Internship Report On Substructure and Su PDF

Debre Berhan University
Institute of Technology
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering
Department
Four Month Internship Report
Abdirashid Mohamed Dahir
ID: ENGR/952/04
2015 GC
2007 EC
0|Page©Internship Report by Abdirashid Mohamed Dahir -4th

year Civil Engineering Student-DBU
We are born of all the things we know!
Copyright ©Abdirashid Mohamed Dahir, 2015
No part of this internship report may be reproduced, transmitted, utilized or stored in

any form or by any means without prior written permission from the writer

DECLARATION
I, Abdirashid Mohamed Dahir, hereby declare that this internship report is

submitted by me under the guidance of my mentor Alemu Diribsa and supervision of
Bashir Mohamed Barik. I assure that the report contains actual events and facts that
were observed and performed during my internship practice program. All the
contents are my own and have not been submitted to any other institute.
Mentor:_________________________________________ Signature__________
Supervisor:______________________________________ Signature__________
Student:_________________________________________ Signature__________

List of Tables
Table-1 Major Activities and Stretch objectives of the Bureau………………..Page 11

Table-2 Customers and Expectations of the Bureau……………………….……....Page 12
Table-3 Design Team…………………………………………………………………………….Page 12
Table-4 Contracts and Construction Administration Team……………………...Page 14
Table-5 Process Owner………………………………………………………………………….Page 17
Table-6 Concrete Cover…………………………………………………………………………Page 35
Table-7 Concrete Classes……………………………………………………………………….Page 35
Table-8 Reinforcing Bars and Their Applications………………………………….…Page 36
Table-9 Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction………….Page 49

Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 7
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................... 8
Background of the Bureau ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Brief Details ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Main products and services of Bureau ............................................................................................... 9
1.3 Main Customers and End Users of the Products and Services ......................................................... 12
1.4 Overall Organization and Work Flow ................................................................................................ 12
2- Overall Internship Experience................................................................................................................. 18
2.1 How I got into the company ............................................................................................................. 18
2.2 The sections that I had been working in ........................................................................................... 19
2.3 Introduction to the Sites ................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Introduction to Palace and Staff Residence ............................................................................... 20
2.3.1.1 Construction Materials, Quality Assurances and Tests........................................................... 20
2.3.1.2 Storage Process and Construction Equipment ....................................................................... 21
2.3.1.3 Concrete Mixing ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.3.1.4 Engineering Problems at Presidential Palace Site................................................................... 26
2.3.1.5 Substructure and Foundation Works ...................................................................................... 28
2.3.1.6 Solid Slab and Grade Beams [Staff Residence] ....................................................................... 35
2.3.1.7 Floor System [Presidential Palace] .......................................................................................... 38
2.3.1.8 Roofing System [Presidential Palace]...................................................................................... 42
2.3.1.9 Tests on the Site ...................................................................................................................... 48
2.3.1.10 Total Station Operation ........................................................................................................ 50
3-Overal Internship Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 54
3.1 Improvement of Practical Skills......................................................................................................... 54
3.2 Theoretical Knowledge Upgrading .................................................................................................... 54
3.3 Interpersonal Communication .......................................................................................................... 55
3.4 Team Playing Skills ............................................................................................................................ 55

3.5 Leadership Skills ................................................................................................................................ 56
3.6 Work Ethics ....................................................................................................................................... 56
3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills ..................................................................................................................... 56
4-CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 57
5-RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................................ 58
6-REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 59
7-APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 60

Acknowledgement
Firstly, all praise due to almighty GOD for the generation of ideas solely expressed in this
report, in depth analysis of engineering problems and possible solution, at last the
publishing and above all the everlasting mercy.
I would like to express my profound gratitude for the excellent guidance, hearty
acceptance, constant cooperation and warm welcome of Eng. Asad Omar Hussein, the
Deputy Chief of Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau.
Special thanks also go to Eng. Bashir Mohamed and Eng. Mohamed Omar who tirelessly
helped me cope with different engineering problems during my stay with Urban
Development Bureau in Jigjiga. Both worked with me as supervisors and I was able to share
my ideas on engineering problems with them.
I am grateful to my advisor Alemu Diribse who really showed off greater willingness in
helping me remain updated and for his corrective measures in the course of the internship
program.
Lastly, I should not forget to thank Ato Abraham and Highway Engineer Samson Kibret of
Best Consulting Engineers P.L.C, the company that undertook the design project of Jigjiga
asphalt roads for their encouraging feedbacks and invaluable contribution.

Executive Summary
In summary this report sheds light on my internship practice program at Ethiopian Somali
Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau in Jigjiga, the capital of Zone 5
where I have maintained four-month presence. Primarily, although I was assigned to
Roads Construction Enterprise, the delay in the projects forced me to strike contract with
the governmental Bureau which welcomed me with open arms upon my application.
I translated theories at class into practice not only as intern but also I played consulting
role in the construction of Presidential palace in the outskirts of Jigjiga, three storey staff
residence in Jigjiga University and the design of four lane-one way urban roads in Jigjiga.
In the first part of this report, I have discussed the background of hosting Agency- Urban
Development, Construction and Industry Bureau which is among the regional
implementing bureaus with the aim of enhancing infrastructure and integrated housing
development in the Somali region of Ethiopia. Consulting services and role by the Bureau
as client in some construction projects are also part of the first section of this report.
Second part of the report divulges my overall internship experience, for instance how got
into the company, the section of the company I have worked in, the workflow of the section,
tasks being executed, challenges I faced and the possible solutions to the problems
encountered during the internship practice program.
Third, the detailed report exposes overall benefits I have gained during the internship
when it comes to the improvement in practical skills, upgrade of theoretical knowledge,
interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, understanding of ethics and
organizational and entrepreneurship skills.
Finally, I have given recommendations to the hosting Bureau and concluded my report with
paragraphs summarizing practical skills on the sites over the last four months.

