Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers (Ted - Q&A) - 3rd Edition

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Top electrical design_-_questions_&_answers_(ted_-_q&a)_-_3rd_edition_2
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Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical...
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1. 1. Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers TED - Q&A Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Electrical Design Engineer Cairo - Egypt TED – Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012
2. 2. ‫الرحيم الرحمن اﷲ بسم "علما زدنى رب قل "و سلم و عليه اﷲ صلى اﷲ رسول على السالم و الصالة و ﷲ الحمد بعد اما يتم التى المشروعات معظم فى التركيبات أھم من المبانى فى الكھربائية والتركيبات التوصيالت أعمال تعتبر ًالفض‬
‫الكھربائية التركيبات‬. ‫الحالى الوقت فى تنفيذھا مراعاة عدم مخاطر عن الناجم الحريق أخطار من والمنشآت المبانى سالمة على الحفاظ فى األساسى دورھا عن‬، ‫الخاصة المنشآت وكذلك العادية المنشآت جميع لتشمل استخدامھا مجال اتسع وقد‬
‫المبانى فى الكھربائية والتركيبات التوصيالت تنفيذ وشروط و المعلومات ھذا من االستفادة لتعظيم جواب و‬. ‫تصميم فى الفنية األصول تصميم أسس شأن فى تتكلم التى الكاتلوجات و الكتب من العديد ًاايض و محلية و عالمية اكواد عدة صدرت وقد‬
‫ ولكن‬،‫اليه الرجوع يسھل و الكھربى التصميم ألسس سريع ملخص بمثابة لتكون السابقة الخبرات بعض و المراجع و األكواد من العديد على األسئلة ھذه تحضيرى فى اعتمدت‬. ‫سؤال شكل فى المعلومات ھذه من ًابعض اجمع ان فكرت قد و‬
‫ البريد ھذا‬: ‫الجديدة المعلومات و األسئلة‬. ‫المجال ھذا فى المبتدئين لمساعدة بداية بمثابة ولكنه عليه يعتمد علمى كتاب ليس ھذا األصدار ھو ھذاالثالثو اخطاء اية لتصحيح جل و عز اﷲ بمشيئة جديدة اصدارات عمل سيتم وإلضافةبعض‬. ‫بالطبع‬.
‫على مراسلتى ارجوا استفسار او خطأ اى جود و حالة فى‬mhezzah@hotmail.com‫الجميع على‬. ‫كفاعله الخير على الدال و‬.‫األخرة فى و الدنيا فى المعلومات ھذه تنفعكم و تنفعنى ان جل و عز اﷲ اسأل ا‬.‫ًاالحق األخطاء ھذه لتفادى‬. ‫ذالك و‬
‫اخوكمحزه عصام محمود‬/ ‫بركاته و اﷲ رحمة و عليكم السالم و‬. ‫الفائدة ّمتع كى المعلومات ھذه بنشر يبخلوا اال الجميع من رجوا‬
3. 3. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 1 Table of
Contents 1. Have you previously done design for electrical work?............................................................................................................................................................11 2. Have you
previously done shop drawing (execution) for electrical (high current) work?.......................................................................................................11 3. Are you familiar and have used the
following computer software’s: ......................................................................................................................................11 4. What are the de-rating factors considered in cable
installation?..............................................................................................................................................12 5. How can you overcome the problems of voltage drop?
..........................................................................................................................................................12 6. What are the precautions to be taken in mind when selecting an emergency feeder
running next to another feeder fed from normal supply? ......................12 7. What is the national color code of a three phase
circuit?.........................................................................................................................................................12 8. What is the meaning and the difference between (AF) & (AT) of C.B?
.................................................................................................................................12 9. What are the types of contracts? State the difference among
them?........................................................................................................................................13 10. What is difference between tender drawings, design drawings, shop drawing (Execution)
& as built drawings? ..................................................................16 11. What are the types of tests required for electrical equipment? What are the
differences?.......................................................................................................16 12. What are the types of circuit breakers? State some applications for
each?..............................................................................................................................17 13. What is the difference between thermal setting & magnetic setting of C.B?
..........................................................................................................................17 14. How can you improve the selection of a system earthing
arrangement?.................................................................................................................................18 15. What is the meant by TVSS or
SPD?......................................................................................................................................................................................18 16. What are the types of Discrimination (Selectivity)? State the
difference? ..............................................................................................................................19 17. What is
Cascading?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................20 18. Estimate the demand load (VA/m2)
regarding lighting, sockets, A/C, Equipments...etc for the following type of buildings: Hotels; Residential; Commercial/Offices; Health Care/Hospitals; Educational/Schools
........................................................................................................................................20 19. What is meant by: IP54; NEMA
3R........................................................................................................................................................................................21 20. What are codes & standards can be followed in lighting
design?............................................................................................................................................21 21. What are the types of earthing systems according to IEC? Explain each & where
recommended to be used? Compare among earthing systems.................21 22. Calculate the grounding conductor size & the grounding resistance according to BS 7430:1998 of grid of
length 80m width 40m, 12 rods with separation distance of 20m where rod length is 3m, rod diameter is 20mm, soil resistivity is 450 Ω.m, grounding conductor laid 0.8m below ground.
10 earth lattices (600mm x 600mmm) are bonded to the earth loop. Suppose that the symmetrical fault current is 20KA in 1sec duration. Where the grounding conductor is chosen to be
copper conductor and the initial temperature of conductor is 30°C & final temperature is °250C. After calculation find out if the grid safe or not
safe?..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26 23. What is the Dynamic UPS (No
Break Generator)? State some applications? Compare with Static UPS................................................................................31 24. What are the types of cable trays? State some applications?
How can you size a cable tray? What is the difference between cable tray & cable ladder & which is less expensive? State applications for cable ladders?
...............................................................................................................................................32 25. State some applications for using isolating transformers? What is the advantage of using
it?................................................................................................36 26. What are the common types of conduits? State some applications? How can you size a conduit?
.........................................................................................36 27. What characteristics does a luminaire need to be a good
one?................................................................................................................................................37 28. What are the SEC standard specifications for LV distribution panels sizes for
transformers 500 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA from where:.........................37 o Incoming CB. Rating o Incoming Cables for standalone LV panel 29. What is RGB
LED?.................................................................................................................................................................................................................38 31. What are the different types of Lighting
System Controls?.....................................................................................................................................................38 32. What is the difference between IP, NEMA, IK, IC &
IM?......................................................................................................................................................39
4. 4. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 2 33. What is the
difference between horizontal, vertical illumination & general, task lighting? How can you make calculations for each? State some examples for
each?..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43 34. What is color rendering? State the
color renderings for sodium lamps, metal halide lamps, fluorescent lamps & halogen lamps?........................................44 35. What is illuminance? State the recommended illumination level
for Office, Surgery operating room, Bed room, Class room, Sitting & Corridors .............44 36. What is Color Temperature? State some of
them....................................................................................................................................................................44 37. What is the difference between Fluorescent lamps type T2, T5, T8 &
T12? ..........................................................................................................................45 38. Can we make interconnection bonding among these
systems:................................................................................................................................................46 o Grounding System o Lightning Protection o Low current & Communication
Grounding System 39. Give some types of different lamps showing: type, manufacturers, wattage, lumen output, peak intensity, colour temperature, lamp holder (cap), life time and
dimensions?......................................................................................................................................................................................................................47 40. What are the recommended IP and
IK code specifications for distribution boards? ...............................................................................................................53 41. Calculate the number of luminaries required for office (5x6m),
height = 3m, consider type fluorescent lighting fixture each have lamps 2x36W. Luminous flux of each lamp 3200 lm, utilization factor is 0.48 and maintenance factor is 0.75. Notice that
the required maintained illumination level is 500 lux......53 42. What is the recommended LV system voltage? Give some examples for the system voltages & frquencies in different
countries?......................................54 43. What is LEED & how can you improve your design to match the LEED requirements?
