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Stars
- Through thermonuclear reaction in their
cores, elements are made starting with
hydrogen atoms getting fused to form
helium, helium atoms getting combined to
form carbon, and so on…
Main Sequence Stars average temperature of about 2.7 degrees above
- Like the sun absolute zero
- massive ones burn hydrogen faster than
smaller ones
- sun burnup hydrogen for about 10 billion
years
The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are
or as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the
accompanying planetary system.
A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of
galaxies form superclusters. In between the clusters
is practically an empty space.
3. Accelerating expansion
In 1929, Edwin Hubble
announced his significant
discovery of the “redshift” and
its interpretation
that galaxies are moving away
from each other. He observed
that spectral lines of starlight
made to pass through a prism
are shifted toward the red
part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, i.e., toward the
band of lower frequency; thus,
the inference that the star or
galaxy must be moving away
from us.
By the time a beam of sunlight gets to the ground at
sunset, only the lower frequencies survive, producing
a red sunset.