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11. The fibrous skeleton and chambers of the heart. The histology of the red
bone marrow. Formation of red blood cells (erythropoesis).
Posted in Thorax by Sahaja on December 11, 2008

1. The fibrous skeleton and chambers of the heart. The histology of the red bone marrow. Formation of red blood cells
(erythropoesis).

Anatomy: The fibrous skeleton and chambers of the heart.

Heart – Fibrous skeleton & Chambers

Fibrous skeleton of Heart = anulus fibrosus

made of 4 rings, 2 trigones, 1 ligament

Function:

separates atria from ventricles

provides attachment of cusps of valves & myocardium (all musc originate and insert into it)
keep AV and semilunar valves open, but inhibits over distension
forms an electrical “insulator”, by separating the electric impulses of atria and ventricle, so they contract
independently, and by surrounding and making a passage way through which AV bundles travel

Position of it can be shown on the external side of the heart as coronary groove (sulcus)

1. L fibrous ring – around bicuspid valve

2. R fibrous ring – around tricuspid valve
3. Pulmonary ring – pulmonary valve
4. Aortic ring – around aortic valve
5. R fibrous trigone – R fibrous ring + aortic ring
6. L fibrous trigone – L fibrous ring + aortic ring

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Chambers of Heart: Will be doing this in order of blood flow

R atrium – receives de-O2 blood from systemic circulation via SVC, IVC
remember that 3 things enter the R atrium – SVC, IVC, coronary sinus
Structure to mention/identify:

1. R auricle = sup/ant part of atrium, covers origin of R coronary a, has the pectinate m, which are ridges of
myocardium that push up into endocardium
2. Sinus venarum cavarum – smooth area where SVC, IVC enter the R atrium, as well as coronary sinus, and ant
cardiac v.
3. Crista terminalis – crest like line b/w rough part of atria (where pectinate m are), and smooth area – shown externally
as sulcus terminalis
4. Opening of coronary sinus - a vein that receives most of v of heart itself, covered by Thebesian valve
5. SA node – show this by crista terminalis as superior most point of sinus venarum cavarum, where SVC enters – is
primary pacemaker of heart
6. AV node – secondary pacemaker of heart, show this by pointing to the area b/w opening of coronary sinus and R AV
valve
7. Fossa ovalis – show this on intra-atrial wall,
to find it – put thumb in R atrium, and forefinger in L atrium and pinch the intra-atrial wall
the thinnest part of this wall is fossa ovalis.
Or hold it up to the light, and this is where light shines thru the intra-atrial wall.
Remnant of foramen ovalis, an opening b/w 2 atria that existed in embryonic life
8. Tricuspid valve – leading to R ventricle

R ventricle – receives blood from R atria, and pumps blood into pulmomary trunk –> lungs to be re-O2′d, major portion of
ant surface of heart
Structures to identify/mention:

1. Inflow limb – area that leads from R atria directly, where blood flows down, desc part of V in longitudinal section
2. Outflow limb = infundibulum = conus arteriosus – asc part of V in longitudinal section – sends blood into pulmonary
trunk
3. Papillary m – show all 3; ant, post, septal – cone shaped m that attach to cordae tendinae, valves open when these
contract
4. Chordae tendinae - dense reg CT cords that run from papillary m –> each cusp of tricuspid,
NOTE – b/c action of valve opening is active, when m. not contracted, valve closes passively –> prevents blood
from returning to R atrium
5. Trabeculae carnae – ridges of myocardium that projects into endocardium
6. Supraventricular crest – a ridge that separates inflow and outflow limb and also lifts septal cusp of tricuspid –
remnant of ridge b/w bulbus cordis and primary ventricle
7. Septomarginal traveculae- has moderator band - which carries Purkinje fibers to ant pap m, and interventricular
septa from R limb of Bundle of His to sternocostal wall of ventricle,
8. Moderator band – musc bundle that runs from inf part of IV septa to base of ant papillary musc. Look for it and show

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if you can.
9. Interventricular septum – has both muscular/membranous part, wall b/w R & L ventricle, show membranous part
just below pulmonary/ aortic valve.
To find membranous part of septum, again, put thumb in R ventricle and forefinger in L ventricle, and feel up to
sup most part of interventricular septum.
The wall should feel thinner here – membranous part.
Like fossa ovale, this part will also have light shine through it.
This membranous part was where the ventricles were closed of by downgrowth of endocardial cushions in
embryonic life
10. Bundle of His = AV bundle = Tawara = located in lower part of IV septa, tertiary pacemaker
11. Pulmonary valve – leads from outflow limb –> pulmonary trunk, show all three cusps; right, left, ant