.......................................................................................................60 44. Which one could achieve more lumen output prismatic or opal diffusers considering same lamps? Why? State
application. ...............................................60 45. What are the different types of
substations?............................................................................................................................................................................61 46. Insulation systems are rated by standard NEMA
classifications according to maximum allowable operating temperatures. Explain....................................65 47. Differentiate
between:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................65 o Directional & diffuse lighting. o Symmetric
& asymmetric lighting. o Direct, indirect lighting & Direct-indirect lighting. 48. In case of presence of 2 sockets back to back in two different rooms. Can we put them directly back to
back or we should leave a distance between them?
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66 49. What is the difference between
demand factor & diversity factor?.........................................................................................................................................67 50. What are the different methods of starting motors? State the
difference among them? State Applications?...........................................................................67 51. If we have a big room & contain many sockets which will need about 5 branch circuits.
Can we feed these circuits from different phases? Why?.............67 52. How can you earn LEED certifications for new constructions? What are the LEED ratings?
................................................................................................68 53. If you have a refrigerator or A/C or any other motor equipment that works on 50Hz, can you make it work on 60Hz
Power Supply? .................................68 54. You have a project consists of 960 small villas (dwelling units). The connected load for each villa (dwelling unit) is 60 KVA. Estimate the
number of pillars, transformers & distributors required for this project. Considering that only 400A pillars & 1000KVA Transformers ratings are available. System Voltage is
13..8KV/380-220V. Draw schematic single line diagram to what you obtained. ..................................................................................................69 55. What are the IEC Switchboard Forms
for Internal Configuration? State the difference?........................................................................................................72 56. What is distance between down conductors in lightning system
design? How can you design the mesh?..............................................................................72 o For building less than 15M height o For building 80M height.
5. 5. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 3 57. Give a small
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brief summary for each of these types of lamps .................................................................................................................................................73 o Incandescent o Halogen o Fluorescent o
Compact Fluorescent Lamps o LED (Light Emitting Diodes) o High-Intensity Discharge Lamps o Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps 58. What is DALI?
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................75 59. Estimate the circuit breaker, disconnecting
switch and cable size for:...................................................................................................................................76 o Lighting load 3000VA single phase. Feeder wire length is 40 m. o Outdoor
A/C load 3000VA single phase. Feeder wire length is 40 m. o Panel Board with three single phase loads (3000VA, 4000VA, 2000VA). Feeder cable length is 200 m. o Where; the system
voltage is 380/220V; suppose that total cable de-rating factors is 0.8; suppose cable routing in pipes. o Use the following cable catalogue cuts for sizing cables. 60. When we should use a
remote radiator for a diesel engine generator?....................................................................................................................................80 61. Calculate capacitor rating required to improve the
power factor of a motor P=500KW from P.F1= 0.8 to P.F2= 0.9?..........................................................80 62. What is EIB?
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................81 63. Calculate the three phase short circuit
current at secondary side of a 1 MVA transformer 13.8KV - 480/227V, 60 Hz; impedance is 6 percent and assuming sustained primary voltage during fault?
..................................................................................................................................................................................82 64. What are the basic factors would you take into consideration while
making lighting design?................................................................................................83 65. Calculate the voltage drop of cable with load 32KW - three phase, cu cable C.S.A= 16mm2,
Ra.c= 1.38 ohm/km, X= 0.1068 ohm/km, CosØ = 0.8, cable length =120m, system voltage is 380/220V.
...........................................................................................................................................................................83 66. What does GFCI & AFCI stands for? What is the difference? State some
applications?........................................................................................................83 67. What are LPD specified in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1? Can you state the methods used
for computing LPD & give some examples? Does the LPD values specified in ASHRAE accepted by
LEED?.........................................................................................................................................................84 68. What is power factor? What are the equipments that create poor power
factor? How can you improve power factor of your system? .................................87 69. Choose the correct answers if any. What is the purpose of
discrimination?............................................................................................................................89 o To ensure continuity of service o To only trip the device just above the faulty feeder o To
increase servicing time for trouble-shooting o To increase productivity 70. Compare between magnetic ballast & electronic
ballast.........................................................................................................................................................89 71. What are the trade sizes of conduits?
......................................................................................................................................................................................89 72. In an installation, circuit breaker CB1 is placed upstream from
circuit breaker CB2. A short-circuit current occurs downstream from CB2. CB2 opens and CB1 stays closed. This is a case of:
........................................................................................................................................................................................89 73. For each of the faults A, B, C in the diagram, say whether or not
the protection device opens: .............................................................................................90 74. The fault current downstream from circuit breaker CB5 is 400 A. With total discrimination,
which circuit breakers will open? ..........................................90
6. 6. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 4 75. State which
statement is true and which is false: Standard IEC 60364: Section-3-32 & 4-48 on premises with a risk of fire ................................................90 o Imposes use of a 500mA RCD device. o
Recommends use of a TT or IT system for the electrical installation on such premises. o Prohibits use of a TN-C system. o In TT, IT and TN-S systems, a 300mA RCD eliminates the risk
of fire. 76. What are The Main Functions of Earthing/Grounding Systems? ............................................................................................................................................90 77. What is the
difference between (Ics) & (Icu) of C.B? Which one is considered in design?....................................................................................................91 78. State the functions of circuit
breaker.......................................................................................................................................................................................91 79. What is more danger on the human body AC current or
DC current & why? What is the effect of AC current on the human body?....................................91 80. In order to select the right circuit breaker. What are the Criteria’s of choice that
should be followed? ..................................................................................92 81. Compare between earthing systems from the point of:
...........................................................................................................................................................92 o Protection of people. o Protection against fire. o Ease of implementation o Continuity
of service o Upgradable installation. o Cost saving 82. What are the Benefits of improving Power
Factor?.................................................................................................................................................................93 83. How the penalty on power factor is
calculated?......................................................................................................................................................................93 84. What are the different types of armoured cables which are more
expensive, which one can withstand more mechanical load, is the 2 types are accepted by BS & IEC?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................93 85. State the Cable Insulation Temperature
Limits (Continuous Operating Temperature, Emergency Temperature & Short Circuit Temperature) for XLPE & PVC
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93 86. What does mean by day lighting?
