21st Literature
Premacio
INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE
Literature
-is a form of human expression both oral
and written. An expression of what one
thinks and feels about his society, beliefs,
values, mores, ideals and aspirations.
Two types of Literature
1. Prose (sentences and paragraphs)
 Fiction
 Non-Fiction
 Folktales: legend, myth and fable
 Novel
 Short story
 Essay
 Drama
2. Poetry (lines and stanzas)
 Narrative: epic, metrical tale, ballad
 Lyric: ode, sonnet, elegy
 Dramatic: comedy, tragedy
 Special Types: limerick, haiku, riddle,
proverb,
 Drama
PRE COLONIAL LITERATURE
1. PROVERBS ( salawikain)
-are practical observations and philosophy
of everyday life that are written usually in a
rhyming scheme. It is obviously meant to
entertain while teaching basic skills in
surviving local life.
Examples:
Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.
(Whatever the tree, so is the fruit.)
Kung walang tiyaga, walang nilaga.
(If you don’t persevere, you can expect no
reward.)
2. RIDDLES ( bugtong)
-are like proverbs with one main
difference: they demand an answer and
are used to test the wits of those who are
listening to them.
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- Are used in a battle of wits, where locals
young and old join and /or watch to see
who is the smartest.
3. FOLKSONGS( Mga awiting bayan)
-are beautiful songs that are informal
expressions of our ancestors’ experiences
in life. These range from courtship( which
they sing in a harana or a serenade for a
girl), to lullabies, harvests, funerals, and
others.
4. TALES (myths & legends)
-are stories of origin for certain places, their
names, and their creation. They usually are
used to explain certain events or
phenomena in our ancestors’ lives that
cannot be explained by the limited
practical kind of science they knew back
then.
5. EPICS
-are long-winded poems about a hero and
his adventures and misadventures. It
usually tells of a male hero who is born with
all the pleasing qualities that your
ancestors like in a person and who also has
superhuman capabilities.
Ex. Bi-ag ni Lam-ang & Hinilawod
SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE
 Focused on the society and culture
as reflected and affected by the
Catholic faith.
 Up until now, this kind of influence still
reigns true in Filipino society, as the
Philippines is one of the largest
remaining Catholic countries in the
world in terms of population.
KINDS OF SPANISH LITERATURE
 CORRIDO- is a legendary religious
narrative form that usually details the
lives of saints or the history of a
tradition.
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 Awit - is a chivalric poem about a
hero, usually about a saint. It is also
usually sung and used in religious
processions.
 Pasyon- is a narrative poem about
the life of Jesus Christ, beginning
from his birth and up to his death.
This is usually sung during the Lenten
season
 Cenaculo- is the dramatization of
the passion of Christ. It highlights the
sufferings and death of Jesus Christ,
and it is also done during the Lenten
season.
 Moro-moro or Comedia de Capa y
Espada- is a blood-and-thunder
melodrama depicting the conflict of
Christians and Muslims. It is usually
about battles to the death and the
proofs of faith.
 Carillo- is a play that uses shadows
as its main spectacle. This is created
by animating figures made from
cardboard, which are projected
onto a white screen.
 Tibag- is the dramatic re-enactment
of St. Helena’s search for the Holy
Cross. St. Helena is the mother of
Constantine and is oftentimes
credited to have influenced her son
to be the great Christian leader he is
known for today.
 Duplo or Karagatan- are native
dramas that are connected to
Catholic mourning rituals and
harvest celebrations.
 Zarzuela- is probably one of the most
famous forms of entertainment back
in the Spanish era. Zarzuelas are
musical comedies or melodramas
Mia Thresia M. Premacio
that deal with the elemental
passions of human beings.
 THE AWIT and the CORRIDO - Some
use these two interchangeably
because distinction is not clear. The
terms 'awit' and 'corrido' are both
related to music. ... The korido refers
to metrical romances in octosyllabic
(8 syllables) verse called 'hakira'
while the awit is in dodecasyllabic
(12 syllables) verse called 'plosa.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE
 ART
 FORM
 SUBJECTIVE
 EXPRESSIVE
 OBJECTIVE
 EFFECTIVE \
1. Mimetic Art Form or Theory
 -Plato believes that literature is a
copy of a copy of reality . To him,
reality is idea and objects are merely
physical copies of idea and
poem/short story is a copy of an
object.
