Deep Densification Method 1 - Techniques

-·-··~--~~~--.~---·--·-··-····--·-~~- ..
- -
CE5106 --Deep Densiflcation Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
DEEP DENSIFICATION METHOD -1
VIBRO TECHNIQUES,
SCP (SAND COMPACTION PILES)
STOEN COLUMN
Dr. Chew Soon Hoe

ceecsh@nus.edu.sg
Parts of this lecture and photos were courtesv from Dr Ratu.

Manager Director of Keller Foundation I Southeast A sial Pte Ltd.
Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015
~-~-·~-··
CE5106 -- Deep Denslflcation Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Vibro-compaction and vibro-flotation -- are methods of

deep compaction for the deep densification of granular
soils by means of rearranging loose cohesionless sand
grains into a denser array by vibration means.
Stone column and Sand compaction piles (or collectively

called Vibro- Replacement method) are method making
use of columns of granular method (Sand or Gravel),
being dandified by vibration methods, infilling in the
clayey soil layer to acts as reinforcement or load bearing
or overall strength improvement.

C£5106 ~~Deep Densification Method·1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
a.
-
o f .,a
Vibro-compaction
CE5106 ~~ Deep Denslflcation Method~1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
toklmn
b. Vlbro...-eplacemenl

CE5106 .~Deep Densification Method·1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Contents
Part 1: Vibro Compaction
(including Vibro-flotation and Vibro-compaction)
• Overview
• Execution
• Applications
• Quality Control
CE5106 •• Deep Densification Method·1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Contents
Part 2: Vibro Replacement

(including SCP and Stone column)
• Overview
• Execution
• Applications
• Quality Control

CE5106 --Deep Denslfication Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Distance (m)
FIGURE 2.9
Comparison of general vibration levels induced by vibtcKOmpat:tioo and heavy
urnping (or dynamic compaction). (Dobson tWi SlocomlM ( 1982}.1
···-----~-----------------~
1)pe of soU
Excellent Not applicable

Good Exoellent
Poor Good
Not applicable Good
Good Exoellent
Depends on nature of fill Good
Not applicable Not applicable

C£5106 ~~Deep Denslflcatlon Method~1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Part 1
Overview of
Vibro Compaction
C£5106 --Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column

CE5106 ~~ Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Change in Density of Soil
0~11$\eyQf$611
b'ilf~r\1 ti"lt~~ent
{\Aore Mil cowbru{

h~tr~~
CE5106 ~~Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
PRINCIPLES OF VIBRO COMPACTION
• Vibrator, connected to a series of extension tubes, is

lowered into the ground
• Vibration, water jetting and the vibrator's own weight

assist penetration to the required treatment depth
• Once the required depth is reached, the bottom jet is

closed
• The compaction process starts whereby the vibrator is

held at a particular depth for a certain period (-40 to
50sec) before the next lift
• Every lift is usually about 0.5m and the vibrator is

slowly removed to the surface
CE5106 ~-Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
De[!th Vibrator- Bottom I Side Water

Dr Chew S H, NUS, 2015
1---------------------------------------------------j
CE5106 -~ Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
tlq. ) VJ.bro-Actd• U•ad tor sud Dtn•UJ.c.tJ.on

UrOIII Saito, 19'77)
CE5106 --Deep Densificatlan Methad-1: Vibra Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Vibro-
flotation
machine
- Vibro-flot
CE5106 --Deep
aWiy. c:ttfolti a mo-

mtnury "qulell;" condition
tht.., e~t tll• e.qulpmtt~t
"WhlctlJlol'mltslh• vlbtllll,;g
Vibro- fTild'llnt to s~nlc of Ill own
W!!ight to the dll!;•ited depth. Act.,._! oc>mpllctkin t•Mt
pta c. <ho~;ln; ihf tntflvt'-
flotation btiYottn tht one·fool IJIU
v.ttitfttre n!tdtln returning
Tht wa\tt hom tht tower
process IN Vibroflot to tM wrfJCt,
}ttllttanderred to the top 1ht tllrator [f fluullowcd
lett. al'l(t Ult pr~ and w.,," at the bottotnof
voluma uo fed-l~~tt tilt a;li~ IJn(i1 thtdttlttd
enough to emy the ~nd to
dftl;;lity itround d\t lowtt
the lJQUom of the hole.
put of 1M tnldliMit•1·
-
tamed. 8yral$1ngthc¥J.
lPr•Wfst~bvtttP•M
~rbaddUfing,
tht,flf'llhd~flllf 60it ..
ftiure. 4,9 Sditmalie diagram of vibrocompactlou or vlbto&llti® ~~ o( stuuJat IOUI.