ACRONYMS
AUTOCAD-Automated Computer Aided Design
BSc-Bachelor of Science
DBU-Debre Berhan University
DPC-Damp Proof Coarse
EBS-Easting Back Sight
EBCS-Ethiopian Building Code Standard
ENG-Engineer
ESUDCIB-Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau
-Yield Strength of Steel bars
GC-Gregorian Calendar
GPS-Global Positioning System
NBS-Northing Back Sight
OPC-Ordinary Portland Cement
PLC-Private Limited Company
PPC-Pozzoloni Portland Cement
PVC-Polymerized Vinyl Chloride
SAP-Structural Analysis Program
UTM-Universal Transverse Mercator

Background of the Bureau
1.1 Brief Details

Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau is an
implementing body tasked with administration of settlements in urban cities, expansion of
houses and infrastructure and inter urban rural linkage to play a great role in the region’s
economic and social development to reduce poverty.
Bureau aspires to establish better construction quality and good urban governance system
through rapid and sustainable development.
Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau leads accountable
institution by organizing and integrating supportive community-based organization in
public and private sectors while designing sustainable capacity building system which
enhances urban good governance, efficient and effective service delivery, building better
construction industry and service capacity.
1.2 Main products and services of Bureau

 Designing – sub team
 Design preparation service
 Job list preparation and approval service
 Checking and approval of design
 Adaptation of design
 Consultation service
 Contract and construction administrations sub- team
 Preparation of bid document
 Contract agreement
 Selling of bid document
 Payment service
. Preparation of bid document
. Interim payment
. Final payment
. Payment certificate
 Variation work service
 Additional work service
 Construction material’s price escalation service
 Solving conflicts b/n contractors and consultants
 Performance bond document service
 Temporary & final construction acceptance service
 Construction material’s market price assessment
 Performance evaluation service
 Contactors license service
 Consultants license service
 Professionals license service
 Certificate of occupancy
 Answering for technical support
 Answering for arithmetic check
 Laboratory service
 Site surveying service
 Soil test service
 Construction material test service
Table 1-Major Activities and stretch objectives of the process
Major
S/No activities Stretch Objectives
1. Design Preparing a new design within
preparation  High level building 7-20 Mill in 90 days.
Quality of 90%
 Middle level building 4-7Mill 60 days.

Quality of 90%
 Low level building <4 Mill 30days.

Quality of 90%
 Extra high level building greater than 20 Mill in as per

schedule.
Quality of 90%
10 | P a g e © I n t e r n s h i p R e p o r t b y A b d i r a s h i d M o h a m e d D a h i r - 4 t h
2. Design Approving design within
approval  High level building 7-20 Mill in 7 days.
Quality of 90%
 Middle level building 4-7 Mill in 4 days.

Quality of 90%
 Low level building <4 Mill in 2 days.

Quality of 90%
 Extra high level building greater than 20 Mill in 15 days.

Quality of 90%
3. Bidding Selecting and categorization of capable contractors within 15 days

process using IT technology.
4. Supervision
and We make supervision and provide report within 3 days for
inspection concerned sector. Quality of 100%.
process
5. Payment Finishing the payment and approval within 7 days.

process
6. Registration Finishing the registration within ½ day.

of
contractors&
consultants
1.3 Main Customers and End Users of the Products and Services
Table 2-Customers and Expectations
S/No Customers Need and expectation
 Approving designs in short period of time.

1. Regional  To get completed design which satisfy their need with
sector scheduled tie.
Bureau  Processing and approving of the payment to be fast and
and transparent.
Woredas  To get capable contractor.
 To respond claims on time and in transparency way.
 Project to supervise each activity to get quality building &
supervision on projects
 Payment process to be fast.

2. Contractors  The site hands over to on time.
and  To get complete design on time.
consultant  To get fast response to their claims or disputes.
 Approving designs on time

3. Investors
1.4 Overall Organization and Work Flow

Work flow goes to the following three teams
Table-3 Design Team
S/N Position name Minimum Respective role remark

requirement
1 Surveyor Adv. Diploma in 

surveying
2 Architect Bsc In Architecture  Preparation

architectural design
 Check architectural
design
 Prepare design contra
document
design
document
design
document
5 Structural BSC In Civil Engineer  Preparation of
Engineer structural design
 Prepare project TOR
 Checking structural
design
design
8 Electrical Bsc Electrical  Preparation of
Engineer Engineer electrical design
 Checking electrical of
design

design

design
11 Drafts Man Bsc In Drafting Or

Advance Diploma With
3 Year Experience

3 Year Experience

3 Year Experience
14 Sanitary Engineer BSC In Sanitary  Preparation of

Engineer sanitary design
Checking sanitary
design

 Checking sanitary
design

 Checking of sanitary
design
17 Quantity Surveyor Advance Diploma Civil  Preparation of BOQ

Engineering Or  Checking BOQ
Related Field

Related Field

Related Field
Table-4 Contracts and Construction Administration Team
S/N Position name Minimum requirement Respective role remark
1 construction BSC Civil Engineering Or  Evaluation of
engineer Related Field Advance contracts
Diploma Civil  Supervising
Engineering Or Related construction
 Checking & approve
Field
variation
 Solving disagreement
time extension
 Performing temporary
& final acceptance
 Registration of
construction.
Consultants as well as
providing professional
license
2 construction BSC Civil Engineering Or
engineer Related Field Advance
Diploma Civil
Engineering Or Related
Field

Field
variation
time extension
& final acceptance
 Registration of
construction.
license
construction
Engineering Or Related  Checking & approve
Field variation
time extension
& final acceptance
Registration of construction.
license

Field
variation
time extension
& final acceptance
 Registration of
construction.
license
Field
variation
time extension
& final acceptance
 Registration of
construction.
license
Table-5 Process Owner
S/ Position name Minimum requirement Respective role remark

