CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Characteristics of Vinegar
Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid (CH₃COOH), water, and trace
chemicals that may include flavoring. The other chemicals in the vinegar depends on its
source. Vinegar is made from the fermentation of ethanol (grain alcohol) by bacteria from
the family Acetobacteraceae. The concentration of acetic acid is variable, vinegar typically
contains 5-20% of acetic acid in water. Household vinegar is about 5% acid, vinegar with
10% acetic acid or a high concentration is corrosive. Vinegar is mainly used as a cooking
ingredient, or in pickling. It has historically had a wide variety of industrial, medicinal, and
domestic uses as well. There are many types of vinegar depending upon the source
materials.
Chemical Composition of Vinegar
Vinegar has numerous polyphenols namely flavonoids and phenolic acids, and
aldehydes, which vary in content depending on the source material used in making the
vinegar. Polyphenols are a complicated group of plant-based chemicals. that can act as
antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
Characteristics of Coconut
The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family and the only
living species for the genus Cocos. It is found in the Asian continents, Central and South
America and Africa. Growing widely in tropical climates, it requires a lot of sunlight and
regular rainfalls. Coconut trees are usually found near the sea but can also grow well
inland. Coconut trees are known for their versatility of uses as every part of the tree can
be used to make different things, ranging from foods to cosmetics. It is a large palm
growing up to 30 m (98 feet) tall, with pinnate leaves 4-6 m (13-20 feet) long, and pinnae
60-90 cm (2-3) feet, old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. Coconuts
are generally classified in two general types: tall and dwarf. On a fertile soil, a tall coconut
palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year but more often yields less than thirty, mainly
due to poor cultural practice.
Nutrients and Chemical Composition of Coconut Water

The Benefits of Vinegar

The Benefits of Coconut Water

Related Studies
Conceptual Framework

Independent variable Dependent variable

Coconut water-vinegar
Voltage reading
solution

Figure 1. The conceptual framework showing the different treatments and the effect on
the voltage reading of the coconut water-vinegar solution.
Hypothesis