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Brand Names: US
Onglyza
Onglyza
Pharmacologic Category
Antidiabetic Agent, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor
Dosing: Adult
Concomitant use with strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitors (eg, atazanavir, clarithromycin, indinavir,
itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin): 2.5
mg once daily
Concomitant use with insulin or insulin secretagogues: Reduced dose of insulin or insulin
secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas) may be needed
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Dosing: Geriatric
Refer to adult dosing.
Dosage Forms: US
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult
specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral:
Tablet, Oral:
Administration: Adult
Oral: May be administered without regard to meals. Swallow whole; do not split or cut tablets.
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Adverse Reactions
Frequencies and adverse reactions reported with monotherapy unless otherwise noted.
1% to 10%:
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypoglycemia (6%; combination therapy with glyburide: 13%
to 15%; with metformin: 6% to 8%; with insulin: 5%)
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
• Arthralgia: Severe and disabling arthralgia has been reported with DPP-IV inhibitor
use; onset may occur within one day to years after treatment initiation and may
resolve with discontinuation of therapy. Some patients may experience a recurrence of
symptoms if DPP-IV inhibitor therapy resumed.
• Bullous pemphigoid: DPP-4 inhibitor use has been associated with development of
bullous pemphigoid; cases have typically resolved with topical or systemic
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• Pancreatitis: Cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported with use. Monitor for
signs/symptoms of pancreatitis; discontinue use immediately if pancreatitis is
suspected and initiate appropriate management. Use with caution in patients with a
history of pancreatitis as it is not known if this population is at greater risk.
Disease-related concerns:
• Heart failure: Heart failure (HF) that may require hospitalization has been reported in
a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2
diabetes with a history of, or at risk for, cardiovascular events; risk was increased in
patients with preexisting heart failure or renal impairment and during the first 12
months of therapy (Scirica 2013; Scirica 2014). A population-based retrospective
study in an ambulatory setting with relatively lower baseline cardiovascular risk factors
failed to demonstrate increased risk in patients on saxagliptin compared to other
agents (eg, sitagliptin, pioglitazone, sulfonylureas, insulin) (Toh 2016). Monitor for
signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy and consider discontinuation if
condition develops. In a scientific statement from the American Heart Association,
saxagliptin has been determined to be an agent that may exacerbate underlying
myocardial dysfunction (magnitude: major) (AHA [Page 2016]). The ADA recommends
avoiding use of saxagliptin in patients with HF (ADA 2019).
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with moderate to severe renal
dysfunction (eGFR <45 mL/minute/1.73 m2) including end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
requiring hemodialysis; dosing adjustment required.
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Other warnings/precautions:
• Appropriate use: Not indicated for use in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or with
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Metabolism/Transport Effects
Substrate of CYP3A4 (major), P-glycoprotein/ABCB1; Note: Assignment of Major/Minor
substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential
Drug Interactions
(For additional information: Launch drug interactions program)
Alpha-Lipoic Acid: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
Androgens: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents.
Exceptions: Danazol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Aprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Conivaptan: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of SAXagliptin. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of SAXagliptin. Risk
C: Monitor therapy
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Direct Acting Antiviral Agents (HCV): May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic
Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Duvelisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fosaprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk
with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fosnetupitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk
with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates
(High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Idelalisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Larotrectinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Maitake: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
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MiFEPRIStone: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk
with Inhibitors). Management: Minimize doses of CYP3A4 substrates, and monitor for
increased concentrations/toxicity, during and 2 weeks following treatment with
mifepristone. Avoid cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide,
quinidine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose
Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Netupitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Palbociclib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pegvisomant: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents.
Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prothionamide: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents.
Risk C: Monitor therapy
Quinolones: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents.
Quinolones may diminish the therapeutic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents.
Specifically, if an agent is being used to treat diabetes, loss of blood sugar control may
occur with quinolone use. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ritodrine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C: Monitor
therapy
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Salicylates: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Risk
C: Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood
Glucose Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Simeprevir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Stiripentol: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with
Inhibitors). Management: Use of stiripentol with CYP3A4 substrates that are considered to
have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided due to the increased risk for adverse
effects and toxicity. Any CYP3A4 substrate used with stiripentol requires closer monitoring.
Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic
Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pregnancy Implications
In women with diabetes, maternal hyperglycemia can be associated with congenital
malformations as well as adverse effects in the fetus, neonate, and the mother (ACOG 201
2018; ADA 2019; Metzger 2007). To prevent adverse outcomes prior to conception and
throughout pregnancy maternal blood glucose and HbA1c should be kept as close to target
goals as possible but without causing significant hypoglycemia (ADA 2019; Blumer 2013).
Agents other than saxagliptin are currently recommended to treat diabetes in pregnant women
(ADA 2019).
Breast-Feeding Considerations
It is not known if saxagliptin is present in breast milk. According to the manufacturer, the
decision to breastfeed during therapy should consider the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of
breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother.
Dietary Considerations
Individualized medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is an integral part of therapy (ADA 2013).
Monitoring Parameters
Plasma glucose, HbA1c (at least twice yearly in patients who have stable glycemic control and
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are meeting treatment goals; quarterly in patients not meeting treatment goals or with therapy
change [ADA 2019]), renal function (prior to initiation of therapy and periodically thereafter);
lymphocyte counts (if unusual or persistent infection); signs/symptoms of pancreatitis and/or
heart failure
Reference Range
Recommendations for glycemic control in nonpregnant adults with diabetes (ADA 2019):
HbA1c: <7% (a more aggressive [<6.5%] or less aggressive [<8%] HbA1c goal may be
targeted based on patient-specific characteristics)
Preprandial capillary blood glucose: 80 to 130 mg/dL (more or less stringent goals
may be appropriate based on patient-specific characteristics)
Peak postprandial capillary blood glucose: <180 mg/dL (more or less stringent goals
may be appropriate based on patient-specific characteristics)
Recommendations for glycemic control in older adults (≥65 years) with diabetes (ADA
2019):
Bedtime capillary blood glucose: 90 to 150 mg/dL (healthy); 100 to 180 mg/dL
(complex/intermediate health); 110 to 200 mg/dL (very complex/poor health)
Mechanism of Action
Saxagliptin inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme resulting in prolonged active
incretin levels. Incretin hormones (eg, glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent
insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]) regulate glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin synthesis
and release from pancreatic beta cells and decreasing glucagon secretion from pancreatic
alpha cells. Decreased glucagon secretion results in decreased hepatic glucose production.
Under normal physiologic circumstances, incretin hormones are released by the intestine
throughout the day and levels are increased in response to a meal; incretin hormones are
rapidly inactivated by the DPP-IV enzyme.
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Duration: 24 hours
Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4/5 to 5-hydroxy saxagliptin (active; ~50% potency of the
parent compound)
Excretion: Urine (75%, 24% of the total dose as saxagliptin, 36% of the total dose as
5-hydroxy saxagliptin); feces (22%)
Renal function impairment: AUC was up to 2.1- and 4.5-fold higher in patients with
moderate or severe renal impairment. Dosage adjustment is required. In patients with mild
renal impairment, AUC for saxagliptin and its active metabolite were 20% and 70% higher,
respectively, which is not considered significant.
Hepatic function impairment: Cmax and AUC were 8% and 77% higher, respectively, in
patients with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A, B, and C). The corresponding Cmax
and AUC of the active metabolite were 59% and 33% lower, respectively.
Pricing: US
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided
as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is
available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the
range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should
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liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no
event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages
arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
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Formigliptin (EG); Glipitrose (EG); Glyza (BD); Ongliza (UA); Onglyza (AE, AR, AT, AU, BB, BE,
BH, BR, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CY, CZ, DE, DK, DO, EE, EG, ES, ET, FR, GB, GR, GT, HK,
HN, HR, ID, IE, IL, IN, IT, JO, JP, KR, KW, LB, LK, LT, LU, LV, MT, MY, NI, NL, NO, NZ, PA, PH,
PL, PT, QA, RO, RU, SA, SE, SG, SI, SK, SV, TH, TR, TW, VN); Sixtin (BD)
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