N
2 Secretary Diploma In Secretarial  Responsible to the process

Science owner
 Prepare different letter,
write and transfer to the
concerned bodies.
 Examine documents,
written letters and
transfers to the concerned
bodies.
 Give reception to the
customer and other stake
holders accordingly and
make to meet with core
process owner.
 Manage and transfers all
materials from the
process owner to the
concerned body
 Take attendance from
team in the process
 Perform other assigned
work by the process
owner
2- OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 How I got into the company
It was not a painstaking process for me to simply get into ESUDCIB. Before applying
to the governmental body, in March 2014 GC I signed an agreement with Roads
Construction Enterprise and at the time, the General Manager of the Enterprise
Guled Ahmed Ali told me that I will gain practical experience from the construction
of rural roads outside the capital of Zone 5 Jigjiga. Working under difficult
circumstances is always welcome and Highway sector has an important role to play
in Ethiopia and in Africa at large.
Shortly after the holistic exam, in line with my previous agreement with Roads
Construction enterprise, I directly arrived in Jigjiga to get involved in projects
pertaining to the design and construction of roads; unfortunately I couldn’t get into
the company since the regional government temporarily put the projects across
Zone 5 on hold.
It took a few weeks for me to make a shift in hosting company [as per the
acceptance of the Bureau] and the roads construction enterprise encouraged me to
join the implementing body which was undertaking huge projects in Jigjiga.
The following days, I had a meeting with Eng. Asad Omar Hussein, the highest
governing deputy chief of the Bureau who immediately assigned me to the site
where a new presidential palace were being built under the supervision of
professional engineers.
As I was intern from Debre Berhan University, I enjoyed wider recognition and open
cooperation from the team of engineers with the Bureau. I used to learn a lot about
the designs and construction of buildings from them.
The presidential palace was under progress and the contractors were erecting
superstructure elements, meaning that I was unable to see the substructures, like
foundation works. Nonetheless, I managed to work with K2N architecture and
Engineering consultancy P.L.C on the foundation of three storey 18-blokcs meant as
staff residence in Jigjiga University following consultations with the Bureau.
In the last month of the internship program, I had been part of a technical
committee appointed to review the engineering report of Best Consulting Engineers
P.L.C. I drafted a seven page evaluation report on the engineering designs and
reports of the consultancy.
2.2 The sections that I had been working in
I had been working on the side of the consultant and my role was not only limited to
visiting sites and practically understanding the job but my role was also to make
some designs, quantity takeoffs and study designs.
Among the tasks entrusted in me are as follows:
1-Supervision of Jigjiga Presidential palace, including inspection of construction

progress and the quality of construction materials.
2-Reading of Designs of the buildings under construction and ensuring whether the
design is met on the site.
3-Cooperating with foremen under the guidance of Bureau supervisor on the
prevailing problems.
4-Generation of new ideas and proposal of solutions if challenges come into being
on the construction site.
5-Preparation of takeoffs for the plans of new construction projects.
6-Supervision of construction of staff residence in Jigjiga University.
7-Review into engineering report by Best Consulting Engineers P.L.C, on four lane
divided urban roads that will be constructed in Jigjiga city.
8- Introduction of comments on the much-needed engineering tasks.
9-As surveyor using Total Station equipment.
During my internship program, I paid special attention to:
 Condition of plastering
 Visible cracks due to the self-weight and live loads imposed on the structure by
construction workers
 Severe failures in the structure
 The condition of Portland cement
 Concrete mix
 Whether foreman assigns workers to their respective tasks
2.3 Introduction to the Sites
2.3.1 Introduction to Palace and Staff Residence

Presidential place and staff residence are found in Jigjiga, the capital city of Somali region of
Ethiopia. Presidential palace is now 80% completed and substructure works were
completed before my arrival while 3 storey 18 blocks staff residence is under construction
and nearly 20% completed.
2.3.1.1 Construction Materials, Quality Assurances and Tests

-Cement
-Selected Materials
-Fine Aggregates
-Coarse Aggregates
-Reinforcement Bars
-Nails
-Tying Wires
-Form Works
-Timber Scaffolds
As I worked on two different sites, construction materials were similar to each other but
the most important issue, regarding the tests for quality assurance was matter under
spotlight. On Site one where presidential palace is being built tests were either pre-
conducted or suspended due to physical observations being made by engineers. But on Site
Two, where staff residence is being built, I found that Addis Ababa-based Engineering
Consultancy employed two empirical tests:
1-Slump Test
2-Compressive Strength Test
For every concrete mix, the consultancy PLC staffers used to test the compressive strength
of the concrete. If the concrete fails to satisfy the required compressive strength,
demolition will come into being for the sake of quality assurance. All compressive strength
tests were conducted in Dire Dawa.
Six test cubes of each (15cm*15cm*15cm) are taken for each test. At least one test is
taken whenever the concrete mix is less than 50m3, and at least two tests are taken to
test for a concrete mix greater than50m3. Out of the six cubes, three will be tested for 7
days strength which should be greater than 70% of the compressive strength of the 28th
day strength, and the rest will be tested for the 28days compressive strength which should
fulfil the required strength.
Criterion for Design
 Function- the structure should give any of the services it was intended for. It should
be possible to have unrestricted and unhindered use of the structure for the
purpose for which it is built. Crack, deflection and vibration of the structure should
be within the service limits.
 Safety- the structure should be safe against any possible failure during its intended
time of use. It should fulfill requirements set by building codes. It should follow the
codes of practice for loading, materials, design and construction.
 Durability- the structure should be able to stand for a time it is intended to serve
for.
 Economy-The design work should take into account not only the cost of materials
but also the applicability, the time required to build, the cost of temporary
structures, the cost of maintenance.
 Appearance (aesthetic value) - it should have a satisfying appearance/ look. The
design should consider the effect of cracking, leaking, staining, flaking, etc.
2.3.1.2 Storage Process and Construction Equipment
Upon my arrival at the site, I decided to learn a lot about the construction materials and
equipment since engineers are required to be acquainted with the knowledge of equipment
and store keeping on the site. Various materials such as cement, PVC, metallic pipes and
paints have varying shelf lives and different ways are employed while keeping them in halls
mainly constructed of Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet [BWG 34], the low-quality sheets
for economic reasons.
Figure 1: Photo 1: Indicates cement bags resting on the ground & Photo 2: Cement
Bags placed above the ground at nearly 30cm
The site engineer told me that the shelf life of cement is 6 months and if it surpasses
duration of six months, it can’t be used for the concrete and mortar mixes.
The following factors are taken into account while storing concrete in the temporary camps
of contractors.
 Flooding/ the depth of flowing water when it rains

 Humidity and moisture
Why placed above the ground?