...........................................................................................................................................................................................93 87. Transformers are classified into various categories, according to
their: Use, Cooling method, Insulating medium. State & explain each classification. Which is better &
why?......................................................................................................................................................................................................................94 88. What are the important factors required
for selecting a suitable cable to transport electrical energy from the power station to the consumer? .....................95 89. What is the difference between Rapid-Start and Instant-Start of
fluorescent lamp? ...............................................................................................................95 90. What is tap changer?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................96 91. What is the difference between beam angle & cut-
off angle of a luminaire? What are the different beam classifications & State the difference between
them?.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96 92. What are the levels of
protection (Coordination of protective devices) for the motor starter?................................................................................................97 93. Calculate maintained illumination level for clinic
(4x6m) - height = 3m, consider 4 fluorescent lighting fixture each have lamps 4x36W. Luminous flux of each lamp 3000 lm, utilization factor is 0.50 and maintenance factor is
0.70.........................................................................................................................98 94. What is difference between low smoke halogen free cables & fire resistant cables & fire alarm
cables?...............................................................................98 95. What is the distance between sockets that should be followed in
design?...............................................................................................................................98 96. Wrong positioning of desks relative to luminaries could cause reflected
glare.......................................................................................................................99 o Define glare. o Which position of luminaire is right to avoid glare? 97. When many cables are laid on
cable tray, what are the factors that determine the final ampacity of each cable?...................................................................99 98. What is the difference between Normal load, Emergency
load & Critical load? State an example for each.........................................................................100 99. State the Types of static UPS
................................................................................................................................................................................................101
7. 7. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 5 100. If the power
factor of a certain electrical installation is low how can the power factor to be improved / corrected? ............................................................102 101. What are the devices to be used for
earth leakage protection / ground fault protection?.......................................................................................................103 102. What is Voltage Drop? What are the factors that determine the
Voltage drop of a cable/wire? Write down the V.D equation for single phase cable & 2 phase for 3 phase cable
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................103 103. What are the C.T. & P.T? When do we use each one
and why?............................................................................................................................................104 104. What does these abbreviations stands for: PVC, XLPE &
LSF?...........................................................................................................................................104 105. Define the Grouping Factor? When does it considered in cable size calculations? Is it
applicable for multi core or single core cables?.............................104 106. A branch panel board with total connected load 25 KW & P.F. = 0.8. Calculate Main Feeder Cable and Main
C.B? .........................................................104 107. Mention the different types of conduits used in electrical systems routing inside high rise buildings? What is the common usage for
each? .....................104 108. Mention the different types of conduits used in electrical systems routing inside high rise buildings? What is the common usage for each? .....................105
109. What is the difference between, molded Case Circuit Breaker and miniature circuit breakers? ...........................................................................................105 110. Suppose you are
buying a transformer. You have two options: TR1is 11/0.4KV & Z = 4 %, TR2: is 11/0.4KV & Z = 6 %. Which one you choose & why? Taking into consideration, you need 380V on the
secondary at full load..............................................................................................................................105 111. Compare between the following types of lamps according to their Power
Range, Efficacy, Lumens, Life Time, Color Temp and CRI. ............................105 o Incandescent and Halogen o Fluorescent o Compact Fluorescent (CFL) o Mercury Vapor o Metal
Halide o High Pressure Sodium (HPS) o Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) 112. There are new specifications created by SASO to prohibit entry of any plugs or sockets not conforming to the
specifications and this should be effective on (23/02/2010). What are these specifications & what are the types specified for 127V Plugs/Sockets & 220V Plugs/Sockets?
...........................................106 113. What is meant by UL Listed
product?...................................................................................................................................................................................106 114. Does the voltage supply fluctuation affects the lamps?
How? ..............................................................................................................................................106 115. What is the ballast? State its function & types of ballasts.
....................................................................................................................................................107 116. What is the difference between a kW and a kWh? What is measured by electric
utility?....................................................................................................107 117. What are the different types of conductors according to NEC
code?....................................................................................................................................107 118. How can you estimate the electrical consumption per month for residential
buildings?.......................................................................................................108 119. What is star-delta starting? Why is it used? What are the advantages & disadvantages of using this
method? Should we immediately install soft starters on all our existing
motors?.........................................................................................................................................................................................................110 120. How the Electricity Bill is
computed?...................................................................................................................................................................................113 121. What are the different standards of sockets? Draw them
& state the difference?..................................................................................................................114 122. What are the international codes, standards, regulations & specifications? State
some of them that can be followed in electrical design? .........................115 123. What are the different types of local power cables for low & medium voltages?
.................................................................................................................116 124. When can we use neutral with C.S.A equal to the C.S.A of the phase & when can we use reduced neutral
and with C.S.A less than the C.S.A of the phase? How can we choose the reduced neutral in 3 phase-systems
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................................................................................................................................................117 125. What are the types of emergency lighting? State the difference? How batteries shall be
provided?.....................................................................................117 126. State the target areas for Emergency Lighting to be
provided?.............................................................................................................................................118 127. What are lighting levels & uniformity mentioned in standards for emergency
lighting? ......................................................................................................119 128. What are the different systems used in central battery system? Compare between them.
.....................................................................................................120 129. What are the advantages of using Self Contained EM
Lighting?..........................................................................................................................................122
8. 8. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 6 130. What are
the advantages of using Central Battery System? ..................................................................................................................................................122 131. How can you calculate the current
carrying capacity or the size of busbar? .........................................................................................................................122 132. Why you use sine wave for ac power supply why not triangle
wave or square wave?..........................................................................................................122 133. Do we can put two branch circuits in one
conduit?...............................................................................................................................................................122 134. Why do 50 Hz transformers cost more than 60 Hz transformers? Does
50 Hz transformer could work on 60 Hz transformers & How? ............................123 135. How can you calculate the full load current for different sizes of motors (1-ph, 2-ph &
3-ph)?...........................................................................................123 136. State the way of calculating the short circuit at any point within a LV installation according to IEC & Egyptian
Code for electrical installation ..............126 137.
Complete...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................129 o Illuminance is measured in
footcandles (lumens/square foot) or lux (lumens/square meter). Where one footcandle equals -------- lux. o Luminous intensity is measured in Candela or Lumen (Lu).where one Candela
equals -------- Lumen (Lu). 138. Compare between using Central Battery System and Self Contained EM Lighting..............................................................................................................130
139. What is the difference between circular & sectoral sections in cables?.................................................................................................................................130 140. How can you size the
earthing conductor according to size of phase cable size or according to C.B. size using NEC & IEC?............................................131 141. Why CU wires are preferable in indoor
distribution while Al cables are preferred in electrical transmission? ....................................................................132 142. For the following factors. Explain the effect of increasing or
decreasing these factors on short circuit................................................................................133 o Cable length o Cable CSA o Conductor Type o Transformer per unit impedance o
Transformer load. o System Voltage o Bus Bars o Circuit Breakers 143. What are the different types of cables?
.................................................................................................................................................................................134 144. What are the standards C.S.A’s for power cables for low, medium
& high voltage?............................................................................................................135 145. What is the difference between armoured & unarmoured cables?
........................................................................................................................................135 146. Screening of MV cables is used in earthing. Right or wrong?
..............................................................................................................................................135 147. How can you convert American Wire Gauge (AWG) to square mm cross sectional
area?...................................................................................................136 148. What is the problem of unloading the transformer?
..............................................................................................................................................................136 149. For replacing an existing Lighting system of fluorescent lamps 110 Volt, 60 Hz
by new fluorescent lamps 220 Volt, 60 Hz, which of the following devices should be changed Lamp, Ballast and
Starter?......................................................................................................................................................................136 150. How can you convert from NEMA to IEC Enclosure?
