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Structural performance of Recycled coarse aggregate concrete by different

curing regimes

Article  in  International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology · March 2019

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1167–1175 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_130
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED

COARSE AGGREGATE CONCRETE BY
DIFFERENT CURING REGIMES
Remya R Nair
Student, M-Tech, Struct, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering,
VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India

Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem

Associate Professor, Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management,
VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is to determine the structural performance of optimum mix
of recycled coarse aggregate concrete by different curing regimes and to compare the
recycled aggregate concrete with conventional concrete. The curing condition used in
this study are normal curing and use of two type of self-curing agent i.e., poly ethylene
glycol 4000 and paraffin wax. The control mix used in this study is M25 with addition
of 10% of metakaolin. The percentage of recycled aggregate is varying 0%- 60%. The
properties of recycled aggregate are improved by using surface treatment (HCl
treatment)
Key words: Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Self-Curing Agent, Poly-Ethylene Glycol
and Paraffin Wax
Cite this Article: Remya R Nair and Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem, Structural
Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1167–1175.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION
The rate of construction and demolishing waste generated in India is about 50 million tonnes
annually as per Ministry of environment. And these figures will be increasing every year. The
lack of management of construction and demolishing waste develops many problems in our
environment like shortage of dumping site for disposal of waste, increase in cost of
transportation and disposal of waste and to create natural degradation. The sustainable concrete
production is the only solution to overcome these issues. One of the method adopted in
construction industry for production of sustainable concrete is to introduce the recycled
aggregate from the construction and demolishing waste.

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 Structural Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes

This research mainly focuses on the structural performance of the recycled coarse aggregate
concrete by different curing regimes and also determine the basic properties of recycled
aggregate (RCA). Curing play an important role in the production of the concrete. It provides
adequate moisture content for the development of better mechanical and durability properties.
Many researches are carried out on the concrete by different curing condition like self-curing,
normal curing, thermal curing etc. From most of the literatures shows that self- curing concrete
gives extra strength and good durability property. It provides internal curing and to reduce heat
of hydration. This paper mainly deals with behaviour of RCA by self-curing condition and
normal curing. Poly ethylene glycol 4000 and paraffin wax are used as self-curing agents.
The grade of concrete used in this study is M25. From the literatures, addition of
cementitious material improves the properties of recycled aggregate in the concrete. Therefore,
control mix adopted in this study is M25 with addition of 10% of metakaolin. The percentage
of recycled aggregate is varying from 0%- 60% at the interval of 10%. Determination of
optimum content of recycled aggregate is the basic step for this study. Using this optimum
percentage of RCA, flexural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete beam by different curing
regimes are studied.

2. BACKGROUND
The waste generated in India is mainly due to construction industry. Out of these waste,
concrete composes 65% of the total construction waste. Concrete waste is mainly produced by
demolishing the building. Many research has indicated the generation of construction and
demolishing waste are due to improper material management, faulty design of construction,
poor labour work etc. Many countries are trying to reduce the construction and demolishing
waste. But some major companies follow these regulations to reduce this construction waste
and maximize the recycling procedure [1]. The quality of recycled waste can be improved by
advanced technique like high performance sonic impulse [2]. Debris mixed concrete is cheaper
than normal concrete. From literature, cost of the debris mix is around 163/sqm which is less
than that of normal mix is around 186/sqm [3]. The best method is to reduce the demolishing
and construction waste are 3R and 4R techniques which includes reduce, reuse, recycle and
recovery [4]. Government actions like tax for landfill, tax reduction for using recycled material,
high use of natural construction material tax etc. are also used to improve the waste
management [4]. Most of the recycled aggregate contain large amount of adhered mortar. These
adhered mortars affect the properties of recycled aggregate and mechanical and durability
properties of concrete. Adhered mortar attached in aggregate increase the rate of water
absorption and reduce the specific gravity of the aggregate [6,8]. The quality of physical
properties of recycled aggregates are less than that of normal aggregate. Mainly surface
treatment is used to remove the adhered mortar present in the aggregate and thereby increase
the quality of aggregate. [13]. The commonly used surface treatments are HCl treatment and
thermal treatment. For large scale of treatment, HCl treatment is considered as the best method.
[13]. Recycled aggregates have rough texture and angular shape which improve the bonding
characteristics of aggregate with paste content [8]. The saturated recycled aggregate with high
strength concrete gives good structural performance [9]. Many studies are carried out on the
basis of self- curing concrete and concluded that self- curing improve qualities of concrete than
normal curing [17]. The optimum percentage of PEG 4000 is found to be 1.5% by the weight
of the cement [17].

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 Remya R Nair and Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The basic step of this research was to find the optimum percentage of RCA by taking
compressive strength of concrete with varying percentage of RCA i.e., 0% -60% at the interval
of 10%. After determining the optimum percentage of RCA, the structural behaviour of
recycled aggregate concrete by different curing regimes was studied.