Because cement is more liable to be inundated by liquids including rain water and
moist soil on which cement bags rest.
Figure 2: Photo 1 [Presidential Palace] Factors like flooding should be considered and
the height depends on the amount of precipitation Photo 2: Like cement, PVC and
electrical conduits are not laid on the ground
Below are the construction equipment found on Staff Residence Site
Figure 3: Orange-branded Back Hoe excavates the ground to minimize labour cost and
throws excavated soil into the Damp Truck…….R: Electric vibrators help construction
workers expand concrete in plastic state, more importantly in this case for the concrete
cover of footing reinforcement
Figure 4: Fixed Concrete mixer has the capacity of holding 2 bags of cement, 6 boxes of
course aggregates and 4 boxes of fine aggregates at a time for C25 concrete while R:
Concrete hauler transports fresh concrete from the fixed mixer to the intended
destination
Compactors
Figure 5: Simple compactors reduce the volume of backfill soil by compaction while R:
similarly rollers or caterpillars are compactors and a machine that is mainly used for
increasing the bearing capacity of soil on roads and sometimes the site of buildings
2.3.1.3 Concrete Mixing
I took a look back at concrete work on the construction site to see if the procedure
complies with university lessons, particularly lessons pertaining to construction materials.
On the site that I visited [Presidential Palace] the concrete mix was important part since the
building was Reinforced Concrete structure [Residential Building plus assembly building].
Figure 6: Crew members await workers collecting fine and course aggregates in
estimating box…R: The photographic image presents everybody with 50 x 40 x 18
measuring box that was used during volume batching of concrete mix
Batching
Al though two types of batching are used: 1) Weight Batching 2) Volume Batching, the
most important one, Weight Batching has never been used on my site but Volume
Batching was predominant and workers were employing measuring box with dimensions:
 50 cm X 40 cm X 16 cm for C30 Concrete

 50 cm X 40 cm X 18 cm for C25 Concrete
 50 cm x 40 cm x 20 cm for C15 Concrete
Ratio Proportioning
 1:2:3 for C30 Concrete [Highly Specialized Work]

 1:2:4 for C25 Concrete [Strong Work]
 1:2:5 for C 15 Concrete [ General Purpose Work]
 1:4:6 for Lean concrete [Sub base Material]
To get concrete consisting of 50kg-Net-weight National-branded cement bag, three
measuring boxes of coarse aggregates and two measuring boxes of fine aggregates.
Procedure of mixing
 Approximately 18 liters of water is poured into the concrete mixer
 Cement Pack is cut into two pieces to make handling simple and
subsequently added to the water
Pozzoloni Portland cement [PPC]
Concrete Formula
Dry:
-1 Part Portland Cement
-2 parts medium or coarse sand
-3 part Gravel or rock
Urban Development Bureau brought National-branded Pozzoloni Portland Cement (PPC)

with 32.5 R Strength Class to the site because it is cheaper when compared with Ordinary
Portland Cement [OPC] with 42.5 R Strength Class.
The pozzolanic materials commonly used are volcanic ash, calcined clay, fly ash, and silica
fumes.
The Portland Pozzolana Cement is ideal for general construction which does not required
high early strength. Commonly, it is ideally suited for constructions such as hydraulic
structures, mass concrete works, marine structures, masonry mortars and plastering,
under aggressive conditions, and all other applications where Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) is used.
Typical concrete sets in about 6 hours and develops a compressive strength of 8 MPa in 24
hours. The strength rises to 15 MPa at 3 days, 23 MPa at 1 week, 35 MPa at 4 weeks and 41
MPa at 3 months. In principle, the strength continues to rise slowly as long as water is
available for continued hydration
Figure 7: National-branded Pozzoloni Portland Cement used for concrete on the

construction site
The construction works did a good job to at least avoid poor handling, placing and
compaction of fresh concrete and in less than 30 minutes, the process was over for setting
and hardening of plastic material.
Curing was also the most important practice after concrete being placed, the curing was
aimed at preventing concrete from surface cracks due to the rapid loss of water and
increase the strength of concrete.
2.3.1.4 Engineering Problems at Presidential Palace Site

 On the site of the construction, I saw problems emanating from segregation and
bleeding
 No test was performed on the concrete, e.g slump test for workability
 The project lacked mix design and perhaps, it could have affected quality control of
concrete
 Vibrators were not used effectively for the compaction of concrete, thus the chance
for segregation was high but it also led to slab defects as concrete cover of the upper
floor slab became non-existence according to the below photo.
Figure 8: Honey comb [Mortar fails to fill voids between Coarse Aggregate particles]
and Voids [Concrete fails to fill areas in the form work] Defects
2.3.1.4.1 Causes
 Stiff and Unworkable Concrete
 Segregation
 Congested Rebar
 Insufficient Consolidation
 Improper Placing Practices
2.3.1.4.2 Weak Crushing Strength Coarse Aggregates

On the site, engineer feels that Coarse Aggregate is the most important ingredient in the
concrete since it is different from Mortars due the presence of course aggregate. One thing
that I can draw from my experience falls into the strength of course aggregate which is
required to match the strength of concrete itself.
As I have worked with the consulting firm side, I found a course aggregate with low
crushing strength due to the following reasons.
-It simply crushed when pressed between thumb and a finger

-Appearances such as the surface cracks and sieve-like characteristics proved weaknesses
Figure 9: Low crushing strength Aggregate
2.3.1.5 Substructure and Foundation Works
Since I understood a lot about the superstructure, I asked Urban Development Bureau to let
me work with K2N Architecture and Engineering Consultancy plc which was undertaking
the construction of G+3 Staff residence buildings inside Jigjiga University.
I started observing site clearance operation, including Setting out, excavations for footing
pads, Placement of lean concrete and formwork of footings, placement of concrete in
formwork, attaching columns to footing re-bars, Backfilling, Profile Floor Levelling and
Grade Beams.
To meet the exact Profile Floor Level [+/-0+00], you need to fix profile boards at a distance
of 2m from the outside edge of the masonry wall where the excavation will take place.
Perpendicularity is given much attention to avoid disturbances and improper centerlines

during the excavation of ground for shallow foundations.
Main function of the lean concrete is to provide the uniform surface to the foundation
concrete and to prevent the direct contact of foundation concrete from the soil. Lean
concrete is used under the foundations.
2.3.1.5.1 Tasks Executed
Minimum Depth of Boreholes for Site Investigation?
As a consultant I suggested that the minimum depth of excavation can be derived from this
formula
Where D=Depth of Boring

