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ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is to determine the structural performance of optimum mix
of recycled coarse aggregate concrete by different curing regimes and to compare the
recycled aggregate concrete with conventional concrete. The curing condition used in
this study are normal curing and use of two type of self-curing agent i.e., poly ethylene
glycol 4000 and paraffin wax. The control mix used in this study is M25 with addition
of 10% of metakaolin. The percentage of recycled aggregate is varying 0%- 60%. The
properties of recycled aggregate are improved by using surface treatment (HCl
treatment)
Key words: Recycled Aggregate Concrete, Self-Curing Agent, Poly-Ethylene Glycol
and Paraffin Wax
Cite this Article: Remya R Nair and Rama Mohan Rao. Pannem, Structural
Performance of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete by Different Curing Regimes.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1167–1175.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
The rate of construction and demolishing waste generated in India is about 50 million tonnes
annually as per Ministry of environment. And these figures will be increasing every year. The
lack of management of construction and demolishing waste develops many problems in our
environment like shortage of dumping site for disposal of waste, increase in cost of
transportation and disposal of waste and to create natural degradation. The sustainable concrete
production is the only solution to overcome these issues. One of the method adopted in
construction industry for production of sustainable concrete is to introduce the recycled
aggregate from the construction and demolishing waste.
This research mainly focuses on the structural performance of the recycled coarse aggregate
concrete by different curing regimes and also determine the basic properties of recycled
aggregate (RCA). Curing play an important role in the production of the concrete. It provides
adequate moisture content for the development of better mechanical and durability properties.
Many researches are carried out on the concrete by different curing condition like self-curing,
normal curing, thermal curing etc. From most of the literatures shows that self- curing concrete
gives extra strength and good durability property. It provides internal curing and to reduce heat
of hydration. This paper mainly deals with behaviour of RCA by self-curing condition and
normal curing. Poly ethylene glycol 4000 and paraffin wax are used as self-curing agents.
The grade of concrete used in this study is M25. From the literatures, addition of
cementitious material improves the properties of recycled aggregate in the concrete. Therefore,
control mix adopted in this study is M25 with addition of 10% of metakaolin. The percentage
of recycled aggregate is varying from 0%- 60% at the interval of 10%. Determination of
optimum content of recycled aggregate is the basic step for this study. Using this optimum
percentage of RCA, flexural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete beam by different curing
regimes are studied.
2. BACKGROUND
The waste generated in India is mainly due to construction industry. Out of these waste,
concrete composes 65% of the total construction waste. Concrete waste is mainly produced by
demolishing the building. Many research has indicated the generation of construction and
demolishing waste are due to improper material management, faulty design of construction,
poor labour work etc. Many countries are trying to reduce the construction and demolishing
waste. But some major companies follow these regulations to reduce this construction waste
and maximize the recycling procedure [1]. The quality of recycled waste can be improved by
advanced technique like high performance sonic impulse [2]. Debris mixed concrete is cheaper
than normal concrete. From literature, cost of the debris mix is around 163/sqm which is less
than that of normal mix is around 186/sqm [3]. The best method is to reduce the demolishing
and construction waste are 3R and 4R techniques which includes reduce, reuse, recycle and
recovery [4]. Government actions like tax for landfill, tax reduction for using recycled material,
high use of natural construction material tax etc. are also used to improve the waste
management [4]. Most of the recycled aggregate contain large amount of adhered mortar. These
adhered mortars affect the properties of recycled aggregate and mechanical and durability
properties of concrete. Adhered mortar attached in aggregate increase the rate of water
absorption and reduce the specific gravity of the aggregate [6,8]. The quality of physical
properties of recycled aggregates are less than that of normal aggregate. Mainly surface
treatment is used to remove the adhered mortar present in the aggregate and thereby increase
the quality of aggregate. [13]. The commonly used surface treatments are HCl treatment and
thermal treatment. For large scale of treatment, HCl treatment is considered as the best method.
[13]. Recycled aggregates have rough texture and angular shape which improve the bonding
characteristics of aggregate with paste content [8]. The saturated recycled aggregate with high
strength concrete gives good structural performance [9]. Many studies are carried out on the
basis of self- curing concrete and concluded that self- curing improve qualities of concrete than
normal curing [17]. The optimum percentage of PEG 4000 is found to be 1.5% by the weight
of the cement [17].
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The basic step of this research was to find the optimum percentage of RCA by taking
compressive strength of concrete with varying percentage of RCA i.e., 0% -60% at the interval
of 10%. After determining the optimum percentage of RCA, the structural behaviour of
recycled aggregate concrete by different curing regimes was studied.
(WAX) in liquid form was used in this study. Paraffin wax protects the water inside the concrete
and thereby reduce the hydration property of cement and it gives extra strength than normal
curing.
Figure 1
Figure 2
After completion of 28 days curing the beams were subjected to four-point loading under
universal testing machine available in strength of materials lab. The details of arrangement is
shown in fig.1 and 2. Dial gauge was arranged in the middle of the beam to calculate the
deflection at centre. The hydraulic load was applied gradually and measure the deflection of
beam at interval of 2kN load. During loading, the first crack was observed and corresponding
deflection was noticed. The load was applied upto 40% of ultimate load. This process is
continued for all beams and also notes the ultimate load with corresponding deflection for all
beam specimens. Similarly, longitudinal strain was determined by using mechanical strain
gauge fixed at quarter span and middle section of the beam. During loading the strain
measurements was noted for all the beams.
60
50
40
30
LOAD(kN)
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
DEFLECTION(mm)
other concrete mixes. The ultimate load carrying capacity was 50% higher in WAX, 31.48%
higher in peg and 32.09 % higher in RCA than normal aggregate concrete.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions were made from the experimental work on recycled aggregate concrete and
ordinary concrete by different curing conditions. The optimum percentage was found from 6
pairs of recycled aggregate mix comparing with normal concrete mix. The important findings
from this research were summarised below.
• Properties of RCA was improved by surface treatment like HCl treatment and thermal
treatment. For large quantity of aggregates, HCl treatment was better than thermal treatment
because thermal treatment requires more time compared to HCl treatment. Efficiency of thermal
treatment was much higher than HCl treatment.
• The optimum percentage of RCA was 30 % found from different mix with varying percentage
of RCA (0%- 60%). And also, the optimum percentage of self-curing agents i.e. PEG 4000 and
paraffin wax were found to be 1% and 1.5% of weight of binder respectively.
• The ultimate load was 40.2% higher in WAX compared to control mix. Initiation of cracking
for RCA concrete occurred at 22 kN which was higher than for conventional concrete (i.e., 16
kN). This might indicate that increased aggregate interlock for RCA.
• Longitudinal strain values at the middle segment was found to be more than the quarter segment
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