both have the same slope. Therefore as the segment 𝑃𝑄, is the hypotenuse of
the right triangle on figure 7, we define its slope as the ratio between 𝛥𝑦; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛥𝑥; , which must be
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

equal to the rate of change of the tangent line at C. Hence, as the derivative, expresses the rate of
change of the tangent line at a given point, the relation may be expressed as follows:
𝛥𝑦;
= 𝑓 W 𝑐; ⇒ 𝛥𝑦; = 𝑓 W 𝑐; 𝛥𝑥; (12)
𝛥𝑥;

Replacing on equation 12:

𝐴• = 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥; ) + 𝑓(𝑥;J1 ) 𝛥𝑥; 2 + 𝑓 W 𝑐; 𝛥𝑥; 2 = 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥; ) + 𝑓(𝑥;J1 ) 𝛥𝑥; 2 + 𝑓 W 𝑐; 2 𝛥𝑥; 2 (13)
= 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑘+1 ) ( 𝛥𝑥𝑘 2
1 + 𝑓' 𝑐𝑘 2
= 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑘+1 ) 1 + 𝑓' 𝑐𝑘 2
𝛥𝑥𝑘

This resultant function, expresses the surface area of the surface in revolution cone created
by joining the point Q and P and creating a surface in revolution relative to the horizontal. Now
suppose, that we repeat the process for n pairs of points at a fixed horizontal distance from each
other,. Adding all the individual surface area of several truncated cones formed, we may find an
approximation to the real area of the surface of revolution. If we increase infinitely the n pairs of
points, we may reduce its horizontal distance to 0 and hence, we may express the total area as:
4E1

lim 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 + 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 + 𝛥𝑥𝑘 ) 1 + 𝑓′ 𝑐𝑘 2 Δxk (14)
4→–
;5/

Recalling that we simplified 2π due to finding the average height between points, as
Δx™ aproacches to zero, average height between points would be the height of the pints itself, and
hence, 2π. Finally recalling calculus, the derivative of any point, would be slope of tangent line at
the point itself. Hence, the segment between two points which distance tend to 0, is going to
transform into the tangent at that given point. Hence, f′(c™ )would be f W x . Then according to
Reyman sums:
4E1
š
lim 2𝜋 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 1 + 𝑓′ 𝑥𝑘 2 Δxk = 2𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 1 + 𝑓′ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4→ – ›
(15)
;5/

This states the area of any surface in revolution given by f(x) between an interval [a,b].
Hence, I decided to apply this formula on the upper. Right section of the lip, and then multiplied by
two, due to symmetry with the upper left segment. However, this would yield the area of
surface rotated a complete revolution, which is not the case for the lips. Therefore, before
funding the area, I have to restrict the revolution. Then, taking a lateral preference photo of
the woman lips, I located key points at the origin of the mouth, the maximum popoint of the
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

upper lip and the minimum point of the upper lip, in order to define the opening angle as
shown in figure 9. Once defined the opening angle, I found its equivalent value in radians,
in order to introduce it into the Integral. Hence,
2S}
𝛼•$ ‡›ž$›4• = .
1•/

Repeating the process for the lower lip, its yielded,

2•} Ÿ}
= . From here, I tried to graph the surface in
1•/ QP

revolution using Geogebra, but I found more efficient

Figure 9: Lateral Woman Lip
the graphing system of Matlab. Then I plug the
ojo no se ve Reference photo, with Key
bien points and Opening angle. equations, an restricted the revolution to 2S}
1•/
for the
Made in Geogebra 5
upper lip, and − Ÿ}
QP
for the lower section. For this, I
assumed that both lips connect at an horizontal reference point. However, this statement
isn’t true in reference photos. For simplicity, I decided to make an approximation of the
area of the lips, instead of an exact model of the lips. More accurate approximations, must
have to take into account inner inclusions. Then, graphing both lips, I got:

Figure 10: Matlab Visual Display for both function

rotated among the x axis
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

Before defining the area of the lips, I had to define the derivative of the both function, for
the upper and for the lower sections. Then if we define the upper right section of the lip to
be f(x) and the whole lower lip section to be g(x), we derive as follows:
𝑑
𝑓W 𝑥 = [−0.123(𝑥 + 0.920)5 + 1.439(𝑥 + 0.920)4 − 5.822(𝑥 + 0.920)3
𝑑𝑥
+ 9.193 𝑥 + 0.920)2 − 4.384𝑥 − 2.940 (16)

defining x+0.920 as u:
𝑑
𝑓W 𝑥 = [−0.123(𝑢)5 + 1.439(𝑢)4 − 5.822(𝑢)3 + 9.193𝑢2 − 4.384𝑥 − 2940] (17)
𝑑𝑥