S=Number of stories
In our case, we were constructing G+ 3 building [3 Storey building], henceforth. From

previous records, we found that the type of soil is block cotton soil, which could result in
failure and differential settlement, therefore we agreed to increase the width of footing for
punching shear.
It is impossible to achieve a depth of 12.94m:
The footing dimensions=1500mm X 1500mm

Footing Depth=550mm
Foundation Depth=2730mm
Rebar Size=Grade 60 14mm Diameter
Concrete Cover=50mm
Steel Grade=
=300
Column Dimensions=400mmX250mm
250mm of working space was needed each side
Figure 10:From physical observation, I understood that the relative density of soil
was small [Low Dense Soil], Depth of Foundation could have been increased [Photo
2] & Photo 3 shows lean concrete poured into the excavated holes
Development Length Check
To achieve higher bond between the concrete and steel, you need to bend the re-bars for
bond strength. Why for development Length? In the tension zone, Concrete-Steel
interface form Bond Stress, if not achieved bars pull out of concrete and tension drops to
Zero.
The sufficient length into which bars extend concrete is known as ‘Development Length’.
We usually apply this principle when designing Footing re-bars. I have checked the bars of
the foundation for development length, which is unavoidable at all costs during the
construction of foundation footings.
Where ᶲ=Diameter of the bars
Yield Strength of Reinforcement Bars
On my site:
Rebar Size=Grade 60 14mm Diameter
For Concrete C-25
2 X Fctd(Design Stress of Concrete in Tension) =Fbd
Fctd=1 Fbd for deformed bars [>Diameter 6) =2x1=2MPa
Figure 11: Footing Re-bars are bent up for bond strength to create strong bond
between Concrete and Steel
In Ethiopia, the most commonly used steel bars are S-300 with Fyd=260.87MPa
The amount of soil dug up from the site during the excavation is not almost important and
to make sure that future backfill soil is good at compaction, Cart Away concept is
introduced during the preparation of Quantity Take-off material. Over 80% of backfill
constitutes selected materials and expenses are in turn incurred.
Figure 12: Materials are selected for better compaction, strength and good texture
Columns are fixed to the footing bars by transferring lines from string lines to the ground
through plumb-bob and nails are also attached to wooden form work. It is noteworthy to
mention that Verandas Footing Pads carry smaller load than other footings of the G+3
building.
Figure 13: Columns are directly attached to footing re-bares [Photo 1], Concrete is
poured into the footing only [Photo 2] & without casting the column concrete forms
the footing pad only [Photo 3]
Footings remain 24 hours in the form work, to continue hydration process in order to
attain high strength curing lasts seven days and followed by backfilling.
Figure 14: Photos show curing techniques for footing pad and columns
2.3.1.6 Solid Slab and Grade Beams [Staff Residence]
Solid Slabs
For any structural element, the following guidelines are important and it should be applied
to the structure while designing and constructing.
 Shear is maximum at support

 Moment is minimum or zero for pinned and roller supported structures at supports
 Stirrups [Vertical stirrups] that are most commonly used carry shear above the
concrete capacity
 Inclined stirrups not used for buildings prone to seismic loads
 T and Inverted L beams –T sections are very advantageous in simply supported
span to resist positive bending moment. Inverted L sections resist negative bending
moment in cantilever beam.
Table-6 Concrete Cover

Member Concrete Cover
Beam 25mm Moderate
Slab 15mm Mild
Footing 50mm Severe
One-way slab: Reinforcement in one direction [Transverse for Bending Moment] but
practically it is non-existent due to architectural reasons.
Two-way slab: Reinforcement in two directions
Main Mesh Reinforcement
Secondary Mesh Reinforcement
Table-7 Concrete Classes
Table-8 Reinforcing Bars and their applications
Except for 6 mm diameter bars, reinforcing bars have ribs that create strong bond with
concrete.
Slabs transfer floor loads to the support by flexure and of the three types of slabs namely-
Solid Slab, Ribbed Slab and flat slabs-I saw Solid slabs which are divided into strips, say
middle strip and edge strips and reinforcement is provided in both directions.
Maximum bending moment is found in the middle strip where positive reinforcement and
T sections are found while 50% of the strips are extended into the support. I learned that
negative bars are terminated at a distance of L/3 from the respective centerline of the
supports.
Engineers prefer yielding steel at first to collapse in concrete.
Grade Beams
There is a direct relationship between ground floor slabs and grade beams. Grade beams
are similar to other beams supporting slabs but needs some structural considerations and
important concepts are introduced while on site and also in office.
Figure 15 the Ground is levelled up to Profile Floor Level [PFL] before grade beam is
being laid
Once footings and columns are completed, foundation masonry wall constructed of stone
and cement mortar is erected. Grade beams directly rest on the masonry wall and now the
concrete.
Isolation of Ground floor Slab: During my stay on the site, I came across the concept of
isolating ground floor slab from the grade beam. Unlike first floor and second floor slabs,
ground floor slabs don’t carry flexural stress but since concrete is weak in tension, you
need to avoid severe cracking that would result from tension above the concrete capacity
and Expansion joint materials are placed between grade beam and ground floor slab.
Grade beams are not doubly reinforced structures but hanger bars run longitudinally in the
nominal compression zone for vertical stirrups to be fixed and allocated properly. In fact
Negative bars are provided in the tension zone like cantilever beams.
Figure 16: Negative bars resist negative bending moment due to the pressure by soil
on the masonry wall on which grade beams rest
2.3.1.7 Floor System [Presidential Palace]