.........................................................................................................................................................137 151. What are the different risks on human that caused by electricity? Explain.
..........................................................................................................................138 152. What are the different tripping characteristics and rated currents for MCB’s?
.....................................................................................................................139 153. What is the obstruction lighting? What are their types? How it’s
designed?.........................................................................................................................140 154. What specifications must be applied in cable
insulation?......................................................................................................................................................141 155. Determine how many 6mm2 cu single stranded conductors are permitted
in a trade size 1¼ rigid metal conduit (RMC)?..................................................142 156. Does the way of mounting, positioning and orientation of a lamp (Burning Position) affect the
burning?...........................................................................142
9. 9. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 7 157. According
to NEC. Determine the minimum size rigid metal conduit (RMC) allowed for the 9 mixed conductor sizes and types described as followed:.143 o 3 single stranded wires cu of 4mm2 each
o 3 single stranded wires cu of 10mm2 each o 3 single stranded wires al of 16mm2 each 158. What are the most available sizes for LV HRC
fuses?..........................................................................................................................................................143 159. A 200-ampere feeder is routed in various wiring methods (EMT) conduit &
(RMC) conduit from the main switchboard in one building to a distribution panel board in another building. The circuit consists of muli-core cable 4x70 + 25 mm2 CU - XLPE/PVC
unarmoured. Select the proper trade size for the various types of conduit and tubing to be used for the
feeder...............................................................................................................................................144 160. What are the capacities of PVC conduits for different cable sizes (single & multi-
core)?....................................................................................................145 161. What is the relation between C.B &
Busbar?........................................................................................................................................................................145 162. How can you find the cable size with regards to C.B Size?
..................................................................................................................................................146 163. What are the most available sizes for disconnecting
switches?.............................................................................................................................................146 164. What are the C.B. ratings & short circuit capacities in American & European
standard?.....................................................................................................147 165. What is the control gear of a
luminaire?................................................................................................................................................................................148 166. What are the methods of cooling of transformers? What
does ONAN refers to?..................................................................................................................149 167. What is the accepted percentage of loading a transformer? Can we increase the
percentage of loading the transformer more than 100%? Explain. ..........149 168. State the advantages of using dry type transformers over oil immersed type?
......................................................................................................................150 169. What is the information necessary while selecting the transformer protection
system?........................................................................................................150 170. What are the advantages of selecting outdoor distribution transformers kiosks?
..................................................................................................................150 171. What are the requirements for fire water pump electrical connection as per NFPA
70?.......................................................................................................151 172. When shall we use circuit breaker + back-up fuse as switchgear
combinations?..................................................................................................................153 173. What are the sizing recommendations for fire pump applications including (sizing the
generator set, sizing the utility circuit breaker or fuses, sizing the feeder conductors, sizing the automatic transfer switch, sizing the generator circuit breaker) as per NFPA
70?..................................................................154 174. What are the main parts of transformer compartment (Kiosk)?
............................................................................................................................................156 175. Using given legend. Draw the wiring diagram for:
...............................................................................................................................................................159 o 1 Way - 1 Gang Switch. o 1 Way - 2 Gang Switch. o 2 Way (3 Way) - 1 Gang
Switch. o 2 Way (3 Way) - 2 Gang Switch. o Intermediate (4 Way) - 1 Gang Switch. 176. Discuss the construction for LV & MV power cables?
.........................................................................................................................................................160 177. What are the different distribution losses in industrial
facilities?..........................................................................................................................................162 178. What are the types of insulations that can be used for
cables?..............................................................................................................................................163 179. What are the main functions of
luminaire?............................................................................................................................................................................163 180. How can you calculate the reactive power Capacitor Bank
(power factor correction)? How can you choose the capacitor bank according reactive power from standard? How can you calculate the circuit breaker of capacitor bank? What are the
available LV Standad Automatic Capacitor Banks?...............164 181. What is the difference between AWA and
SWA?.................................................................................................................................................................165 182. How can you classify lighting according to
applications?.....................................................................................................................................................165 183. State some demand factors for different loads that are being used in
American NEC Standards?........................................................................................166 184. What are the different classifications of luminaries? Give brief discussion for each.
...........................................................................................................168
10. 10. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 8 185. State the
difference in wiring between: .................................................................................................................................................................................170 o 2-Way Switch & 3-Way Switch. o
4-Way Switch & Intermediate Switch. 186. What is the ATS & what are the main different parts of ATS?
.............................................................................................................................................171 187. Specify different ratings of
ATS?..........................................................................................................................................................................................173 188. What are the advantages of using Busbar Trunking
System (Bus Duct)? .............................................................................................................................173 189. What are the different types of ATS Devices?
......................................................................................................................................................................174 190. When should we use Busbar Trunking (Bus Duct)
System?.................................................................................................................................................175 191. What is the acceptable percentage voltage drop that can be reached in L.V.
calculations?...................................................................................................176 192. State the application & operation of the contactor and circuit breaker based transfer switches
(ATS)?................................................................................176 193. State the application & operation of the solid state transfer switches
(ATS)?.......................................................................................................................178 194. When should we use tap-off boxes Busbar Trunking (Bus Duct) System?
...........................................................................................................................178 195. What is the minimum requirement for transfer switch (ATS) arrangement that should be followed for
essential & critical loads of health care facilities? 179 196. What are the applications of using Busbar Trunking (Bus Duct)
System?............................................................................................................................179 197. What is Busbar Trunking (Bus Duct)
System?......................................................................................................................................................................180 198. What are the relations among transformers, main C.B’s and Bus
Duct Ratings assuming that the system voltage is 380/220V? ........................................181 199. What are the different available standard ratings for Bus Duct?
...........................................................................................................................................181 200. Which is better in power distribution AC system or DC system?
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Why?...............................................................................................................................182 201. Which is the Cable Bus? What are the applications of using it? What are the advantages &
disadvantages of using it? What are the type of conductors & configurations used? Compare between ampacities using Cable Bus & other normal
cables...............................................................................................182 202. What are the different batteries types - technologies? State the
difference?..........................................................................................................................189 203. Consider a pillar with a 3 phase load 200A. The cable length feeding the pillar from a
transformer is 140 meters. This cable is laid directly in ground and is grouped with another 5 cables in the same trench. Which size of cable below you prefer to use in order not to exceed
2% voltage drop, p.f = 0.8 & why?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................190 204. What are the expected room
sizes (dimensions) for standby generators with these sizes: 80, 100, 125, 175, 200, 350, 400, 500, 600, 750, 900, 1000,
1500KW................................................................................................................................................................................................................................191 205. State some diversity factors
of different purposes (ex: lighting, sockets, air conditioning …. etc) for different type of premises (ex: residential, offices, hotels... etc) according to Egyptian
Code?............................................................................................................................................................................192 206. Can you estimate the demand load of a building using its type &
its gross area according to Egyptian Code? ....................................................................193 207. Compare between LV & MV
generators...............................................................................................................................................................................194 208. Calculate the grounding conductor size & the grounding
resistance according to IEEE Std 80-2000 of grid of length 80m width 40m, 12 rods with separation distance of 20m, rod length is 3m, rod diameter is 20mm, soil resistivity is 450 Ω.m,
grounding conductor laid 0.8m below ground. Suppose that expected fault symmetrical current is 20KA in 1sec duration. Where the grounding conductor is chosen to be 40% conductivity
copper-clad steel conductor ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................195 209.
