FORM 4

Chapter 1: Functions
1.1: Relations

The relation between two sets is the mapping / linking of the elements from the first set onto
the second set.
The relation between two sets can be represented by the following:

Arrow Diagram Ordered Pairs Graph

{(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)}

The arrow diagram shows a relation between set X and set Y.

❖ first set X is known is domain = {a, b, c}
❖ second set Y is known as codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
❖ elements in the domain are known as objects = a, b, c
❖ elements in the codomain that are linked to the objects
are known as images = 1, 2, 3
❖ the set of images are knows as range = {1, 2, 3}
There are four types of relations

One-to-one Many-to-one One-to-many Many-to-many

Domain Codomain Domain Codomain Domain Codomain Domain Codomain

Example 1: Express the relation between the followings pairs of sets in the forms or arrow diagram,
ordered pairs and graph

1) 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 10, 11} 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}. Relation: ‘ half of ’

Arrow Diagram Graph

Ordered Pairs
2) 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐸 = {1, 4, 9, 16} 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐹 = {−2, −1, 1, 2, 3, 5}. Relation: ‘ square root of ’
Arrow Diagram Graph

Ordered Pairs
3) 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = {12, 9, 8, 5} 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑌 = {2, 3, 4} .Relation: ‘ is divisible by ’
Arrow Diagram Graph

Ordered Pairs
 Example 2: State the type of relation of the following

1) Relation = 2) Relation =

3) Relation = 4) Relation =

Example 3: Solve the following.

A relation from set P = {16, 36, 49, 64} to set Q = {4, 6, 7, 8, 11} is defined by ‘factor(s) of’.

a) Represent this relation using an arrow diagram.

b) State
i. The domain =
ii. The codomain =
iii. The images of 36 =
iv. The images of 64 =
v. The object of 7 =
vi. The objects of 4 =
vii. The range =
viii. The type of relation =
1.2 Functions

A function is a special relation where every object in the domain has only one image in the
domain.
Only one – to – one relations and many – to – one relations are functions
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0
The absolute function is defined as |𝑓(𝑥)| = { }
−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) < 0
The graph of an absolute value function is V – shaped.

Example 4: Express each of the following functions using function notation.

1) Function: 2) Function:

3) Function: 4) Function:
Example 5: Solve each of the followings.

1) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1, 2) Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 3) Given ℎ(𝑥) = |3𝑥 − 1|,

find the images when 𝑥 = 12, find the image when find ℎ(−2)
−3 object is 3

4) Given ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5) Given 𝑔(𝑥) =

−4
, 𝑥 ≠ 3, 6) Given ℎ(𝑥) = |3𝑥 − 1|,
3−𝑥
5, find the objects when Find the objects that map find the values of 𝑥 if
the image is 8 onto itself. ℎ(𝑥) = 7

7)
5
Given ℎ(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥−1, 8) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 1, 9)
𝑥+12
Given ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3. Find
find the objects when the
find ℎ(2) the objects that map onto
image is 17
itself.
Example 6: Find the following values of 𝑘 if the function is undefined

3𝑥 2𝑥 4 2𝑥−7
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 𝑘 2) 𝑔(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 3) 𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ 𝑘
𝑥−5 5𝑥−𝑘 5 4𝑥+3

Example 7: Sketch the graph for the domain given. Then, find the range of the function.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = |2𝑥 − 3|; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

x
f(x)

2) 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1|; −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
x
g(x)

3) ℎ(𝑥) = |2𝑥 + 3|; −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

x
h(x)
Example 9: Solve the following

𝑎𝑥
1) The diagram shows the mapping of 𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑏+𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ −𝑏. Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

2) The diagram shows the mapping of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏. Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏

20
3) Given that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥+𝑛 , 𝑔(2) = 4 and 𝑔(−3) = −4. Find

a) Value of m and n b) value of x when the function is undefined