During the flooring, I raised a number of questions, particularly the observation of solid
floor which direly rests on the ground. For example, the importance of Damp Proof Courses
(DPCs) and how such materials help floor system resist moisture and dampness into the
pavement.
I took a serious note on the following procedures:-
Floor Layering
Figure 17: Soil constituting a depth of 150mm above the ground level is compacted
manually
Soil, either Natural or selected soil material is sprayed on the floor area, the depth of the
soil is almost 150mm above the ground level and a rod in a can filled with concrete helps
construction workers level the soil to a desired depth.
Figure 18: Trachytic Hardcore materials used as Damp Proof Course (DPC) during
floor layering
Figure 19: Basaltic gravel is also used as an alternative Damp Proof Course (Material)
over the course of floor layering
Hardcore or from Geologic perspective, Granite rocks are important in the layering of solid
floor due their resistance to dampness and moisture. The hardcore layer occupies a depth
of 250mm.
Hardcore exists in two forms, namely 1) Trachytic Hardcore [Granite] 2) Basaltic Hardcore
Rock.
Merits of Hardcore on the site
1-Strengthened and solidified the base of the building by resisting the pressure of dead and
live loads acting on the building.
2) Saved cost of construction, for example during the application of hardcore, the volume
occupied by the hard core if it were to be concrete would have cost more.
3) I do expect in future, it would reduce movement of water up to the floor surface.
Figure 20: After the hardcore is finished, Reinforcing steel with 8mm diameter is
applied to the surface to let floor system withstand tensile forces
Before the concrete was poured over the hardcore, a process called ‘blinding’ is employed.
Since it is quite troublesome placing concrete on the hardcore directly, three options
existed for us on the site 1) the use of a thin layer of very dry coarse concrete that could be
spread over it, 2) the use of a thin layer of coarse clinker (powder), and 3) the use of ash.
This blinding layer, or coat is about 50 mm thick, and on it the site concrete is spread and
finished with a true level top surface.
The diameter of reinforcing steel used in the field is 8mm while the total depth of floor
became 50cm:-
1) Compacting the selected backfill material with a layer not more than 25
2) 25cm of Hardcore/ 20 Hardcore plus 5cm of blinding material
3) 10cm of concrete
Figure 21: While casting concrete, it is lined just to ensure that alignment is
correct and surface is levelled appropriately
2.3.1.8 Roofing System [Presidential Palace]
Roof constitutes the upper most part of the building. It was really carrying a special interest
for me to see how roof covering are selected and supports including rafters, kingposts,
struts and purlins are built prior to the placement of Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheets.
The most abundant roof covering on my site was Galvanized [Steel with zinc for rusting]
Corrugated Steel Sheet and at least I encountered some problems regarding the quality
control.
Figure 22: Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet, USG where G=Gauge 0.376mm
Types of roofs on the site

-Corrugated Metal Sheets
-RC Slabs
-Clay Tiles
There have been pitched roofs, closed couple roofs and trussed steel roofs for assembly
structures.
Figure 23: The presidential offices exhibit Hip roofs, just pitched since rainfall is
abundant in Jigjiga
For halls
-Steel Truss span-18.4m

-Spacing 4.5m
Figure 24: Assembly buildings require steel trusses unlike others due the width of
the building
If the roof is to be constructed as a concrete roof, it will be designed as a slab. While if a

sloped roof, say with EGA SHEET cover, supported with truss it will requires its own design
procedure.
For steel truss like this, the truss members should be designed using design software to
check the safety of the truss and its ability to withstand excessive deflection. The loads that
are considered in the analysis and design of truss include:-
1-Roof Cover Load

2-Wind Load
3-Live Load [According to EBCS 2]
4-Self Weight of Truss Members and Purlins
5-Additional Imposed Loads [If Any]
The loads are applied at joints as concentrated loads and the truss is analyzed. The
reactions from the truss have to be transferred to the structure. For steel truss, since it can
have a longer span between the trusses, the load transfer will be directly into columns. But
in case of wood truss, the span between trusses is limited, so the roof loads will be
transferred to beams as a concentrated load at certain intervals.
Figure 25: Photo 1: Steel trusses Photo 2: Welded Steel trusses Photo 3: Less
corrugated Ega Sheets, thicker than more Galvanized Corrugated Steel sheet
Figure 26: BWG 34-0.2mm used for stores while USG 28-0.376mm is used as roof
covering
Drainage System
Like the formal structures, buildings require more credible drainage system to avoid
failures resulting from poor drainage.
At the construction sites, Flat sheets are either used as gutters or down pipes and let rain
water flow through pipe-like systems attached to the side-building.
Parapets
Figure 27: Parapets are part of the structural elements that form a building Photo 1:
Before concrete casting Photo 2: After placement of concrete
Parapets are structural elements in the building during concrete casting. They are directly
attached to the reinforcement mesh of the slab due to the presence of loadings.
Among the loads on the parapets are: Dead loads [Self Weight], Hydrostatic Loads [When
raining] and occasionally lateral loads resulted by wind loads on the roof covering.
After concrete is casted, hollow concrete blocks at a depth of 40cm are constructed to help
parapets retain rain water.
Dimensions of the blocks [40X20X15 CM].
Gutters
Figure 28
Photo 1: Workers attend to non-corrugated/ Flat sheets to find exact dimensions required
Photo 2: Prepared Gutter on roof top
Photo 3: Upper most part of a roof covering with opening
Photo 4: Hidden Roof gutters due to aesthetic purposes
Quantity Take off for roofs
Without taking labour and material costs into account, it’s necessary for engineers to
understand how to calculate the surface area of roof on a given building.
At first, I found the following interesting
 Angle of the Roof, Rise-and-Run of roofs

 Width of the Roof and Overhang of the roof
Area= Two Sides X Length of the rafter X Length

of the Building
2.3.1.9 Tests on the Site
Slump Test
Figure 29
 Photo 1 indicates preparation after [photo 6 resulted in collapsible slump