L atrium – receives O2 blood from lungs via 4 pulmonary v (Remember from lung, that R lung has 3 pulmonary v, and L has
2, but R sup/mid pulmonary v combine, so only 4 pulmonary v enter heart)

pulmonary v have no valves

very capable of strong contraction
most posterior of the 4 chambers, makes most of diaphragmatic surface of heart
just anterior to esophagus

Structures to mention/identify:

1. L auricle - sup/ant part of atrium, also has pectinate m, but less than R atrium, musc are active in atrial systole, covers
origin of L coronary a
2. Fossa ovale – can also be shown here, but shown better in R atria
3. Smooth area of L atria – where 4 pul v enter
4. Bicuspid valve – leading to L ventricle

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L ventricle – receives O2 blood from L atria –> sends it to aorta

wall much THICKER than R, b/c has to pump blood out to entire system = 15 mm thick
divided into L ventricle proper & aortic vestibule (upper/ant portion of ventricle — leads to aorta)
longer, narrower and thicker than R ventricle

Structures to mention/identify:

1. Papillary musc – only 2 here, one for each cusp of bicuspid valve cone shaped, m. that attach to cordae tendinae,
valves open when these contract, also larger than R ventricle
2. Chordae tendinae – dense reg CT cords that run from papillary m –> each cusp of bicuspid
3. Trabeculae carnae – ridges of myocardium that projects into endocardium, many more than in R ventricle
4. Aortic ventricle – sometimes called outflow part of L ventricle, area leading to aortic valve.
5. Interventricular septum – has both muscular/membranous part, wall b/w R & L ventricle,
show membranous part just below pulmonary/ aortic valve.
To find membranous part of septum, again, put thumb in R ventricle and forefinger in L ventricle
and feel up to sup most part of interventricular septum.
The wall should feel thinner here = membranous part.
Like fossa ovale, this part will also have light shine through it.
This membranous part was where the ventricles were closed of by downgrowth of endocardial cushions in
embryonic life.

Histology: The histology of the red bone marrow.

Embryology: Formation of red blood cells (erythropoesis).

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Erythropoiesis is the development of mature red blood cells (erythrocytes). Like all blood cells, erythroid cells begin as
pluripotential stem cells. The first cell that is recognizable as specifically leading down the red cell pathway is the
proerythroblast . As development progresses, the nucleus becomes somewhat smaller and the cytoplasm becomes more
basophilic, due to the presence of ribosomes. In this stage the cell is called a basophilic erythroblast . The cell will continue to
become smaller throughout development. As the cell begins to produce hemoglobin, the cytoplasm attracts both basic and
eosin stains, and is called a polychromatophilic erythroblast . The cytoplasm eventually becomes more eosinophilic, and the
cell is called an orthochromatic erythroblast . This orthochromatic erythroblast will then extrude its nucleus and enter the
circulation as a reticulocyte . Reticulocytes are so named because these cells contain reticular networks of polyribosomes. As
reticulocytes loose their polyribosomes they become mature red blood cells.

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« 10. The absolute and relative dullness of the heart. Surface projection of the contour and valves of the heart. The histology
of the blood. The formation of platelets, monocytes and lymphocytes (thrombopoesis, monocytopoesis, lymphopoesis).
12. The blood vessels of the heart. Conducting system (innervation) of the heart The histology of blood vessels. The
formation of granulocytes (granulocytopoesis). »

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About This Site:

This site was made for the Anatomy, Histology, Embryology class in 2nd yr, 1st semester at the University of Debrecen. All
theoretical topics are listed as described on the website of the Anatomy department.

We combined Practical class notes, Moore, Board Review Series textbooks of Gross Anatomy and Embryology, Langman’s,
DiFiore’s, as well as the Lab manual for Histology at Semmelweiss. We believe it to be all inclusive of the material you will
need for your test. We made them for ourselves, but since people asked for them, and emailing them seemed next to
impossible, we decided to post them here.

On the left are the newest topics we’ve added.

To see all the topics we’ve done so far, scroll down and click on the Category you would like to see: Head & 5eck,
Thorax, Abdomen, & Pelvis.

Added a search box in the sidebar, so you can search for the item you want.

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