What are the IP references preferred for switchboard assemblies? .......................................................................................................................................197 210. What are the main aims of
tunnel lighting? What is necessary to know about tunnel lighting? When to light tunnel by day? When to light tunnel by night? How to light tunnel by day? What are the 5 zones of tunnel
lighting? Which type of lamps to use? What are the types of tunnel lighting systems? What is the short tunnel & underpass? How to illuminate tunnels for different lengths in day time
25m, 75m and 125m? What are the tunnel lighting arrangements and state advantages & disadvantages of each?
....................................................................................................................................................................197 211. Select the required automatic capacitor bank for a transformer rating: 1600
kVA, Voltage: 13.8/0.38 kV, Connected Load: 1516 kVA = 1289 KW, Assumed PF/ Target PF: 0.85 / 0.95? What are the minimum & maximum harmonic orders for this capacitor bank?
........................................................202 212. What is harmonics? What is the problem of harmonics? What is k- factor? How to calculate K-Factor? What is K-Factor of a transformer?
Why we calculate K-Factor of a transformer? What are the advantages of calculating the K-Factor of a transformer? What are the disadvantages of using the derated standard transformers
instead of K-Factor? What should be remembered when using a K-Factor Transformer? How K-Factor Transformer could be calculated?
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................203
11. 11. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 9 213. Consider
transformer 1600 KVA feeding an office building with total lighting load 201 KVA, total power load 483 KVA, total HVAC load (AHU’S) 386 KVA and total EWH load 54 KVA. Select
the k-factor required for this transformer..........................................................................................................209 214. What is difference between prime generator & standby
generator?......................................................................................................................................210 215. What is difference between metal-enclosed switchgear & metal-clad
switchgear?...............................................................................................................210 216. What do you know about metal-enclosed switchgear, metal-clad switchgear and arc resistant
switch gear? .......................................................................212 217. Compare between Static Transfer Switches (STS) and Automatic Transfer Switches
(ATS)...............................................................................................213 218. State the difference between the three types of ballasts Magnetic, Rapid start, HF ballasts. What is the
recommended ballast for T12, T8, T5 & CFL? ...214 219. Can we dim LED Light? How? Is there any flickering while dimming? Are there any Changes in color and efficacy with
dimming?...............................214 220. According to SEC Distribution Materials Specification. What are the available ratings for transformers Pole mounted & Pad mounted? What are the
maximum accepted losses? What are the available tap changer settings? What is the recommended vector group, Impedance Voltage, Temperature Rise, Noise Level, Short Circuit Level,
Degree of Protection, Dimensions, LV bushings/terminals?...........................................................................................217 221. What’s the reason of grounding or earthing of
equipment?...................................................................................................................................................219 222. What is difference between power transformers & distribution
transformers? .....................................................................................................................219 223. What will happen if DC supply connected to 100W
bulb?....................................................................................................................................................219 224. Can an armoured cable be laid in a PVC conduit for aesthetic
purposes?.............................................................................................................................220 225. Is it permissible to install PVC/SWA/PVC cable in Zones I and II flammable areas? If so,
what is the authoritative document? .......................................220 226. Is it permissible to use aluminum twin & earth cables?
........................................................................................................................................................220 227. What are the codes of armoured cable glands? What is application for B/W &
C/W?..........................................................................................................220 228. What are the minimum CSAs for process instrument cables, power cables & control
cables?.............................................................................................221 229. Is it possible to use armour of a power cable as its earthing conductor? As an example - for 4 x 240mm cable, is
it necessary to install separate earthing cable? Or is the armour of the cable enough for earthing? What is required by BS standards?
............................................................................................221 230. What is the filling percentage that should be followed for trunking & conduits & cable trays as per British Standard?
......................................................221 231. In order to reduce the size of the sub-main cable, we have installed a separate circuit protective conductor (CPC) with calculations satisfying
this. Terminations have been completed as standard. However, on installation, the contractor has installed the CPC so it is not clipped to the armoured cable as normal practice, and takes a
different route. Is there a standard that requires an armoured cable's CPC to be clipped to the cable? Is there an issue with running earths in a separate route to the armoured cabling, i.e.
different lengths etc?..........................................................................................................221 232. We have to pull a 3 X 70mm SWA cable through 80m of 100mm ducting. There will be a
bend at each end up to the electrical switch room. The cable run between is more or less straight. Can you tell me what a reasonable bend radius would be to allow satisfactory pulling of
the cable?...............................222 233. What power cables are suitable for direct burial in ground which may be prone to water logging?
.....................................................................................222 234. Calculate the annual savings and payback for installing an occupancy sensors given that: No. of fixtures = 20 x 2 Lamps;
Fixture wattage Draw = 88 watt/Fix; Time length needed = 20 min/hr.; Operating hours = 4000 hrs./year; Electricity cost = 0.15 LE/kWh; Sensors cost = 200 LE ...........................223 235.