3.1. Materials Used in this Study

In general, concrete consist of a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.
To improve the properties of the concrete, additional materials are added to the concrete by the
replacement of basic materials in the concrete. The cement used in this study was OPC 53 grade
conforming to IS 12269 (1987) and sand was used conforming zone II IS 383(1970). In this
work mainly concentrate on the replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled aggregate. The
recycled aggregates were collected from college premises. Here 10% metakaolin was added as
the replacement of cement.

3.2. Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates

The recycled aggregates are obtained from crushing of old concrete cubes and it contain large
amount of mortar present in the surface of aggregates. Two method are available in literature
for the removal of attached mortar, which are HCl treatment and thermal treatment. In HCl
treatment, firstly aggregates were soaked into 0.1 molar concentration of HCl for 24 hrs. After
24 hrs the aggregates were taken out and washed thoroughly with clean water. So, that the
attached mortars were removed. In thermal treatment method, the aggregates were soaked in
water for 2 hrs and water saturates the mortar content. After soaking procedure aggregate was
dried in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 100 ℃ for 2 hrs. Again, the aggregates were soaked
in water for 2 hrs. From these two methods HCl treatment is beneficial for large quantity of
aggregates. So, that HCl treatment was selected for this complete research work. The properties
of treated and untreated aggregates are listed in the table 1.

Table 1 Properties of coarse aggregate

Properties Natural aggregate Untreated RCA HCl treated RCA
Water absorption 0.8% 4.6% 1.4%
Specific gravity 2.72 2.42 2.5
Abrasion resistance 25% 33% 28.4%
Impact value 18.9 25% 19.5%

3.3. Sieve Analysis of RCA

The sieve analysis was carried out for HCl treated recycled aggregates. The maximum size of
aggregate was found to be 2o mm from particle size distribution curve.

3.4. Curing Regimes

Curing is most beneficial step for attaining better strength and durability properties of concrete.
The main objective of this research was to find the mechanical performance of recycled coarse
aggregate concrete by different curing regimes. Three different curing regimes were used
namely normal curing agent and two type of self-curing i.e. poly ethylene glycol 4000 and
paraffin wax. Self-curing is an internal curing that prevent the escape of water from concrete
to outside. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a white crystalline structure and its specific gravity is
1.126. And it is soluble in water and molecular weight of PEG-4000 is 4000.The general
formula of PEG is H (O-CH2-CH2) –n OH, where n is number of oxy ethylene group. It is a
condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water gives the poly ethylene glycol. Paraffin Wax

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 Structural Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes

(WAX) in liquid form was used in this study. Paraffin wax protects the water inside the concrete
and thereby reduce the hydration property of cement and it gives extra strength than normal
curing.

3.5. Mix Design Details

The grade of concrete used in this study was M25 with addition of 10% of metakaolin. The
percentage replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled aggregates were
10%,20%,30%,40%,50% and 60%. The details of mixes are given Table 2.

Table 2 Details of mixes

W/C Cement Sand Metakaolin Coarse Recycled

Mix Id
Ratio (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) Aggregate(kg/m3) Aggregate(kg/m3)
MR0 0.45 476 680 53 1046 0
MR10 0.45 476 680 53 941 97
MR20 0.45 476 680 53 837 193
MR30 0.45 476 680 53 732 291
MR40 0.45 476 680 53 627 396
MR50 0.45 476 680 53 523 485
MR60 0.45 476 680 53 418 582

3.6. Determination of Optimum % of Self-Curing Agent

For fixing the optimum percentage of self-curing agent, the cubes were casted for 7 and 14
days. From literature, optimum percentage of poly ethylene glycol was 1% and paraffin wax
was 2%. Based on these values, different concrete mixes were prepared by varying the
percentage of poly ethylene glycol (0.5%,1%, 1.25% and1.5% of weight of binder) and paraffin
wax (1%,1.5%,2% and 2.5%).

3.7. Testing Procedure for Flexural Analysis

3.7.1. Specification of Beam
The size of beam 1100 mm× 150 mm× 100 mm was used for entire study. Four 10 mm diameter
bars were provided as longitudinal reinforcement and six numbers of stirrups of diameter 6mm
at 175 mm spacing were provided in the beam.

3.7.2. Experimental Setup

Figure 1

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 Remya R Nair and Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem

Figure 2
After completion of 28 days curing the beams were subjected to four-point loading under
universal testing machine available in strength of materials lab. The details of arrangement is
shown in fig.1 and 2. Dial gauge was arranged in the middle of the beam to calculate the
deflection at centre. The hydraulic load was applied gradually and measure the deflection of
beam at interval of 2kN load. During loading, the first crack was observed and corresponding
deflection was noticed. The load was applied upto 40% of ultimate load. This process is
continued for all beams and also notes the ultimate load with corresponding deflection for all
beam specimens. Similarly, longitudinal strain was determined by using mechanical strain
gauge fixed at quarter span and middle section of the beam. During loading the strain
measurements was noted for all the beams.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The optimum percentage of RCA was obtained by measuring the compressive strength of each
percentage at the age of 7, 28 and 90 days as represented in fig 3. Based on this optimum
percentage of both RCA and self-curing agents, the flexural analysis of beam was studied.