{O>mpUmtlllt of Vlbroftotol/a< C«po<ol/011, Pitubiul, PAJ
C£5106 •. Deep Denstncation Method·1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Settlement after treatment is usually in the range of

5-10% of compaction depth
Benefits of Vibro Compaction f.' t-flo-L

r ·rr··.. 1
(~'
• Increase of load bearing and settlement , ~!/;-
characteristics. Increase of qc. ~ ~ 'CfJ
Pre-compaction : 4MPa to 8MPa foo~ tnM N
Post Compaction : 8MPa to 20MPa ~ce QWd V
• Increase stability of soil due to increase of frictio
angle k()§: /11.'2:"1.~~~!;:...
Pre-compaction : 28° to 30°it!nd 1. ~'C b 1
Post Compaction : 33° to 35° dan~ ;,. ·Kli'·
l '. ~--o-.._-
'' ""'
~'4nd r.,yt ~.-c

• Mitigate earthquake induced liquefaction of soil

CE5106 ··Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
The degree of improvement depends on
1. Type of soils (silica or calcareous sand

or gravel) vo?d/~ ~· ~de
/atH/e
·Fines and shell content in sand \i ,1
Installation spacing dependent on ~/w1"1'£ ,o
equipment type
4. Skills & Experience of Site Personnel
CE5106 •• Deep Denslflcation Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Execution of Vibro
Compaction

- ---------------,
Land Compaction -Single Vibro (max depth

=65m)
G£5106 ·-Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Land Compaction
-Twin Vibro ~imprOved ;-vdui'1J}f
(up to 30m depth)

CE5106 --Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Off-shore Vibro Compaction

with Twin Vibro
Multiple Vibro

Applications of
Vibro Compaction
CE5106 -·Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Highway
Loose
Sand
Highways on Reclaimed Land

Highways, Jurong Island

Airport Runway
Runway
I
,.. ___________ 4000m-·---.---·--·-·->-1
1:,:<-::·"-'.;"l Treatment area
I I
CE5106 --Deep Densiffcatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Port Terminal
Dr Chews H, NUS, 2015
e::; ,~d. .
e,.~
< fl. .c. t,. '"
Hard
t:(J-r{ I~ ,
i RD~~~
Foundations .!fofPipeline

VLCC Twin Pipeline, Jurong Island
CE5106 --Deep Densification Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
- -
,.................
~--"'--··-*·~
... -·~
. __ _
..
.......
·---~·-~
,.,
-~~.,....~
-~~--~·-~ ...
-~ ... ;:._{l~~r.1.\l.~
;;;;-"---•-·v·~··
"''""~
Varying VC treatment intensity to support plant

CE5106 ~~Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Vibro Compaction Treotment
Tank foundations
CE5106 --Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
orchewsH.Nus. 2015 Tank Farms, Jurong Island

CE5106 --Deep Denslflcatlon Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Sand Key Compaction

for Slope Stability in
Reclamation Projects
CE5106 -- Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
SANDKEY ON & OFFSHORE

Sand key compaction from both

land and marine
Construction
photos of Tuas
view Extension
Job, Singapoore

SCP & Stone Column
Stone Column
Dr ChewS H. NUS, 2015

---------
Quality Control for

Vibro Compaction

Pre & Post

Compaction CPlJ
"~-- Call1rR~ po
DrCh(
Land CPT Rig
Marine CPT
CE5106 --Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column- +""'
~.... u .. •J
Process Quality
Control Measures
Dr Chew
Part 2
Overview of
Vibro Replacement

CE5106 --Deep Densification Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
The Basic Concept

~---~~--~-~--··~~~-. --~-·-~-~-.- ~~··--~-·-·
CE5106 w• Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Vibro Replacement
• Introduction of coarse grained material into

very soft soils
• Columns of stones/gravels are created
• The material acts as load bearing element and
vertical drain
• The improved ground has lower
compressibility and higher shear strength
• The stone columns also increase the rate of
consolidation by acting as vertical drains~hR,/ .fo ~~1lfq-[e
0 ~ ~Yf''JJ'"''W
• Stone columns also mitigate earthquake
induced liquefaction 1 °
The degree of improvement depends on
1. The type of sojls being treated

2. Diam~ column
3. Installation spacing & configuration
~ --
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1)
Equivalent Soil Model (Priebe, 1995)
STONE COMPOSITE
CLAY
COLUMNS SOIL MATRIX
C£5106 --Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Execution of Vibro
Replacement

CE5106 --Deep Denslflcation "!fethod-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Simple illustration of Stone Column construction on Land
CE5106 --Deep Densffication Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Wet Top Feed Method of Installation

C£5106 ~~Deep Denslfication Method~1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Wet Method - Top Feed Method

• Needs water jetting
• Only requires crane hung vibrator string
• Penetration by water jetting & vibratory force
• Stone feeding from top through hole created

during penetration
Dr ChewS H,
-------------·---
Dry Method- Bottom Feed Method
Penetration Dlsp1atement Completion
CE5106 -- Deep Densification Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone ColUmn
Dry Method- Bottom Feed Method

• No water jetting
• Custom built machines- Vibrocats
• Penetration by pull down thrust & vibratory force
• Stone feeding from bottom through vibrator using

compressed air
• No disruption to the existing traffic flow and

surrounding neighborhood
• Environmental friendly system for urban areas

···-------
C£5106 --Deep Dens/fication Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Dry Bottom Feed Method - Installation Process
Dr
Land Alpha-S system allows deeper

orchewsH.Nus,2o1penetration (max 45m in Germany)
-~ .~--~---~------- -------· ··--· ~----
CE5106 ~~Deep Denslfication Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Methodology for Off-Shore Installation