For replacing an existing Lighting system of Incandescent lamps by a new fluorescent lamps, calculate the annual savings and payback given that: Existing lighting system.100 Lamps
(200 watt/lamp); 200 watt lamp efficacy 17.5 Lm/watt; Fluorescent lamps 36 watt (44 watt incl. Ballast); Fl. lamps efficacy 70 lm/watt; Fl. lamps cost = LE. 15 (incl. Fixture); Annual
operating hours 4000 hrs./year; Electricity cost = 0.15 LE./kWh.................................................223 236. A 23,000 square meter high bay facility is presently lit with 800 twin 400 watt
mercury vapour fixtures (455 watts per lamp including ballast.) What are the annual savings of replacing the existing lighting system with 800 single 400 watt high pressure sodium
fixtures, (465 watts per lamp including ballast) Assume 8000 hours per year, an energy cost of $0.05 per kWh, and a demand cost of $6.00 per kW-
month......................................................................223 237. Choose the correct
answer:....................................................................................................................................................................................................223 o The efficacy of a light source refers to the Color
rendering index of the lamp. A) True B) False o Increasing the coefficient of utilization of the room cavity will in many instances increase the number of lamps required. A) True B) False
12. 12. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 10 238.:‫التالية‬
‫حالة فى التباين معامالت باستخدام السماح مع المبنى لھذا‬: 224..................................................................................................................................................‫األحمال على يشتمل سكنية وحدات عدة على يحتوى مبنى‬
‫المصرى للكود ًاطبق المبنى لھذا األقصى الحمل‬.‫المطلوب‬:.‫طوابق ستة من ويتكون اقتصادية متوسطة منطقة فى مربع متر‬350‫مساحته سكنى مبنى‬.239 ‫تجارى سوق المبنى كان إذا‬.‫سكنية عمارة المبنى كان إذا )(ب‬.‫األقصى الحمل تحديد )(أ‬
‫الركاب؟ مصاعد تنقسم كم‬..240 224................................................‫حساب‬
‫اآلتى‬:‫لھا الكھربائى الحمل تحديد مطلوب )خاصة سكنية (وحدة فيال‬.241 224....................................................................................................................................................................................................‫إلى‬
‫الحجرة؛ دفاية الكھرباء؛ مكنسة التلفزيون؛ جھاز الراديو؛ جھاز الثالجة؛ الشعر؛ مجفف الكھربي؛ الفرن‬.242 225......................................................................................................‫ المصرى للكود ًاطبق‬، ‫على تحتوى وھى‬
‫مثل االستعمال شائعة المنزلية الكھربية لألجھزة التقديرية األحمال ھى ما الحمام سخانات ألى؛ حاسب ؛ طابعة بروجيكتور؛ مياه؛ غالية الغسيل؛ مجفف بالسخان؛ كھربائية غسالة كھربائية؛‬: ‫المكواة؛ الخبز؛ محمر‬
‫ساعات أربعة لمدة به مسمــوح زائد تحميل أقصى ھــو فما‬، ‫حــرارة درجــة في ذلك و‬750‫أ‬.‫ف‬.‫ك‬، ‫ھو المحول لھذا المعتاد الحمل و‬1250‫االسمية سعته محول‬.243 226..................................................................................‫غسالة‬
‫تبريد بنظام توزيع محول سعة تحديد المطلوب‬.244 227................° ‫مئوية؟‬30‫أ‬.‫ف‬.‫ك‬،ONAN227................................‫أ‬.‫ف‬.‫الباقية ساعة العشرين لمدة ك‬250‫أ‬.‫ف‬.‫ساعات أربع لمدة ك‬، ‫قيمته وحمل‬450‫قيمته بحمل تحميله يتم‬
‫الركاب؟ مصاعد تتكون‬.246 228..............................................................................................................................................................................‫عن عبارة‬:2‫م‬600‫مساحة على تجارى سكنى مبنى‬.245
‫؟ ھيدروليكيا يعمل الذي المصعد يعمل‬.247 229..........................................................................................................................................................................................................‫مما‬
‫؟ كھربائي بمحرك تعمل التي المصاعد فى المختلفة الجر انواع ھى‬.248 229..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫؟ كھربائي بمحرك يعمل الذي المصعد يعمل‬.249 230..................................................................................................................................................‫ما‬
‫للمصاعد؟ المطلوبة القدرة تحديد يتم‬.250 231.................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫المبنـى؟ داخـل المجموعـة فى الكبائـن عدد زاد إذا للمجموعـة الطلـب معامـل‬.251 232..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫اآلتى‬:3‫بسرعة وتتحرك كجم‬1750) ‫منھا كل حمولة كبائن‬5‫( من مكونة‬1:1‫بنسبة التعليق بأسلوب منفذة مصاعد مجموعة فى‬.252 233..................................................................................................................‫حساب يتم كيف‬
‫المتحركة؟ الساللم تعمل‬.253 234..................................................‫ث‬/‫م‬، ‫احسب‬
‫المتحركة؟ للساللم الكھربى الحمل حساب يتم‬.254 235........................................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫واحد؟ مبنى داخل متحركة ساللم عدة لتغذية التصميم عند مراعتھا الواجب‬.255 236.................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫الحائطى؟ النوع من المنازل تدفئة وحدات فى المستخدمة السخانات قدرات ھى‬.256 236..................................................................................................................‫األحتياطات ھى ما‬
‫( المتحركة والمنحدرات الحصائر تعمل كيف‬.257 236..........................................................................................................................................‫ما‬Moving walks and ramps‫لھا؟ الكھربية القدرة تحديد يتم كيف و‬
‫منھا؟ لكل الكھربية القدرات ھى ما و ؟ المستخدمة التكيف أنظمة و أنواع ھى‬.258 237..................................................................................‫)؟‬
‫الورش البنوك؛ الفنادق؛ غرف المستشفيات؛ ؛ في مرضى غرف تجارية؛ مخازن تدريس؛ غرف الصغيرة؛ المكاتب‬.259 238............................................................................................................................................‫ما‬
‫األماكن ھذه من لكل التكييف ألجھزة الالزمة القدرة ھى ما مطاعم كمبيوتر؛ غرف ماركت؛ سوبر التجارية؛ المحالت المساجد؛‬: ‫؛ الكبيرة؛ المكاتب‬
‫؟ المبانى فى الحريق طلمبات تعمل‬.260 243............................................................................................................................................‫والمصانع؛‬
‫؟ المبانى فى ديزل بماكينة تدار وأخرى كھربائية طلمبة استخدام يجب‬.261 243..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
137 of 142 8/7/2019, 9:55 AM

‫؟ المبانى فى الحريق طلمبة أو الصحى الصرف طلمبة أو المياه رفع طلمبة محرك قدرة يتم‬.262 244..................................................................................................................................................‫ھل‬
‫؟ السباحة حمامات سخانات تعمل‬.263 244..................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫؟ الصغيرة المنازل فى المياه تسخين فى المستخدمة للسخانات الكھربى الحمل‬.264 245..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫؟ المبانى فى المياه رفع طلمبات تعمل‬.265 245..................................................................................................................‫حساب يتم كيف‬
‫؟ المبانى فى الصحى الصرف طلمبات تعمل‬.266 246..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫العربية المملكة فى النظام يفرضه الذى التأريض نوع ھو ما التأريض؟ لمخططات‬.267 247..................................................................................................................................................................................‫كيف‬
‫األمثل األختيار ھو ما المختلفة؟ التأريض مخططات انواع اشرح التأريض؟ مخططات تحديد يتم كيف التأريض؟ ھو ما‬
‫تغذيتھا؟ طرق و قدرتھا حسب لھا المناسبة‬.268 248......................................................................................................................................................................................................................‫السعودية؟‬
‫الدولى الجھد على الكبيرة و‬3‫لوحة الى العداد من األسالك لتوصيل توضيحى رسم ارسم‬.269 251..................................................................................................................‫القواطع و األسالك و الكھربائية األحمال بعض اذكر‬
‫محايد‬. ‫فاز الطور أحادى بالقطب توصيله كيفية و المطابق المقبس لشكل توضيحى رسم ارسم ثم‬3‫شبكة فى المستخدمة األسالك رموز موضحا فولت‬230/400‫فاز‬. ‫الخفيفة األحمال توصيل كيفية ارسم ثم‬
256........................................................................................................‫فولت‬.230‫مع‬
13. 13. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 11 1. 0BHave you
previously done design for electrical work? o 1BYes o 2BNo 3BIf yes, the following two items must be answer i. 4BWhat facilities or buildings you designed? o 5BCommercial o
6BResidential o 7BIndustrial o 8BMedical/Health Care o 9BEducational/Schools o 10BHotels o 11BPower Plant/Stations o 12BSports o 13BExterior Site Work o 14BOthers: Please
specify: ii. 15BWhat Standards or Norm you used in your design? o 16BAmerican o 17BBritish o 18BIEC o 19BFrench o 20BOthers: Please specify: 2. 21BHave you previously done
shop drawing (execution) for electrical (high current) work? o 22BYes o 23BNo 3. 24BAre you familiar and have used the following computer software’s: o 25BMS Word o 26BMS Excel
o 27BAutoCAD o 28BRevit o 29BLighting Calculation Programs: Please specify: o 30BVoltage Drop Calculation Programs: Please specify: o 31BShort Circuit Calculation Programs:
Please specify: o 32BEarthing (Grounding) Calculation Programs: Please specify: o 33BLightning Protection & Risk Assessment Calculation Programs: Please specify: o 34BOthers:
Please specify:
14. 14. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 12 4. 35BWhat
are the de-rating factors considered in cable installation? AAnnsswweerr Ground Temperature de-rating factor Air Temperature de-rating factor Burial Depth de-rating factor
Soil Thermal Resistivity de-rating factor PVC Rated Temperature de-rating factor Trefoil or Flat Formation de-rating factor for three & single core cables laid direct in ground
Trefoil Formation de-rating factors for multi-core cables laid direct in ground Reduction factors for groups of more than one multi-core cable in air to be applied to the current carrying
capacity for one multi-core cable in free air Reduction factors for groups of more than one circuit of single core cables to be applied to the current carrying capacity for one circuit of
single core cables in free air 5. 36BHow can you overcome the problems of voltage drop? AAnnsswweerr Using higher system voltages (= lower currents and therefore lower volt drop)
Using larger cables (= lower resistance and therefore lower volt drop) Using multiple outgoing circuits (= less current per circuit and therefore lower volt drop) 6. 37BWhat are the
precautions to be taken in mind when selecting an emergency feeder running next to another feeder fed from normal supply? AAnnsswweerr Type of the used designed cable should be
taken into consideration regarding its properties & to be of higher fire resistance. 7. 38BWhat is the national color code of a three phase circuit? AAnnsswweerr Red for phase (A)
Yellow for phase (B) Blue for phase (C) Black for neutral (N) Yellow with green strip for protective earth (PE) 8. 39BWhat is the meaning and the difference between (AF) & (AT)
of C.B? AAnnsswweerr Abbreviation Stands for Function AF Ampere Frame, Maximum rated current for the C.B. AT Ampere Trip. Adjusted rated current for the circuit breaker. (Less
than or equal AF).