- Plato and Aristotle spoke of
mimesis as the re-presentation
of nature.
 -According to Plato, all artistic
creation is a form of imitation: that
which really exists (in the “world of
ideas”) is a type created by God;
the concrete things man perceives
in his existence are shadowy
representations of this ideal type.
 -Therefore, the painter, the
tragedian, and the musician are
imitators of an imitation, twice
removed from the truth.
2. Expressive Art Form or Theory
 Literature is also an expression of
writer’s inner psychology.
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 Whatever the writer writes expresses
the subconscious or unconscious
workings of his mind which are
products of his own personal
experience in life , his beliefs, his
loves , his frustrations, his happiness,
his deficiencies, and his weakness.
3. Objective Art Form or Theory
 Literature is a form of text which is
created with a definite structural
schema made up of definite
elements. Each form of literature is
expressed through conventional
structural elements.
4. . Effective Art Form or Theory
 Literature addresses the readers who
find significance in it based own
personal experience which parallels
to that of the author because both
are human beings and human
experiences are universal, which are
influenced by society , the era, the
environment or milieu and
everything in it.
What is Poetry?
 a type of literature that expresses
 ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a
specific form
 the art of expressing one’s thoughts
in verse
 Uses few words to convey it’s
message
 Arouses our emotions
 Poems use imagery or figures of
speech to explain feelings or to
create a mental picture or idea
 Suggest action or mood
 Many poems have a specific rhyme
scheme using lines and stanzas
 Poems can rhyme or not rhyme
Poetry Form
Mia Thresia M. Premacio
Form- the appearance of the words on the
page
Line- a group of words together on one line
of the poem
Stanza- is a group of lines arranged
together
Kinds of Stanzas
 COUPLET = two line stanza
 TRIPLET = three line stanza
 QUATRAIN = four line stanza
 QUINTET = five line stanza
 SESTET = six line stanza
 SEPTET = seven line stanza
 OCTAVE = eight line stanza
Figures of Speech used in Poetry
 Hyperbole (exaggeration)
 Simile
 Metaphor
 Onomatopoeia (bang, pow)
 Personification
 Idiom
Sound Effects in Poetry
• Rhythm
– The beat created by the
sounds of the words in a
poem
– Can be created by meter,
rhyme, alliteration, and
refrain
• Meter
– Pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables
– Occurs when the stressed and
unstressed syllables of the
words in a poem are arranged
in a repeating pattern.
• Rhyme
– Words sound alike because
they share the same ending
vowel and consonant sound
– Ex. LAMP & STAMP
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• Share the short “a”
vowel sound
• Share the combined
“mp” consonant sound
• End Rhyme
– Word at the end of one line
rhymes with a word at the
end of another line
– EX. Hector the Collector
Collected bit of string
Collected dolls with broken heads And
rusty bells that would not ring
• Internal Rhyme
– A word inside a line rhymes
with another word on the
same line
– Ex. Upon a midnight dreary,
while I pondered weak and
weary.
• Rhyme Scheme
– A pattern of rhyme (usually
end rhyme, but not always)
– Use the letters of the alphabet
to represent sounds to be
able to visually “see” the
pattern
• Refrain
– A sound, word, phrase, or line
repeated regularly in a poem
• Alliteration
– Consonant sounds repeated
at the beginning of words
– Ex. If Peter Piper picked a peck
of pickled peppers, how
many pickled peppers did
Peter Piper pick?
TYPES OF POETRY
1. Free verse – poetry written without a
regular rhyme, rhythm and form.
2. Cinquain- 5 line poem
3. Limerick – a short funny poem
4. Diamond- a 7 line poem describes
two nouns opposite to each other
5. Ballad
6. Haiku
7. Lyric