 Photo 2 shows concrete poured into the slump cone
 Photo 3 unveils compaction of concrete with tamping rod
 Photo 4 exposes how I carefully lifted the cone after the compaction of three layers
got finished
 Photo 5 I measured the slump of the concrete/True Slump
 Photo 6 is the first test of collapsible slump
For the construction of footing and columns, I decided to perform Slump Test to ensure
whether the concrete is workable enough or not.
Apparatus
 Slump Cone/Metallic Mould with 20cm bottom diameter, 10 cm top diameter and
30 cm height.
 Wooden base plate
 Steel Tamping road with 16mm diameter and 60 cm length
 Wheelbarrow
Procedure
 I took a sample concrete on wheelbarrow from the mobile concrete truck
 Prior to the test, wooden base plate was washed with water to avoid moisture
absorption
 I placed three layers of concrete in the slump cone, each tamped 25 times with steel
rod
 I carefully lifted the slump cone, just to avoid unintentional collapse
Result
 First test resulted in collapsible slump due to the following reasons

-Poor compaction by the foreman
-Large amount of water in the concrete
 Second test resulted in true slump of 7 cm /70mm satisfactory for footings and
columns according to the following table
Table-9 Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction
SLUMP CM.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Maximum* Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and footings 8 2
Plain, footings, caissons, and substructure walls 8 2
Beams and reinforced walls 10 2
Building columns 10 2
Pavements and slabs 8 2
Heavy mass concrete 8 2
Recommendation
Since the first test led to collapsible slump, the only solution is to leave it and again
proportion concrete ingredients.
2.3.1.10 Total Station Operation

Definition: Electronic Survey Equipment is used to perform horizontal and vertical
measurements in reference to a grid system (e.g. UTM, mine grid).
Well in the first place, it’s noteworthy to mention that different types of Total station are
available on markets so in my case, I operated Sokkia CX Series.
Like theodolite you need to adjust tripod, optical plummet to the target (Bench March/
Occupy station) and also to use foot screws.
Below is the display panel of my total station after I exactly placed it on the occupy station
and centred the circular bulb.
Figure 30
Here we have one task to do to achieve higher accuracy; through the foot screws at 180 one
needs to eliminate tilt of Y by two foot screws and tilt of X by one foot screw. Again make
90 degree rotation and repeat the same procedure.
Function Keys
Figure 31
Function Keys are important in many ways, particularly in identifying the kind of project
you are expected to execute. Below are function and ESC buttons for showing off the pages.
 Create Job[F3], from the job selection, select job with 0 data if not, then go to
F1 [Job List] ,delete a job and again choose job
DATA COLLECTION VIA TOTAL STATION
 Select Data
 Prepare occupy station [Point over which the total station is placed] with Easting,
Northing and Z [Elevation], for almost all cases, we employed Garmin GPS to find
E=257955, N=1034958 and Z=1672 of occupy station
 Again on Data, click BS Data to find second reference position, you will see Angle or
Coordinate, we do prefer Coordinate Method, and GPS is again used for BS to
achieve accuracy, data is inserted into the equipment.
EBS=257910
NBS=1034989
ZBS=1670-----Ok button
 Height of instrument is measured using steel tape and heigh of the prism pole is
written in the display screen.
 To check out your work, now take Back Sight reading, shoot the prism pole and hit
F1[REC] to get accurate reading
 Place your prism pole over various stations by keeping your total station over the
occupy station until prism-hold gets lost due to rough terrain and existence of
mountains.
DATA TRANSFER
Figure 32
 As you can see from the above photographic image, you can transfer
the collected data to flash disk or to the computer with the help of USB
and specific software. Fortunately, nowadays total stations have own
system to let surveyors receive data in a simple manner.
 Hit F2 [USB], Select S type, Select Save Data, among the different jobs
available on the display panel, choose your task and click ok, wait for a
while moving into the storage device.
 Transfer to Excel as CSV [Comma Delaminate] format and save [Below
is the data]
X Y z
267952.4 1034958 1672.285
267952.4 1034958 1672.285
267952.4 1034958 1672.285
267952.4 1034958 1672.285

267952.4 1034958 1672.285
3-OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFITS
3.1 Improvement of Practical Skills

In the last four months, I was able to improve my practical skills and understand
how works are executed on the construction sites. Below are practical skills I gained
during the internship program:-
 Installation of scaffolds and false work

 Types of formwork, releasing agents and their design
 Concrete mixing, procedures, handling, placement and casting
 The meaning of the term 1:2:3 in concrete mix
 Reinforcement Placement, types of re-bars, curtailment, and lab length.
 Casting of solid slabs, design of negative bars and positive bars and storage of
concrete and other construction materials.
 Operation of Total Station
 Empirical tests on concrete including slump and compressive strength test
 Roof covering, quality assurance of roof coverings, quantity takeoff, drainage
system of buildings and design of steel trusses for assembly buildings
 Floor systems and the reasons behind reinforcement mesh of ground floor
slabs
 Understanding grade beam and expansion joints
 Inspection of aggregates
 Development length in foundation works
 Construction Equipment and physical observation in line with engineering
perspectives
 Designing in Autocad, SAP, ETABS and EAGLE POINT
3.2 Theoretical Knowledge Upgrading

Practical skills on the construction sites upgraded my theoretical knowledge as I came
across new components in construction industry, for example:
 The concept of parapets and Grade Beams

 Generation of scientific reasoning for practical problems
 Construction Equipment and Materials
 The concept of cart away in takeoff sheets and estimation of re-bars for structural
elements
 Reading and Understanding working drawings

3.3 Interpersonal Communication
The site is far more different from the University where we solely use scientific reasons. I
managed to interact with many people with different backgrounds and languages. I had a
working relationship with supervisors, office engineers, project managers, foremen and
even construction workers.
You may find new words at the site but I coped with both the horizontal and vertical
communication between different groups involved in the two projects.
Benefits of communication skills on the site
 Suggestions and orders for foremen and construction workers

 Sharing ideas
 Co-managing daily activities
 Respects for attitudes
 Decision-making while resolving engineering problems
3.4 Team Playing Skills