4.1. Compressive Strength

The cubes were cast for 7, 28 and 90 days as shown in fig. 3. The maximum capacity of
compression testing machine was used 2000 kN and the load rate used was 2.5 kN/sec. The
optimum percentage of RCA was found to be 30 % by compressive strength result. The value
of compressive strength increases by adding percentage of RCA up to 30%, then compressive
strength value decreases. In the case of curing agent optimum value was determined by
measuring compressive strength at 7 and 14 days. In the case of PEG 4000, compressive
strength value was increases up to 1% and then decreases in fig. 4. And for wax, strength value
increases up to 1.5% and then decreases in fig. 5. The optimum percentage of poly ethylene
glycol paraffin wax were found to be 1% and 1.5% respectively.

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 Structural Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes

Figure 3 Compressive strength Vs % of RCCA

Figure 4 Compressive strength Vs % of PEG

Figure 5 Compressive strength Vs % of WAX

4.2. Flexural Analysis of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

4.2.1. Load Deflection Curve
The mid span loading displacement curve was used for analysing the mechanical behaviour of
behaviour of beam. The curves show that, the load increases with increasing the deflection of
the beam. fig 4. shows the characteristics of mid span load displacement curve. From this figure
at the initial stage of loading, the graph of load displacement curve was linear because of the
constant stiffness of the beam. And then became the stiffness of the beam reduced so that the
linear behaviour of curve changed to nonlinear with increasing the load in the loading-
displacement curve. The failure of the tensile concrete portion was due to non-linearity in this
curve.

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 Remya R Nair and Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem

PEG WAX RAC NAC

60
50
40
30
LOAD(kN)

20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
DEFLECTION(mm)

Figure 6 Load Vs Defection of beam specimens

Again, increasing the load, the load displacement curve shows more non-linearity
behaviour caused by increasing the width of the crack at the tension zone of the reinforced
concrete beam. when the ultimate state was reached, the stiffness of the beam was again
reduced which causes the concrete at the compression part became crushed and the steel at the
tension zone of the beam was yielded. and also, mid-span deflection was directly depending on
the load incremental rate and it became maximum at ultimate state. From these four graph, it
was clear that the first crack was occurred at higher load in the case of beam specimen with
RCA content. The reason was that, the RCA had better interlocking property than natural
aggregates.

4.2.2. Average Longitudinal Strain

Table 3 Longitudinal strain in compression fibre and tension fibre

Quarter Span Middle Span
Beam Compression Fibre Tension Fibre Compression Fibre Tension Fibre
NAC 0.0012 0.0018 0.0023 0.0026
RAC 0.001075 0.0018 0.00256 0.0029
WAX 0.0024 0.00269 0.0026 0.0029
PEG 0.00218 0.00237 0.0023 0.0027

4.2.3. Effect of Recycled Aggregate on Cracking and Ultimate loading

The cracking and ultimate loads were different for different beam, which are described in table
3.
Table 4 Cracking and Ultimate loads
LOAD(kN) NAC RAC PEG WAX
Cracking load 16 22 20 18
Ultimate load 32.4 42.8 42.6 48.6
From figure 6, it was clear that the first cracking load was higher for recycled aggregate
concrete than normal aggregate concrete. The load at first crack was 37.5% higher in recycled
aggregate concrete, 15.38% higher in peg and 12.5% higher in WAX than normal aggregate
concrete. Similarly, the ultimate load capacity was increasing with the effect of recycled
aggregate in concrete. In the case of wax, the ultimate load carrying capacity was higher than

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 Structural Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes

other concrete mixes. The ultimate load carrying capacity was 50% higher in WAX, 31.48%
higher in peg and 32.09 % higher in RCA than normal aggregate concrete.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions were made from the experimental work on recycled aggregate concrete and
ordinary concrete by different curing conditions. The optimum percentage was found from 6
pairs of recycled aggregate mix comparing with normal concrete mix. The important findings
from this research were summarised below.
• Properties of RCA was improved by surface treatment like HCl treatment and thermal
treatment. For large quantity of aggregates, HCl treatment was better than thermal treatment
because thermal treatment requires more time compared to HCl treatment. Efficiency of thermal
treatment was much higher than HCl treatment.
• The optimum percentage of RCA was 30 % found from different mix with varying percentage
of RCA (0%- 60%). And also, the optimum percentage of self-curing agents i.e. PEG 4000 and
paraffin wax were found to be 1% and 1.5% of weight of binder respectively.
• The ultimate load was 40.2% higher in WAX compared to control mix. Initiation of cracking
for RCA concrete occurred at 22 kN which was higher than for conventional concrete (i.e., 16
kN). This might indicate that increased aggregate interlock for RCA.
• Longitudinal strain values at the middle segment was found to be more than the quarter segment

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