• Bottom feed method is required
• Consists of a vibrator suspended from combined stone

feeder and extension tubes with compression chamber and
stone feeder hopper
• Whole system is hung from a high capacity crane mounted

on a barge
• GPS is utilized for positioning of installation points
• Penetration to the required depth is assisted by ground

vibration, pressurized air and the dead weight of the vibrator
string
CE5106 --Deep Densiflcation Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
• When req'd depth is reached, the vibrator is retracted 1 to 2m
• The pressurized stone tube forces the aggregates to exit and

fill the void created
• Vibrator re-penetrates to compact and compress the

aggregates into the surrounding soil
• The up and down movements are repeated until the stone

charge is used up
• Upon completion, a compacted column of stone is left in the

ground

Offshore Bottom Feed Method

CE5106 -- Deep Densiflcation Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Excavator discharging stones into stone

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015 chamber
-------------
Alpha-S with Gravel Jet system

for deep marine stone columns
Double-locked
Dr

Alpha-S with Gravel Jet system
-------- ---- ----
CE5106 ~·Deep Denslfication Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Allows deeper marine stone columns(- 30m)

Applications for
Vibro Replacement

Applications of Vibro Replacement

··-- """
Tank foundations Highway embankments Railway embankments
Others
• Industrial structures
• Bridge approaches
Reinforced earth walls Individual footings • Runways
Railway embankments

----~- ~-------,
Railway Embankment
CE5106 --Deep Densificatlon Method-1: V/bro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Railway Embankment
Highway
···--··-------------------!
Bridge Approach - Putrajaya, M'sia

Bridge Approach
RE Wall

14m high RE Wall on Stone Columns
!---------· -------------------···-·--·---------i
Highway Interchange on soft soil

CE5106 •• Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Highway Interchanges
Working close to existing roads
CE5106 --Deep Denslfication Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Airport Runway -short working time

----~---~--~ --------------
CE5106 -- Deep Densiflcatlon Method-1: Vlbro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Tank Foundations - Hazira, India

Tank Foundations - Mangalore, India

.------ - - - - - - - · --- - - - - ----· . --
Quality Control for

Vibro Replacement
Exposed Vibro Stone columns

------ -----------
CE5106 --Deep Denslficatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
Stone Column Testing
CE5106 -- Deep Denslficatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column

Stone Column Testing
--~~--~~
·--·~·-~ ··--~--
---·~---··
r--~~----·
C£5106 --Deep Densiflcation Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
( 1v1 <JoYie.
~oil
T• J"'~~., ~, ~ ~CC'T~T~[ ~ ~ ~
I ... ,. ~ ...:. ~ -- . "' i '.cf'" i;,i\4·~:J,... ""~

'l'i•
I . .. .. .. ... I
~ ·::. c:c:c::cc:~ :·:. ~-· -:~~··:·
. ~~~--J'~2 }~l _]~=:::,~::;:::::;:::::;::::;
!JdlJali1tv Control -
Installation Record
C£5106 --Deep Densificatlon Method-1: Vibro Techniques, SCP & Stone Column
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your attention

Deep Densification Method 1 - Techniques

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-·-··~--~~~--.~---·--·-··-····--·-~~- ..

DEEP DENSIFICATION METHOD -1

Dr. Chew Soon Hoe

Parts of this lecture and photos were courtesv from Dr Ratu.

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Vibro-compaction and vibro-flotation -- are methods of

Stone column and Sand compaction piles (or collectively

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Part 1: Vibro Compaction

(including Vibro-flotation and Vibro-compaction)

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Part 2: Vibro Replacement

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Excellent Not applicable

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Change in Density of Soil

{\Aore Mil cowbru{

PRINCIPLES OF VIBRO COMPACTION

• Vibrator, connected to a series of extension tubes, is

• Vibration, water jetting and the vibrator's own weight

• Once the required depth is reached, the bottom jet is

• The compaction process starts whereby the vibrator is

• Every lift is usually about 0.5m and the vibrator is

De[!th Vibrator- Bottom I Side Water

tlq. ) VJ.bro-Actd• U•ad tor sud Dtn•UJ.c.tJ.on

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

aWiy. c:ttfolti a mo-

ftiure. 4,9 Sditmalie diagram of vibrocompactlou or vlbto&llti® ~~ o( stuuJat IOUI.

Settlement after treatment is usually in the range of

Benefits of Vibro Compaction f.' t-flo-L

~'4nd r.,yt ~.-c

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

The degree of improvement depends on

1. Type of soils (silica or calcareous sand

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Land Compaction -Single Vibro (max depth

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Off-shore Vibro Compaction

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Highways on Reclaimed Land

Highways, Jurong Island

Dr Chews H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

VLCC Twin Pipeline, Jurong Island

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Varying VC treatment intensity to support plant

Vibro Compaction Treotment

orchewsH.Nus. 2015 Tank Farms, Jurong Island

Sand Key Compaction

SANDKEY ON & OFFSHORE

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Sand key compaction from both

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H. NUS, 2015

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015

Quality Control for

Dr ChewS H, NUS, 2015