I used to join my colleagues from other universities to discuss engineering problems and
possible solutions. At the same time, as a team member and fresh consultant with Urban
Development, Construction and Industry Bureau I cooperated with professional engineers
on a number of occasions by:
 Respecting suggestions
 Sharing ideas open-mindedly
 Communicating effectively
 Approaching issues from a constructive point of view
 Listening seriously
 Seeking accuracy at all times
3.5 Leadership Skills
During the internship program, I benefited from many leadership skills from the offices in
the Bureau to the construction sites. At office, I took a serious note on the orders from
Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau head to contract administration
team and engineers.
On the site, orders by project managers for keeping materials properly were important and
foremen remained accountable to both engineers of the contractors and consultancy.
Controlling everything on the site under the watch of contactor and work flow at office play
crucial role in the timely completion of projects.
3.6 Work Ethics

In construction industry, you need to develop healthy working environment and double
productivity through punctuality, honesty by avoiding corruption and bias, cooperation,
office discipline without disturbing working condition and reliability.
3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills

Al though I was working on the side of the consulting Bureau, I came across some
entrepreneurship skills including resource utilization in profitable manner in a given
period of time and the importance of manpower and construction equipment.
The obvious goal of the Bureau was to improve the standards in place for housing and
construction of high-quality buildings in the Somali region of Ethiopia.
4-CONCLUSION
I have found the internship program interesting as it provided me with the necessary skills
required by civil engineers at site and in office. It was an opportunity for me to interact
with different people including professional engineers who at least contributed their
guidance to me.
It was something of highly valued to work for Ethiopian Somali Urban Development,
Construction and Industry Bureau on the construction of two key projects -Jigjiga
Presidential Palace and staff residence in Jigjiga University.
The consulting body directed me towards tough tasks but those with appropriate
theoretical knowledge could have overcome the engineering problems over the course of
the internship.
I gained not only practical but also theoretical knowledge by perceiving different
challenges on site and putting what I studied at class into practice.
At least, if you go on internship with high-class company or institution, you will get
acquainted with the translation of something in books into action.
I learned what do self-confidence, team playing, organizational skills, upgrade of

theoretical knowledge mean to the engineer?
Once and for all, let me say internship is far more fascinating than many things and
complies with real life situation.
5-RECOMMENDATION
Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau where I

maintained presence for nearly four months needs to increase the number of civil and
construction engineers. Despite impressive work flow, the shortage of experienced
engineers was challenging matter.
The setting up of modern laboratory, publishing of soil testing manual and training of
technicians remain crucial because of the critical tasks ahead for the Bureau.
The delays in construction could only be avoided if contractors are scolded legally and held
accountable for the mishaps.
On site two, the staff residence of Jigjiga University, I recommend both the consulting firm
and contractor to provide space to practicing students and ease the restrictive control.
As long term and short term plan, consultancies are in dire need of relevant expertise and
laboratories to come up with quality assurances and scrutinize the contractors whenever
problems arise with varying intensities.
6-REFERENCES
 Debre Berhan University, ‘Lecture Notes’,[Unpublished]
 Ethiopian Somali Urban Development, Construction and Industry Bureau,
‘Company Profile’ 2007 [Unpublished]
 Foundation Analysis and Design, ‘Joseph E. Bowles’, 5th Edition
 Ministry of Works and Urban Development, ‘Ethiopian Building Code Standard;
EBCS-1-EBCS-8’,1995
 S. S Ray, ‘Reinforced Concrete Design and Analysis’, 1995
 Techniques of Writing and Editing Educational Materials, ‘Tesfaye Ejigu Tefera’, 1st
Edition
7-APPENDICES
Timber Formwork & Steel Formwork
Oil is used as releasing agent during the initial fixing and at a later date when
workers remove temporary support from the hardened concrete
If the work can’t be accessed from the ground, construction workers need to use
scaffolds to build upper parts

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1.1 Brief Details

1.2 Main products and services of Bureau

Table 1-Major Activities and stretch objectives of the process

 Middle level building 4-7Mill 60 days.

 Low level building <4 Mill 30days.

 Extra high level building greater than 20 Mill in as per

 Middle level building 4-7 Mill in 4 days.

 Low level building <4 Mill in 2 days.

 Extra high level building greater than 20 Mill in 15 days.

3. Bidding Selecting and categorization of capable contractors within 15 days

5. Payment Finishing the payment and approval within 7 days.

6. Registration Finishing the registration within ½ day.

S/No Customers Need and expectation

 Approving designs in short period of time.

 Payment process to be fast.

 Approving designs on time

1.4 Overall Organization and Work Flow

Table-3 Design Team

S/N Position name Minimum Respective role remark

1 Surveyor Adv. Diploma in 

2 Architect Bsc In Architecture  Preparation

9 Electrical Bsc Electrical  Preparation of

10 Electrical Bsc Electrical  Preparation of

11 Drafts Man Bsc In Drafting Or

12 Drafts Man Bsc In Drafting Or

13 Drafts Man Bsc In Drafting Or

14 Sanitary Engineer BSC In Sanitary  Preparation of

15 Sanitary Engineer BSC In Sanitary  Preparation of

16 Sanitary Engineer BSC In Sanitary  Preparation of

17 Quantity Surveyor Advance Diploma Civil  Preparation of BOQ

18 Quantity Surveyor Advance Diploma Civil  Preparation of BOQ

19 Quantity Surveyor Advance Diploma Civil  Preparation of BOQ

Table-4 Contracts and Construction Administration Team

S/N Position name Minimum requirement Respective role remark

3 construction BSC Civil Engineering Or  Evaluation of

5 construction BSC Civil Engineering Or  Evaluation of

S/ Position name Minimum requirement Respective role remark

2 Secretary Diploma In Secretarial  Responsible to the process

2.1 How I got into the company

2.2 The sections that I had been working in

Among the tasks entrusted in me are as follows:

1-Supervision of Jigjiga Presidential palace, including inspection of construction

During my internship program, I paid special attention to:

2.3.1 Introduction to Palace and Staff Residence

2.3.1.1 Construction Materials, Quality Assurances and Tests

2.3.1.2 Storage Process and Construction Equipment

 Flooding/ the depth of flowing water when it rains

Why placed above the ground?

Below are the construction equipment found on Staff Residence Site

2.3.1.3 Concrete Mixing