Cancelling the constant term, distributing the differential with the terms with respect
to u and with respect to x, and applying chain rule for u:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
𝑓W 𝑥 = [−0.123(𝑢)5 + 1.439(𝑢)4 − 5.822(𝑢)3 + 9.193𝑢2 ][ ] – [4.384𝑥] (18)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 W 𝑥 = [−0.515(𝑢)4 + 5.756(𝑢)3 − 17.466(𝑢)2 + 18.386𝑢][1] – 4.384
𝑓 W 𝑥 = −0.515(𝑥 + 0.920)4 + 5.756(𝑥 + 0.920)3 − 17.466(𝑥 + 0.920)2 + 18.386(𝑥 + 0.920)– 4.384

And For g(x) assuming 0.639x as u:

𝑔 𝑥 = −0.745 cos 0.639𝑥 = −0.745 cos 𝑢 (19)

W
𝑔 𝑥 = 0.745 sin 0.639𝑥 0.639
Introducing values for the lower lip in the integral: as follows
2.Q¡ 7𝜋 2
/
0.745 cos 0.639𝑥 1 + 0.745 sin 0.639𝑥 0.639 𝑑𝑥 (20)
45

7𝜋 2.46
cos 0.639𝑥 1 + (0.227)sin2 0.639𝑥 𝑑𝑥
45 0

Although the integral could be solved by advanced integration techniques, such as

integration by parts or trigonometric substitution, I rather preferred to introduce the values
on my GDC yielding:
2.46
7𝜋
cos 0.639𝑥 1 + 0.227 sin2 0.639𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1.586𝜇2
45 −2.46

Resultant value is then 1.586 square units. Then, for the lower section of the lip, we
introduce the polynomial into the equation 14. As, is restricted from the origin to 2.46, with
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

respect to an axis of symmetry I calculated the area of the upper-right section and the
multiplied by 2. Hence:
𝑓1 𝑥 = [−0.123(𝑥 + 0.920)P + 1.439(𝑥 + 0.920)Q − 5.822(𝑥 + 0.920)S + 9.193 𝑥 + 0.920)2 − 4.384𝑥 − 2.940 ,
2.Q¡
7𝜋
( )[𝑓 𝑥 ] 1 + [−0.515(𝑥 + 0.920)Q + 5.756(𝑥 + 0.920)S − 17.466(𝑥 + 0.920)2 + 18.386(𝑥 + 0.920)– 4.382]2 𝑑𝑥
/ 45 1
= 2.242331558 𝜇 2 ⇒ 2.242331558 𝜇 2 ∗ 2 = 4.485 𝜇 2

Hence, adding areas of both sections we define the total lip surface area as 6,071 𝜇2 .
Mu (𝜇2 ), refers to an arbitrary square unit, such as cm2 or in2. Taking into account, that the
image was initially adjust in order to its scale to be equivalent to the Cartesian one we may
affirm that the total surface area is given by: 6,071 𝒄𝒎𝟐 .

1.3 Conclusion
Among the procedure for the determining the area I realize how complex, modelling
an structure such as the lip could be. Although I accomplish my initial aim of defining an
approximation for the lip area, this could be improved in several ways. For the Lagrangian
for example, I expected to have more similar structure that the one that the polynomial
yielded after the interpolation. I defined very few key points for defining the function, but
increasing the number of points, although increasing the precision of the interpolation, It
would increase the degree of the function as well, becoming harder to analyze and
integrate. Also taking into account that I assumed an horizontal plane as origin for the
revolution, is obvious that does not the case for the inner section of the lip, and hence the
approximation may lose reliability. Sincerely I want to express my happiness of how I
could use different math areas, such as trigonometry, calculus and basic function and
algebra for solving the problem; a clear example that math is rather a network of
knowledge that just a boring school subject as many of my friends believe.
Finally, with a more accurate approximation we may define the very basis of a
further investigation for defining the amount of lipstick per use, and therefore give use
techniques in order to reduce the excess of the product, and hence prevent major health
issues. However, this is just a way of applied mathematics for avoiding more harmful
scenarios. Nevertheless let this internal assessment not just the way the beginning of an
investigation for reducing the damage of the lipstick, but as the beginning of a major
reflection in order to regulate this kind of components in not only cosmetic products but in
all commercial products as well.
 Integration on Defining Lips Surface Area

References
Rasanayagam, S. (4 de April de 2014). Are Lipsticks Dangerous? Recuperado el 2 de June
de 2018, de CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/04/opinion/rasanayagam-
lipstick-lead/index.html
Jr., G. B. (2015). Integrales y campos Vectoriales . En G. B. Jr., Calculo Varias Variables
(13ª Edición ed., págs. 980-991). Mexico D.F: Pearson.
Jr, G. B. (2015). Integrales . En G. B. Jr, Calculo: Una Variable (págs. 249-259). Mexico
D.F: Pearson.

La exploración es muy
buena tiene su detalles
por corregir pero en si es
muy interesante, No me
gusta que por momentos
se pierde el compromiso
personal y no es muy
evidente, Además me
parece que son muy
pocas referencias para el
tipo de trabajo
presentado.