are the types of contracts? State the difference among them? AAnnsswweerr Some common types of contracts are used in the engineering and construction industry 1. Lump Sum Contract
or Fixed Price Contract: With this kind of contract the engineer and/or contractor agrees to do the a described and specified project for a fixed price. You and the contractor agree to a set
price, and you pay that price no matter how much the project ends up costing A Fixed Fee or Lump Sum Contract is suitable if the scope and schedule of the project are sufficiently
defined to allow the consulting engineer to estimate project costs. Contractor free to use any means and methods to complete work. Contractor responsible for proper work
performance. Work must be very well defined at bid time. Fully developed plans and specifications required. Owner’s financial risk low and fixed at outset. Contractor has greater
ability for profit. Requirements: – Good project definition. – Stable project conditions. – Effective competition essential when bidding. – Much longer time to bid and award this type of
project, – Minimum scope changes due to higher mark-ups than occurred at bidding. Advantages: – Low financial risk to Owner. – High financial risk to Contractor. – Know cost at
outset. – Minimum Owner supervision related to quality and schedule. – Contractor should assign best personnel due to maximum financial motivation to achieve early completion and
superior performance. – Contractor selection is relatively easy. Disadvantages: – Changes difficult and costly. – Early project start not possible due to need to complete design prior to
bidding. – Contractor free to choose lowest cost means, methods, and materials consistent with the specifications. Only minimum specifications will be provided. – Hard to build
relationship. Each project is unique. – Bidding expensive and lengthy. – Contractor may include high contingency within each Schedule of Value item. Example: – You hire a contractor
to build your home for $300,000. If it ends up costing $215,000 to build, the contractor keeps the $85,000 difference as additional profit. However, if the project costs $345,000, then the
contractor suffers a $45,000 loss; you still pay the agreed-upon $300,000.
16. 16. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 14 2. Unit Price
Contract This kind of contract is based on estimated quantities of items included in the project and their unit prices. The final price of the project is dependent on the quantities needed to
carry out the work. In general this contract is only suitable for construction and supplier projects where the different types of items, but not their numbers, can be accurately identified in
the contract documents. It is not unusual to combine a Unit Price Contract for parts of the project with a Lump Sum Contract or other types of contracts. Large quantity changes
(>15-25%) can lead to increase or decrease in unit prices. Time and Cost Risk are Shared: – Owner at risk for total quantities – Contractor at risk for fixed unit price Requirements: –
Adequate breakdown and definition of work units – Good quantity surveying and reporting system – Sufficient design definition to estimate quantities of units – Experience in developing
bills of quantities – Payment terms properly tied to measured work completion – Owner-furnished drawings and materials must arrive on time – Quantity sensitive analysis of unit prices to
evaluate total bid price for potential quantity variations Advantages: – Complete design definition not required – Typical drawings can be used for bidding – Suitable for competitive
bidding – Easy for contractor selection – Early project start possible – Flexibility - “ Scope and quantities easily adjustable “ Disadvantages: – Final cost not known at outset since bills
of quantities at bit time are only estimates – Additional site staff needed to measure, control, and report on units completed – Unit price contracts tend to draw unbalanced bidding
Example: – You hire a contractor to build a home for $70 per square foot. You want 2,000 square feet, so you will pay $140,000 total. Alternatively, you might agree to pay $4 per square
foot for framing, $3 per square foot for electrical and plumbing, and $2 per square foot for painting and finish work. 3. Incentive Contracts Compensation is based on the engineering
and/or contracting performance according an agreed target - budget, schedule and/or quality. The two basic categories of incentive contracts are: – Fixed Price Incentive Contracts Fixed
Price Incentive Contracts are preferred when contract costs and performance requirements are reasonably certain. – Cost Reimbursement Incentive Contracts Cost Reimbursement
Contract provides the initially negotiated fee to be adjusted later by a formula based on the relationship of total allowable costs to total target costs. This type of contract specifies a target
cost, a target fee, minimum and maximum fees, and a fee adjustment formula. After project performance, the fee payable to the contractor is determined in accordance with the formula.
17. 17. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 15 4. Cost Plus
Contract A contract agreement wherein the purchaser agrees to pay the cost of all labor and materials plus an amount for contractor overhead and profit (usually as a percentage of the
labor and material cost). The contracts may be specified as: – Cost + Fixed Percentage Contract Compensation is based on a percentage of the cost – Cost + Fixed Fee Contract
Compensation is based on a fixed sum independent the final project cost. The customer agrees to reimburse the contractor's actual costs, regardless of amount, and in addition pay a
negotiated fee independent of the amount of the actual costs – Cost + Fixed Fee with Guaranteed Maximum Price Contract Compensation is based on a fixed sum of money. The total
project cost will not exceed an agreed upper limit – Cost + Fixed Fee with Bonus Contract Compensation is based on a fixed sum of money. A bonus is given if the project finishes below
budget, ahead of schedule etc. – Cost + Fixed Fee with Guaranteed Maximum Price and Bonus Contract Compensation is based on a fixed sum of money. The total project cost will not
exceed an agreed upper limit and a bonus is given if the project is finished below budget, ahead of schedule etc. – Cost + Fixed Fee with Agreement for Sharing Any Cost Savings
Contract Compensation is based on a fixed sum of money. Any cost savings are shared with the buyer and the contractor. These types of contracts are favored where the scope of the
work is indeterminate or highly uncertain and the kinds of labor, material and equipment needed are also uncertain. Under this arrangement complete records of all time and materials
spent by the contractor on the work must be maintained. Example: – You hire a contractor to build a home for the actual cost, and you also agree to pay the contractor an amount equal to
10 percent of that actual cost. If your home costs $300,000 to build, you would pay the contractor another $30,000, making your total price $330,000. Alternatively, you could agree to pay
actual costs plus a specified, flat fee for the contractor. For example, if your home costs $300,000 to build and you agreed to pay the contractor a $20,000 fee, total costs to you would be
$320,000. 5. Percentage of Construction Fee Contracts Common for engineering contracts. Compensation is based on a percentage of the construction costs.
is difference between tender drawings, design drawings, shop drawing (Execution) & as built drawings? AAnnsswweerr Tender: – Studying the nature of project and the client
requirements for the level of work. – Make Concept Design, Check List for all Systems to be used and Contract Type. – Make preliminary estimated BOQ and specifications. Design: –
Study the nature of project and the client requirements for the level of work. – Put solution for the project with regard to electrical spaces that optimize the distribution of electrical power
and routing taking into account the voltage drop. – Study lighting for different areas with respect to type of ceiling and illumination levels (Lux) required for different areas according to
their functions. Design should be according to local regulations and international standards and codes. – Make drawings to show distribution and number of (lighting fixtures, fire alarm
detectors, socket outlets …….etc.) as well as wiring method and circuits references for each circuit. – Make specifications & exact BOQ for the contractor and suppliers to follow
according to the design. Shop Drawing (Execution): – All detailed drawings including ( installation details & sections, exact dimensions, pull & junction boxes, complete path to the
pull box, hatch & sizes of wires & cables, cable Tray sections & levels, exact routing …etc) – Make coordination among different systems & different trades, Details showing relation and
spacing between different systems (electrical, hvac, plumbing, fire fighting ….etc.). – Show detail of routing cables inside cable trays or trenches with manholes or without. – Mention and
show section show cable distribution inside raceways and capacity inside each one as stated in spare regulations and standards. Make check of all calculations & drawings. – Make details
for every item and specifications for the material and fixation method. – Final BOQ and Specification. As Built: – Correct all shop drawings in order to match the existing installations
that already done – Survey for all existing installations, Collecting data, catalogues, operating manuals & maintenance guides for all existing installed equipments. 11. 42BWhat are the
types of tests required for electrical equipment? What are the differences? AAnnsswweerr Type of Test Location & Time of Test Reports & Certificates Type Tests Done one time at the
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beginning of manufacturing the equipment for one sample in international laboratories and must pass all tests according to IEC. Report & certificate must be given for that. Routine Tests
Done each time for all equipments at the factory. Client deputy should be present in these tests Report & certificate must be given for that. Site Tests Done in site in order to ensure that the
equipment arrived to site in good condition and working well. Site engineer & client deputy should be present in these tests Report must be given for that.
are the types of circuit breakers? State some applications for each? AAnnsswweerr C.B. Type Applications Ratings & Settings Max. S.C. Limits MCB: Miniature Circuit Breaker Used for
small appliances & small branch circuits. Ratings up to 125A Up to 25 KA MCCB: Molded Case Circuit Breaker Usually used as main circuit breaker where we need more reliability,
more rated current & short circuit level. Ratings from 100A up to 3200A Up to 200 KA RCCB: Residual Current Circuit Breaker (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) Used to protect people
against indirect contact, to provide protection against fire hazards due to a persistent earth fault current, without the operation of the over- current protective device. Settings from 30mA to
1A ACB: Air Circuit Breaker Usually used for transformer protection due to its high capacity ratings & more reliability than molded case (micro-logic can be installed). Ratings from 400
up to 6300A SF6 CB: Sulfur Hexa Flouride Circuit Breaker Usually used for medium & high voltage, smaller than ACB Used from low voltage system and up to 1300 kV (rating 45
GVA). Vacuum CB: Usually Used for medium & high voltage Very small damage to contacts (life up to 30 years). Small mechanical energy required for tripping. Wide Range 13.
44BWhat is the difference between thermal setting & magnetic setting of C.B? AAnnsswweerr Type of Setting Type of Trip Type of Protection Thermal Setting Inverse Time Trip. For
Overload Protection. Magnetic Setting Instantaneous Trip. For Short Circuit Protection.
20. 20. Prepared By: Mahmoud Essam Hezzah Best Wishes Electrical Design Engineer TED - Q&A 3rd Edition January 2012 Top Electrical Design - Questions & Answers 18 14. 45BHow
can you improve the selection of a system earthing arrangement? AAnnsswweerr Six Selection Criteria: – Protection of persons – Protection of equipment – Continuity of the power
supply – Effects of disturbances – Easy implementation – Economic analysis 15. 46BWhat is the meant by TVSS or SPD? AAnnsswweerr SPD: Surge Protection Device TVSS:
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor TVSS or SPD is a device that interrupt and divert electrical transient surge events to ground. Surge events can be caused by electrical storms or bank
switching on electrical distribution lines. These events are responsible for over 2 billion dollars of damage annually in the USA and can effect sensitive electrical equipment, telephone
networks, and computer networks.
are the types of Discrimination (Selectivity)? State the difference? AAnnsswweerr Current Discrimination: – Total Discrimination: if for all fault current values, from overloads up to
the non-resistive short circuit current, circuit breaker D2 opens and D1 remains closed. – Partial Discrimination: if the above condition is not respected up to the full short circuit current,
but only to a lesser value termed the selectivity limit currents. – No Discrimination: in the event of fault, both circuit breakers D1 and D2 open. Time Discrimination:
is Cascading? AAnnsswweerr Cascading: – Is the use of the current limiting capacity of circuit breakers at a given point to permit installation of lower rated and therefore lower cost
circuit breakers downstream. Also, the upstream compact C.B acts as a barrier against short circuit currents. In this way, downstream C.B’s with lower breaking capacities than the
prospective short circuit (at their point of installation) operates under their normal breaking conditions. – For example: if the calculated SC current at a point is 30KA so in case of not
using cascading we should choose C.B with 35KA SC current. While in case of using the main C.B with cascading technology so we can use C.B of 20KA above this point. Cascading
Advantages:- – Reduce C.B cost. – Reduce mechanical effect (Bus bars). – Reduce thermal effects (Cables). – Reduce electromagnetic effect (Measuring devices). Conclusion –
Cascading = Reduction of the installation cost 18. 49BEstimate the demand load (VA/m2) regarding lighting, sockets, A/C, Equipments...etc for the following type of buildings: o
50BHotels o 51BResidential o 52BCommercial/Offices o 53BHealth Care/Hospitals o 54BEducational/Schools AAnnsswweerr Type of Buildings Demand loads as per type of loads
(VA/m2) Lighting Sockets A/C Equipments Others Hotels 25 20 120 30 25 Residential 30 20 100 25 0 Commercial/Offices 40 40 120 20 10 Health Care/Hospitals 30 30 120 30 50
Educational/Schools 30 20 110 20 20
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